Lesson 5.13: The U.S. Navy in the Strategy of Containment, 1953-1963 Sea Power and Maritime Affairs.

Lesson 5.13: The U.S. Navy in the Lesson 5.13: The U.S. Navy in the Strategy of Containment, 1953-1963Strategy of Containment, 1953-1963

Sea Power and Maritime Sea Power and Maritime AffairsAffairs

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives• Comprehend the development of new Comprehend the development of new

strategies and weapons systems, in terms of strategies and weapons systems, in terms of competition for resources within the DoD and competition for resources within the DoD and within the U.S. Navy, during the Cold War.within the U.S. Navy, during the Cold War.

• Comprehend how the threat of limited naval Comprehend how the threat of limited naval presence was used to influence international presence was used to influence international affairs during the 1950s.affairs during the 1950s.

• Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 on U.S. naval policy and national of 1962 on U.S. naval policy and national policy.policy.

The U.S. Navy in the Strategy of The U.S. Navy in the Strategy of Containment, 1953-1963Containment, 1953-1963

• Elected 1952-1960Elected 1952-1960• Administration Administration

increases military increases military funding after the funding after the Korean War.Korean War.

• Worldwide U.S. interests.Worldwide U.S. interests.– Strategy of containment must be backed by threat of force.Strategy of containment must be backed by threat of force.– Naval deployments - worldwide.Naval deployments - worldwide.

• Influence international affairs. Influence international affairs. • Threat of either limited or unlimited naval force.Threat of either limited or unlimited naval force.

• Numbered fleets deployed in different regions.Numbered fleets deployed in different regions.– Second FleetSecond Fleet AtlanticAtlantic– Third FleetThird Fleet Eastern PacificEastern Pacific– Sixth FleetSixth Fleet MediterraneanMediterranean– Seventh FleetSeventh Fleet Western Pacific and Indian OceanWestern Pacific and Indian Ocean– Fifth FleetFifth Fleet Arabian Gulf (1995)Arabian Gulf (1995)

The U.S. Navy in the Strategy of The U.S. Navy in the Strategy of Containment, 1953-1963Containment, 1953-1963

AdmiralAdmiralArleigh BurkeArleigh Burke

ChiefChiefofof

Naval OperationsNaval Operations

1955-19611955-1961

6

AdmiralAdmiralHyman G. Hyman G. RickoverRickover

Father of the Nuclear Father of the Nuclear NavyNavy

andand

Naval ReactorsNaval Reactors

7

USS USS NautilusNautilus (SSN 571) (SSN 571)• Commissioned September 1954.Commissioned September 1954.• First nuclear-powered submarine.First nuclear-powered submarine.• First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.

USS USS SeawolfSeawolf

• Launched in Launched in 1955.1955.

• Second Second nuclear-nuclear-powered powered submarine.submarine.

Polaris Submarine Launched Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs)Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs)

• Strategic DeterrenceStrategic Deterrence• Nuclear TriadNuclear Triad

– With strategic bombers and With strategic bombers and ICBMs.ICBMs.

• Eventually replaced by Eventually replaced by Poseidon and Trident missiles Poseidon and Trident missiles on newer submarines.on newer submarines.

June 9, 1959 – Navy’s 1June 9, 1959 – Navy’s 1stst Ballistic Missile Sub Ballistic Missile Sub

USS USS George WashingtonGeorge Washington (SSBN-598)(SSBN-598)

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USS USS Long BeachLong Beach

• 14 July 195914 July 1959• Navy’s 1Navy’s 1stst nuclear-powered surface ship nuclear-powered surface ship• Carried 8 Polaris missiles.Carried 8 Polaris missiles.

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First Nuclear powered carrier First Nuclear powered carrier commissioned (CVAN 65)commissioned (CVAN 65)

Enterprise - 25 November, 1961Enterprise - 25 November, 1961

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Nikita Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

• Succeeded Stalin as Soviet Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his death in premier after his death in 1953.1953.

• Proposed “peaceful Proposed “peaceful competition” between the competition” between the superpowers.superpowers.– Challenged U.S. to meet Challenged U.S. to meet

Communist challenges in Communist challenges in third world countries.third world countries.

