Leica 500

Version 2.0English

50403020

Technical Reference Manual

GPS System 500

2 Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Congratulations on your purchase of Leica System 500

To use the equipment in the permitted manner, pleaserefer to the detailed safety instructions in the User Manual.

System GPS500

3Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Technical Support

Technical Support is provided by Leica Geosystem�s worldwide network ofrepresentatives. We are represented in almost every country in the world. Arepresentative directory is available at:

www.leica-geosystems.com

4 Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Used Symbols

Used Symbols

DANGER:Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if notavoided, will result in death or serious injury.

WARNING:Indicates a potentially hazardous situation or an unintendeduse which, if not avoided, could result in death or seriousinjury.

CAUTION:Indicates a potentially hazardous situation or an unintendeduse which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderateinjury and / or appreciable material, financial and environ-mental damage.

Important paragraphs which must be adhered to in practiceas they enable the product to be used in a technicallycorrect and efficient manner.

The symbols used in this User's Manual have the following meanings:


Chapter 1 - Introduction

Chapter 2 - Equipment Setup and Connection

Chapter 3 - Using System 500 without a Terminal

Chapter 4 - TR500 Terminal Overview

Chapter 5 - Configuring the Receiver

Chapter 6 - Jobs and Points

Chapter 7 - Measuring with System 500

Chapter 8 - Coding

Chapter 9 - The CONFIG key

Chapter 10 - Status

Chapter 11 - Applications

Chapter 12 - Utilities

Chapter 13 - Transfer

Appendices

View of chapters

View of chapters

10

18

55

59

71

127

139

198

207

220

232

259

262

269

6 Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0enContents

Contents

1. Introduction.............................................. 101.1 The GPS Antenna ................................................. 111.2 The GPS Receiver .................................................121.3 The TR500 Terminal ...............................................131.4 Data Storage .........................................................141.5 Batteries/Power Supply .........................................16

1.5.1 Charging the Batteries .......................................... 17

2. Equipment Set Up and Connection ....... 182.1 GPS Receiver ports ...............................................192.2 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Static/RapidStatic/Reference on Pillar ............................................202.3 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Static/RapidStatic/Reference on Tripod ...........................................232.4 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Kinematic,Minipack and Pole ......................................................262.5 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Kinematic, All onPole ...........................................................................302.6 Equipment Setup - Real Time Reference, single tripod..................................................................................332.7 Equipment Setup - Real-Time Reference, Two Tripods..................................................................................362.8 Equipment Setup - Real-Time Rover, Pole andMinipack ....................................................................392.9 Equipment Setup - Real-Time Rover, All on Pole .....432.10 Using the Minipack ..............................................46

2.11 Measuring Antenna Heights ..................................482.11.1 Mechanical Reference Planes ............................. 492.11.2 Antenna Height components ............................... 502.11.3 Measuring Slope Heights .................................... 54

3. Using System 500 without a Terminal .... 553.1 Setting up the Equipment ......................................563.2 Operation ..............................................................563.3 Shut Down ............................................................563.4 LED Indicators ......................................................57

3.4.1 Power LED ............................................................ 573.4.2 Satellite Status LED ............................................... 573.4.3 Memory Status LED ............................................... 58

3.5 Field Record Sheet ................................................58

4. TR500 Terminal Overview ....................... 594.1 Screen Layout ......................................................604.2 Status Icons ..........................................................624.3 Keyboard ..............................................................674.4 General Operating Principles .................................68

5. Configuring the Receiver ........................ 715.1 Configuring the Receiver for Static and Rapid StaticOperations ..................................................................73

5.1.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Static and Rapid Static........................................................................................ 80

5.2 Configuring the Receiver for Post-ProcessedKinematic Operations ..................................................84


Contents, continued

Contents

5.2.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Post-ProcessedKinematic ....................................................................... 97

5.3 Configuring the Receiver for Real-Time ReferenceOperations ................................................................ 101

5.3.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Real Time ReferenceStations ........................................................................ 109

5.4 Configuring the Receiver for Real-Time RoverOperations ................................................................ 112

5.4.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Real Time Rover . 131

6. Jobs and Points ..................................... 1376.1 Management of Jobs ........................................... 137

7. Measuring with System 500 .................. 1397.1 Static and Rapid Static Survey, Post-ProcessedKinematic Reference ................................................. 140

7.1.1 Overview of Procedure ......................................... 1417.1.2 Adding the Point Id ............................................... 1417.1.3 Adding the Antenna Height ................................... 1427.1.4 Adding a Code ..................................................... 1427.1.5 Measuring procedure .......................................... 1447.1.6 Using the ADD key ............................................... 145

7.2 Post-processed Kinematic Survey (Rover) ............ 1477.2.1 Overview of Procedure ......................................... 1487.2.2 Adding the Point Id ............................................... 1487.2.3 Adding the Antenna Height ................................... 1497.2.4 Adding a Code ..................................................... 1507.2.5 Measuring Procedure .......................................... 1517.2.6 Using the ADD key ............................................... 153

7.3 Real-Time Reference Stations .............................. 1557.3.1 Measuring procedure .......................................... 1567.3.2 Using the ADD key ............................................... 159

7.4 Real-Time Rover, Surveying New Points ................ 1607.4.1 Overview of Procedure ......................................... 1617.4.2 Adding the Point Id ............................................... 1617.4.3 Adding the Antenna Height ................................... 1627.4.4 Adding a Code ..................................................... 1637.4.5 Measurement Procedure .................................... 1647.4.6 Using the INIT key ................................................ 1657.4.7 Using the ADD key ............................................... 1667.4.8 Radio Down Infill ................................................. 173

7.5 Real-Time Rover, Staking Out ............................... 1747.5.1 Entering Stakeout ................................................ 1747.5.2 Stake-Out Types ................................................... 1757.5.3 The Stake-Out Screen.......................................... 1767.5.4 Orientation ........................................................... 1777.5.5 Polar and Orthogonal .......................................... 1817.5.6 Using the Reverse function ................................. 1827.5.7 Using the Redraw function .................................. 1837.5.8 Picking up a new point ........................................ 1837.5.9 Using the INIT key ................................................ 1837.5.10 Graph ................................................................ 1847.5.11 Aux Pt ................................................................. 1847.5.12 Point Stake-Out - Procedure .............................. 1857.5.13 Slope Stake-Out - Procedure ............................. 1887.5.14 Grid Stake-Out - Procedure ................................ 192

8 Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0enContents

Contents, continued

8 Coding ..................................................... 1988.1 Thematical Coding ............................................... 198

8.1.1 Importing, Selecting and Defining a ThematicalCodelist ........................................................................ 1998.1.2 Defining New Codes and Attributes ..................... 2008.1.3 Defining and Activating/Deactivating Layers ........ 2018.1.4 Adding a Thematical Code to a Point .................. 202

8.2 Free Coding ........................................................ 2038.2.1 Importing, Selecting and Defining a Free Codelist ......................................................................................... 2048.2.2 Defining New Codes ........................................... 2048.2.4 Adding a Free Code ............................................. 206

9. The CONFIG Key.................................... 2079.1 Survey - Satellite ................................................. 2089.2 General - Units .................................................... 2089.3 General - Language ............................................. 2099.4 General - Hot Keys.............................................. 2109.5 General - Time and Initial Position ........................ 2109.6 General - Start-Up ............................................... 2119.7 General - TR500 .................................................. 2119.8 General - Identification ......................................... 2129.9 Interfaces ........................................................... 2129.11 Interfaces - Hidden Point .................................... 2139.12 Interfaces - NMEA Output .................................. 2139.13 Interfaces - Remote ........................................... 2159.14 Interfaces - PPS Out.......................................... 2169.15 Interfaces - Event Input ...................................... 217

10 Status .................................................... 22010.1 Real-Time Input Status ....................................... 22010.2 Stop and Go Indicator ........................................ 22210.3 Position ............................................................ 22410.4 Logging Status .................................................. 22510.5 Satellite Status .................................................. 22610.6 Point Log Status ................................................ 22810.7 Code Log Status ................................................ 22910.8 Message Log Status.......................................... 22910.9 Memory/Battery Status ...................................... 22910.10 Sensor Status .................................................. 23010.11 Software Version Status ................................... 23010.12 Interfaces Status.............................................. 231

11. Applications.......................................... 23211.1 Determining a Coordinate System ...................... 23211.2 Adding Points to Existing Coordinate Systems ... 24011.3 Point Management ............................................ 24111.4 Calculator .......................................................... 24511.5 Wake-up Sessions ............................................ 24511.6 COGO ............................................................... 24711.7 Area .................................................................. 257


Contents, continued

Contents

12 Utilities ................................................... 25912.1 Directory of Memory Device ............................... 25912.2 Format Memory Module ..................................... 26012.3 Enter Security Code .......................................... 26112.3 Self Test ............................................................ 261

13. Transfer ................................................ 26213.1 Transfer Job ...................................................... 26213.2 Transfer Config Set ............................................ 26213.3 Transfer Coordinate System............................... 26313.4 Transfer Antenna Info ......................................... 26313.5 Transfer Codelist ............................................... 26313.6 Transfer ASCII/GSI to Job ................................. 26413.7 Transfer GSI / User File ..................................... 26513.8 Transfer Geoid Field File .................................... 26613.9 Transfer Any File Type ....................................... 26613.10 Transfer Firmware ............................................ 26613.11 Transfer Firmware TR500 ................................. 26713.12 Transfer Language Version ............................... 26713.13 Transfer Application Text .................................. 26713.14 Transfer Almanac ............................................. 268

Appendix A - Operating and StorageTemperatures ........................................ 269

Appendix B - Observation Times ............. 270

Appendix C - Seismic Record Format...... 271Appendix D - Defined Line File Format .... 272Appendix E - NMEA Message Formats .... 273

GGA - Global Positioning System Fix Data ................ 274GLL - Geodetic Position - Latitude, Longitude ............. 274GNS - GNSS Fix Data .............................................. 275VTG - Course Over Ground and Ground Speed ........... 275ZDA - Time and Date ................................................. 276LLK - Leica Local Position and GDOP ....................... 276LLQ - Leica Local Position and Quality ...................... 277

Appendix F - Pin Assignments ................. 278Appendix G - Data Device Directory Structure

................................................................ 279Appendix H - External Devices ................. 280

RS232 ...................................................................... 281Radio........................................................................ 282GSM ........................................................................ 285Modem ..................................................................... 289RTB Module (CSI) ..................................................... 291RTS Module (Racal) .................................................. 293SAPOS .................................................................... 295Hidden Point ............................................................. 296

10 1. Introduction Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

1. IntroductionSystem 500 is used to receive signalsfrom GPS satellites which are thenprocessed to obtain a position on theearth�s surface.

It can be used in many applications,the main ones being Land Survey,Stakeout and Hydrographic Survey.

The main components of System 500are the GPS Antenna and GPSReceiver. Ancilliary components arethe Terminal, Batteries, PC Cards andcables.

SKI-Pro, a PC based software is alsoused in conjunction with the hardwarelisted above for post-processing GPSdata and for downloading coordinatesrecorded in the field. Instructions forusing SKI-Pro can be found in theaccompanying printed guides and on-line help.

System 500 - main hardware components

11 1. IntroductionTechnical Reference Manual-1.6.0en

1.1 The GPS Antenna

There are several System 500 GPSAntennas available. These are:

� AT501 Single Frequency Antenna.� AT502 Dual Frequency Antenna.� AT503 Dual Frequency Choke

Ring Antenna.� AT504 JPL Design Dual Fre-

quency Choke Ring Antenna.� Single Frequency Choke Ring

Antenna.

The GPS Antenna is selected for usebased upon the application. The vastmajority of applications will requirethe AT501 or AT502 Antenna.

The AT501 is a L1 single frequencyantenna. Use it with the SR510Receiver. The AT502 is a dual fre-quency antenna. Use it with theSR520 or SR530 Receiver.

The Choke Ring Antennas aredesigned for use where the utmostprecision is required. Typical applica-tions include Static Surveys of longbaselines, Tectonic Plate monitoring,Reference Stations, etc.

Use the AT503 and AT504 with theSR520 or SR530 Receiver. Use theSingle Frequency Choke Ring withthe SR510 Receiver.

AT502 Antenna

AT504 Antenna


1.2 The GPS Receiver

The GPS Receiver is the instrumentthat processes the GPS signalsreceived by the GPS Antenna.

There are three different models ofGPS receiver in System 500. Themodel number is printed on the PCcard lid.

SR510 - Tracks the L1 C/A code anduses it to reconstruct the carrierphase. Data can be stored for post-processing in SKI-Pro. Baselines canbe calculated with a precision of up toabout 5-10mm +2ppm.

With a radio modem attached thereceiver can be used for real-timemeasurements accepting RTCM codecorrections. Coordinates can becalculated with a precision of up toabout 0.5m.

SR520 - Tracks the L1 C/A code andL2 P-code to reconstruct the carrierphase. When Anti-Spoofing (A-S) is

activated, the receiver switches to apatented P-code aided trackingtechnique that provides full L2 carriermeasurements and L2pseudoranges. Data can be stored forpost-processing. Baselines can becalculated with a precision of up toabout 3-10mm +1ppm.

With a radio modem attached thereceiver can be used for real-timemeasurements accepting RTCMcode corrections. Coordinates can becalculated with a precision of up toabout 0.5m.

SR530 - Tracks the L1 C/A code andL2 P-code to reconstruct the carrierphase. When Anti-Spoofing (A-S) isactivated, the receiver switches to apatented P-code aided trackingtechnique that provides full L2 carriermeasurements and L2pseudoranges. A radio modemattaches and the receiver can beused for RTK operations. Coordinates

can be calculated with a precision ofup to about 1cm

Data can also be stored for post-processing. Baselines can be calcu-lated with a precision of up to about3-10mm +1ppm.

System 500 GPS Receivers can beoperated with or without the TR500Terminal (see section 1.3). TheTR500 is used for field data acquisi-tion and for configuring the receiver.

Details of using the Receiver withouta Terminal are given in Chapter 3.


1.3 The TR500 Terminal

The TR500 Terminal provides a fulluser interface to all System 500 GPSReceivers.

It can be used to set parameters inthe receiver and to steer the GPSmeasurement operation.

The TR500 can be used to set andstore parameters in one GPS receiverand then removed and used to setparameters in another System 500receiver. The receiver can then beused in the field without the TR500attached. Note that whilst this ispossible when measuring in anymode, for a Reference or Rover, it isrecommended that the Receiver onlybe used without a TR500 at Refer-ence stations or with Static/RapidStatic Rovers.

The TR500 is connected eitherdirectly to the receiver or via a cable.

Data input is via a fully alphanumericQWERTY keyboard and an LCDdisplay of 32 x 12 characters whichmay be illuminated.

TR500 mounted on the Receiver TR500 connected using the cable


1.4 Data Storage

Data is stored on either an InternalMemory or PC Card. The PC Card isthe preferred data storage medium.The Internal Memory is an option.

The PC Card is inserted into the sloton the front of the GPS Receiver. PCCards are available from Leica withvarying capacities. Note that whilstother PC Cards may be used, Leicarecommend Leica PC cards only andcannot be held responsible for dataloss or any other error that may occurwhilst using a non-Leica card.

To insert the PC Card in the GPSReceiver, open the card slot door,with the Leica Logo uppermost andfacing you, slide the card into the slotfirmly until it clicks into position. Pressthe eject button at the side of the cardto remove it.

Inserting the PC Card

The Internal Memory is available in4MB or 10MB capacities and residesin the Receiver. When data has to bedownloaded to SKI-Pro, connection ismade between port 2 on the Receiverand a serial port on the PC.

Follow the care instructions shown onthe rear of the card. Keep the carddry, only use within the specifiedtemperature range, do not bend thecard and protect it from direct shock.Failure to follow these instructionscould result in data loss and/orpermanent damage to the card.

The card can become very hot duringuse. Avoid touching the metal parts ofthe card after prolonged use.


PC Card versus Internal MemoryThe PC Card is the preferred datastorage medium as it has the follow-ing advantages over internal memory:

� Faster download times. A PCCard download using a PCCard Reader or PCMCIA port isvirtually instantaneous. Internalmemory has to downloadthrough a serial connection andcan take time.

� Flexibility / no downtime ofGPS Receiver. A PC Card canbe removed from a receiverwhen it is full and replaced witha spare. The Receiver does nothave to be taken back to the officefor downloading.

Using an Internal Memory meanshowever that the data has lesschance of being misplaced or lost.This can happen when multiple PCCards are used for the same project.

If you are not sure about which typeof memory to use, try using a PC cardbut don�t remove it from the Receiver.You can still download as if it wereInternal Memory through port 2.


1.5 Batteries/Power Supply

System 500 will normally be poweredby two GEB121 camcorder typebatteries. which plug into the under-side of the GPS receiver.

Two batteries, fully charged, willpower the SR510 and TR500 forabout 7.5 hours continuously and theSR520/530 for about 6 hours continu-ously.

Operating times will be shorter whenworking in cold weather and when aradio modem is connected.

Plug in and remove the GEB121batteries as shown opposite.

System 500 can also be powered bythe GEB71 7Ah battery or any 12VDC power supply via either powerport, on the front face of the receiverusing an appropriate cable.

Connecting a GEB121 Battery

With the Receiver upside down andthe Leica logo on the battery facingyou, locate one end into the batterybay. Press the opposite end of thebattery down until it audibly clicks intoplace.

Removing a GEB121 Battery

Pull and hold the battery catch.Withdraw the battery with the otherhand.

The battery contains toxic material and must be disposed of in an environmen-tally friendly manner. Do not dispose of the battery in normal household oroffice waste.


1.5.1 Charging the Batteries

GEB121 Batteries

GEB121 Batteries can be chargedusing the GKL121 or GKL111 batterychargers. The preferred model is theGKL121.

GEB71 Batteries

GEB71 Batteries can be chargedusing the GKL121 battery chargeronly.

Chargers

The GKL121 is an intelligent charger.It will charge the batteries by theexact amount required. This maxi-mizes battery life. The GKL121 cancharge up to 2 GEB121 batteries atonce. The GDI121 extension plateenables a further two batteries to becharged from the same charger at thesame time.

Additionally, the GKL121 can chargeup to two GEB71 batteries.

The GKL111 battery charger is asimple charger. It will charge oneGEB121 battery at a time. It willcharge the batteries by the exactamount required. This maximizesbattery life.

The batteries are deliveredfrom the factory totally

discharged. They will require a fullcharging cycle before the equipmentcan be used. For full instructions onbattery charging, refer to the manualaccompanying the charger you areusing.

182. Set-up and Connection Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

2. Equipment Set Up and ConnectionThe type of equipment set up that isused will vary with the type of siteoccupation and the measuring mode.This also applies to the way in whichthe various components are con-nected together. There are optimalsolutions for setting up the equipmenton a tripod, in a backpack and on thepole.

Set up on Tripod

Set up on Unipole

Set up on pole with Minipack

19 2. Set-up and ConnectionTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

ONOFF

LEICA SR530TERMINAL

PORT 3

PWR PORT 1PORT 2/PWRANTPPS

EVENT2

EVENT1

2.1 GPS Receiver ports

All other components of System 500connect to the GPS Receiver.

The TR500 Terminal fits either directlyon the Receiver or can be connectedto the Terminal port using a cable.

A Radio Modem in a housing can alsobe fitted directly to the Receiver.Alternatively, if the housing is notbeing used, the radio modem can beconnected to Port 1 or Port 3 using acable.

The Antenna is connected to theReceiver via the ANT Port.

External power can be connected viaa cable through Port 2.

1

3

4 6 8 9 10

1112

1. Port 3. 8 pin Lemo.Power/datain/out

2. Event Input 1 (Optional)3. 5 pin Lemo. Power4. Power ON/OFF5. PPS Output (Optional)6. GPS Antenna in7. Event Input 2 (Optional)

SR530 Receiver, front panel

8. Port 2. 5 pin Lemo. Power/datain/out.

9. Pressure equalisation vent.10. Port 1. 8 pin Lemo. Power/data

in/out.11. PC Card door.12. Terminal in/out or Remote

Interface in/out.

2

5 7


2.2 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Static/Rapid Static/Reference on Pillar

Use

Static/Rapid Static operations or as Reference for Kin-ematic.

The Receiver and TR500 (if used) can be assembled tomake one unit. One connection is made to the GPSAntenna which is mounted on the Pillar. The Receiver andTR500 can be kept in the case. Note that the Receivercan be programmed with the TR500 prior to use whichcan then be omitted from the set up.

Assumptions

1. GPS Antenna is mounted directly using screw fitting.If using stub and GAD 31 adapter, procedures mayvary slightly.

2. GPS Antennas are AT501 or AT502. Procedures/setup may vary if AT503, 504 or single frequencychoke ring are used.


Equipment Checklist

1. GPS Antenna AT501, 502, 503,504 or 505

2. GRT146 Carrier3. GDF122 or GDF112 Tribrach4. Pillar Plate (if required)5. GEV120 2.8m Antenna Cable6. 2, GEB121 Batteries7. SR510/520/530 GPS Receiver8. TR500 Terminal (if required)9. MCF XMB-3 PC Flash Card.

10. GVP602 System 500 TransportCase.


Procedure

1. If a pillar plate is being used,locate it on the pillar.

2. Screw the tribrach to the pillarplate or the pillar. Level thetribrach.

3. Place and lock the GRT146Carrier in the Tribrach.

4. Screw the Antenna onto theCarrier.

5. Check that the Tribrach is stilllevel.

6. Connect the GPS Receiver tothe Antenna using the GEV120Antenna cable.

7. Plug the GEB121 batteries intothe GPS Receiver.

8. Attach the TR500 Terminal tothe Receiver if required.

9. Insert the PCMCIA Flash Cardinto the Receiver.

10. Switch on the system using theON/OFF button.

11. The Receiver can be placed inthe Transport Case for additionalprotection.

The Next Steps

If the Receiver has been pre-pro-grammed and the TR500 is not beingused, further guidance is available inChapter 3.

If the Receiver has been pre-pro-grammed and the TR500 is beingused, further guidance is available inChapter 7.

If the Receiver requires programmingwith the TR500, further guidance isavailable in Chapter 5.

When Using the GAD31adapter and GRT144 carrier,

ensure that the Antenna and GAD31assembly slide down the full length ofthe GRT144 stub. An incorrectlymounted Antenna will have a directeffect on your results.

In wet conditions theReceiver can be placed in

the transport case during use forextra protection. Try to shut the caseas completely as possible.

If the Receiver is left in thecase during use in tempera-

tures exceeding 25°C, the lid shouldbe left open. Refer to Appendix A foroperating and storage temperatures.

Use an external battery suchas GEB71 to extend the

operating time past 6 hours.


Use

Static/Rapid Static operations or as Reference for Kine-matic.

The Receiver and TR500 (if used) can be assembled tomake one unit. This clips to the tripod leg or is placed inthe transport container. One connection is made to theAntenna. Note that the Receiver can be programmed withthe TR500 prior to use which can then be omitted from theset up.

Assumptions


2. GPS Antennas are AT501 or AT502. Procedures/setup may vary if AT503, 504 or single frequencychoke ring are used.

2.3 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Static/Rapid Static/Reference on Tripod


Equipment Checklist

1. GPS Antenna AT501 or AT5022. GRT146 Carrier3. GDF122 or GDF112 Tribrach4. GST20, GST05 or GST05L

Tripod5. GZS4 Height Hook6. GEV120 2.8m Antenna Cable7. 2, GEB121 Batteries8. SR510/520/530 GPS Receiver9. TR500 Terminal (if required)10.MCF XMB-3 PCMCIA Flash

Card.11.GVP602 System 500 Transport

Case.


Procedure

1. Set up the tripod.2. Mount and level the tribrach on

the tripod.3. Place and lock the GRT146

Carrier in the Tribrach.4. Screw the Antenna onto the

Carrier.5. Check that the Tribrach is still

level.5. Insert the Height Hook into the

Carrier.6. Connect the GPS Receiver to

the Antenna using the GEV120Antenna cable.

7. Plug the GEB121 batteries intothe GPS Receiver.

8. Attach the TR500 Terminal tothe Receiver if required.

9. Insert the PCMCIA Flash Cardinto the Receiver.

10. Using the hook on the rear ofthe unit, hang it on the Tripod legor place it in the box.

11. Switch on the system using theON/OFF button on the Receiver.

The Next Steps













Use

Post Processed Kinematic Rover.

The Receiver is placed in the Minipack. Connections aremade to the Antenna and TR500. Recommended forextended periods of use in the field.

Assumptions


2. Aluminium poles are used. You may replace themwith their Carbon Fiber equivalents without anychange to these instructions.

2.4 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Kinematic, Minipack and Pole


Equipment Checklist

1. GPS Antenna AT501 or 5022. GLS21 Upper half aluminium

pole with screw3. GHT25 Grip for pole4. GHT27 Holder for TR5005. GLS20 Lower half aluminium

pole6. GEV141 1.2m Antenna cable7. GEV142 1.6m Antenna cable8. TR500 Terminal9. 2, GEB121 Batteries

10. SR510, 520 or 530 GPS Re-ceiver

11. GVP603 Minipack12. MCF XMB-3 PCMCIA flash card13. GEV97 1.8m, 5pin Lemo cable


How to set up the equipment

1. Screw the two halves of the poletogether.

2. Slide the grip onto the pole.Attach the TR500 holder andtighten the screw.

3. Screw the GPS Antenna to thetop of the pole.

4. Slide the TR500 into the holderuntil it clicks into place.

5. Insert the PC Card into theReceiver and plug in theGEB121 batteries.

6. Place the Receiver front panelup in the Minipack with thebatteries facing outwards.Fasten the strap around theReceiver

7. Connect the GPS Antenna to theReceiver using the two Antennacables. Connect the longestcable to the Receiver, pass thecable through the cable brakeand down through the opening inthe bottom corner of theMinipack flap. Draw the required

amount of cable out of theMinipack and tighten the cablebrake. Refer to the diagram.

8. Connect the TR500 to the portlabelled �Terminal� on theReceiver using the 1.8m cable.Pass it through the opening inthe bottom of the Minipack flap,down through a cable brake andthen plug into the Receiver.Refer to the diagram.

10. Switch on the system using theON/OFF button on the Receiver.

To Terminal

To GPS Antenna

Connecting the TR500 Terminal and GPSAntenna in the Minipack


The Next Steps



Ensure a dry plastic weatherprotection cap is fitted to the

socket on the TR500 that is notconnected to the sensor.

If moisture or water shouldappear in the socket that is

not used on the TR500, allow thesocket and plastic weather protectioncap to dry naturally.

When using the upper polehalves with stub, ensure that

the Antenna and GAD31 screw/stubadapter slide down the full length ofthe stub before tightening the lockingring. An incorrectly mounted Antennawill have a direct effect on your re-sults.

Advice on using the Minipackis given in Section 2.10.


Use

Post-processed Knematic Rover.

The TR500 is mounted on the Receiver which is screwedonto the pole grip. One connection is made from theReceiver to the Antenna. Recommended for short periodsof use, especially where there are many obstacles (fencesetc.).

Assumptions



2.5 Equipment Setup - Post Processed Kinematic, All on Pole


Equipment Checklist


pole with screw3. GHT25 Grip for pole4. GHT26 Holder for GPS Receiver5. GLS17 Lower half aluminium

pole6. GEV141 1.2m Antenna cable7. 2, GEB121 Batteries8. TR500 Terminal9. SR510, 520 or 530 GPS Re-

ceiver10. MCF XMB-3 PCMCIA flash card


How to set up the equipment

1. Screw the two halves of the poletogether.

2. Slide the grip onto the pole.Attach the GPS Receiver holderand tighten the screw.

3. Screw the GPS Antenna ontothe top of the pole.

4. Attach the TR500 to the GPSReceiver. Screw the GPSReceiver to the GPS Receiverholder.

5. Insert the PC Card into theReceiver and plug in theGEB121 batteries.

6. Connect the GPS Antenna tothe Receiver using the 1.2mantenna cable.

7. Switch on the system using theON/OFF button on the TR500.

The Next Steps




the Antenna and GAD31 screw/stubadapter slide down the full length ofthe stub before tightening the lockingring. An incorrectly mounted Antennawill have a direct effect on yourresults.


Use

Real Time Reference Station. May also collect raw obser-vation data for post-processing.

The Receiver and TR500 (if used) can be assembled tomake one unit. This clips to the tripod leg. Connectionsare made to the GPS and Radio Antenna. Note that theReceiver can be programmed with the TR500 prior to usewhich can then be omitted from the set up.

The Radio Antenna is mounted on the Antenna Arm whichclips to the GPS Antenna.

The SR510 and SR520 can only be used as a DGPSreference station if they are fitted with the DGPS option.They cannot be used as a Real-Time Reference station.

The SR530 can be used as either a DGPS or Real-Timereference station. Real-Time and DGPS are fitted asstandard on the SR530.

Assumptions


2. Standard Radio modem is used. (Mounted in RadioHousing).

2.6 Equipment Setup - Real Time Reference, single tripod


Equipment Checklist

1. GPS Antenna AT501, 5022. GRT146 Carrier3. GDF122 or GDF112 Tribrach4. SR510/520/530 GPS Receiver5. TR500 Terminal (if required)6. GEV141 1.2m Antenna Cable7. GST20/GST05/05L Tripod8. GAT1/GAT2 Radio Antenna9. GAD33 Radio Antenna Arm

10. GEV141 1.2m Antenna Cable11. GZS4 Height Hook12. Radio Modem in GFU 5

Housing13. MCF XMB-3 PC card14. 2, GEB121 Batteries15. GVP602 Transport Case

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Procedure

Follow steps 1-10 as described insection 2.3.

11. Clip the Antenna Arm to the GPSAntenna. Screw the RadioAntenna onto the Arm.

12. Attach the Radio Modem in itshousing to the GPS Receiver.

13. Connect the Radio Antenna tothe Radio Modem using the1.2m Antenna Cable.

14. Switch the System On using theOn/Off button on the Receiver.

The Next Steps













Use

The Receiver and TR500 (if used) can be assembled tomake one unit. This clips to the tripod leg. Connectionsare made to the GPS and Radio Antenna. Note that theReceiver can be programmed with the TR500 prior to usewhich can then be omitted from the set up.

The Radio Antenna is mounted on the second tripod. Thisincreases the height of the Radio Antenna and thereforemaximizes radio coverage.

The SR510 and SR520 can only be used as a DGPSreference station if they are fitted with the DGPS option.They cannot be used as a Real-Time Reference station.

The SR530 can be used as either a DGPS or Real-Timereference station. Real-Time and DGPS are fitted asstandard on the SR530.

Assumptions


2. Standard Radio modem is used. (Mounted in RadioHousing).

2.7 Equipment Setup - Real-Time Reference, Two Tripods


Equipment Checklist

1. GPS Antenna AT501/5022. GRT146 Carrier3. GDF122 or GDF112 Tribrach4. SR510/520/530 GPS Receiver5. TR500 Terminal (if required)6. GEV141 1.2m Antenna Cable7. GST20\GST05\05L Tripod8. GZS4 Height Hook9. Radio Modem in GFU5 Housing

10. MCF XMB-3 PC Card11. GEB121 Batteries12. GST20\GST05\05L Tripod13. GHT36 Base for Telescopic Rod14. GEV120 2.8m Antenna Cable15. GAT1\GAT2 Radio Antenna16. GAD34 Short Antenna Arm17. GAD32 Telescopic Rod18. GVP602 Transport Case

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

11

8

10

1812

14

1516

17

13


Procedure



12. Set up the second Tripodnearby. Screw the Base onto theTripod. Push the Telescopic Rodinto the Base.

13. Screw the Short Antenna Armonto the telescopic Rod. Screwthe Radio Antenna onto the Arm.

14. Connect the Radio modem tothe Radio Antenna using the2.8m Antenna cable.

15. Switch the System On using theOn/Off button on the Receiver orTerminal.

The Next Steps









tures exceeding 25°C, the lid shouldbe left open. Refer to Appendix A foroperating and storage


Use

The Radio Modem attaches to the Receiver and is placedin the Minipack. Connections are made to the GPSAntenna, Radio Antenna and TR500. Recommended forextended periods of use in the field.

The cables coming from the Minipack can be discon-nected in the event that an obstacle (E.g. a fence) has tobe crossed.

Assumptions



2.8 Equipment Setup - Real-Time Rover, Pole and Minipack


Equipment Checklist


pole with screw or stub3. GHT25 Grip for pole4. GHT27 Holder for TR5005. GLS20 Lower half aluminium

pole6. GEV141 1.2m Antenna cable7. GEV142 1.6m Antenna cable8. TR500 Terminal9. 2, GEB121 Batteries

10. SR510, 520 or 530 GPS Re-ceiver

11. Radio Modem in GFU5/6 Hous-ing

12. MCF XMB-3 PCMCIA flash card13. GEV97 1.8m, 5pin Lemo cable14. GEV141 1.2m Antenna cable15. GAT1/GAT2 Radio Antenna16. GAD34 Small Antenna Arm17. GAD32 Telescopic Rod18. GVP603 Minipack

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Procedure


6. Attach the Radio Modem Hous-ing containing the Radio Modemto the GPS Receiver.

7. Place the GPS Receiver frontpanel up in the Minipack with thebatteries facing outwards.Fasten the strap around theReceiver (refer to diagram)

8. Push the Telescopic Rodthrough the slit in the top of theMinipack. Ensure it is located inthe sleeve inside the Minipackand push it all the way to thebottom. Adjust the height of theTelescopic Rod to suit.

9. Screw the Short Antenna Armonto the Telescopic Rod. Screwthe Radio Antenna onto theShort Antenna Arm.

10. Connect the Radio Modem tothe Radio Antenna using a 1.2mAntenna Cable. The cableshould pass down underneath

the Receiver and then up throughthe slit in the top of the Minipack.

11. Connect the GPS Antenna to theReceiver using the two AntennaCables. The longest Cableshould be connected to theReceiver. Pass this cablethrough a cable brake and downthrough the slit under one of thereflective strips at the bottom ofthe Minipack. Draw the requiredamount of cable out of theMinipack and tighten the cablebrake. Refer to the diagram.

12. Connect the TR500 to the portlabelled �Terminal�on the Re-ceiver using the 1.8mcable.Pass it through the open-ing under one of the reflectivestrips at the bottom of theMinipack, up through a cablebrake and then plug into theReceiver. Refer to the diagram.

13. Switch the System ON using theON/OFF key on the Terminal.

To Terminal

To GPS Antenna

To Radio Antenna


The Next Steps




the Antenna and GAD31 screw/stubadapter slide down the full length ofthe stub before tightening the lockingring. An incorrectly mounted Antennawill have a direct effect on your re-sults.

Advice on using the Minipackis given in Section 2.10.

Ensure a dry plastic weatherprotection cap is fitted to the

socket on the TR500 that is notconnected to the sensor.

If moisture or water shouldappear in the socket that is

not used on the TR500, allow thesocket and plastic weather protectioncap to dry naturally.


Use

The TR500 is mounted on the Receiver which is clipped tothe grip. Connections are made from the Receiver to theGPS and Radio Antennas. Recommended for shortperiods of use, especially where there are many obstacles(fences etc.).

Assumptions



2.9 Equipment Setup - Real-Time Rover, All on Pole


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Equipment Checklist


pole with screw or stub3. GHT25 Grip for pole4. GHT27 Holder for GPS Receiver5. GLS17 Lower half aluminium

pole6. GAt1/GAT2 Radio Antenna7. GAD33 Antenna Arm8. GEV141 1.2m Antenna Cable9. 2, GEB121 Batteries

10. TR500 Terminal11. SR510/520/530 GPS Receiver12. Radio Modem in GFU5/6 Hous-

ing13. MCF XMB-3 PC Card14. GEV141 1.2m Antenna Cable


Procedure

Follow steps 1-6 described in section2.5.

7. Clip the Antenna Arm to the GPSAntenna. Screw the RadioAntenna onto the Arm.


9. Connect the Radio Antenna tothe Radio Modem using a 1.2mAntenna Cable.

10. Switch the System ON using theON/OFF key on the Terminal.

The Next Steps




the Antenna and GAD31 screw/stubadapter slide down the full length ofthe stub before tightening the lockingring. An incorrectly mounted Antennawill have a direct effect on yourresults.

The Radio Antenna may alsobe connected directly to the

Radio Housing. Note however thatrange and quality of signal receivedmay be affected.


2.10 Using the Minipack

The Minipack has several featureswhich may not be readily apparent atfirst. These features help to makeusing System 500 more comfortable.

2. Hip BeltThe Hip Belt transfers most of theweight from the shoulders to the hipswhen properly adjusted.

It also contains velcro attachmentsthrough which cables can be passed.

Use the attachments as shown in thephotograph.

1. Antenna Pole StrapEnsures the Antenna Pole does notsway around and remains as uprightas possible.

Pass the strap around the pole andfasten using the clip as shown in thephotograph.


3. Internal Net PouchThe Backpack has an internal netpouch designed for carrying an AT501or AT502 Antenna when not in use. Itcan also be used for storing coiledcables or carrying a nonstandardradio modem.

4. Using the Minipack in hightemperaturesIn high temperatures it is desirable toincrease air flow around the Receiver.Therefore the backpack can be kepthalf or even fully open when in use.

Open the Minipack halfway. Tuck theflap inside. Secure it with the velcropad.

Open the Minipack flap fully and foldthe flap under the Receiver duringuse in extremely hot temperatures.


2.11 Measuring Antenna Heights

The height of the GPS Antenna above the point consistsof several components - the Height Reading, the VerticalOffset and the Phase Center Eccentricities. When astandard System 500 Antenna mounted on standardSystem 500 accessories is selected, the only measure-ment you will have to input is the Vertical Height (shownas VR in the following section). When a pole is used, eventhis value is automatically suggested by the Receiver as2.00m (the height of the System 500 pole).

This means that for most operations, you will only need toinput the height measurement from the height hook or usethe default height measurement of 2.00m for the pole.

However, there may be cases when you need to calculatethe height components, such as when using non-Leicaaccessories or Antennas or when not using a tripod orpole.

It is also important to realize where the Antenna Heightsare measured to. This Datum is referred to as the Me-chanical Reference Plane. This varies for different Anten-nas. It is also the datum from which the Phase CenterEccentricities are calculated.

Phase Center Eccentricities of Leica Antennas are handledautomatically by System 500. They will have to be enteredmanually when using non-Leica Antennas. Advice on howto create a new Antenna Type for non-Leica Antennas isgiven in the Online Help of SKI-Pro (Antenna Management).

Finally, the Antenna Height is sometimes calculated bytaking a slope distance from the point on the ground to theoutside edge of the Antenna. In this case, the VerticalHeight must be calculated using the Slope Height and aHorizontal Offset.

Special care nust be taken when using System 300 GPSAntennas with a System 500 Receiver or when using theAT501/502 GPS Antenna on the System 300 pole.


2.11.1 Mechanical Reference Planes

The Mechanical Reference Plane or datum to which theAntenna Height is measured and from which the PhaseCenter Eccentricities are calculated is shown for eachLeica System 500 Antenna.

AT501 and AT502

The Mechanical Reference Plane is the underside of thethreaded metal insert.

AT503

The Mechanical Reference Plane is the underside of theAntenna itself.

MRP

AT504

The Mechanical Reference Plane is the underside of thePreamplifier Housing. The AT504 is built to a JPL designspecified by the IGS for Reference Stations. The Mechani-cal Reference Plane is always referred to as the Bottom ofPreamplifier or BPA by the IGS.

MRP

0.0345m

0.1897m

MRP 0.1501m


1. Pillar SetupVO Vertical Offset

2.11.2 Antenna Height components

VO=0

VR

MRP

VE1 VE2

VR Vertical Height ReadingVE1 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L1.VE2 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L2MRP Mechanical Reference Plane

Although an AT501/502 Antenna is shown, the same principles apply to theAT504 and AT303.

The Vertical Height (VR) value is measured from the pillar benchmark to theMechanical Reference Plane of the Antenna. As there is no accessory avail-able to measure the Vertical Height in this case, it is usually obtained throughlevelling. Refer to the details on the next page for help in measuring theVertical Height.

The Vertical Offset is not required in this case and therefore is input as zero.

The Vertical Phase Center Eccentricities are stored in the Receiver for allLeica System 500 Antennas and any non-Leica Antenna that you define. Aslong as the correct antenna is chosen there is no need to enter any value intothe Receiver. These values do need to be calculated when a new type ofAntenna that does not exist in the Antenna Setup Records is used.


Pillar Setup II - Carrier and Adapter dimensions36.5

145.5

9.3

99.7

36.5

145.5

109

All dimensions are shown in millime-ters and may be required when deter-mining the Vertical Height Reading ona pillar or other nonstandard setup.They allow you to determine the heightto a surface on the carrier (which isprobably easier than determining it tothe Mechanical Reference Plane), andthen add the remaining value to theMechanical Reference Plane.

GRT44 Carrier with GAD31 Stub toScrew Adapter

GRT46 Carrier


2. Tripod Setup

VO

VR

MRP

VE1 VE2

VO Vertical OffsetVR Vertical Height Reading

VE1 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L1.VE2 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L2MRP Mechanical Reference Plane


The Vertical Height Reading (VR) value is measured using the Height Hook.

The Vertical Offset (VO) value is stored in the Antenna Setup record and for aTripod Setup with the Height Hook as shown is 0.36m. This will need to bemeasured if you are entering a new Antenna Setup Record without using theHeight Hook. There are two methods for mounting Leica Antennas - using aGRT46 with a 5/8 inch screw or using a GRT44 with stub and a GAD31 stub toscrew adapter. The VO value remains constant whichever setup is used.

The Vertical Phase Center Eccentricities are stored in the Receiver for allLeica System 500 Antennas and any non-Leica Antenna that you define. Aslong as the correct antenna is chosen there is no need to enter any value intothe Receiver. These values do need to be calculated when a new type ofAntenna that does not exist in the Antenna Setup Records is used.


3. Pole Setup

VO = 0

VR

MRP

VE1 VE2

VO Vertical OffsetVR Vertical Height ReadingVE1 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L1.VE2 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L2MRP Mechanical Reference Plane


The Vertical Height Reading (VR) value fixed at the height of the pole. With astandard Leica System 500 pole this is 2.0m. There are two System 500 upperpole halves. One has a 5/8 inch screw - the Antenna screws on directly. Theother has a stub and uses a GAD31 stub to screw adapter. Whichever poletype is used, the height remains at 2.00m. Additional 1.00 m pole sectionsmaybe easily added or subtracted. In some special cases where the lower halfof the pole alone is used, the height will be 1.00m.

The Vertical Offset (VO) value is zero in this case.

The Vertical Phase Center Eccentricities are stored in the Receiver for allLeica System 500 Antennas and any non-Leica Antenna that you define. Aslong as the correct Antenna is chosen there is no need to enter any value intothe Receiver. These values do need to be calculated when a new type of An-tenna that does not exist in the Antenna Setup Records is used.


2.11.3 Measuring Slope Heights

VE1-VO

SR

VE2

HO

MRP

VO Vertical OffsetHO Horizontal OffsetSR Slope Height ReadingVE1 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L1.VE2 Vertical Phase Center Eccentricity for L2MRP Mechanical Reference Plane

If you are using the Slope Height Reading the antennaheight is calculated as follows:

Antenna Height = Ö(SR² - HO²) ± VO

If the Offset Point on the antenna is above the MechanicalReference Plane MRP, the Vertical Offset VO is negative.

The Slope Height Reading is measured from the point onthe ground to the outside edge of the antenna. TheAntenna used for this example is a Dorne Margolin T(Leica AT504) as specified by the IGS. The MechanicalReference Plane will differ depending on the Antenna typeused.

55 3. Using System 500 without a TerminalTechnical Reference Manual-1.6.0en

The SR510, 520 and 530 receiverscan be used without the TR500attached.

Applications and set ups most suitedto this type of configuration areReference Stations for Post-Process-ing and Real-Time and Static/RapidStatic measurements.

The receiver can be programmed inthe office using the TR500. Thisgreatly reduces the knowledgerequired to operate the instrument inthe field.

Full instructions on how to programthe receiver are given in Chapter 5.

3. Using System 500 without a Terminal

563. Using System 500 without a Terminal Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

The Receiver and Antenna willusually be mounted on a tripod orpillar. Refer to Chapter 2 for detailsof equipment set up andconnections.

Measure the Antenna Height usingthe Height Hook. Note this valuedown. You will need to enter it intoSKI-Pro when you get back to theoffice. You should also note the PointId and start and stop times.

A suggested form for recordingnecessary data is given in section3.5.

The Receiver needs to be configuredcorrectly before it will work. Theparameters that are especiallyimportant for working without aTerminal are in Occupation Settings.Full details are given in Chapter 5.

3.1 Setting up the Equipment

Once the equipment is set up, switchit on using the ON/OFF switch on theReceiver.

The equipment will automaticallybegin to acquire and track satellitesand record data as set up in theReceiver configuration.

Wait at the point for the required time.Note that the required observationtime does not begin until the SatelliteStatus LED is constant green (seenext section). A list of approximateobservation times for Rapid Staticand Static baseline measurements isgiven in Appendix B.

3.2 Operation 3.3 Shut Down

To shut down the equipment pressand hold the ON/OFF button for 3seconds. The LED indicators will notbe lit when the equipment is switchedoff.

57 3. Using System 500 without a TerminalTechnical Reference Manual-1.6.0en

3.4 LED Indicators

Every System 500 Receiver has threeLED indicators that inform the opera-tor of basic Receiver status. The LEDindicators are located at the top of theReceiver and are only visible whenthe TR500 Terminal is not attached.

The top LED gives power information,the middle gives satellite trackinginformation and the lower givesmemory status.

PowerSatellite TrackingMemory Status

3.4.1 Power LED 3.4.2 Satellite Status LED

Power LED off -No Power

Power LEDgreen - PowerOK

Power LEDFlashing Green -Power Low

Satellite StatusLED off - NoSatellites tracked

Satellite StatusLED flashinggreen - firstsatellite tracked,position not yetavailable

Satellite StatusLED Green -Enough satellitestracked to com-pute position

583. Using System 500 without a Terminal Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

3.4.3 Memory Status LED

Memory StatusLED off - MemoryDevice notavailable (PCCard not insertedor InternalMemory notfitted).

Memory StatusLED Green -Memory capacityOK on selecteddevice

Memory StatusLED flashinggreen - Memorycapacity 75% fullon selecteddevice

3.5 Field Record Sheet

Memory StatusLED red -Memory full onselected device

Field Record - Static/RapidStatic Survey point

Operator Name:

Start time (Local):

Stop Time (Local):

Point ID:

Antenna Height:

Receiver Serial No.:

Date:

59 4. TR500 Terminal OverviewTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

4. TR500 Terminal OverviewThe TR500 Terminal performs three main functions:

1. Program the GPS Receiver2. Enable input of information to the GPS Receiver3. Display information from the GPS Receiver

The Terminal must be connected to the GPS Receiver to function. It can beconnected using a cable or mounted directly onto the receiver.

Once connected, the Terminal and Receiver can be switched on using the ON/OFF key on the Terminal.

A GHT28 handstrap/beltclip is available which fits on the rear of the Terminal.This improves handling of the Terminal in applications where it is held con-stantly in the hand. (E.g. GIS applications).

TR500 Terminal attached to GPS Receiverwith cable

604. TR500 Terminal Overview Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

When activated for the first time, theTerminal runs through several boot upscreens and then the Main Menuappears.

The basic layout consists of a row ofstatus icons over a main display areawith a row of six softkeys (F1-F6) atthe bottom.

The Status Icons provide informationrelated to basic Receiver functions.

The Directory Bar gives your locationwithin the menu structure.

The Main Display Area shows infor-mation regarding the receiver and/orongoing survey operation.

The Softkeys (F1-F6) indicate whichcommand may be executed bypressing the relevant key.

4.1 Screen Layout

Status IconsDirectory Bar

Main Display Area

Softkeys F1-F6


On certain screens a shift symbol willappear in the bottom right cornerabove the softkey. It indicates thatfurther choices are available on thesoftkeys.

At this time, the shift key appears so:

When it is pressed, it appears so:

Pressing it again will toggle back tothe original softkeys.