JohnJohnFitzgerald Fitzgerald KennedyKennedy

• Elected President over Elected President over Eisenhower’s Vice Eisenhower’s Vice President Richard Nixon President Richard Nixon in 1960.in 1960.

• Navy PT boat Navy PT boat commander in WW II as commander in WW II as a Lieutenant.a Lieutenant.

The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up• The “Space Race”The “Space Race”

– Sputnik: First man-made Sputnik: First man-made satellite:1957satellite:1957

– Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin– Kennedy :U.S. will land a Kennedy :U.S. will land a

man on the moon “ before the man on the moon “ before the decade is out.”decade is out.”

– Naval aviators chosen among Naval aviators chosen among first astronauts.first astronauts.

• ““We will bury you!” speech We will bury you!” speech at the United Nations – 1960at the United Nations – 1960

• Berlin Wall erected in 1961.Berlin Wall erected in 1961.• Kennedy: “Ich bin ein Kennedy: “Ich bin ein

Berliner.”-1963Berliner.”-1963

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Meanwhile…. Meanwhile…. Fidel Castro in CubaFidel Castro in Cuba

• Leader of Cuban Leader of Cuban Revolution against Revolution against U.S.-supported U.S.-supported President Batista in President Batista in 1959.1959.

• Establishes Establishes Communist Communist government aligned government aligned with the Soviet Union.with the Soviet Union.

• Eisenhower uses CIA Eisenhower uses CIA to train 1,400 Cuban to train 1,400 Cuban exiles in Guatemalaexiles in Guatemala

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

• 1961 - “Bay of Pigs” Invasion:1961 - “Bay of Pigs” Invasion:– CIA-trained Cuban rebels landed by U.S. Navy.CIA-trained Cuban rebels landed by U.S. Navy.– Defeated by Castro’s communists.Defeated by Castro’s communists.

• 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles move to Cuba.1962: Soviet nuclear missiles move to Cuba.– Located by Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane.Located by Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane.

• Options for President Kennedy:Options for President Kennedy:– Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start nuclear war.Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start nuclear war.– Blockade or “Quarantine” of missiles established by Navy.Blockade or “Quarantine” of missiles established by Navy.

• 22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military shipments from Cuba.22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military shipments from Cuba.• 25 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course25 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course• Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles.Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

• Kennedy’s naval ‘Quarantine’ is Kennedy’s naval ‘Quarantine’ is a conventional engagement—a conventional engagement—involving small shipsinvolving small ships

• No fleet action; no hostilitiesNo fleet action; no hostilities• Khrushchev agrees to remove Khrushchev agrees to remove

missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba• Soviet naval policy reviewed.Soviet naval policy reviewed.

– Need a more balanced Navy Need a more balanced Navy of surface, subsurface, and of surface, subsurface, and air forces to challenge U.S. air forces to challenge U.S. for command of the seas.for command of the seas.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

• Soviet had no Soviet had no symmetrical, opposing symmetrical, opposing forcesforces

• Soviet naval policy Soviet naval policy reviewed.reviewed.– Need a more balanced Need a more balanced

Navy of surface, Navy of surface, subsurface, and air subsurface, and air forces to challenge U.S. forces to challenge U.S. for command of the for command of the seas.seas.

Battle History VideoBattle History Video

• Chapter 3 "Steel Chapter 3 "Steel Walls of Freedom"Walls of Freedom"

- Time 36:54 - 39:24. Time 36:54 - 39:24.

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives• Comprehend the development of new Comprehend the development of new

strategies and weapons systems, in terms of strategies and weapons systems, in terms of competition for resources within the DoD and competition for resources within the DoD and within the U.S. Navy, during the Cold War.within the U.S. Navy, during the Cold War.

• Comprehend how the threat of limited naval Comprehend how the threat of limited naval presence was used to influence international presence was used to influence international affairs during the 1950s.affairs during the 1950s.

• Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 on U.S. naval policy and national of 1962 on U.S. naval policy and national policy.policy.

Questions?Questions?

Next time: The U.S. Navy, Vietnam and Limited War, Next time: The U.S. Navy, Vietnam and Limited War, 1964-19751964-1975