When a function is being carried outthat will take a significant amount oftime, the hourglass symbol (shownbelow) will appear.

This indicates that the system is busy.


Accuracy Status

High Precision Navigation (cm level)

Precision Navigation (0.5 - 5m level)

Navigation (<100m)

When no position is available, no icon is shown.

4.2 Status Icons

AccuracyStatus

PositionMode

No. visibleSatellites

No. Satellitesused on L1/L2

GSMStatus

MemoryStatus

LocalTime

BatteryStatus

RadioStatus

Note that the icons that appear depend uponwhich System 500 Receiver you are using, the

options set on it and the configuration that you are using.

ObservationRecording

Status

Auto PositionRecordingStatus


Position Mode

Static - the GPS Antennashould be held stationary.

Moving - The GPS Antennamay move.

The Position Mode is governed by thetype of operation defined in theConfiguration.

No. Visible Satellites

The number of theoretically visiblesatellites according to the currentalmanac are displayed

No. Satellites used on L1/L2

When an Accuracy Status icon isdisplayed the number of satellitescurrently used for the position compu-tation are shown. Satellites that aretracked but with a poor signal qualityare not shown.

When no Accuracy Status icon isdisplayed the number of trackedsatellites are shown, irrespective ofthe signal quality.


Radio Status

Radio Transmitting (blinks)

Radio Receiving (blinks)

If two radio modems are being usedsimultaneaously, the icon will alter-nate between each modem.

GSM Status

The GSM phone is connectedto the network.

If this icon blinks, the GSM phone iseither trying to connect to or discon-nect from the network.

Memory Status

Internal Memory selected

PC-Card selected

Safe to remove PC-Card

Memory level Indicator. Has 12levels between:

Memory Empty and

Memory Full


Observation Recording Status

The Receiver is recording rawGPS observations inStationary mode. TheReceiver should be heldstationary.

The Receiver is recording rawGPS observations in Movingmode. The Receiver maymove.

Auto Position Recording Status

Will appear when Auto PositionRecording has been activated in theConfiguration Set.

Positions are being recordedaccording to distance.

Positions are being recordedaccording to time.

Local Time

The local date can be set to displayeither 12 or 24 hour clock


Battery Status

Battery Voltage OK

Battery supplying 2/3 peakvoltage

Battery supplying 1/3 peakvoltage

Battery empty

The battery being used is denoted bythe letter next to it. A and B are theplug-in camcorder batteries, E is theexternal battery.

This example shows that an externalbattery is fully charged and is beingused to power the system.

The system will always use thebattery with the highest voltage level.

Due to the discharge characteristicsof the batteries, the lengths of timebetween the four voltage level iconsmay not be consistent. The voltagelevel will decrease more quickly thelower it gets.


4.3 Keyboard

The Terminal keyboard is a QWERTYlayout designed for use in tempertureextremes and also for gloved hands ifnecessary.

The six keys F1-F6 at the top of thekeyboard correspond to the sixsoftkeys that appear on the screenwhen the Terminal is activated.

Pressing Shift followed by F1 willalways activate the Help screen.Pressing Shift followed by F6 will quitthe Help and return you to the screenyou were on.Alternatively, pressing Shift followedby F6 will quit Survey, Stake Out orApplication.

Use the Esc key to step back to theprevious screen at any time.

Use the Shift key when the Shiftsymbol is displayed to reveal furtherchoices on the softkeys F1-F6.

Use the CONFIG key to enter theConfiguration menus at any time.

The CE key is used to clear the lastcharacter entered when enteringnames, numbers etc. into the Re-ceiver.

Use the ENTER key to confirm anentry into the system.

Use the STATUS key to accessstatus information at any time.

Use the Cursor keys to move aroundthe screen.

The keys F7-F10 are user definablefunction keys. They can be defined toexecute commands or access anyscreen of your choosing. See section9.3.


4.4 General Operating Principles

There are several conventions usedin the user interface of System 500.

2. Entering DataAt times you will have to enter PointIds, Names etc. Enter the data usingthe keyboard and press the Enter key.

Special characters such as ä, á, çetc. can be entered using the alpha-numeric input. When the characteryou wish to input is not on thekeyboard, press the Enter key. TheF1-F6 keys will then contain 5characters on each. Press the keythat contains the character yourequire. The F1-F6 keys will thencontain one of each of the five thatyou selected. Use the up and downcursor keys to scroll through all thepossible characters. Press the keythat corresponds to the character yourequire.This will then be entered. Theextra characters that are available foruse can be configured in theConfigure menu.

1. Function KeysF1-F6 function keys appear below sixbars on the screen. These bars willappear with commands in them oneach screen. To execute the com-mand, press the correspondingfunction key.


Working Example

Application - Entering a special character.

Technique - N/A

Requirement - You need to enter the Job name �Cézanne�. All the charac-ters are contained on the keyboard except �é�.

Field Procedure - The �C� is entered. To select the �é�, press F1. Thefunction keys will then change as follows:

Press F3 to select the �é�.3. Selecting items from list boxesAt times you will have to select anitem from a list box. This could be apoint Id, Job, code etc. There are twotypes of list boxes.

1. The list box appears as thewhole screen.

2. An item appears with an arrownext to it indicating a drop downlist box.

When a list box appears on the wholescreen, a search field will appear inthe directory line with a blinkingcursor. If you know the name of theitem you are search for you may typein the first few letters. The item(s) thatmatch what you type will be automati-cally highlighted. This is case sensi-tive. List boxes that contain morelines than is possible to fit on thescreen have a scroll bar at the side.This indicates your position within thelist.


Alternatively you can move down thelist item by item using the cursorkeys.

Pressing Shift will reveal HOME (F2),END (F3), PG UP (F4) (Page Up) andPG DN (F5) (Page Down) keys. Youmay also use these keys to scroll upand down the list.

When a drop down list box is avail-able, a small arrow appears next tothe selected item, as with Ant Nameshown below.

Press the right or left cursor key tocycle through the choices or pressENTER to make the drop down boxappear.

A search field will appear at the top ofthe list box with a blinking cursor. Ifyou know the name of the item youare search for you may type in thefirst few letters. The item(s) that

match what you type will be automati-cally highlighted. This is case sensi-tive.

Alternatively you can move down thelist item by item using the cursorkeys.

Pressing SHIFT will reveal HOME(F2), END (F3), PG UP (F4) (PageUp) and PG DN (F5) (Page Down)keys. You may also use these keys toscroll up and down the list.

71 5. Configuring the ReceiverTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

5. Configuring the ReceiverThe receiver has numerousparameters and functions which canbe configured by the user.

Different Configuration Sets are usedfor different measuring techniques.Several default Configuration Setsare programmed into the receiverbefore delivery. These default filesshould cover the majority ofapplications.

However, you also have theopportunity to define your ownConfiguration Sets. You may defineseveral Configuration Sets to coverevery type of operation that you arelikely to carry out. This can be doneusing the TR500 Terminal.

There are two methods for definingthe Configuration. You can selectConfigure from the Main Menu orpress the CONFIG key.

Selecting Configure from the MainMenu enables a sequentialconfiguration. Each parameter mustbe defined one after the other. Theseparameters are saved permanently inthe Configuration Set and will be usedas defaults each time theConfiguration Set is used.

Pressing the CONFIG key enters amenu from which you can choose theparameter you wish to define. Certaininfrequently used parameters are onlyavailable through the CONFIG keyand are not contained in thesequential configuration.

It is recommended that the CONFIGkey is only used when you are alreadymeasuring and realize that you needto change a parameter temporarily(for the duration of the currentsurvey), or need to configure aparameter not contained in thesequential configuration.

When Configure is selected from theMain Menu there are twoconfiguration levels available,Standard and Advanced. Standardis recommended for most users.Advanced enables definition ofparameters required for specializedapplications.

To start defining a Configuration Set,attach the Terminal to the Receiverdirectly or connect it using a Lemocable.

Switch on the Receiver and Terminalby pressing the ON/OFF key.

725. Configuring the Receiver Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

The following screen will appear thefirst time you switch on.

The most frequently used functionsare displayed. Use SHOW/HIDE (F4)to reveal/hide all of the functions.

This chapter covers configurationusing the sequential configuration(Configure) from the Main Menu.Details about configuration using theCONFIG key can be found in Chapter9.Select Configure from the MainMenu. Press CONT (F1).

The following screen will appear:

You can select a Configuration Set bymoving up and down the list andpressing CONT (F1) or entering thename of the Configuration Set. PressEDIT (F3) to edit it.

To enter a new Configuration Setpress NEW (F2).To delete a Configuration Set pressDEL (F4). You will be asked forconfirmation before the ConfigurationSet is deleted.

Pressing INFO (F5) toggles betweenthe date of creation, creator anddescription of the Configuration Sets.

Entering a new Configuration SetAfter NEW (F2) has been selected,the following screen will appear.

Enter the Name and, if required aDescription and Creator. Press theENTER key after each entry. PressCONT (F1) when you are finished.

If you create a new Configuration Set acopy of the highlighted ConfigurationSet will be created.


This section covers configuration ofthe receiver for post-processed Static,Rapid Static or Kinematic Referenceoperations.

Highlight the Configuration Set youwish to edit and press EDIT (F3). Notethat you cannot edit default Configura-tion Sets. You have to create a newSet and then edit it.

Operation ModeSelect the Operation Mode that yourequire. The Operation Mode defineswhich Configuration screens will beavailable to you.

You may choose between Standardand Advanced. Standard is recom-mended for most users. Advancedenables definition of parametersrequired for specialized applications.

When you have made your selectionpress CONT (F1).

The Standard Operation Mode isdescribed from here on. The extraconfigurable features available whenAdvanced is selected are described insection 5.1.1.

5.1 Configuring the Receiver for Static and Rapid Static Operations


AntennaSelect the Antenna configuration thatyou are using.

Ant. Name - Displays and selects thecurrently selected antenna setup.

Vert Offset - Displays the verticaloffset defined in the Antenna setup(Ant Name).

Deflt Hgt - Displays a default heightfor the Antenna setup. This is of littleuse for Static or Rapid Static applica-tions where the Antenna height differswith each setup.

Meas Type - Also, enter the meansby which the Antenna height wasmeasured. For the majority of GPSAntennas (including all Leica anten-nas), this will be Vertical. The heightof some non-Leica GPS antennascan only be measured by taking theslope distance to the outer edge ofthe Antenna. If this is the case, selectSlope and enter the averaged value.You will then be required to enter aHorizontal Offset also. See Section2.4.3 for more details on measuringslope height.

To select an antenna setup, highlightAnt. Name and press ENTER toopen the drop down box. All of theexisting antenna setups are listed.

You may select from this list or enteryour own Antenna configuration bypressing the NEW (F2) key. Note thatthe settings from the currently high-lighted antenna setup are taken overas suggested default values.

Most Static and Rapid Static Surveysor Reference Stations are carried outusing a tripod or pillar setup.

When a factory default tripod setup ischosen, the Vertical Offset is auto-matically set at 0.36m. You will onlyneed to measure the height with theheight hook when setting up over apoint.


Note that factory default antennasetups contain an elevation dependentcorrection model. This is not seen bythe user. When setting up your ownconfiguration with the Receiver, thismodel is not taken over. This model isrequired for real-time rover operations.If you need to input your own antennasetup and it requires an antennacorrection model, use SKI Pro toconfigure the antenna setup andtransfer it to the Receiver.

Advice on calculating Antennaheights and offsets for Leica and non-Leica Antennas is given in Chapter 2.Use the EDIT (F3) key to edit thehighlighted Antenna configuration.Note that factory default Antennaconfigurations can only be viewedand not edited.

Use the DEL (F4) key to delete anAntenna configuration.

Use the DEFLT (F5) key to revealfactory default Antenna configurationswith current System 500 GPS Anten-nas. This will then change to ALL.Use ALL (F5) to reveal System 300Antenna configurations also. You canpick out the Antenna configurationsthat you will use the most and deletethe rest. All possible factory defaultAntenna configurations may still beaccessed in the future by using theDEFLT and ALL keys.

PositionThis screen defines the way in whichposition is displayed. These settingsare mostly used for Real-Time Roversetups.

Update Rate - Defines the rate atwhich the position will be updated onthe display.

Coord Sys - You may select a coordi-nate system which will be used todisplay the positions. The WGS84coordinate system will always beavailable and should be sufficient forStatic/Rapid Static work. You maydetermine other coordinate systemsin SKI Pro and upload them or youmay determine other coordinate


systems in the field usingApplications\Determine CoordSystem (see section 11.1).

Further options are available on thisscreen in Advanced mode. Seesection 5.1.1 for details.

Highlight Coord Sys and pressENTER to reveal the list of coordinatesystems currently available.

Select the coordinate system that youwish to use.

Use NEW (F2) to define a newcoordinate system. Use EDIT (F3) toedit a coordinate system. Use DEL

(F4) to delete the selected coordinatesystem and INFO (F5) to reveal thetype of transformation used.

When NEW (F2) is pressed, thefollowing screen appears.

Coord Sys - Defines the name of thenew coordinate system.

Further advice on Coordinate Sys-tems is given in Section 11.

When you have set the parameterspress CONT (F1) to return to theCONFIGURE\Position screen.

When using EDIT (F3) the samedescriptions apply.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCONFIGURE\Position screen.


Formats

You can configure the way in whichinformation is presented when sur-veying.

Format Grid - The format of gridcoordinates if they are being used.

Format Geodetic - The format ofgeodetic coordinates if they are beingused.

Quality Type - The way in which thequality of a position is displayed in theMain Survey screen. This is Hard-wired to DOP for Static/Rapid StaticConfigurations. It will display a Dilu-tion of Precision according to thecomponents defined.

Defined by - Defines the componentsused to calculate the DOP. Thedefinitions of the DOP are as follows:

Height - VDOPPos - HDOPPos + Hgt - PDOPPos + Hgt + Time - GDOP

OCUPY Counter - Defines how thelength of time spent occupying a pointis displayed. Select from Time -normal time or Observations - thenumber of observations recorded.

CodingIf you wish to select a coding systempress ENTER and choose fromThematical or Free coding. Completedescriptions of the coding systemsused by System 500 are given inChapter 8.

Press CODES (F3) to review thecodes in the chosen codelist. Youmay also edit the codelist here.


Real-TimeFor Static or Rapid Static post-processing operations select Noneand press CONT (F1).

Logging

Log Static Obs - Switches logging onor off when the Receiver is in Staticmode. The receiver has to be station-ary.

Obs Rate - The rate at which obser-vations will be logged. For Staticobservations over long baselines andlong periods of time 15-30 seconds isa reasonable rate. For Rapid Staticapplications, 10-15 seconds is nor-mally used. For Reference stations forpost-processed and real-time kine-matic rovers, the rate should be setthe same as at the Rover.

Log Moving Obs - Only availablewhen Log Static Obs = YES. Setsthe observation rate when the receiveris in Moving mode. This is only usedin Real-Time kinematic and Post-Processed kinematic operations.

Log Auto Positions - Will automati-cally log positions at a specified rate.This is mostly used for real-time roveroperations.

Press CONT (F1) to continue to thenext screen.



Occupation SettingsThese settings control the way inwhich points are occupied and re-corded.

OCUPY Mode - Sets the way in whichcoordinates will be recorded for apoint. For Static, Rapid Static andPost-processed Reference Stationapplications Normal only will beavailable. This means that observa-tions will be recorded until the STOPkey is pressed. The last observationthat is recorded is the one thatexpired directly before STOP waspressed.

Auto Store - Allows you to automati-cally store a point after the STOP keyhas been pressed.


Id TemplatesAn Id template is used to pre-define aPoint Id. This feature is mainly used inpost-processed and real-time kine-matic operations where many pointsare collected quickly. For Static, RapidStatic and Real-Time Referenceoperations, set all fields to No tem-plate used.


Press CONT (F1) to complete theconfiguration. You will return to theMain Menu.


The Advanced Mode contains extraconfigurable parameters that may berequired for certain specialized appli-cations.

Select Advanced inCONFIGURE\Operation Mode.

Only the screens that differ fromthose seen in Standard Mode aredescribed here.

PositionIn addition to the functionality given inStandard mode, details about thechosen coordinate system are given.

Residuals - Available when editing acoordinate system. The method bywhich residuals will be distributedthroughout the transformation area isdisplayed.This may help the transformationresult be more realistic and helpdisperse any strains in the transfor-mation. 1/Dist, 1/Dist² and 1/Dist^3/2distributes the residuals of the controlpoints according to the distancebetween each control point and thenewly transformed point.

5.1.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Static and Rapid Static.

Multiquadratic distributes the residu-als using a multiquadratic interpola-tion approach.

Transform - The name of the trans-formation set used is displayed.Ellipsoid - The name of the localellipsoid is displayed.Projection -The name of the projec-tion used is displayed.Geoid Model - The name of thegeoid model used is displayed.

Note that the details that are dis-played depend upon the type oftransformation used. Certain types oftransformation do not use all of thedescribed parameters to calculatelocal coordinates.


LoggingIn addition to the functionality given inStandard mode, you can also specifythe observables to be recorded andaccess further functionality via theFILES (F6) key.

Observables - Defines what isrecorded in the raw GPS data.Extended records extra observablesincluding the Doppler observable.

Pressing the FILES (F6) key enablesyou to configure further options.

Log File Segments - Will split upthe recorded data into files of aspecific time-based length unless 1File is selected. If a time is selectedthe option Split Tracks will becomeavailable. Select No will only recorddata into a new file if the time isreached and a new track is observed.

Auto Del Log Files - Will delete therecorded data after the specifiedlength of time unless Never is se-lected.

Press CONT (F1) to return toCONFIGURE\Logging.

Occupation SettingsAdditional functionality available in thispanel over Standard mode is AutoOCUPY, Auto Stop, STOP P-PRCand END Survey.

Auto OCUPY - will automaticallyoccupy the point as soon as thesurvey is started.

Auto Stop - will automatically stopthe measurements according to thesetting in the STOP P-PRC function.The measurements stop when thecriteria for the setting reach 100%.


STOP P-PRC - Defines the methodused for Auto Stop when Auto Stop isset to YES.When Auto Stop is set to NO apercentage value will be displayednext to the Time or Epochs in theMain Survey screen. This indicateshow much of the Auto Stop criteriahas elapsed. The Auto Stop criteria isdefined using the P-PRC (F5) key(see below).

END Survey - Defines how thesurvey will be ended. Manual lets youexit the survey yourself. Automaticwill exit the survey automatically. Auto& Shut-down will exit the survey andturn the sensor off.

When one of the STOP P-PRCoptions is selected the P-PRC (F5)key will become available. Pressingthis key will enable you to configurethe option you have selected.

# of Sats is selected, set the length oftime to observe depending on thenumber of satellites available. Youmay edit the value for each number ofsatellites. Should the number ofavailable satellites change duringobservations, the observations alreadyrecorded will be taken into account.Should the number of satellitesdecrease, more time will be added.Should the number of satellitesincrease, time will be subtracted. TheReceiver stops recording when thetime limit is reached.

Press CONT (F1) to return toCONFIGURE\Occupation Settings.

When:

Time is selected, set the requiredobservation time for each point. Thetime starts counting when OCUPY ispressed. The Receiver stops recordingwhen the set length of time isreached.

STOP&GO Indicator is selected, setthe baseline range. When measuring,an observation time will be calculatedbased on the selected baselinerange, the number of availablesatellites and the GDOP. This isdisplayed as a percentage value.

Observations is selected, set thenumber of epochs that should berecorded at each point.


Working Example

Application - Post Processed Rapid Static Observation Recording

Technique - Rapid Static

Requirement - You wish to view the Stop and Go Indicator on the MainSurvey screen but do not want to automatically stop the survey.

Settings -

Other Settings - Use P-PRC (F5) to set the Baseline Length.

Field Procedure - After pressing OCUPY the time or epoch counter willstart. The Stop and Go Indicator percentage value will be shown in bracketsnext to this. It will run until STOP is pressed. The observations will not stopbeing recorded at 100% automatically. Further information regarding theSTOP & GO indicator is available in STATUS\SURVEY\STOP&GO Indicator.

Id TemplatesId Templates are not normally of usefor Static, Rapid Static or KinematicReference Stations and should be setto No Template Used.

However, should you wish to usethem, you will find you may alsoconfigure Id Templates for AuxiliaryPoints in exactly the same way as fornormal points.


5.2 Configuring the Receiver for Post-Processed Kinematic Operations

This section covers configuration ofthe receiver for Post-ProcessedKinematic operations.


You may choose between Standardand Advanced. Standard is recom-mended for most users. Advancedenables definition of parametersrequired for specialized applications.


The Standard operation mode isdescribed from here on. The extraconfigurable features available whenAdvanced is selected are described inSection 5.2.1.





Deflt Hgt - Displays a default heightfor the Antenna setup. If the antennawill always be mounted at a fixedheight (E.g. on a pole or always at thesame fixed location), enter the value.You will also get a chance to enter theheight for each set up during surveyoperations.

Meas Type - Also, enter the meansby which the Antenna height wasmeasured. For kinematic measure-ments using a pole, this will beVertical.

To select an antenna setup, highlightAnt. Name and press ENTER toopen the drop down box. All of theexisting antenna configurations arelisted.

You may select from this list or enteryour own antenna configuration bypressing the New (F2) key andentering the required information.

Most Post-Processed KinematicSurveys are carried out using theSystem 500 pole. When a factorydefault pole setup is selected, (AT501Pole/AT502 Pole) the Vertical Offsetis set automatically at zero and theDeflt Hgt at 2.00m. Note that thesettings from the currently highlightedantenna setup are taken over assuggested default values.

Advice on calculating AntennaHeights and offsets for Leica andnon-Leica Antennas is given inChapter 2.

Use the Edit (F3) key to edit thehighlighted Antenna configuration.Use the DEL (F4) key to delete anAntenna configuration.

Use the DEFLT (F5) key to revealdefault antenna configurations withcurrent System 500 GPS antennas.This will then change to ALL.


Use ALL (F5) to reveal System 300antenna configurations also. You canpick out the antenna configurationsthat you will use the most and deletethe rest. All possible antenna configu-rations may still be accessed in thefuture by using the DEFLT and ALLkeys.

PositionThis screen defines the way in whichposition is displayed. These settingsare mostly used for Real-Time Roversetups.


Coord Sys - You may also select acoordinate system which will be usedto display the positions. The WGS84coordinate system will always beavailable and should be sufficient forpost-processed kinematic work. Youmay define other coordinate systemsin Applications in Determine CoordSystem (see section 11.1).




Use NEW (F2) to define a newcoordinate system. Use EDIT (F3) toedit a coordinate system. Use DEL(F4) to delete the selected coordinatesystem and INFO (F5) to reveal thetype of transformation used.




Further information about CoordinateSystems is given in Chapter 11.




Formats




Quality Type - The way in which thequality of a position is displayed in theMain Survey screen. This is Hard-wired to DOP for Post-processedKinematic Configurations. It will

display a Dilution of Precision accord-ing to the components defined.



OCUPY Counter - Defines how thelength of time spent occupying a pointis displayed. Select from Time -normal time or Observations - thenumber of observations recorded.




Real-TimeFor Static or Rapid Static post-processing operations select Noneand press CONT (F1).

Logging

Log Static Obs - Switches logging onor off when the Receiver is in Staticmode. The receiver has to be station-ary. This is used when performingStatic Initializations or when occupy-ing distinct points in a kinematicchain.

Obs Rate - The rate at which observa-tions will be logged when the receiveris stationary or when it is moving. ForStatic intializations or occupyingdistinct points in a kinematic chain,the rate should be set at between 0.1-2 seconds.


Log Moving Obs - Only availablewhen Log Static Obs = YES. Acti-vates observation recording when thereceiver is in moving mode. The rateis set in Obs Rate.

Static Init - Sets whether a StaticInitialization will be performed at thebeginning of a kinematic chain. Whenusing the SR510 set this option toYES.

Log Auto Positions - Will automati-cally log positions at a specified rate.This is mostly used for real-timeoperations.

Moving Ant Height - Sets theAntenna Height when the receiver isin moving mode. When a standardSystem 500 pole setup is used, thesuggested default will be 2.00m.



Occupation SettingsThese settings control the way inwhich points are occupied and re-corded.

OCUPY Mode - Sets the way inwhich coordinates will be recorded fora point.Normal means that the observationswill be recorded when the STOP keyis pressed. A type of averaging isperformed on the measurementsobserved over the time spent on thepoint. This helps filter out effects ofslight movement. (E.g. tremblinghands).Instantaneous means that a time tagwill be recorded when the OCUPY


key is pressed. During post-process-ing, A coordinate will be interpolatedbetween the positions at the neighbor-ing two epochs.

For post-processed kinematic sur-veys, it is possible to use either of thesettings.

Auto Store - Allows you to automati-cally store a point after the STOP keyhas been pressed.


Overview of Normal and Instantaneous settings

NormalOCUPY Button

Pressed

Time in Epochs

STOP ButtonPressed

Instantaneous

Time in Epochs

Plan View

OCUPY ButtonPressed and Point

Coordinatesinterpolated basedon Epochs 2 and 3


Coordinatesinterpolated based

on Epochs 4 and 5


Coordinatesinterpolated basedon Epochs 2 and 3

OCUPY ButtonPressed and PointCoordinatesinterpolated basedon Epochs 4 and 5

Post-processed coordinatescomputed by averagingresulting positions of epochs2 and 3


Id TemplatesAn Id template is used to pre-define aPoint Id. This feature is mainly usedin post-processed kinematic and real-time kinematic operations wheremany points are collected quickly.When set up correctly it will save youhaving to type in the Point Id at eachpoint.

OCUPY Pts - Displays the Id tem-plate selected for use with manuallyrecorded points.Auto Log Pos - Displays the Idtemplate selected for use with auto-matically recorded points.

Select the template that you wish touse. Press ENTER to reveal the list ofavailable templates.

In this panel two default templates aredisplayed and also a template that auser has previously defined.Inc stands for Increment and denotesthe amount by which any specifiednumber will increment at each point.Crsr stands for Cursor and denotesthe character number at which thecursor will be automatically placed.

The arrow means that thistemplate is set to operate in theRemain Running mode.

No Template Used - if this option isselected the last Point Id entered inthe Survey panel will be displayed.The Point Id will be automaticallyincremented if that Point Id containsany numerical characters.If you overtype this Point Id the autoincrement will start from the new PointId.

Time and Date - will automaticallyuse the current local time and date asthe Point Id.

Point ##### - automatically writesthe word �Point� followed by anautomatically incrementing 5 figurenumber (denoted by #).


To define your own Id Template pressNEW (F2).

Pt Id. Mode - Is the Mode how the PtTemplate will be used. If you selectRemain Running and you enter adifferent Point Id manually in theSurvey panel the new Point Id will beused as the new Id Template. Thefollowing Point Id�s will then be basedon this new Template. If you selectChange to Indiv. and then enter aPoint Id manually in the Survey panelthe Point Id will return to the Id Tem-plate as it is defined.

Id - Displays the way in which thetemplate is currently configured. Youmay also enter any standard text herethat you would like to see in the IdTemplate. (In this example the stan-dard text is the word �Point�. The #symbols indicate automaticallyincrementing numbers).Note that leading spaces cannot beaccepted.

Num Start - Defines the start positionof any automatically incrementingnumber.

Num End - Defines the end position ofany automatically incrementingnumber.

Auto Inc - Defines whether thenumber will increment automatically atsubsequent points.

Num Inc - Defines the amount bywhich any automatically incrementingnumber will increment.You may entera negative increment if required.

Cursor Pos - Defines the position atwhich the cursor will start at.

Press CONT (F1) until you return tothe CONFIGURE\ Id Templatesscreen.

To edit an existing Id Template pressEDIT (F3).

To delete an existing Id Templatepress DEL (F4).



You are completing a survey where you will require many different point IDs. Most point IDs willneed an incrementing number behind the text. The first points you measure will need the point ID�Bolt ###�.

In CONFIG\ OCUPY Pts set up a point ID templateas shown here.Note that the Id type is set to �Remain Running�.

Within the Survey panel, the first point will automati-cally show the Point Id �Bolt 001� upon pressingSTORE, the next Point Id will automatically show�Bolt 002�.

Working Example 1

Requirement -

Field Proc -

Settings -


Working Example 1 (cont)

You now wish to survey points with the Id �Road####�starting with Id �Road0723�. Enter this point Id intoSurvey panel. The next point Id will automatically be�Road0724�.

You now wish to survey one individual point and give itthe point ID �BM98�. In the Survey panel, pressSHIFT and then INDIV (F5) and enter this point Id.

Survey this point and upon pressing STORE, the nextpoint Id will revert back to �Road0724�.

Field Proc (cont) -

Note: Should you wish to store any new point Id as a template into the �library� then access theCONFIGURE\ ID Templates panel (CONFIG, 1 Survey, 5 Point Id Templates) and then press CONT(F1). The point Id currently in use is now stored as a template.


Working Example 2

Field Proc -

You are completing a survey where you need only one point ID that needs an incrementing numberbehind the text. These points will need the point ID �Point####�. However you will also survey someindividual points that will need unique point Ids.

In CONFIG\ OCUPY Pts set up a point ID tem-plate as shown here.Note that the Id type is set to �Change to Indiv.�.

Within the Survey panel, the first point will automati-cally show the Point Id �Point0001�. Upon pressingSTORE, the next Point Id will automatically show�Point0002�.

Requirement -

Settings -


You now wish to survey one individual point and give itthe point ID �BM98�. In the Survey panel, enter thispoint ID. Survey this point and upon pressing STORE,the next point Id will revert back to �Point0002�.

Note - When entering the individual point Id �BM98�you did not need to press SHIFT INDIV (F5) as inWorking Example 1. This is because the �Point####�template is operating in the Change to Individualmode.

Suppose you do now wish to survey points using anew point Id �###Fence� and you wish this templateto operate in the Remain Running mode.

Enter the point Id �001Fence� and then press SHIFTRUN (F5). Occupy and store this point. The next pointId will be �002Fence�

Field Proc (cont) -


Note: Numerical characters in front of any text will also increment. This allows any type ofincrementing point Ids to be created.


5.2.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Post-Processed Kinematic

The Advanced Mode contains certainextra configurable options that maybe required for specialized applica-tions.


Only the screens that differ fromthose seen in Standard Mode aredescribed here.


Residuals - The method by whichresiduals will be distributed through-out the transformation area is dis-played.Transform - The name of the trans-formation set used is displayed.Ellipsoid - The name of the localellipsoid is displayed.Projection -The name of the projec-tion used is displayed.Geoid Model - The name of thegeoid model used is displayed.




Observables - Defines what isrecorded in the raw GPS data.Extended records extra observablesincluding the Doppler observable. Fulldetails of what is recorded in eachmode is given in Appendix D.


Log File Segments will split up therecorded data into files of a specificlength unless 1 File is selected. If atime is selected the option SplitTracks will become available. SelectNo will only record data into a new fileif the time is reached and a new trackis observed.

Auto Del Log Files will delete therecorded data after the specifiedlength of time unless Never is se-lected.

Press CONT (F1) to return toCONFIGURE\Logging.Occupation SettingsAdditional functionality available in thispanel over Standard mode is AutoOCUPY, Auto Stop, STOP P-PRCand END Survey.


Auto Stop - will automatically stopthe measurements according to thecriteria set in the STOP P-PRCfunctions. The measurements stopwhen the criteria for the setting reach100%.


STOP P-PRC - Defines the methodused for Auto Stop when Auto Stop isset to YES.When Auto Stop is set to NO apercentage value will be displayednext to the Time or Epochs in theMain Survey screen. This indicateshow much of the Auto Stop criteria haselapsed. The Auto Stop criteria isdefined using the P-PRC (F5) key(see below).

END Survey - Defines how thesurvey will be ended. Manual lets youexit the survey yourself. Automaticwill exit the survey automatically. Auto& Shut-down will exit the survey andturn the sensor off.

When one of the STOP P-PRCoptions is selected the P-PRC (F5)key will become available. Pressingthis key will enable you to configurethe option you have selected.

When:

Time is selected, set the requiredobservation time for each point. Thetime starts counting when OCUPY ispressed. The Receiver stops record-ing when the set length of time isreached.

STOP&GOIndicator is selected, setthe baseline range. When measuring,an observation time will be calculatedbased on the selected baselinerange, the number of availablesatellites and the GDOP. This isdisplayed as a percentage value. TheReceiver stops recording as soon as100% is reached.

Observations is selected, set thenumber of epochs that should berecorded at each point. This setting isrecommended for post-processedkinematic surveys.

# of Sats is selected, set the length oftime to observe depending on thenumber of satellites available. Youmay edit the value for each number ofsatellites. Should the number ofavailable satellites change duringobservations, the observationsalready recorded will be taken intoaccount. Should the number ofsatellites decrease, more time will beadded. Should the number of satel-lites increase, time will be subtracted.The Receiver stops recording whenthe time limit is reached.

Press CONT (F1) to return toCONFIGURE\Occupation Settings.


Working Example

Application - Picking up distinct points in a Kinematic chain

Technique - Post-Processed Kinematic on the Fly. (Not possible withSR510).

Requirement - You wish to automatically stop recording and store eachpoint after pressing OCUPY.

Settings -

Other Settings - Use P-PRC (F5) to set the Observations to 1 or 2.

Field Procedure - At the point you wish to measure, place and level thepole on the point. Press OCUPY. The point will be recorded and storedautomatically as soon as the set number of observations are recorded. Notethat the Point Id must be correctly defined and any code (if required) selectedBEFORE OCUPY is pressed due to Auto Store being set to YES.

Id TemplatesYou may also configure Id Templatesfor Auxiliary Points in exactly thesame way as for normal points.


5.3 Configuring the Receiver for Real-Time Reference Operations

This section covers configuration ofthe receiver for Real-Time ReferenceOperations. Note that Real TimeReference Operations are onlypossible with an SR530 (Real-Time tocentimeter level) or an SR510 or 520that has the RTCM 2.0 option acti-vated (DGPS to 0.5 - 5m level).

Highlight the Configuration Set youwish to edit and press CONT (F1).Note that you cannot edit defaultConfiguration Sets. You have tocreate a new one and then edit it.


You may choose between Standardand Advanced. Standard is recom-mended for most users. Advancedenables definition of parametersrequired for scientific research andother specialized applications.


The Standard Operation mode isdescribed from here on. The extraconfigurable features available whenAdvanced is selected are described inthe next section.





Deflt Hgt - Displays a default heightfor the Antenna configuration. This isof little use for Real-Time Referencestations where the Antenna heightdiffers with each setup.

Meas Type - Also, enter the meansby which the Antenna height wasmeasured. For the majority of GPSAntennas (including all Leica anten-nas), this will be Vertical. The heightof some non-Leica GPS antennascan only be measured by taking theslope distance to the outer edge ofthe Antenna. If this is the case, selectSlope and enter the value. You willthen be required to enter a Horizon-tal Offset also. See Section 2.4.3 formore details on measuring slopeheight. Note that the settings from thecurrently highlighted antenna setupare taken over as suggested defaultvalues.


Most Real-Time Reference Stationsare setup on a tripod or pillar.

You may select from this list or enteryour own Antenna configuration bypressing the NEW (F2) key. Note thatthe settings from the currently high-lighted antenna setup are taken overas suggested default values.

When a factory default tripod setup ischosen, the Vertical Offset is auto-matically set at 0.36m. You will needto measure the Antenna Height withthe height hook when setting up.


Setting up on a pillar will require thatyou use the default pillar setup.

Advice on calculating Antennaheights and offsets for Leica and non-Leica Antennas is given in Chapter 2.

Use the EDIT (F3) key to edit thehighlighted Antenna configuration.Note that factory default Antennaconfigurations can only be viewedand not edited.

Use the DEL (F4) key to delete anAntenna configuration.

Use the DEFLT (F5) key to revealfactory default Antenna configurationswith current Leica GPS Antennas.This will then change to ALL.

Use ALL (F5) to reveal System 300Antenna configurations also. You canpick out the Antenna configurationsthat you will use the most and deletethe rest. All possible factory default

Antenna configurations may still beaccessed in the future by using theDEFLT and ALL keys.

PositionThis screen defines the way in whichposition is displayed.


Coord Sys - You may also select acoordinate system which will be usedto display the positions. The WGS84coordinate system will always beavailable. You may define othercoordinate systems in Applicationsin Determine Coord System (seesection 11.1).



It is especially important to define alocal coordinate system for a Real-Time Reference Station if you intendto use a known local grid coordinateat the Reference Point. The Receivermust be able to calculate an equiva-lent coordinate in the WGS84 coordi-nate system for transmission to theRover(s).






Further advice on Coordinate Sys-tems is given in Section 11.





Formats




Quality Type - The way in which thequality of a position is displayed in theMain Survey screen. This is Hard-wired to DOP for Real-Time Refer-ence Configurations. It will display aDilution of Precision according to thecomponents defined.



OCUPY Counter - Defines how thelength of time spent occupying a pointis displayed. Select from Time -normal time or Observations - thenumber of computed navigationsolutions recorded.

CodingNormally, when setting up a Real-Time Reference Station, the ReferencePoint will be selected from a pre-defined point list. These points willhave been measured previously andany required code already assigned.Therefore a Coding System is notusually required.

If you still wish to select a codingsystem press ENTER and choosefrom Thematical or Free coding.Complete descriptions of the codingsystems used by System 500 aregiven in Section 8.



Real-TimeConfigures parameters used for Real-Time operations

R-Time Data - defines the operationmode of the Receiver. Select Refer-ence to broadcast real-time data.

Data Format - Defines the formatused to broadcast the real-time data.

Port - defines the port to which theReal-Time data will be sent. Normallya radio modem or GSM phone will beconnected to the port. When the radiomodem is a Satelline, Pacific Crest orGSM phone it will be mounted in theradio housing box and attached toeither Port 3 or Port 1. You may alsoattach a radio modem or phone via acable to any port.

Use the right or left cursor keys toselect a port for transmission of real-time data. The device that is currentlyassigned to this port will be displayed.

Rate - Set the Rate at which you wishto output messages. System 500supports rates of 1 to 60 seconds.

To define the Data Format, highlightthe Data Format field and pressENTER.

Leica is the proprietary Leica real-time GPS data format. This is thebest format to use when workingexclusively with Leica System 500Rover units.

CMR is a compacted format used tobroadcast data for third partyreceivers.

RTCM is for use when Rover unitsfrom a different manufacturer will beused. RTCM message 3 is alwaysgenerated irrespective of which othermessage types are chosen.RTCM 18, 19 - Uncorrected Carrierphase and pseudorange. Use forRTK operations where the ambigu-ities will be resolved at the Rover(RTK). An accuracy of around 1-5cm(rms) can be expected after a suc-cessful ambiguity resolution.RTCM 20, 21 - RTK Carrier phasecorrections and high-accuracypseudorange corrections. Use for RTKoperations. There is little or nodifference in the accuracy obtainedusing these messages as comparedto messages 18 and 19.RTCM 1, 2 - Differential and DeltaDifferential GPS corrections. Use forDGPS applications. An accuracy of0.5-5m rms can be expected at theRover.


Pressing the DEVCE (F5) key lets youconfigure and assign a device to theselected port.

Select the device you wish to assignto the port. If no default devices aredisplayed press DEFLT (F5) to revealthem. Default devices have an asteriskbefore the device name.

Select a device from the list. To viewthe configuration of your chosendevice, press EDIT (F3). If the deviceyou wish to use requires a differentconfiguration, select Unknown Radioand press NEW (F2) and enter theName and Port Settings for the device.

A complete list of all available devicesis given in Appendix H.

Press CONT (F1) to return to CON-FIGURE\ Real-Time.

LoggingIf required, you may log the rawobservations. This may be used ifthere are problems with the datareception at the Rover and a Real-Time position could not be calculated.The observation data can be post-processed when back in the office tofill in any gaps in the Real-Timepositions. Of course, observationsmust be logged at the Rover also.

Log Static Obs - Switches logging onor off when the Receiver is in Staticmode.


Obs Rate - The rate at which observa-tions will be logged. For Real-TimeReference stations the rate should beset the same as the Position UpdateRate at the Rover. This will normallybe between 0.1-2s.



Press CONT (F1) to complete theconfiguration.




Only the screens that differ from thoseseen in Standard Mode are describedhere.


Residuals - The method by whichresiduals will be distributed through-out the transformation area is dis-played.Transform - The name of the transfor-mation set used is displayed.Ellipsoid - The name of the localellipsoid is displayed.Projection -The name of the projec-tion used is displayed.Geoid Model - The name of the geoidmodel used is displayed.


5.3.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Real Time Reference Stations


Real-TimeConfigures parameters used for Real-Time operations.

Data Format - There are two extraformats available for RTCM. You havethe possibility to output both Codecorrections together with raw GPSdata or high-precision phase correc-tions by selecting the options RTCM1, 2, 18, 19 or RTCM 1, 2, 20, 21.

Also, the extra keys RATES (F3) andREF (F6) are available.

RATES enables different messages tobe output at different rates.

If RTCM is selected as the DataFormat, you may select different ratesfor the various message types.E.g. Message 3 is always outputregardless of which RTCM messagesare selected. As this message doesnot usually have to be constantlyoutput, you may select a lower ratefor it.

If Leica Data Format is selected, youmay select different rates for the rawdata transmission (Data Rate), therate at which the reference coordi-nates are output (Coord Rate) andthe rate at which Reference Stationinformation (Point Id, etc.) is output(Info Rate).

Pressing REF (F6) enables you toconfigure further options concerningthe broadcast messages from thereference station.

You may define a number for thereference station ID, select a carriagereturn at the end of each messageand, if RTCM format has beenselected, choose the RTCM Version tooutput. Note that the Reference andRover must use the same RTCMversion.

Note that you will need to define a RefStn Id if:1. You intend to work with 2 referencestations simultaneously, broadcastingon different frequency channels anduse frequency switching at the roveror2. The Reference is being moved fromone point to another.



Observables - Defines what isrecorded in the raw GPS data.Extended records extra observablesincluding the Doppler observable.


Log File Segments - Will split upthe recorded data into files of aspecific length unless 1 File isselected.If a time is selected the option SplitTracks will become available. SelectNo will only record data into a new fileif the time is reached and a new trackis observed.

Auto Del Log Files - Will delete therecorded data after the specifiedlength of time unless Never is se-lected.



5.4 Configuring the Receiver for Real-Time Rover Operations

This section covers configuration ofthe receiver for Real-TimeRover Operations. Note that RealTime Rover Operations are onlypossible with an SR530 (Real-Time tocentimeter level) or an SR510 or 520that has the RTCM 2.0 option acti-vated (DGPS to 0.5 - 5m level).

Highlight the Configuration Set youwish to edit and press EDIT (F3). Notethat you cannot edit default Configura-tion Sets. You have to create a newSet and then edit it. If the only existingConfiguration Sets are default Sets,highlight the Set that corresponds tothe type of operation you wish toconfigure (in this case, RT_ROV), andpress NEW (F2). After entering theName, etc., select the newConfiguration Set and press EDIT(F3).


You may choose between Standardand Advanced. Standard is recom-mended for most users. Advancedenables definition of parametersrequired for scientific research andother specialized applications.


The Standard Operation mode isdescribed from here on. The extraconfigurable features available whenAdvanced is selected are described inthe next section.



Ant. Name - Displays and selects thecurrently selected antenna setup.This will normally be AT502 Pole forreal-time Rover operations.


Deflt Hgt - Displays a default heightfor the Antenna configuration. If theantenna will always be mounted at afixed height (E.g. on a pole or alwaysat the same fixed location), enter thevalue. This will normally be 2.00m for

Real-Time Rover operations. You willalso get a chance to enter the heightfor each set up during survey opera-tions.

Meas Type - Also, enter the meansby which the Antenna height wasmeasured. For Real-Time Roveroperations this will usually be Verti-cal.


You may select from this list or enteryour own antenna configuration bypressing the NEW (F2) key andentering the required information.

Most Real-Time Rover Surveys arecarried out using the System 500pole. When a factory default polesetup is selected, (AT501 Pole/AT502Pole) the Vertical Offset is setautomatically at zero and the DefltHgt at 2.00m. Note that the settingsfrom the currently highlighted antennasetup are taken over as suggesteddefault values.

Advice on calculating AntennaHeights and offsets for Leica andnon-Leica Antennas is given inChapter 2.

Use the EDIT (F3) key to edit thehighlighted Antenna configuration.Use the DEL (F4) key to delete anAntenna configuration.


Use the DEFLT (F5) key to revealdefault antenna configurations withcurrent Leica GPS antennas. This willthen change to ALL. Use ALL (F5) toreveal System 300 antenna configura-tions also. You can pick out theantenna configurations that you willuse the most and delete the rest. Allpossible antenna configurations maystill be accessed in the future by usingthe DEFLT and ALL keys.

PositionThis screen defines the rate for andthe way in which position is displayed.If you wish to work in local coordi-nates, you MUST define the coordi-nate system here.


Coord Sys - You may also select acoordinate system which will be usedto display the positions. The WGS84coordinate system will always beavailable. You may define othercoordinate systems in Applicationsin Determine Coord System (seesection 11.1).











Formats




Quality type - For real-time rover,select Quality. This will display aCoordinate Quality in cm within whichthe position lies. This is calculatedusing the standard deviations of thecoordinate components.

Defined by - Defines the componentsused to calculate the Quality.

Height - 1D Height QualityPos - 2D Position QualityPos + Hgt - 3D Position QualityPos + Hgt + Time - 3D PositionQuality

OCUPY Counter - Defines how thelength of time spent occupying a pointis displayed. Select from Time -normal time or Positions - thenumber of position calculations.




Real-Time Use the right or left cursor keys toselect a port for transmission of real-time data. The device that is currentlyassigned to this port will be displayed.

Ref Sensor - Select the Receiver typeused at the Reference Station. If thisis not a Leica Receiver selectUnknown.

Ref Antenna - select the Antennaused at the reference station. AllAntennas in the current antenna listare available. If you do not know whichAntenna is being used at the referenceor an Antenna is being used which isnot in the list, select Unknown.

R-Time Data - defines the operationmode of the Receiver. Select Rover toreceive real-time data.

Data Format - Defines the formatused to broadcast the real-time data.

Port - defines the port to where theReal-Time receive device will beconnected. Normally this will be aradio modem or GSM phone. Whenthe radio modem is a Satelline 1AS/2ASx/2ASxE, Pacific CrestRFM96(W) or GSM phone it will bemounted in a housing and attached toeither Port 3 or Port 1. You may alsoattach a radio modem or phonewithout a housing via a cable to anyport.


To define the Data Format received,highlight the Data Format field andpress ENTER.

Leica is the proprietary Leica real-time GPS data format. This is the bestformat to use when working exclu-sively with Leica System 500 Roverunits.CMR is a compacted format used forreceiving data from third partyreceivers.RTCM is used for receiving data from anon-System 500 Reference Station.RTCM Message 3 will always bereceived by default.RTCM 18, 19 - Uncorrected Carrierphase and pseudorange. Use for RTKoperations where the ambiguities willbe resolved at the Rover (RTK). Anaccuracy of around 1-5cm (rms) canbe expected after a successfulambiguity resolution.

RTCM 20, 21 - RTK Carrier phasecorrections and high-accuracypseudorange corrections. Use for RTKoperations. There is little or no differ-ence in the accuracy obtained usingthese messages as compared tomessages 18 and 19.RTCM 1, 2 - Differential and DeltaDifferential GPS corrections. Use forDGPS applications. An accuracy of0.5-5m rms can be expected at theRover.RTCM 9, 2 - GPS Partial CorrectionSet and Delta Differential GPSCorrections. Use for DGPS applica-tions. An accuracy of 0.5-5m rms canbe expected at the Rover. Use thiswhen a slow data link is being used inthe presence of interference.

Pressing the DEVCE (F5) key lets youconfigure and assign a device to theselected port.

Select the device you wish to assignto the port. If no default devices aredisplayed press DEFLT (F5) to revealthem.


A complete description of all availabledevices and detailed configurationsand uses is given in Appendix H.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCONFIGURE\Real-Time screen.

Press CONT (F1) again. The nextscreen will depend on the device thathas just been chosen. For example, ifthe chosen device is the Pacific Crestradio, the user will be able to choosethe radio channel. If the chosen deviceis a GSM device, the user will be ableto configure parameters for use with aGSM device such as PIN code.

A complete description of the differentscreens is given in Appendix H.

Press SHIFT and then PRED (F3) toactivate and deactivate Prediction onthe rover.

If an SR530 is being used as the RTKreference station, then the Leica dataformat should always be used. In thiscase Prediction should always beset to YES.

If however, the reference is transmit-ting a 3rd party data format such asRTCM or CMR then prediction on therover may be turned on or off. Predic-tion is only of use in RTK cm accu-racy surveys.

The default setting is that predictionwill be activated.

There are two advantages in usingprediction:1. Update rate: Prediction allows RTpositions to be computed on the roverat a rate greater than the transmissionrate of the data from the referencestation. This means RT positions canbe computed on the rover at a rate upto 10Hz, regardless of the rate atwhich data is transmitted from thereference station.2. Reduced latency: Positionscomputed with prediction will have alatency of around 30 to 40ms.

However, should the RTK messagestransmitted from the reference stationbe effected by latency, then theaccuracy of the positions computedusing prediction may be reduced. Inthese circumstances, it may benecessary to deactivate positionscomputed by prediction. In this casePrediction should be set to NO.


However deactivating prediction wouldmean:1. Update rate: Positions can only becomputed at the rate at which data istransmitted from the reference station.2. Increased latency: Computedpositions would have an increasedlatency.

In all RTK surveys where the referencestation is not an SR530 and the RTKmessage is not Leica format, it is upto the user to decide if the perfor-mance of the rover is better withprediction activated or deactivated.

Press CONT (F1) to continue.

LoggingIf required, you may log the rawobservations. This may be used ifthere are problems with the real-timedata reception at the Rover and aReal-Time position could not becalculated, or if you wish to be able tocheck your work back in the office.Observations must be logged at theReference also.

Another alternative for post-processinginfill is to use the Radio Down option.This is available in Advanced mode inCONFIGURE\Real-Time. (See section5.4.1).

Log Static Obs - Switches logging onor off when the Receiver is in Staticmode. The receiver has to be station-ary. This is used when occupyingdistinct points in a kinematic chain.

Obs Rate - The rate at which observa-tions will be logged when the receiveris stationary or when it is moving. ForStatic intializations or occupyingdistinct points in a kinematic chain,the rate should be set at between 0.1-2 seconds.

Log Moving Obs - Only availablewhen Log Static Obs = YES. Acti-vates observation recording when thereceiver is in moving mode. The rate isset in Obs Rate.


When Log Auto Positions is set toYES, the POS (F3) key becomesavailable. Use this key to define thecriteria for automatic position record-ing.

Log Pos by - Defines the criteria bywhich an automatic position will belogged.When Time is selected, the PositionRate defined in Configure\Position isdisplayed. This may be multiplied bythe Log Factor to give a positionlogging rate displayed in the LogEvery line.

Static Init - Available when LogMoving Obs = YES. Defines whetheror not a static initialization will beperformed at the beginning of eachkinematic chain.

Log Auto Positions - Will automati-cally log positions at a specified rate.

Moving Ant Height - Sets the An-tenna Height when the receiver is inmoving mode. When a standardSystem 500 pole setup is used, thesuggested default will be 2.00m.



Quality Info - Defines which qualityinformation should be recorded withthe position. You may select from theFull covariance information or justthe coordinate quality (CQ only).

Use Beep - If YES, the terminal willbeep when an automatic position islogged.

Monitor CQ - If YES, the CQ of theautomatic position will be monitoredand the point will only be recorded ifless than the specified quality. WhenYES is chosen an additional lineappears below Monitor CQ to enterthe specified quality.


When Distance is selected, a positionwill be recorded every time the dis-tance from the previously recordedpoint matches the value set in the LogEvery line. You can also define thequality information recorded with thepoint and offset(s) to the point in thesame way as when Time is selected.

When Height is selected, a positionwill be recorded every time the heightdifference from the previously recordedpoint matches the value set in theLog Every line. You can also definethe quality information recorded withthe point and offset(s) to the point inthe same way as when Time isselected.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCONFIGURE\Logging screen.


Occupation Settings

OCUPY Mode - Sets the way inwhich coordinates will be recorded fora point.Normal means that the coordinateswill be recorded using an average ofthe positions calculated betweenpressing OCUPY and STOP. Thishelps filter out effects of slight move-ment. (E.g. trembling hands).Instantaneous means that a time tagwill be recorded when the OCUPY keyis pressed. A coordinate will beinterpolated between the positions atthe neighbouring two epochs.

More details about Normal and Instan-taneous occupy modes are given insection 5.2.Auto Store - Allows you to automati-cally store a point after the STOP keyhas been pressed.


t


Id TemplatesAn Id template is used to pre-define aPoint Id. This feature is mainly used inpost-processed kinematic and real-time kinematic operations where manypoints are collected quickly. When setup correctly it will save you having totype in the point Id at each point.

OCUPY Pts - Displays the Id templateselected for use with manually re-corded points.Auto Log Pos - Displays the Idtemplate selected for use with auto-matically recorded points.

Select the template that you wish touse. Press ENTER to reveal the list ofavailable templates.

Inc stands for Increment and denotesthe amount by which any specifiednumber will increment at each point.Crsr stands for Cursor and denotesthe character number at which thecursor will be automatically placed.

The arrow means that this tem-plate is set to operate in the RemainRunning mode.

No Template Used - if this option isselected an automaticallyincremented Point Id of the lastentered Point Id will be displayed inthe Survey panel. If you overtype thisPoint Id the auto increment will startfrom the new Point Id.

Time and Date - will automaticallyuse the current local time and date asthe Point Id.

To define your own Id Template pressNEW (F2).


Pt Id. Mode - Is the Mode how the PtTemplate will be used. If you selectRemain Running and you enter aPoint Id manually in the Survey panelthe new Point Id will be used as thenew Id Template and the followingPoint Id�s will be based on this newTemplate. If you select Change toIndiv. and then enter a Point Idmanually in the Survey panel the PointId will return to the Id Template as it isdefined.

Id - Displays the way in which thetemplate is currently configured. Youmay also enter any standard text herethat you would like to see in the IdTemplate. (In this example the stan-dard text is the word �Point�. The #symbols indicate automaticallyincrementing numbers).

Num Start - Defines the start positionof any automatically incrementingnumber.

Num End - Defines the end position ofany automatically incrementingnumbers.

Auto Inc - Defines whether thenumber will increment automatically atsubsequent points.

Num Inc defines the amount by whichany automatically incrementingnumber will increment.

Cursor Pos - Defines the position atwhich the cursor will start at.Press CONT (F1) until you return tothe CONFIGURE\ Id Templatesscreen.



You are completing a survey where you will require many different point IDs. Most point IDs willneed an incrementing number behind the text. The first points you measure will need the point ID�Bolt ###�.

In CONFIG\ OCUPY Pts set up a point ID templateas shown here.Note that the Id type is set to �Remain Running�.

Within the Survey panel, the first point will automati-cally show the Point Id �Bolt 001� upon pressingSTORE, the next Point Id will automatically show�Bolt 002�.

Working Example 1

Requirement -

Field Proc -

Settings -



You now wish to survey points with the Id �Road####�starting with Id �Road0723�. Enter this point Id intoSurvey panel. The next point Id will automatically be�Road0724�.

You now wish to survey one individual point and give itthe point ID �BM98�. In the Survey panel, pressSHIFT and then INDIV (F5) and enter this point Id.

Survey this point and upon pressing STORE, the nextpoint Id will revert back to �Road0724�.

Field Proc (cont) -

Note: Should you wish to store any new point Id as a template into the �library� then access theCONFIGURE\ ID Templates panel (CONFIG, 1 Survey, 5 Point Id Templates) and then press CONT(F1). The point Id currently in use is now stored as a template.


Working Example 2

Field Proc -

You are completing a survey where you need only one point ID that needs an incrementing numberbehind the text. These points will need the point ID �Point####�. However you will also survey someindividual points that will need unique point Ids.

In CONFIG\ OCUPY Pts set up a point ID tem-plate as shown here.Note that the Id type is set to �Change to Indiv.�.

Within the Survey panel, the first point will automati-cally show the Point Id �Point0001�. Upon pressingSTORE, the next Point Id will automatically show�Point0002�.

Requirement -

Settings -


You now wish to survey one individual point and give itthe point ID �BM98�. In the Survey panel, enter thispoint ID. Survey this point and upon pressing STORE,the next point Id will revert back to �Point0002�.

Note - When entering the individual point Id �BM98�you did not need to press SHIFT INDIV (F5) as inWorking Example 1. This is because the �Point####�template is operating in the Change to Individualmode.

Suppose you do now wish to survey points using anew point Id �###Fence� and you wish this templateto operate in the Remain Running mode.

Enter the point Id �001Fence� and then press SHIFTRUN (F5). Occupy and store this point. The next pointId will be �002Fence�

Field Proc (cont) -


Note: Numerical characters in front of any text will also increment. This allows any type ofincrementing point Ids to be created.


Threshold SettingsThese settings are used as checks ifmore than one set of measuredcoordinates are recorded for the samepoint.

Avg. Limits Pos - Sets the averaginglimit for position. When two or morecoordinates are recorded for the samepoint, the system will compute anaverage for the positions and checkthat each position does not differ fromthe average by more than the definedamount. If they do differ by more thanthe defined amount, you will be alertedand can then decide whether to raisethe averaging limits and record thecoordinates or to ignore the coordi-nates.

Avg. Limits Height. - Sets theaveraging limit for height. The systemwill compute an average for theheights and check that each heightdoes not differ from the average bymore than the defined amount. If theydo differ by more than the definedamount, you will be alerted and canthen decide whether to raise theaveraging limits and record thecoordinates or to ignore the coordi-nates.

Monitor CQ - When set to YES,switches on the CQ limit defined inQuality, above which a point cannotbe recorded.

Quality - Sets the value for MonitorCQ.

Stakeout

Stake from - Sets the source fromwhich target points will be taken. Jobmeans that the Rover will look fortarget points from a Job that you use.ASCII File means that you can stakeout using an ASCII file. The ASCII filemay be uploaded to the Receiverusing SKI Pro or by copying the ASCIIfile onto a PC Card and using theTransfer function. Alternatively use theASCII /GSI8 to Job converter and useStake from Job. See section 13.6 formore information.


Store ® Job - Appears when ASCIIFile is selected in Stake from. Thisparameter takes the original ASCIIcoordinate and stores it in the Job,together with the staked point. This isuseful when comparing design pointsto actually staked points.

Show Path - Will display a track onthe graphics screen of your previouspositions when set to Yes.

Def. Orient - Defines the defaultorientation direction for stake out.This is the direction from whichbearings or offsets will be taken. Notethat this is the default orientation. Adifferent orientation may always bedefined when running Stakeout.

The options are:North - orient towards north.Sun - the sun is used as the orienta-tion direction. System 500 can calcu-late the position of the sun for anytime and location on the earth�ssurface.

Last Point - use the last recordedpoint.Known Point - Use any point in thejob. The point can be defined whenrunning Stakeout.Line - Orient parallel to any linedefined in the current job. The line canbe defined when running Stakeout.

Use Beep - Will make the systembeep whenever you are within thedistance of the chosen target point setin Dist from Pt.

Use DTM - Appears when the DTMStakeout option has been purchasedand enables you to use a DigitalTerrain Model as the height datum andwill show cut and fill values relative tothe DTM. DTMs are stored on the PCcard or sensor internal memory.

When ASCII File is selected inStake from, the ASCII (F4) keybecomes available. Use this to definethe format of the ASCII file.

Delimiter - Sets the character usedto separate the various point compo-nents. Choose from Comma (,), LineFeed (new line), Semicolon (;), andSpace (blank).

ID Pos - Sets the position of the PointId.

East Pos - Sets the position of theeasting.


North Pos - Sets the position of thenorthing.

Height Pos - Sets the position of theheight.

An example of what is selected isdisplayed. Use the DEFLT (F5) key toreset the format to its original values.Define the delimiter used to separatethe information for each point and thendefine the position of each componentof each point. An example of what youhave defined is given at the bottom ofthe screen.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCONFIGURE\Stakeout screen andCONT (F1) again to complete theconfiguration.




Only the screens that differ from thoseseen in Standard Mode are describedhere.


Residuals - The method by whichresiduals will be distributed throughoutthe transformation area is displayed.

Transform - The name of the transfor-mation set used is displayed.

Ellipsoid - The name of the localellipsoid is displayed.

Projection -The name of the projec-tion used is displayed.

Geoid Model - The name of the geoidmodel used is displayed.


5.4.1 Advanced Operation Mode for Real Time Rover


Real Time

Use Phase - Enables you to definewhether or not to use the phase databroadcast from the reference station.For normal centimeter level Real-Timesurveying this will be set to YES.

Radio Down - Enables you to lograw GPS data in the event that radiocontact is lost to the reference sta-tion. The observation rate is fixed at 1second. When Radio Down is set toLog Obs, two further options appear.

Log After - Defines the length of timethat should elapse without radiocontact before logging commences.

For minimum - Defines the length oftime that GPS raw data will be loggedfor after an interruption is detected.Even if radio contact is re-established,raw data logging will continue for thespecified time.

If radio contact is lost again, these twooptions will be used to log raw dataagain automatically.

If the chosen Data Format is RTCM,the RTCM (F6) button is available.

RTCM Versn - Choose betweenRTCM v2.1 and v2.2.

#Bits/Byte - Choose between 6 and 8bits per byte.

Data Module - allows to switch to aRTCM based correction service calledRef Net available in Germany only.



Observables - Defines what isrecorded in the raw GPS data. Ex-tended records extra observablesincluding the Doppler observable.


Log File Segments will split up therecorded data into files of a specificlength unless 1 File is selected. If atime is selected the option SplitTracks will become available. SelectNo will only record data into a new fileif the time is reached and a new trackis observed.

Auto Del Log Files will delete therecorded data after the specifiedlength of time unless Never is se-lected.


Occupation SettingsAdditional functionality available in thispanel over Standard mode is AutoOCUPY, Auto Stop, STOP R-TMEand END Survey.


Auto Stop - will automatically stopthe measurements according to thesetting in the STOP R-TME function.The measurements stop when thecriteria for the setting reach 100%.


STOP R-TME - Defines the methodused for Auto Stop when Auto Stop isset to YES.When Auto Stop is set to NO apercentage value will be displayednext to the Time or Epochs in theMain Survey screen. This indicateshow much of the Auto Stop criteria haselapsed. The Auto Stop criteria isdefined using the R-TME (F3) key (seebelow).

The criteria available to automaticallystop a real-time Rover are:Accuracy -Stop when a specifiedaccuracy is reached.Positions - Stop after a set number ofpositions have been calculated. Notethat these are positions (positionrecording rate) and not raw observa-tions.STOP&GOIndicator - Stop when theStop and Go Indicator has reached100%.

Auto Store - Will automatically store

the point information and GPS datawhen the survey is stopped.

END Survey - Sets how the Surveyoperation will be ended. Manual letsyou exit the survey yourself. Auto-matic will exit the survey automati-cally. Auto & Shut-down will exit thesurvey and turn the sensor off.

Id TemplatesYou may also configure Id Templatesfor Auxiliary Points in exactly thesame way as for normal points.


Hidden PointA hidden point is defined as a pointthat cannot be measured by GPS.This is usually due to satellite shad-ing. Satellite shading can be causedby the close proximity of tall buildings,trees etc.

Include Hgt - Will compute a heightfor a hidden point and include a qualitycomponent for height difference.

Pos Qlty - The position quality definedhere has to come from your ownknowledge or experience with thedevice you are using. System 500 willnot check any recorded measure-ments against the position and heightqualities. It will however be used inany least squares adjustment thatmay be carried out later.

Hgt Qlty - The height quality definedhere has to come from your ownknowledge or experience with thedevice you are using. System 500 willnot check any recorded measure-ments against the position and heightqualities. It will however be used inany least squares adjustment thatmay be carried out later.

Press IFACE (F5) and then selectYES for the Used Device to choosethe port and device to be used.

Use the right or left cursor keys toselect the port to where the device willbe connected. This will normally beport 2.

Pressing DEVCE (F5) allows thedevice to be chosen

System 500 supports several devicessuch as Leica Disto Memo or Prohand held lasermeter that can be usedto record otherwise inaccessiblepoints. You may also use a simpletape to measure to such points andinput the measurements manually.

Refer to Appendix H for a complete listof all supported Hidden Point devicesand their configurations.


EAO (F3) allows the default method tobe set that will be used to enter anExternal Angle Offset when measur-ing hidden points.

The options are None, Permanent orNew For Each Point. If permanent ischosen a default EAO can also beentered.

If None is chosen it will not be pos-sible to enter an EAO during themeasurement of hidden points.

SeismicYou can set whether or not to store aseismic record with each point. Theformat for seismic records is given inAppendix E.

Press CONT (F1) to complete theconfiguration.

137 6. JobsTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

6.1 Management of Jobs

Jobs are managed from the Job optionin the Main Menu. Press SHOW (F4)to reveal all of the Main Menu choices.

Select Job and press ENTER.

The currently available Jobs aredisplayed together with the date theywere created or last edited.

Keys to help you navigate through thelist are available by pressing SHIFT.

6. Jobs and PointsJobs exist in order for you to be ableto structure and organize your work.They define a common location withinthe System 500 file system for points.

All points that are recorded will bestored within a particular Job. ThisJob may cover a whole project or partof a larger project. It may covercertain classes of points for a projectsuch as control points, detail pointsetc.

Whole Jobs can then be downloadedto and uploaded from SKI Pro. Jobsare downloaded to SKI Pro for post-processing operations or for datatransfer to a further program (such asa GIS). Points contained within Jobsthat are uploaded can be used forReal-Time Stakeout operations.

A copy of the Coordinate System thatwas used with the last active Job willalso be stored.

1386. Jobs Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Editing a JobTo edit an existing Job press EDIT(F3). The Job Name, Description,Creator and Device are displayedand are available for editing.

Deleting a JobTo delete a Job, select the Job andpress the DEL (F4) key. You will beasked for confirmation before the Jobis deleted. All points and data con-tained in the Job will be lost.

Selecting the DeviceJobs may be stored on the PC-Card orthe Internal Memory if fitted. Tochange the device viewed, press theDEVCE (F5) key.

Creating a New JobPress NEW (F2) to create a new Job.

Name - Defines the Job name. Thename may be up to 16 characters longand may include spaces.

Description - A description of the jobcan be entered. This could be forexample, work to be performed or thetype/class of points contained in thejob. (Optional)

Creator -The name of the person thatcreated the job may be entered.(Optional).

Device - Sets the device upon whichthe Job is stored. Note that InternalMemory is not fitted as standard andtherefore may not be an option.

Press CONT (F1) to confirm the entryand return to JOB\PC-Card orJOB\Internal.

139 7. Measuring with System 500Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

7. Measuring with System 500The use of System 500 with the most common techniquesof measurement are described.

The correct Receiver must be used for the techniquechosen. An overview is given below.

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7.1 Static and Rapid Static Survey, Post-Processed Kinematic Reference

Set up the equipment as described inChapter 2. Attach the Terminal.

Switch on. The Main Menu will bedisplayed. The system will automati-cally start searching for satellites.

Select Survey and press CONT (F1).

Config Set - Defines the Configura-tion Set to be used. The last Configu-ration Set used or created will betaken by default although any otherConfiguration Set may be selected.Job - Defines the Job to be used.This is the Job where any point andobservation data will be stored.

Coord Sys - Displays the coordinatesystem that will be used for thedisplay of coordinates. For post-processed work, this will normally beWGS84

Antenna - Defines the Antenna setupto be used. The Setup defined in theConfiguration Set will be taken bydefault although any other setup maybe selected. For post-processedStatic/Rapid Static or KinematicReference work, this will normally beAT501/502 Tripod.

Press CONT (F1) when you havemade your selection.


The Main Survey Panel appears.

From here you can add Point Id, andAntenna Height and observe theDOP.

If configured, you will also be able toadd a Code.

As soon as the receiver has enoughinformation, the DOP will be dis-played.

The Moving Icon is displayed at thispoint. This indicates that the Antennacan be moved around and that noStatic Observations are being re-corded.

7.1.2 Adding the Point Id

The Point Id is an identifier for aparticular point. It also collates allmeasurements made on that pointand all other associated data such ascodes, point annotations and meteo-rological data.

If a point Id template has been config-ured in the Configuration Set, a PointId will be suggested. You can over-write this with a different Id if required.

If no point Id is suggested then enter apoint Id. By default if the point Idcontains any numerical values, thesewill be incremented by 1.

7.1.1 Overview of Procedure

Use the OCUPY (F1) key to start datarecording. The icon changes to atripod, indicating that the Receivershould remain stationary.

Press STOP (F1) when you haveenough data and STORE (F1) torecord the point information.

The ADD (F5) key is available inAdvanced mode and is explained insection 7.1.5.

Further details about this procedureare given in the sections that follow.


To break the auto numbering pressShift INDIV (F5) and enter an indi-vidual Point Id. After this point hasbeen stored it will return to the previ-ously suggested Point Id.

If you define a Point Id Template in theConfiguration Set you have even moreflexibility to automatically define yourPoint Id�s.

Further information about Point IdTemplates and two working examplesare given in Chapter 5.2.

It will be possible to add a code to apoint if a coding system has beendefined for use in the ConfigurationSet.

System 500 supports two codingmethods; Thematical Coding and FreeCoding. Both methods of coding areexplained in Chapter 8.

Thematical Coding

The fields Point Code and CodeName will be displayed as above.Highlight the Point Code and either:

1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.or

7.1.4 Adding a Code7.1.3 Adding the Antenna Height

Measure the Antenna Height. Whenusing a Tripod this will be measuredusing the Height Hook. Whenmounted on a pillar, you must usesome other way of measuring theheight. Enter the value in Ant Height.

Further details on measuring theAntenna height can be found insection 2.4.


2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.

The Code Name will be displayed forthe Point Code that you have cho-sen. Enter any attributes for the codeusing the ATRIB (F3) key.

The code is stored along with thePoint Id information.

Free Coding

The Last Code and second last code(2Last Code) that were used areshown.

The CODE (F3) key will be available.Press this key to access the codelist.

To select the code:1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.

or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.

An asterisk next to a code indicatesthat it has attributes.

Press CONT (F1) to select the code.

Further information about CodingSystems is available in Section 8.


Press the OCUPY (F1) key to beginrecording observations. The iconchanges to a tripod, indicating that theReceiver should remain stationary.

Static Obs/Time - The method bywhich you have selected to count timewill be shown. In Advanced mode, youmay select to display the amount ofdata required according to one of fourcriteria. If this has been set, a per-centage value will be shown next tothe expired Epochs/Time.

This percentage value is the amount ofdata recorded with 100% being theamount required. If Auto Stop wasselected, the recording of observationswill automatically stop when 100% isreached.

The ADD (F5) key is available. Furtherinformation is available in the nextsection.

Further information about the Stopand Go indicator, satellites tracked,data logged etc. can be accessedthrough the STATUS key. Moreinformation about this key is given inChapter 10.

When the required length of time haspassed, press the STOP (F1) key tostop raw observation recording. IfAuto Stop has been set in the Con-figuration, this will happen automati-cally.

Press STORE (F1) to store the PointId and any Thematical Code that youmay have assigned. If Auto Store hasbeen set in the Configuration, this willhappen automatically.

Leave the survey by pressing SHIFTfollowed by QUIT (F6). To switch off,press the ON/OFF key on the termi-nal.

7.1.5 Measuring procedure


When the Advanced Mode is selected,the ADD (F5) key is available.

This key can be used to add PointAnnotations, and MeteorologicalData.

Press ADD (F5)

Adding Point AnnotationsPoint Annotations may be used as anelectronic notepad where events,notes etc. may be written. They arethen taken with the Point Id informa-tion into SKI-Pro.

To add Point Annotations, selectPoint Annotations from the list andpress CONT (F1).

You may type in 4 notes with up to 26characters in each note. Press CONT(F1) when you are finished.

Press CLEAR (F6) to delete thecontent of all fields.

Adding Meteorological DataMeteorological data may be requiredwhen very precise work is beingcarried out or when very differentweather conditions exist between theRover and Reference. This data willnot be used by SKI-Pro but may beexported in RINEX format from SKI-Proand used in a scientific processingsoftware that accepts meteorologicaldata for tropospheric modelling.

Select Meteorological Data from thelist and press CONT (F1).

7.1.6 Using the ADD key


Enter the data and press STORE (F1).The data will be stored with a time tag.During long observation periods youmay need to store several sets ofmeteorological data as the weatherchanges.


7.2 Post-processed Kinematic Survey (Rover)




Config Set - Defines the Configura-tion Set to be used. The last Configu-ration Set used or created will betaken by default although any otherConfiguration Set may be selected.Job - Defines the Job to be used.This is the Job where any point andobservation data will be stored.

Coord Sys - Displays the coordinatesystem that will be used for thedisplay of coordinates. For post-processed work, this will normally beWGS84

Antenna - Defines the Antenna setupto be used. The Setup defined in theConfiguration Set will be taken bydefault although any other setup maybe selected. For post-processedKinematic work, this will normally beAT501/502 Pole.



The Main Survey screen appears.

From here you can add Point Id,Code, Antenna Height and observethe DOP.

As soon as the receiver has enoughinformation, the DOP will be dis-played.

The PP_KIS default post-processedkinematic configuration set is definedsuch that you must perform a staticinitialization. This will always be thecase when using a SR510. SR520and SR530 users may wish to set thestatic initialization parameter to NOand perform initialization on the fly.

Further details about this procedureare given in the sections that follow.

7.2.2 Adding the Point Id7.2.1 Overview of Procedure





Usually, in post-processed kinematicsurveys the Antenna will be mountedon a pole and therefore the height willremain constant. When an AT501/502Antenna is used together with aSystem 500 pole, the Antenna Heightis 2.00m. This may have been speci-fied as the default height in the Con-figuration Set.

Otherwise, measure the Antennaheight and enter it.

The only time when the Antennaheight will not remain constant iswhen a Static Initialization is carriedout on a Tripod and the Antenna isthen transferred onto a pole. In thiscase, measure the Antenna height onthe Tripod, add the offset (with aheight hook this is 0.36m) and enter it.Then, after pressing STOP (F1) tofinish the initialization, the MovingAntenna height specified in theConfiguration Set will be used for themoving part of the Kinematic chain.

7.2.3 Adding the Antenna Height






System 500 supports two codingmethods; Thematical Coding and FreeCoding. The principles of both meth-ods of coding are explained in Chapter8.

Thematical Coding


1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.

or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.



Free Coding



7.2.4 Adding a Code


7.2.5 Measuring Procedure

To select the code:1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.




The exact measuring procedurevaries depending upon which Re-ceiver you are using and the Configu-ration Set.

When using an SR510, you mustperform a Static Initialization beforecommencing the moving part of thesurvey. The option to do this isactivated in the Configuration Set.When using an SR520 or SR530, youmay also perform a Static Initializationif required although there is notstrictly any need to do so. Whenusing the SR520 and SR530, thenormal way to work will be to initializeon the fly. No Static Initialization isthen required.

Measuring with Static InitializationIf you have selected to perform a staticinitialization, press OCUPY (F1) assoon as you are ready. The staticinitialization will begin. The Receiverneeds to be kept perfectly steadyduring this time. For this reason, it isadvised to use a quickstand or tomount the sensor on a tripod for theinitialization period.

The initialization may be thought of asa Rapid Static point. You will need tomeasure for several minutes, theexact time being determined by thebaseline length (distance betweenrover and reference). The exact timerequired may be shown using the Stopand Go Indicator.

You may configure this to be shown inthe Main Survey panel and may alsoaccess it through the STATUS key.The moving part of the chain will notbegin until you have completed theinitialization and pressed STOP (F1).


As soon as this key is pressed themoving part of the chain will begin andobservations recorded at thepredefined rate. You may move alongthe course you wish to record.

When carrying out a post-processedkinematic survey where a staticinitialization has been performed, theReceiver will automatically monitorthe number of satellites tracked. If atany time this number falls below 4,observation recording will stop and amessage will show on the screeninforming you that the satellite counthas fallen below 4 and you mustreinitialize. You must then perform thestatic initialization again.

Initialization on the FlyThis is the method that will be pre-ferred by SR520 and SR530 users.No Static Initialization is required.Observations will be recorded assoon as CONT (F1) in theSURVEY\Begin screen is pressed.

Recording Distinct PointsTo record distinct points within themoving part of the kinematic chain(whether a static initialization hasbeen performed or not), occupy thepoint, level the pole and pressOCUPY (F1). The point will berecorded in accordance with what hasbeen defined in the Configuration Set.Check the Point Id and AntennaHeight. Add a code if required. PressSTOP (F1) followed by STORE (F1)to store the point.



This key can be used to add PointAnnotations, Meteorological Data andHidden Points.

Press ADD (F5)

Adding Point AnnotationsPoint Annotations may be used asan electronic notepad where events,notes etc. may be written. They arethen taken with the Point Id informa-tion into SKI-Pro. Point Annotationsmay only be added when a distinctpoint is being recorded.


You may type in 4 notes with up to26 characters in each note. PressCONT (F1) when you are finished.


Adding Meteorological DataMeteorological data may be requiredwhen very precise work is beingcarried out or when very differentweather conditions exist between theRover and Reference. When carryingout post-processed kinematic work, itonly makes sense to input meteoro-logical data at distinct points, (notduring the moving parts). This datawill not be used by SKI-Pro but maybe exported in RINEX format from SKI-Pro and used in a scientific process-ing software that accepts meteorologi-cal data for tropospheric modelling.






7.3 Real-Time Reference Stations

This chapter assumes that you willuse the default Real-Time ReferenceFile.

Set up the equipment as described inChapter 2. Attach the Terminal, butonly attach the radio modem if youare sure that the port is correctlyconfigured. Attaching a radio modemto an incorrectly configured port mayresult in damage to the radio modem.



Config Set - Defines the ConfigurationSet to be used. The last ConfigurationSet used or created will be taken bydefault although any other Configura-tion Set may be selected.Job - Defines the Job to be used.This is the Job where any point andobservation data will be stored.

Coord Sys - Displays the coordinatesystem that will be used for thedisplay of coordinates. This coordi-nate system is attached to the se-lected Job. Press CSYS (F6) tochange the Coordinate System.Information on determining the coordi-nate system is given in section 11.1.

Antenna - Defines the Antenna setupto be used. The Setup defined in theConfiguration Set will be taken bydefault although any other setup maybe selected. For Real-Time ReferenceStations, this will normally be AT501/502 Tripod.



You will need to select the way inwhich you define the reference point.You may select either a known pointfrom the drop down list or use theLAST (F3) key to use the coordinatesthat were used when the sensor waslast used as a reference station.Alternatively, use the HERE (F4) keyto select the present navigationposition or use the Single PointPositioning SPP (F6) feature todetermine the reference point.

7.3.1 Measuring procedure

Using a known pointSelect a point from the drop down listbox. This point will have been previ-ously entered into the databasemanually, from SKI Pro, or may be apoint resulting from a previous real-time rover measurement.

Use the COORD (F2) key to switchdisplay between coordinate systems.

Measure and input the AntennaHeight (Ant Height). When using aTripod this will be measured using theHeight Hook.


Using the last used ReferenceStation coordinatesTo use the same coordinates thatwere used when the sensor was lastused as a reference station, chooseLAST (F3).

When a sensor is used as a referencestation and is turned off, the referencestation coordinates are stored withinthe System RAM. They can then beused again the next time the sensor isused as a reference station.

This means that even if the PC cardthat previously contained the referencestation coordinates is formatted , thelast used coordinates can still beused.


Using the current NavigationPositionTo use the current navigation positionas the coordinates for the referencepoint, press the HERE (F4) key.

The current navigation position will betaken. Input the Point Id and pressSTORE (F1). The point will be addedto the database and will be taken overinto the Main Survey screen.

Measure and input the Antenna Height(Ant Height). When using a Tripodthis will be measured using the HeightHook.


The navigated position is normallyused in preference to the Single PointPosition (SPP) if there is no previ-ously measured point available andthe baseline between Reference andRover is 5km or less. In situationswhere the baseline is greater than10km, it is probably better to useSPP.

Using Single Point Position (SPP)A SPP is where the GPS code obser-vations for a single point are collectedover a period of time and refined into aposition that is generally more accu-rate than a navigated position.

To activate the Single Point position-ing, press SPP (F6).

The suggested Point Id is automati-cally created based on the Time andDate Point Id Template. It may ifrequired be overwritten. The Time andDate Point Id Template follows thefollowing format:


RRRRMMDD_HHMMSSS

Where:RRRR = last four numbers ofReceiver serial number.MM = monthDD = DayHH = HourMM = MinutesSSS = seconds to 1 decimalplace.

Input the length of time over whichthe single point should be processed.The longer the time, the more accu-rate the single point. A good compro-mise is 20 minutes.

Press OCUPY (F1) to begin thesingle point occupation.

The occupation will run for the lengthof time specified. After this time, thepoint will be automatically recordedand the Main Survey screen will beshown. Alternatively, if you wish to cutthe single point processing short,press STOP (F1).

As soon as the Main Survey screen isshown, observation data will bebroadcast. Up to this point, only PointId and battery status etc. will bebroadcast.

Single Point Processing is generallyused in preference to the navigationposition as a means of definingreference station coordinates when

either there is no previously measuredpoint available and the baselinedistance from the reference to therover exceeds 10km.

The HERE and SPP methods areonly suitable for use at the start of aproject. On subsequent days, refer-ence station coordinates should bethe results of the previous days work!

When the reference point has beendefined and the Main Survey panel isshown, there is little more to be done.Data will be transmitted and, if soconfigured, will also be recorded.

If working in Advanced mode, youmay use the ADD (F5) key to addPoint Annotations or Meteorologicaldata.

To shut the Receiver down, pressSTOP (F1) and then switch OFF. Thestore function is executed automati-cally.


When the Advanced Mode is se-lected, the ADD (F5) key is available.

This key can be used to add Meteoro-logical Data.

Press ADD (F5), followed by CONT(F1)

Meteorological data may be requiredwhen very precise work is beingcarried out and/or when very differentweather conditions exist between theRover and Reference. This should onlybe used when recording data for post-processing. This data will not be usedby SKI-Pro but may be exported inRINEX format from SKI-Pro and used

in a scientific processing software thataccepts meteorological data fortropospheric modelling.


Enter the data and press STORE (F1).The data will be stored with a timetag. During long observation periodsyou may need to store several sets ofmeteorological data as the weatherchanges.



7.4 Real-Time Rover, Surveying New Points




Config Set - Defines the Configura-tion Set to be used. The last Configu-ration Set used or created will betaken by default although any otherConfiguration Set may be selected.

Job - Defines the Job to be used.This is the Job where any point andobservation data will be stored.

Coord Sys - Displays the coordinatesystem that will be used for thedisplay of coordinates. For this type ofwork, a local coordinate systemshould be used although this is notstrictly essential. Press CSYS (F6) tochange the Coordinate System.Information on determining the coordi-nate system is given in section 11.1.

Antenna - Defines the Antenna setupto be used. The Setup defined in theConfiguration Set will be taken bydefault although any other setup maybe selected. For Real-Time Roverwork, this will normally be AT501/502Pole.



7.4.1 Overview of Procedure

As soon as data is received from theReference, and the Rover itself istracking sufficient satellites, theambiguity resolution process willbegin. This processes the data andcalculates the baseline from Refer-ence to Rover to within 1-5 cm.

When the ambiguities are resolved,the Accuracy Status Icon will showthe position to be between 1 and5cm.

Additionally, the Coordinate Quality(Quality) in the Main Survey screenshould show between 0.01 and 0.05.

To record a point, place and level thepole, Input the Point Id and Code (ifrequired). If working in Advancedmode, use the ADD key to add pointannotations and/or hidden points.Then press the OCUPY (F1) key.

Then according to what has been setin the Occupation Settings, pressSTOP (F1) and STORE (F1).

When working with DGPS (code only)corrections, the accuracy will bearound 0.5-5m. Ambiguity resolutionwill not be attempted. The AccuracyStatus Icon will show between 0.5and 5m

The Coordinate Quality (Quality) inthe Main Survey screen should showbetween 0.5 and 5.0.

Raw GPS observation data may belogged during the Real-Time surveywith no change to the procedure.

7.4.2 Adding the Point Id





Usually, in Real-Time Rover surveysthe Antenna will be mounted on a poleand therefore will remain constant.When an AT501/502 Antenna is usedtogether with a System 500 pole, theAntenna Height is 2.00m. This mayhave been specified as the defaultheight in the Configuration Set.

Otherwise, measure the Antennaheight and enter it.

The only time when the Antennaheight will not remain constant iswhen a Static Initialization is carriedout on a Tripod and the Antenna isthen transferred onto a pole. In thiscase, measure the Antenna height on

the Tripod and enter it. Then, afterpressing STOP (F1) to finish theinitialization, the Moving Antennaheight specified in the ConfigurationSet will be used for the moving part ofthe Real-Time Rover work.It will be possible to add a code if acoding system has been defined in theConfiguration Set.

7.4.3 Adding the Antenna Height






System 500 supports two codingmethods; Thematical Coding and FreeCoding. The principles of both meth-ods of coding are explained in Chapter8.

Thematical Coding


1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.


The code is stored when along withthe Point Id information.

Free Coding


The CODE (F3) key will be available.Press this key to access thecodelist.

To select the code:1. Use the left or right cursor keys to

7.4.4 Adding a Code


7.4.5 Measurement Procedure

cycle through the code list.or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.




Switch on the instrument. SelectSurvey. Select a Real-Time RoverConfiguration Set.

During this time, the unit shouldacquire satellites and should pick upthe signal from the Reference.

When enough of the same satellitesare tracked simultaneously at theRover and Reference and the signalfrom the Reference is received, theReceiver will automatically start theambiguity resolution process.

Note that if code only measurementsare being used, the ambiguity resolu-tion process is not required andtherefore will not start.

The ambiguity resolution process willrun. When the ambiguities are re-solved, the baseline from the Refer-ence to the Rover is calculated tobetween 1-5cm.

The Accuracy Status Icon will bedisplayed as follows:

Additionally, the Coordinate Quality(Quality) should show between 0.01and 0.05.

To record a point, place and level thepole. Input information such as PointId and Code (if required). If working inAdvanced mode, use the ADD (F5)key to add point annotations. Pressthe OCUPY (F1) key.

Then, according to what has been setin Occupation Settings, press STOP(F1) and STORE (F1).


Averaging ProcedureWhenever more than one coordinatefor the same point is recorded, thesystem carries out an averagingprocedure. Limits for the averagingprocedure are set in ThresholdSettings. Should a point fall withinthese threshold you may press SHIFTand then AVRG (F2) to display thedifferences between each occupation.

Should a point fall outside of thesethreshold settings, it will be brought toyour attention thus.

The two intervals are displayed withtime they were recorded, and thedifferences in position and height.

7.4.6 Using the INIT key

INFO (F5) toggles between differentinformation for each interval.

Common reasons for this happeningare an incorrect antenna height or awrong point Id.

You may either:Press ESC to return to the surveyscreen, check and correct the an-tenna height or point Id, then rerecordthe interval. Your previous, incorrectinterval will be deleted.orHighlight the interval that is incorrectand press USE (F4) to deselect theinterval.

The INIT (F6) key shows in the mainsurvey screen and is available inAdvanced Mode.

When a Real-Time Rover Configura-tion Set is chosen, the Receiver willautomatically start the initializationprocess as On-the-Fly as soon as theconditions are right.

INIT (F6) can be used to select theinitialization method and also to forcea new initialization. Ensure that thecorrect Antenna height has beenentered before starting the initializa-tion.



Static - Initializes using Static. TheAntenna should be mounted either onthe pole with a quickstand or on atripod. This method may be used if forsome reason it is proving difficult toinitialize on the fly and no known pointis available.

Known Point - Initializes on a knownpoint. If you have a point, the coordi-nates of which are already accuratelyknown in position and height, youmay use it to initialize. This method isused when it is proving difficult toinitialize on the fly.

On-The-Fly - Initializes as you aremoving with the Antenna. This is themost common and useful method andis used automatically by default. Itmay be used again here after asuccessful initialization on the fly as aquality check.

Select the method you wish to useand press CONT (F1).

When Static and On-the-Fly havebeen chosen, the initialization proce-dure will begin immediately.

When Known Point has beenchosen you will be prompted to selectthe point you wish to use to initializeon. This point must be contained inthe Job you are working in.


This key can be used to add PointAnnotations, Meteorological Data andHidden Points.

Press ADD (F5)


Adding Point AnnotationsPoint Annotations may be used as anelectronic notepad where events,notes etc. may be written. They arethen taken with the Point Id informa-tion into SKI Pro.


You may type in 4 notes with up to 26characters in each note. Press CONT(F1) when you are finished.


Adding Meteorological DataMeteorological data may be requiredwhen very precise work is beingcarried out or when very differentweather conditions exist between theRover and Reference. When carryingout Real-Time Rover work, it onlymakes sense to input meteorologicaldata when recording data for post-processing as well as recordingpoints in real-time. The meteorologi-cal data should be entered at distinctpoints, (not during the moving parts).This data will not be used by SKI-Probut may be exported in RINEX formatfrom SKI-Pro and used in a scientificprocessing software that acceptsmeteorological data for troposphericmodelling.




Hidden PointsA hidden point is a point that cannotbe measured by GPS. This is nor-mally due to satellite shading causedby trees overhead, the close proximityof buildings etc. This feature is usedby Real-Time Rovers only.

There are two possibilities for input-ting hidden point data. You mayattach a Hidden Point device such asLeica Disto Memo or Disto Pro, or youmay measure to the hidden pointusing a tape.

When using a Hidden Point device,remember to set the correct Portparameters. For details refer toAppendix H.

Having selected Hidden Point from theADD menu, you have 4 choices.


Bearing and Distance

Pt from - The point from which youare measuring.Bearing - Bearing Angle to hiddenpoint in units configured.Distance - Distance to hidden pointin units configured.

Use ABORT (F1) to abort theprocedure. When Pt from is high-lighted, use NEWOC (F5) to occupythe point you are currently at beforethe hidden point is measured.

When Bearing is highlighted, theBRNG (F6) key is available. Thisfunction may be used if you do not

know or have no means of calculatingthe bearing. Select a point that lies onthe line AH (see diagram). Occupy thepoint and press BRNG (F6).

Input a Point Id and the Direction(Toward or Away from the hiddenpoint). Then press OCUPY (F1) andSTOP (F1), STORE (F1) according tothe Occupation Settings. The Bear-ing will be calculated using this pointand the point you are measuring from.

A - Point from which you aremeasuring

B - Measured DistanceC - Auxiliary Point (optional)H - Hidden pointa - Measured Bearing

N

A

H

B

C

α


Double Bearing

Pt from A - The point from whichBearing A is measured.Bearing A - Bearing Angle A tohidden point in units configured.Pt from B - The point from whichBearing B is measuredBearing B - Bearing Angle B tohidden point in units configured.

Use ABORT (F1) to abort theprocedure. When Pt from is high-lighted, use NEWOC (F5) to occupythe point you are currently at beforethe hidden point is measured.

When Bearing is highlighted, the

BRNG (F6) key is available. Thisfunction may be used if you do notknow or have no means of calculatingthe bearing. Select a point that lies onthe line AH (see diagram). Occupy thepoint and press BRNG (F6).

Input a Point Id and the Direction(Toward or Away from the hiddenpoint). Then press OCUPY (F1) andSTOP (F1), STORE (F1) according tothe Occupation Settings. The Bearingwill be calculated using this point andthe point you are measuring from.

A - Point from which Bearing A ismeasured

B - Point from which Bearing B ismeasured

C - Auxiliary Point (optional)D - Auxiliary Point (optional)H - Hidden Pointa - Measured Bearing from Ab - Measured Bearing from B

N

A

H

C

α

N

B

β

D


Double Distance

Pt from A - Point from whichDistance A is measured.Distance A - Distance from Point Ato the hidden point in units config-ured.Pt from B - Point from whichDistance B is measured.Distance B - Distance from Point Bto the hidden point in units config-ured.Location - Locates hidden point toleft or right of Line AB.

Use ABORT (F1) to abort the proce-dure. Use NEWOC (F5) to occupy thepoint you are currently at before thehidden point is measured.

A - Point from which Distance A ismeasured.

B - Point from which Distance B ismeasured.

A

H

C

BD

AB

RL

C - Distance AD - Distance BAB - Line ABL - Left of Line ABR - Right of Line AB


Chainage and Offset

Pt from A - Point A on line.Pt from B - Point B on line.Chnge from - Point from whichchainage starts.Chainage - Distance along lineOffset - Offset from line to hiddenpoint. Negative value = left of line,Positive value = right of line.

Use ABORT (F1) to abort theprocedure. Use NEWOC (F5) tooccupy the point you are currently atbefore the hidden point is measured.

A - Pt from AB - Pt from BC - ChainageO - OffsetH - Hidden point

A

H

BC

O


Then one of three scenarios canensue:

1. Contact with the Reference isreestablished within the mini-mum logging time specified inthe Configuration Set. Loggingwill carry on for this minimumtime and then stop.

2. Contact with the Reference isreestablished after the minimumlogging time specified in theConfiguration Set. Logging willstop.

3. Contact with the Reference isnot reestablished. Logging willcontinue until the survey isended or contact with theReference Station is reestab-lished.

When using Post-Processing Infill it isuseful to note the following points:

1. The Reference Station must alsobe logging data at the same rateor higher than the Rover.

2. The data is logged as a kine-matic chain. Distinct pointswithin the chain may be loggedas in a post-processed kine-matic survey.

3. The data has to be downloadedand processed using SKI-Pro.All of the data (Real-Time pointsand raw data), will be importedinto the same SKI-Pro Project.

7.4.8 Radio Down Infill

Radio Down Infill is used when contactbetween the Reference and Rover islost and a Real-Time position cannotbe calculated. This option is set in theConfiguration Set.

When contact is lost, the ambiguitieswill also be lost after a few seconds.The Accuracy Status Icon will displaya navigated position (<100m).

The Quality will be low, (a largenumber).

Raw GPS data logging will automati-cally commence at a rate of 1 secondafter the length of time specified in theConfiguration Set.


7.5 Real-Time Rover, Staking Out 7.5.1 Entering Stakeout

Stake-Out is the staking out of prede-termined points. These points mayhave been surveyed earlier anduploaded through SKI Pro, mayalready exist in a Job on the Receiveror may have been uploaded in anASCII file.

System 500 offers the possibility tostake out points, slopes and grids.

Stakeout must always be performedin Real-Time, normally using a SR530in order that centimeter level accura-cies can be achieved. Therefore, aReal-Time Rover type ConfigurationSet should always be used.


Switch on. The Main Menu will bedisplayed. The system will automati-cally start searching for satellites. Ifthe Receiver is already configured asa Real-Time Rover and a signal isavailable from a reference station, theReceiver will also automatically startthe ambiguity resolution process.

From the Main Menu, select Stake-Out.

The following screen will then appear:

Config Set - The Configuration Setused for the stakeout.Stake Pts - The Job or ASCII fileused as the source for the points tobe staked. The source type can beconfigured inCONFIG\Survey\Stakeout.


Store Pts - The Job where the stakedpoints are stored.Stake Type - The type of Stake-Outoperation to be performed.Antenna - The Antenna setup used,defined in the Configuration Set. Youmay select a different one if required.Ant Height - The default AntennaHeight defined in the ConfigurationSet. You may enter a different heightif required.

Use LOG (F3) if you want to generatea report file of the staked out points.Select between Short, Long or None.A report log-file will be stored on thePC Card or Internal memory in the�Log� sub-directory.A Long log file will contain the designand �as staked� co-ordinates, thedifferences in easting, northing andheight between the design and stakedpoints and the antenna height.A Short log file will contain the designco-ordinates, the �as staked� height

7.5.2 Stake-Out Types

1. PointSimple point stakeout. Points aredefined as targets and staked from apredefined list. The distance in/outand left/right or distance and bearingare given to the target, together withthe cut/fill. Orientation can be made ina variety of ways including orientationparallel to a line.

2. SlopeStake points along a slope. Line isselected as orientation (no points areavailable as orientation). The cut andfill are relative to the slope of the line.

3. GridStake points in the form of a gridbased on lines. A reference line isdefined and the grid built up usingincrements along the line and offsets.

coordinate and the differences inheight between the design and stakedpoints.

Use ASCII (F4) - to select whetheryou want to stakeout from an ASCIIfile or from a Job.For more information on staking outfrom an ASCII file see section 5.4.


7.5.3 The Stake-Out Screen

When Stake-Out has been started, the following screen appears:

1

2

3

4

5

1. Orientation - Defines the directionon which the Range Information (3) isbased.

2. Target Point - The current point forwhich the Range Information (3) isshown.

3. Range Information - The range tothe currently selected point. May beone of two formats:

Orthogonal - Range In/Out and OffsetLeft/Right plus Cut/Fill.Polar - Range In/Out and Bearingplus Cut/Fill.

4. Quality - The quality of your currentposition.

5. Graphics panel - Shows yourcurrent position (a cross) relative tothe Target Point (central circle). Thescale changes depending on yourproximity to the target.


The Orientation defines a referencedirection from which all measure-ments to target points are made.

The orientation is defined by a pointor a line.

To select a method of Orientation,highlight the Orient field and use theleft or right cursor keys to cyclethrough the options or press Enter toopen a window containing all theoptions.

North - The reference direction fromwhich all measurements are dis-played to Target points is north in theactive coordinate system.

Sun - The reference direction fromwhich all measurements are dis-played to Target points is the sun.The Receiver contains an almanacand can calculate the position of thesun irrespective of local time orposition.

7.5.4 Orientation

Last Pt - The reference directionfrom which all measurements aredisplayed to Target points is the LastPoint that was recorded.

Known Pt - The reference directionfrom which all measurements aredisplayed to Target points is a pointcontained within the current �Stakefrom� Job. Select the point from thelist that is presented when this optionis chosen.

Line - The reference direction isparallel to the selected line. Linesmay be defined based on points inthe Job.

Defining a new Line for OrientationA new line for orientation may bedefined between any two points thatexist in the current Job used.

In the Orient field selected Line.

A new entry field will appear belowOrient. This field will be empty if nolines are defined. Move to this fieldand press ENTER to access the linelist box.


The list of lines is displayed. If the listis empty then there are no linesdefined! Use CONT (F1) to select thehighlighted line, New (F2) to define anew line, EDIT (F3) to edit an existingline and DEL-A (F4) to delete all thelines in the list.

Lines are always stored in an ASCIIfile, it is not possible to store lines in aJob.

Lines are stored in local grid format. Itis however still possible to define aline with WGS84 Geodetic or Carte-sian coordinates even when only theWGS84 coordinate system is beingused. The sensor will automaticallyuse a standard UTM projection tocompute the necessary grid coordi-nates.

The ASCII file is always defined asSTK_Line.txt and is stored on the PCCard or Internal memory in the Datasub-directory. You may write your own

line file on the PC and then transfer itto the PC Card or internal memory.The file format is given in Appendix D.

To define a new line, press NEW (F2).

Input a Name for the Line. Select themethod to use to define the Line inType. You may select from:

Start+EndpointStart+Dst+Bg+%Start+Dst+Bg+H/VStart+Dst+Bg+V/HStart+Dst+Bg+Hgt

N

β

V

H

S

E

h

D

S - Start - Start pointE - Endpoint - End pointD - Dst - Horizontal Distanceb - Brg - BearingH - H - Horizontal componentV - V - Vertical componenth - Hgt - Height difference

% = V/H × 100


Start+EndpointThe Line is defined between twopoints.

Either:

1. Enter the coordinates and heightof each point.

or2. Use the IMPRT (F3) key to

import any point contained in theJob you are using. Make surethat one of the entry fields forthe point (start or end point) youwish to define is highlighted,press IMPRT (F3), select thepoint from the list and pressCONT (F1).

Start+Dst+Bg+%The line is defined by a start point, ahorizontal distance and bearing fromthe start point and a percentage slopevalue.

Enter/Select LocalE, Local N andOrtho Hgt for the start point asdescribed in Start+Endpoint.

Enter the horizontal Distance to theend point. This end point will be anartificial point. If no value other thanzero is given, a default of 100m willbe taken.

Enter the horizontal Bearing to theend point, through which the linepasses.

Enter the Slope percentage value.This is defined as described in thediagram.

Start+Dst+Bg+H/VThe line is defined by a start point, ahorizontal distance and bearing fromthe start point and the ratio of hori-zontal increment over verticalincrement.




Enter the Slope H/V values. Theseare defined as described in the dia-gram.


Start+Dst+Bg+V/HThe line is defined by a start point, ahorizontal distance and bearing fromthe start point and the ratio of verticalincrement over horizontal increment.




Enter the Slope V/H values. Theseare defined as described in thediagram.

Start+Dist+Bg+HgtThe line is defined by a start point, ahorizontal distance and bearing fromthe start point and the height differ-ence between the start point andartificial end point.




Enter the Height Difference (Hgt Diff)between the start point and theartificial end point.

When you have entered the method bywhich you wish to define the line andthe necessary parameters, pressCONT (F1) to continue.

The new line is displayed. PressCONT (F1) to select the line fororientation.


There are two methods which you canuse to find your way to a point. Theseare Polar and Orthogonal. Use the F2key to switch between the two meth-ods.

7.5.5 Polar and Orthogonal

OT

P

I/O

L/R C/F

OrthogonalThe Orthogonal method gives you a distance In/Out to the point, a distance left/right to the point and a cut/fill.

O - Orientation direction (Orient)P - Current PositionI/O - Horizontal Distance (In/Out)L/R - Horizontal Distance (Left/Right)C/F - Vertical Distance (Cut/Fill)T - Target Point

Note: In - from current position totarget along the orientation direction.Out - from current position to target180° from orientation directionLeft/right - looking along orientationdirection, distance left/right to targetpoint.


O

T

P

C/F

D

β

PolarThe Polar Method gives you a Bearing from the orientation reference, ahorizontal distance and a cut/fill to the point.

O - Orientation Direction (Orient)P - Current PositionD - Horizontal Distance (Dist) toTarget

b - Bearing (Direct) to TargetC/F - Vertical Distance (Cut/Fill)T - Target Point

7.5.6 Using the Reverse function

The reverse function is available inAdvanced mode and switches theorientation by 180°. It is used whenthe Target lies behind you and youwould effectively have to walk back-wards to reach it.

Press REVRS (F3). The orientation isturned through 180°. You can alsonow turn through 180° yourself sothat you are facing the direction inwhich you need to walk.


The redraw function is used whenShow Path has been chosen in theconfiguration and the path that youhave followed is shown on the graphi-cal area of the display.

When moving around in the samearea, this graphical area may notrefresh. The path may build upobscuring the display.

Press REDRW (F4) to refresh thedisplay and erase the displayed path.

7.5.7 Using the Redraw function 7.5.8 Picking up a new point

This function is available in Advancedmode. If you are staking out and needto measure a new point, you may doso by pressing the PCKUP (F5) key.

This brings you into survey mode.Measure the point and/or hidden pointas described in sections 7.4.5 and7.4.7

7.5.9 Using the INIT key

The INIT (F6) key is available inAdvanced mode and is used to selectand force a new initialization.

In Stake-Out, the initialization willalways be on-the-fly. More detailsabout using the INIT key and initial-ization on the fly can be found insection 7.4.6.


A map of the 20 last measured pointscan be displayed by pressing SHIFTand then GRAPH (F3). Each point isgiven a temporary ID between 1 and20.

SCALE (F2) displays a linear scaleconsistent with the current zoom level.

The map is displayed. Use ZOOM+(F3) and ZOOM- (F4) to zoom in andout.

ID (F5) reveals a list with the tempo-rary point IDs and the �real� point IDs.

FILT (F6) allows to change the filtersettings for the currently selected Job.More information about filter settingscan be found in section 11.3.

Press SHIFT to reveal REDRW (F4).This redraws the map to the originalscale.

FILT (F6) allows to change the filtersettings for the currently selected Job.More information about filter settingscan be found in section 11.3.

You may also scroll the map left/right,up/down by using the cursor keys.

Auxiliary points are used as aids whentrying to find a stake out point. Twoauxiliary points are recorded to formstart and end points of a line. Thechainage and offset or distance fromeach auxiliary point to the target pointis then displayed together with asketch.

The auxiliary points can have codesassigned to them and can also bedownloaded into SKI Pro.

To start the auxiliary point routine,press SHIFT and then AUXPT (F5).

Enter a point Id for Point A and recordthe auxiliary point in exactly the sameway that you would record any otherpoint in real-time. Then carry out thesame operation for point B. Afterpressing STORE (F1) the followingscreen will appear.

7.5.10 Graph 7.5.11 Aux Pt


The line AB is displayed together withthe location of the target point.

Chg - The chainage along the line ABto the target point.Ofs - The Offset from line AB to thetarget point. Negative value = left,positive value = right.Hgt A/Hgt B - Height differencebetween auxiliary point A/B and thetarget point.

Press DIST (F3) to display the dis-tance from each auxiliary point to thetarget point instead of the chainageand offset.

Press CONT (F1) to return to thestake out screen.

Point is selected as the Stake Typewhen entering Stake-Out.

The list of Target points are thosecontained in the Job or ASCII File.

The �as staked� points will always bestored in the Job. You may alsochoose to store the Target pointsdefined in the ASCII File in the Job. Inthis way you have the Target pointsand the �as staked� points in one Job.

To stake out a point, select it from theTarget Point List. Press Enter toexpose a list of all points in the Job.See section 11.3 for a description ofthe useful filters and sorting methodswhich may be helpful when staking alot of points. A particularly useful filtermaybe to filter by Points to Stake.

The measurement to the point will bedisplayed as Orthogonal or Polar. Usethe F2 key to switch between themethods.

If you are a 500 meter (or feet) awayfrom the target point, the graphicaldisplay will look as follows:

7.5.12 Point Stake-Out - Procedure


The cross and arrow indicate yourcurrent position and direction ofmoving. The rectangle points to thetarget point and the triangle to theorientation point. The display is onlyupdated if you are moving faster than50cm/sec. If the rectangle is in oneline with the arrow you are headingtowards the target point.

If you are closer than 500 m to thetarget point your position with respectto the Target point is shown in anothergraphical display. The scale shown onthe left side of the display will changeas you get closer to the point. Thestages are 500m, 100m, 25m, 5m, 1mand 0.5m. Note that the orientationdirection is denoted by the arrow atthe top center. When the Reversefunction is activated, this arrow willappear bottom center of the graphicaldisplay.

The graphical display is a square untilthe 0.5m level is reached. At thisstage it will turn into a circle.

When you are at the point to bestaked, the measurements to thepoint must be at or nearly zero. Makesure that the pole is level and pressOCUPY (F1). If you had to level thepole, ensure that the measurementsto the point are still good beforepressing OCUPY.

Depending upon what has been set inthe configuration, the following screenmay appear.

The Point Id of the Target Point will betaken by default. If you wish to enter anew point Id you may, but rememberthat this will then be considered aseparate point. If you simply wish toadd aditional text to the suggestedpoint Id, press Enter. The point Id inthe display remains and the cursor willbe in the position defined in thecurrent Point Id template.


If required, you may also add a code(if a coding system has been config-ured). Details on adding codes aregiven in section 7.4.4.

When you are satisfied with the input,press STOP (F1).

The DIFF (F2) key is available.Pressing this key gives the differ-ences between the design coordi-nates and staked coordinates of thepoint.

Diff In/Out - Horizontal distance In/Out to the Target Point.Diff Left/Right - Horizontal distanceLeft/Right to the Target Point.

Diff Cut/Fill - Vertical distance to theTarget Point.Total Diff - Length of vector fromTarget Point to measured point.

If you have chosen to record a LONGlog file these values will also be storedin the log file.

Press STORE (F1)

A check will be performed accordingto the Required Coordinate Quality setin the Configuration. If the point iswithin the Required CQ, it will bestored and no special messages willappear.

If however the point is outside theRequired CQ, it may warrant furtherinvestigation.


Slope Stake-Out has two main appli-cations.

1. Measurement/Stakeout of transi-tion points of slopes for cross-sections.

S - Startpoint of slope - Transition point to be measured/

staked

The Line is defined as the section linethrough the terrain. You ensure thatyou follow this line by observing theLeft/Right value and keeping it at ornear zero. When you arrive at a pointwhere the level of the terrain begins tochange, record the point. You canalso stake this point for future refer-ence.

7.5.13 Slope Stake-Out - Procedure

S

S

Plan

Section


2. Staking out of slope intercepts.(points where design slopes andterrain intersect).

S - Startpoint of Slope LineE - Endpoint of Slope LineP - Current PositionI/O - Horizontal Distance In/Out toStart PointC/F - Vertical Distance Cut/Fill toSlope Line

- Slope Intercept

S

E

P

C/F

I/O

The Slope Line is defined and se-lected. Proceed along the line. Youcan ensure that you keep on the lineby observing the Left/Right value andkeeping it at or near zero. Observe theCut/Fill value. At the intercept(s) it willbe zero. When you arrive at such apoint, stake it and record it.

ProcedureSlope is selected as the Stake Typewhen entering Stake-Out.

The �as staked� points will always bestored in the Store Pts Job. If stakingfrom an ASCII file, you may alsochoose to store the Target pointsdefined there in the Job. In this wayyou have the Target points and the�as staked� points in one Job.

To start Slope Stake-Out, pressCONT (F1).


Stake-Out starts. Orient is along theSlope Line only . Details about usingLines as orientation are given insection 7.5.4.

The measurements In/Out, Right/Left and Cut/Fill are given withrespect to the start point of the line.

When you reach the required pointplace the stake.

To record the point, press OCUPY(F1).

A default Point Id is suggested. Thiscomprises of the Line Id followed byany incrementing numbers that youhave defined in the Occupy template.

Alternatively, you may press SHIFTand then PT ID (F3) to use the PointID currently defined in the Occupytemplate.

If you simply wish to add aditional textto the suggested point Id, pressEnter. The point Id in the displayremains and the cursor will be in theposition defined in the current Point Idtemplate.

You may also enter a completelydifferent Point Id if required.

Press STOP (F1).

If a codelist has been defined you mayselect a code. Details on addingcodes are given in section 7.4.4.

The DIFF (F2) key is available. Press-ing this key gives the differencesbetween the startpoint of the line andthe staked point.


Diff In/Out - Horizontal distance In/Out to the startpointDiff Left/Right - Horizontal distanceLeft/Right to the startpoint.Diff Cut/Fill - Vertical distance to thestartpoint of line.Total Diff - Length of vector fromstartpoint to measured point.

If you have chosen to record a LONGlog file these values will also be storedin the log file.

Press STORE (F1) to store the point.


Grid Stake-Out can be used to stake out grids relative to adefined reference line.

SE - Defined Reference LineD - Distance to Station BeginH - Horizontal OffsetV - Vertical OffsetI - Increment

The Reference Line is selected or defined. Define thedistance to the first station along the Reference Line, theHorizontal and Vertical Offsets from the Reference Line.Define the amount by which the Receiver should increment.

The first Target Point is the first point in the grid. Proceedto this point and record it. After this point is recorded, thenext Target point will be shown. Carry on in this fashionuntil you reach the end of the row.

You may then create a new row by redefining the Horizon-tal Offset and switching the Increment to the negativevalue. Follow this row back in the direction from which youcame, recording the grid points as you go. Alternatively,you can redefine the horizontal offset and start the next rowin the same direction, next to the first grid point.

S

E

D

+H

+I

+I

+V

+I

7.5.14 Grid Stake-Out - Procedure


ProcedureGrid is selected as the Stake Typewhen entering Stake-Out.

The �as staked� points will always bestored in the Job. If staking from anASCII file, you may also choose tostore the Target points defined there inthe Job. In this way you have theTarget points and the �as staked�points in one Job.

To start Grid Stake-Out, press CONT(F1).

Stake-Out starts. Select the orienta-tion.

Then move to the Target field (shownempty here). You must select a lineas the target. Press ENTER.

You may select the line from thispanel. If no lines are defined (ashere), press NEW (F2) to define one.

Descriptions of how to define lines aregiven in section 7.5.4 (Although thissection is concerned with orientation,the principles of defining lines areexactly the same).

When you have selected/defined aline, use the PARAM (F5) key todefine the grid parameters.

Station Beg - The distance along theReference Line to the first grid point.Horz Offset - The Horizontal Offsetfrom the Reference Line to the firstgrid point.Vert Offset - The Vertical Offset fromthe Reference Line to the first gridpoint.


Station Inc - The distance betweeneach grid point in the direction of theReference Line.Scale - Depending on the transforma-tion method used and the stake outdesign criteria, you may specify ascale factor to be applied to theincrement value within the mapprojection plane. This is only usedwhen staking out grids over largeareas (tens of kilometers) and other-wise should be left at the default valueof 1.00.

Refer to the diagrams at the start ofthis section for more details of eachparameter.

Press CONT (F1) to continue

The first point in the grid is automati-cally selected as the target point andmeasurements to that point are given.

Information about the point you arelooking for is given in the DirectoryBar.

The point is given as:

+XXXX.XX+YYYY.YY

WhereX is the distance along the Refer-

ence Line.

Y is the Horizontal Offset from theReference Line.

Move to the point and record/stake it.Press OCUPY (F1).

The Point Id is automatically chosenaccording to the format explainedpreviously.

Alternatively, you may press SHIFTand then PT ID (F3) to toggle betweenusing the Point ID currently defined inthe Occupy template and thesuggested Line Id as described insection 7.5.13.


S

E

D

+H

+I

+I

+I

+I

+I

+I

If you simply wish to add aditional textto the suggested point Id, press Enter.The point Id in the display remains andthe cursor will be in the positiondefined in the current Point Id tem-plate.

You may also enter a completelydifferent Point Id if required.

Add a code if required. Coding isexplained in Chapter 8.

Use the ADD (F5) key to add a HiddenPoint and/or Point Annotations.

When you have the pole level, pressSTOP (F1).

The DIFF (F2) key is available. Press-ing this key reveals the differencesbetween the design grid point and theas staked grid point. If you havechosen to record a LONG log filethese values will also be stored in thelog file.

Press STORE (F1) to store the point.

The next target is automaticallyselected according to the incrementvalue. The value given in the DirectoryBar also shows this.

Carry on staking and recording pointsin this way until you reach the end ofthe row.

You can then choose the way in whichyou wish to proceed to the next row:

1. Increase the offset and start thenext row in either direction fromthe last recorded grid point.


2. Increase the offset and start thenext row in either directionadjacent to the first grid point.

To use option 1, highlight the Line andpress ENTER. Press PARAM (F5) toenter the Grid parameters.

Input the new Horizontal Offset (HorzOffset). Give the Increment (StationInc) a negative value. Press CURST(F4) (current station).

The next target point will be displayed.

To use option 2, highlight the Line andpress ENTER. Press PARAM (F5) toenter the Grid parameters.

S

E

D

+H+I

+I

+I -I

-I

-I

Input the new Horizontal Offset (HorzOffset). Press CONT (F1).

The next target point will be dis-played.

The REFLN (F3) key is used toautomatically set the start point of thereference line as the target. If this ispressed and the start point hasalready been recorded, the end pointwill be selected.


If a point within the grid is obstructed(E.g. a car is parked over it or it isheavily shaded by trees), there is afunction that allows you to skip thatpoint and carry on to the next one.

Enter the Line definition screen.

Press SHIFT to reveal STAT+ (F3)and STAT- (F4). STAT+ (F3) willincrement to the next point. STAT-(F4) returns to the previous point.

1988. Coding Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

8 CodingThere are two types of CodingSystem available on System 500 -Thematical Coding and Free Coding.

Thematical Codes are point-basedinformation recorded together with theother point information.

Free Codes are time-basedinformation, independent of thepoints. A time stamp is recorded witheach free code, allowing thesubsequent export of points andcodes in chronological order. Thisinformation can then be used in third-party mapping software.

8.1 Thematical Coding

Thematical Coding is point-basedinformation recorded at the point youare occupying. Thematical Codelistsconsist of Layers, Codes andAttributes.

The Layer is the primary block of thecodelist and describes a group ofrelated codes. For example, the LayerVegetation could describe the CodesTree, Grass, Shrub etc.

The Code is the secondary block andusually describes a single object.

A Code may have one or moreAttributes attached to it. Attributesdescribe properties of the Code. Forexample, the Code Tree could havethe Attributes Type, Height, Age,Girth, Spread etc.

Although it is possible to create anew, empty Codelist on the Receiverand then create new Layers, Codesand Attributes, it is far more practicalto create the complete Codelist inSKI-Pro Codelist Manager and uploadit to the Receiver.

199 8. CodingTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Codelists can be transferred to thePC Card or Internal Memory using theTransfer function in SKI-Pro.Codelists on the PC Card or InternalMemory must then be transferred tothe Receiver using the Transferfunction.

The Codelist is then selected for usein Configuration.

Coding Type - Choose Thematical.Codelist - Select the codelist fromthe list or, to define a new codelist,press ENTER.

8.1.1 Importing, Selecting and Defining a Thematical Codelist

The Codelists on the Receiver aredisplayed. To create a new, emptyCodelist press NEW (F2).

Enter the Name of the new Codelistand if required the name of theCreator. Press CONT (F1).


8.1.2 Defining New Codes and Attributes

Layers, Codes and Attributes can beadded to a Codelist. When aThematical Codelist has been se-lected, the CODES (F3) and LAYER(F5) keys will be available.

To create new Codes and Attributespress CODES (F3).

The list of existing codes is given.Press NEW (F2) to create a newcode.

Select the Layer on which the codewill exist. To add a new Layer, pressENTER and NEW (F2). Refer to thenext section for details.

Enter the new Code and its CodeName.

To add or edit attributes, press ATRIB(F4).

Enter a meaningful name for theAttribute.

Move to the next field with the cursor.You may enter a default value for theAttribute.

Press NEW (F2) to add another newattribute. Press CONT (F1) to con-tinue.


Layers, Codes and Attributes can beadded to a Codelist. When aThematical Codelist has been se-lected, the CODES (F3) and LAYER(F5) keys will be available.

To create a new Layer or activate/deactivate an existing Layer pressLAYER (F5).

8.1.3 Defining and Activating/Deactivating Layers

Press NEW (F2) to create a newlayer. Input the Layer name and pressCONT (F1).

To activate/deactivate individualLayers, select the Layer and pressUSE (F4) to toggle the Layer on/off.

To deactivate all Layers, press NONE(F5). This key then changes to ALL(F5). Use this to activate all theLayers.


8.1.4 Adding a Thematical Code to a Point

When a Thematical Codelist hasbeen selected for use within aConfiguration Set, it will be possible toadd a Thematical Code to a pointwhen measuring.


1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or

3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.



When the Point Code list box is openthere are several other operationsthat you may carry out.

CONT (F1) selects the code andreturns to the survey screen.

NEW (F2) lets you define a new code.LAST (F3) jumps to the code log anddisplays the codes that were lastassigned in order.ATRIB (F4) - lets you define attributesfor the selected code.


Free Coding is time-based information,independent of any recorded points.

Free Coding can be used to generatevirtually any type of code. Exporting ofthe codes through an Output Maskconverts them for use in any type ofthird party surveying software.

Output Masks are defined in SKI-Prousing Format Manager. Some stan-dard Output masks exist, (E.g. forexporting to GSI format), but you arealso free to define whichever outputmask best suits the format that youusually work with.

A Free Code consists of a CodeName, a Description and then up to20 Information Blocks which maycontain any data you wish to write inthem.

The Output Mask defines how this

8.2 Free Coding

data will then be translated when it isdownloaded.

Although it is possible to create anew, empty Codelist on the Receiverand then create new Layers, Codesand Attributes, it is far more practicalto create the complete Codelist inSKI-Pro Codelist Manager and uploadit to the Receiver.Codelists can be transferred to the PC


8.2.1 Importing, Selecting and Defining a Free Codelist

Card or Internal Memory using theTransfer function in SKI-Pro.Codelists on the PC Card or InternalMemory must then be transferred tothe Receiver using the Transferfunction.

The Codelist is then selected for usein Configuration.

Coding Type - Choose Free Coding.

Codelist - Select the codelist fromthe list or, to define a new codelist,press ENTER.

The Codelists on the Receiver aredisplayed. To create a new, emptyCodelist press NEW (F2).

Enter the Name of the new Codelistand if required the name of theCreator. Press CONT (F1).

8.2.2 Defining New Codes

Codes can be added to a Codelist.When Free Coding has been se-lected, the CODES (F3) key will beavailable.

To create new Codes press CODES(F3).

Press NEW (F2).


Free Code - Input the identifierDescription - Input the description ofthe Indentifier.

Press C-INF (F4) to add informationblocks for the code.

Enter a meaningful name for the infoblock. Then move to the adjacentfield to enter a default value.

Use the NEW (F2) key to add moreinformation blocks.


The new code is displayed in the list.An asterisk at the end of the lineindicates that the codes has informa-tion blocks defined. Press C-INF (F4)to view and if required addinformation blocks.



8.2.4 Adding a Free Code

When a Free Codelist has beenselected for use within aConfiguration Set, it will be possible torecord a Free Code when measuring.



To select the code:1. Use the left or right cursor keys tocycle through the code list.or2. Press ENTER and select the codefrom the list.or3. Type in the first few characters ofthe code until the desired code isdisplayed.


STORE (F1) records the code andreturns to the Main Survey screen.

NEW (F2) lets you add a new code.

LAST (F3) jumps to the code log anddisplays the codes that were lastassigned in order.

C-INF (F4) lets you assign newinformation blocks to the selectedcode.

207 9. The CONFIG KeyTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

9. The CONFIG KeyThe CONFIG key can be used at anytime to make temporary alterations toany parameter in the ConfigurationSet.

There are some configurable param-eters that can only be accessedthrough the CONFIG key and are notcontained in the sequential Configura-tion. Nevertheless, they are part ofthe Configuration Set.

The other parameters that are avail-able through the Sequential Configura-tion are described in Chapter 5.

Press CONFIG.

You can configure any parameter forthe current Configuration Set. Youmay make changes to anyconfigurable option contained in items1-4. After making the change, you willpress CONT (F1). You will return towhichever screen you were in previ-ously. The changes will be temporaryunless, after making the change, youpress the CONFIG key again andpress STORE (F3).

To choose a different ConfigurationSet, press CONFG (F5).

You may select any Configuration Setin the list and press CONT (F1) oradd a new one using the NEW (F2)key. Press ESC to return to theCONFIGURE screen.

2089. The CONFIG Key Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

9.1 Survey - Satellite

Enables you to define the SatelliteElevation Mask and also automatictracking of healthy satellites.

Elev Mask - The elevation mask orelevation below which satellite datawill not be recorded and below whichsatellites will not be shown to betracked. For RT applications the ElevMask should be set to 10°. For postprocessing only applications, the ElevMask should be set to 15°. These arethe default mask angles used in theSystem Default Configurations.

SV Health - Can be set to Automaticor User. When set to Automatic, thereceiver monitors the incoming

satellite signal and if the signal isflagged as unhealthy, will not recorddata from it or use data from it in areal-time computation.

When set to User, you may definewhich satellites are used and whichnot. The satellites are defined usingthe HELTH (F4) key.

For the vast majority of applicationsthere should be no reason to set SVHealth to User.

The SR510 may also be configured tooperate in one of two Track Modes.Max. Accuracy should be chosen fornormal survey applications.MaxTrak is suitable for GIS applica-tions where a lower accuracy may beacceptable but it is desirable to tracksatellites under noisier conditions(trees, built up areas).

9.2 General - Units

Enables you to configure units for alltypes of measurement data displayedand recorded by the receiver.

Distance - Select from Meters, Int.Feet (International Feet), Int. Feet 1/8in (International Feet to 1/8 inch), USfeet, US feet 1/8 in (US feet to 1/8inch), Kilometres or Int. Miles(International Miles).

Angle - Select from 400gon, 360°decimal, 360° � �, or 6400mil. UseANGLE (F6) to define further optionsfor this unit.

Velocity - Select from km/h (kilome-ters per hour), mph (miles per hour),or knots.


Date - Select the date format fromdd.mm.yy, mm/dd/yy or yy/mm/dd,where dd = day, mm = month and yy= year.

Time - Select the time format from 12hours or 24 hours.

Temp - Select the units used fortemperature from Celcius °C orFahrenheit °F.

Pressure - Select the units used foratmospheric pressure from millibar(mbar), mm merc (mm Hg), inchmerc (inch HG), hectopascal (hPa)or pounds / in² (psi).

Use the ANGLE (F6) key to configurethe direction reference and directionbase for angular measurements.

Dirctn Ref - Defines the directionreference or the direction from whichangles are measured.

Dirctn Base - Defines the DirectionBase as either True or Magnetic.When Magnetic is chosen, input thecurrent deviation of Magnetic Northfrom True North.

9.3 General - Language

Select the Language in which youwish the Terminal Interface to bedisplayed. The language is associatedwith the Configuration Set.

The Receiver can hold up to twolanguages.Use the DEL (F4) key todelete any languages that are notrequired.


Select the key you wish to configureand press ENTER. A list of all avail-able screens is displayed. Select thescreen and press ENTER.

Note that you can also configure thefunction keys F1 - F6 to the hot keysor select �NEXT Dialog Call� to switchbetween all previously openedscreens.

9.5 General - Time and Initial Position

Then check your local position. If youhave a local Coordinate Systemdefined, this will be available in gridcoordinates as well as WGS84Geodetic and WGS84 Cartesian. Usethe COORD (F2) key to switchbetween coordinate systems.

The NAV (F6) key enables you toactivate or deactivate the navigatedheight solution. For most applicationsthis will be deactivated as it enables anavigated position calculation withonly 3 satellites.

Certain aerial applications may needto switch this to NO, thereby activat-ing the navigated height solution.

It is important that the local time, dateand initial position are approximatelycorrect in order for the Receiver toquickly locate and track satellites.

Check that the Local Time is ap-proximately correct. This will beupdated every time GPS satellites aretracked. Check also the Time Zonefor your current location and LocalDate.

9.4 General - Hot Keys

You may assign a particular screen toeach of the keys F7 - F10 so thatwhenone of these keys is pressed, thatscreen is displayed.


9.6 General - Start-Up

Keyclick - Switches the Keyclick onor off.

Deflt aNUM - defines the set of extracharacters available through theaNUM key or on the F1-F6 functionkeys whenever you type in an entry.

Defines the screen that will be dis-played when the Receiver is switchedon.

Select the screen you wish to bedisplayed upon switching the Receiveron from the list.

Start-Up is particularly useful foroperations without the TR500 Termi-nal. Ensure that you start up inSURVEY\ MAIN and not in SURVEY\Begin.

For further details on how to configurethe Sensor to automatically start upand occupy a point, refer to Chapter 5,Configuring the Receiver.

9.7 General - TR500

Enables you to configure somegeneral features of the Terminal.

Illu/Contr - Switches the screenillumination on or off and sets thecontrast level.

Alarm - Switches the alarm on or offand also controls the volume. Thealarm sounds when an importantevent occurs (such as an errormessage appearing).

When Illu/Contr or Alarm are selected,you can adjust the Illumination Levelor Contrast and Sound Level by usingthe -10% (F4) and +10% (F5) keys.


9.8 General - Identification 9.9 Interfaces

The Sensor Identification can bedefined. By default the last fournumbers of the serial number areused. Type in any other four characterId if required. The Sensor Id is dis-played in the automatic point tem-plate, log files etc. and defines whichinstrument was used for certainmeasurements.

Use the DEFLT (F5) key to automati-cally redefine the Sensor Identificationas the last four figures of the serialnumber.

Gives an overview of all interfaces andthe port and device currently assignedfor that interface.

For example, a sensor is being usedas a real time rover with a Satellineradio attached to port 1 and hiddenpoints are being collected using aDISTO connected to port 2.

For this type of operation, the Inter-faces panel would look as shownabove.

A more detailed description of theinterfaces is given in the followingsections.

The Real-Time interface enables youto configure the Real-Time param-eters, the port and the device used forReal-Time data communication. Theport (1,2 or 3) and the device aredisplayed. Set the focus on Real-Timeand press EDIT (F3) to modify theReal-Time device and parameters.

Certain devices allow you to setadditional parameters e.g. channelswitch. This parameters can beaccessed by pressing CTRL (F5). Forinformation about all supported Real-Time devices refer to Appendix H.

For information about Real-TimeReference parameters refer to section5.3 Configuring the Receiver for Real-Time Reference Operations.

For information about Real-Time Roverparameters refer to section 5.4 Con-figuring the Receiver for Real-TimeRover Operations.

9.10 Interfaces - Real-Time


9.11 Interfaces - Hidden Point

The Hidden Point interface enablesyou to configure the port and deviceused for Hidden Point measurements.The port (1,2 or 3) and the device aredisplayed. Set the focus on HiddenPoint and press EDIT (F3) to modifythe Hidden Point device.

If you want to use an external deviceselect Use Device to YES.

Select the port to which the device isconnected. Use the DEVCE (F5) keyto configure the device itself. Forinformation about all supportedHidden Point devices refer to AppendixH.

If no device is connected the HiddenPoint measurement may also beentered manually. The parameters forHidden Point measurements can beconfigured in CONFIGURE\ Survey,Point..., Hidden Point. Refer to Chap-ter 5 for further details.

9.12 Interfaces - NMEA Output

The NMEA Output interface enablesyou to configure which NMEAmessages to output through whichport using which device.

Set the focus on NMEA Output andpress EDIT (F3) to select the NMEAmessages to be output

Select the port to which the NMEAmessages should be sent. Use theDEVCE (F5) key to configure thedevice itself. Refer to Appendix H for acomplete list of all supported devices.

Use the ID (F4) key to define thetalker ID that appears at the beginningof each message. This will normallyremain at the default GP for GPS.

Use the MESGS (F3) key to displaythe messages that can be output, therates and the output timing method.

Highlight the message that is to beoutput and press F3 (EDIT) to config-ure how a particular message is sent.

Rate - Choose a rate between 0.1 and60s at which the message should besent.


Use - Choose Yes to output themessage.

Output Time - A message may besent either at an exact epoch orimmediately.At Epoch means that the messagewill be sent at the exact epoch asdefined by the Rate.Immediately means that the mes-sage is sent as soon as it is available

Output Delay - If the message is sentAt Epoch, then additionaly the mes-sage may be delayed before it isoutput through the chosen port. Thetime of delay can be a value up to therate at which the message is output.This may be useful if 2 or moresensors are being used to monitor theposition of an object. The position ofeach sensor is being output as aNMEA message back to a mastercontrol station. The control stationmay not be able to cope with all thepositional data messages if all sen-

sors were sending their positionmessage back at exactly the sametime (as would be the case withImmediately). In this case thesecond and third sensor could delaytheir output so the control stationreceives the message from eachsensor at a slightly different time.

A full description of each NMEAmessage is given in Appendix E.


Sensor Transfer with SKI-Pro

Using the Remote interface it ispossible to download data directlyfrom the memory device of the sensorinto SKI-Pro through the serial port ofthe PC without having to remove theTR500 from the Terminal port.

Configure the Remote interface to theappropriate port and device asdescribed above. This would normallybe Port 2 and RS232 device using thestandard System 500 download cable.

Connect the sensor to the PC. Datacan now be downloaded to the PCusing the Sensor Transfer componentin SKI-Pro in the normal manner.

9.13 Interfaces - Remote

The Remote interface enables you toconfigure the Remote control modeand the device connected to thesensor. In most of the cases thesensor will be controlled via the TR500connected to the Terminal port.Alternatively a remote computer canbe used to steer the sensor.

If the Remote mode is set to Terminaland a command is sent to the sensorvia any serial port the sensorautomatically turns on and switches toremote mode.

If the sensor is to be remotelycontrolled, highlight the Remoteinterface and select the Port. PressDEVCE (F5) to select the appropraitedevice from the list. Normally this willbe RS232.

For more information about devicesrefer to Appendix H.


9.14 Interfaces - PPS Out

The PPS Out interface enables you toconfigure the PPS (Pulse Per Second)output port and parameters. Thisfunction is available only if the neces-sary hardware exists.

Select PPS Out and press EDIT (F3).

Set PPS Out to Yes.

Set the PPS Rate at which the pulseshall be output. Select between 0.1 -20 seconds.

If an external device is connected tothe sensor an OWI or LB2 messagecan be transmitted at the time thePPS is output. Change Notify msg toASCII (OWI) or Binary (LB2) and pressNPORT (F5) to select the port anddevice through which the messageshall be transmitted.

The ASCII message takes the following format:

$PLEIR,HPT,sssssssss,nnnn*hh<CR><LF>

Format Content$PLEIR, HeaderHPT, Message identifier (High Precision Time)sssssssss, GPS time of week of next PPS pulse (in msec)nnnn GPS week number*hh Check sum<CR> Carriage return<LF> Line feed

The message will be sent at least 0.5 seconds prior to the next pulse. Forthis reason messages are only sent when the PPS rate is greater than 1sec.


The Event Input interface enables youto configure the Event Input ports andparameters. This function is availableonly if the necessary hardware exists.

The Event Input port allows directconnection to an external device (e.g.aerial camera). When this deviceoperates (e.g. the shutter opens), thetime that the event occurred will berecorded in the GPSmeasurements. These records canlater be superimposed on the proc-essed kinematic data and the posi-tions where the events took place canbe interpolated in SKI-Pro.

Additionally, positions and events canbe directly logged when operating inreal time. Events logged during realtime operations can be also beexported to an ASCII file using anappropriate Format File and theSensor Transfer functionality. Refer toChapter 13 for further details.

Select Event Input and press EDIT(F3).

Select Port 1 or 2 or if you want touse both at the same time 1 & 2.

Select the Polarity according to theexternal device you are using.

Press PARAM (F5) to modify addi-tional parameters.

The Limit Error is the time limit withinwhich PPS shall be generated. If thetime accuracy exceed this value noPPS output is generated. ChangeLimit Error to YES and enter a value innanoseconds.

The following technical details providepulse characteristics and cableconnectivity.

The time pulse has a 3.3V peak(= High) on a 50 ohm resistance. Thepulse length is 25 usec with theleading edge coinciding with thebeginning of each epoch.

The cable should be matched with anappropriate resistance of 50 ohm. Theconnector Type is: Huber & SuhnerFFA.0S.CTAC32Z.

9.15 Interfaces - Event Input


If both event input ports are usedselect the Event Port number and setthe parameters for each.

Info to Log - Select the informationthat shall be logged with the Eventrecord.

Bias Intern - Enables to set a calibra-tion value for a particular sensor.Extern Bias - Enables you to define acalibration value according to theexternal event device and cable used.

Time Guard - If two or more eventstake place during the time (in sec-onds) defined, only the first event willbe recorded. Enter 0 to accept allevents.

If an external device is connected tothe sensor an OWI or LB2 messagecan be transmitted at the time theevent takes place.

The ASCII message takes the following format:

$PLEIR,EIX,ssssssss,tttttttt,nnnn,cccc,dddd*hh<CR><LF>

Format Content$PLEIR, HeaderEIX, Message identifier = event input �1� or �2�sssssssss, GPS time of week of event (in msec)tttttttt, GPS time of week of event (sub msec in nsec)nnnn GPS week numbercccc Event countdddd Event pulse count1

*hh Check sum<CR> Carriage return<LF> Line feed

1This is the count of all pulses including those violating the specified timeguard boundary conditions. This allows determination of missed events.

To enable messages, change Notify msg to ASCII (OWI) or Binary (LB2) andpress NPORT (F5) to select the port and device through which the messageshall be transmitted.


Scroll down and enter a Description.This description will be recorded withthe event record. This is particularlyuseful if two event input ports are usedat the same time in order todifferentiate between the two eventrecords.

The technical specification for theEvent Input port are as follows:

Pulse type: TTL, positive or negativegoing pulsePulse Length: Minimum 125 nsecsVoltage: TTL level (~5V, min. 3.3V)Pin definition: Center = signal,case = groundSR530 Connector type:Huber & Suhner Lemo Typ llFFA.00.250.CTAC327

22010. Status Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

10 StatusThe Status of all Receiver functionscan be accessed through theSTATUS key at any time.

Status is divided into 4 main submenus.

1 Survey - Status of survey relatedfunctions.2 Logs - Logfiles of what has beenrecorded.3 General - Status of hardware andfirmware.4 Interfaces - Status of the interfaces,ports and external devices.

10.1 Real-Time Input Status

Real-Time Status is available when aReal-Time reference or Real-Timerover is being used. The informationavailable differs with the operationmode.

The panels below describe what wouldbe seen when an RTK reference orrover is being used with Leica dataformat. Different data would be seen ifRTCM corrections were being used orcode only data was being transmittedand received.

1. Real-Time Rover

Data Format - The data format beingreceived.Sats L1/L2 - The number of satelliteson L1/L2 being used in the computa-tion.Last recvd - The amount of timesince the last message was receivedfrom the reference station.% recvd - The Receiver comparesthe amount of data received throughthe GPS Antenna with the amountreceived from the reference stationand displays this as a percentage.

221 10. StatusTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Press DATA (F3) for information aboutthe data being received from thesatellites.

Sat - The number of the chosensatellitePhase L1 - The number of phasecycles from the Antenna to thesatellite on L1.Phase L2 - The number of phasecycles from the Antenna to thesatellite on L2.Code L1 - The pseudorange to thesatellite from L1 data.Code L2 - The pseudorange to thesatellite from L2 data.

Press AMBIG (F4) for informationabout the ambiguity resolutionprocess.

Each Satellite used in the real-timecomputation is displayed with theambiguity status on each frequency.YES indicates a fixed ambiguity, NOthat the ambiguity is not yet fixed.

Press REF (F6) for information aboutthe Reference Station.

The Point Id and Antenna Height(Ant Height) of the reference pointare displayed.

Then either Marker or Antenna isdisplayed, indicating from where thecoordinate is given.

Press COORD (F2) to view thecoordinates in WGS84 Geodetic andCartesian formats and local gridcoordinates if a Coordinate System isbeing used.


2. Real-Time Reference

Data Format - The data format beingsent.Sats L1/L2 - The number of satelliteson L1/L2 being used in the computa-tion.Last sent - The amount of time sincethe last message was sent.

The DATA (F3) and REF (F6) keysare available. The informationdisplayed there is exactly the sameas with a Real-Time Rover.

The Stop & Go Indicator gives infor-mation regarding the amount of timespent on a point and the amount oftime required at a point.

The information displayed differs,depending on whether you are instatic or moving mode.

10.2 Stop and Go Indicator

Static Mode

Completed - A percentage valueindicating how much data is requiredfor successful processing (100%) andhow much has been collected. Thecriteria used to display this valuedepend on what has been set in theConfiguration Set. See explanationbelow.

Time to Go - If set, a timer showinghow much time is left before you cancease observations for this point.

Time at Pt - The amount of timespent recording at the point.


Cycle Slips - The number of cycleslips that have occurred on L1/L2since recording commenced on thecurrent point.

GDOP - The current calculated valuefor PDOP or GDOP.

Obs Rec Rate - The ObservationRecording Rate currently set.

Static Obs - The number of StaticObservations (epochs) recorded atthis point.

Completed Criteria - If no specialsettings have been made in theConfiguration Set, the percentage is aconservative estimate based on a 10-15km baseline. This is also the defaultsetting for Real-Time ReferenceStations.

In a Post-Processed Survey, whereAuto Stop and/or STOP P-PRC havebeen set, the value may be displayedaccording to:Time - A minimum time is specified.Observations - A certain number ofobservations have been specified.Stop and Go Indicator - A baselinelength is selected and a percentagecalculated using the baseline length,number of satellites and GDOP.No. Sats - A length of time is specifiedthat varies with the number of satel-lites available.

In a Real-Time Rover Survey, whereAuto Stop and/or STOP R-TME havebeen set, the value may be displayedaccording to:Accuracy - when the specified accu-racy is reached, measurement willstop. This is impossible to predict inpercentage terms and so the defaultStop and Go indicator (10-15km) isdisplayed.

Positions - The number of real timepositions required on each point arespecified.

Stop and Go Indicator - A baselinelength is selected and a percentagecalculated using the baseline length,number of satellites and GDOP.No. Sats - A length of time is specifiedthat varies with the number of satel-lites available.


Moving Mode

5 Sats since - The length of time that5 satellites have been observed for. InKinematic on the Fly operations, it isimportant to observe 5 satellites forabout three minutes or so withoutinterruption at the beginning of thechain.

GDOP - The current calculated valuefor PDOP or GDOP.

Obs Rec Rate - The ObservationRecording Rate currently set.

Moving Obs - The number of MovingObservations (epochs) recorded inthis interval.

Local Time - The local time isdisplayed followed by the time latencyto UTC in brackets.

The position is then given. Use theCOORD (F2) key to switch betweenWGS84 geodetic/Cartesian and localcoordinates. Note that local coordi-nates are only available if a localcoordinate set has been defined.

Accuracy indicators for the currentposition in horizontal and verticalcomponents are given.

Press VELCY (F4) to view velocityinformation. Your velocity in thehorizontal and vertical directions isgiven together with the bearing for thehorizontal direction.

Press TARGT (F6) to define andnavigate to a target. All functions areavailable as in Real Time PointStakeout except for the fact thatpositions cannot be recorded.

10.3 Position


Information about the raw GPS datalogging is given.

Logging - Indicates whether rawGPS data logging is active or not.

StaticObs/Moving Obs - Thenumber of Static or Movingobservations (epochs) recorded inthis interval. Static or Moving Obs aredisplayed depending on the currentmeasuring mode.

All Static Obs - The total number ofstatic observations (epochs) recordedin the current Job.

All Moving Obs - The total number ofmoving observations (epochs) re-corded in the current Job.# OCUPY Pts - The number of pointscontained in the Job that have beenrecorded manually.

# AUTO Pts - The number of pointscontained in the Job that have beenrecorded automatically.

Use the FILES (F4) key to viewinformation about the logged datafiles.

Current Job - The name of thecurrently selected Job.

# / Size Pts - The number of andmemory occupied by the points in thecurrent Job.

Size Obs - The memory occupied bythe raw GPS data in the current Job.

Total Size - The memory occupied bythe current Job.

Other Jobs - The memory occupiedby all other jobs on the currentmemory device.

Memory Free - The amount of freememory on the current memorydevice.

10.4 Logging Status


Information about the satellites isgiven.

Sat - The PRN number of eachobserved satellite is given.

Elev - The elevation of the satelliteabove the horizon is given togetherwith the direction in which it is moving(rising or setting).

Azi - The azimuth of the satellite isgiven.

SN1 & SN2 - The signal to noise ratioon L1 (SN1) and L2 (SN2) is given.

QI1 & QI2 - The quality indicator ofthe phase measurement reconstruc-tion is given for L1 (QI1) and L2 (QI2).

TRACK (F2)

Allows toggling between elevation/azimuth and tracking/searchinginformation.

Sat - The PRN number of eachobserved satellite is given.

L1 & L2 - The tracking status of eachsatellite. TR = Tracking, SH = search-ing.

SN1 & SN2 - The signal to noise ratioon L1 (SN1) and L2 (SN2) is given.

QI1 & QI2 - The quality indicator of thephase measurement reconstruction isgiven for L1 (QI1) and L2 (QI2).

10.5 Satellite Status


HELTH (F4)

Press cursor down key.

The PRN numbers of Bad (unhealthy)satellites, OK (healthy) satellites andsatellites for which no data is availableare listed.

SKY (F5)

Displays a sky plot showing positionsof the satellites and relatedinformation of the highest 6 satellites.

On the graphic, north/south corre-sponds the central vertical line. Therings show the elevations of 15, 30and 60° from the outside to theinside. The satellites are shown intheir relative positions.

ELE00 (F2) - Sets the elevation maskto 0 for this panel only in order thatyou may view the satellites below thecutoff mask. This key then changes toELExx which enables you to set the

elevation mask back to its originalvalue.

SYMB (F3) - Toggles the display of thesatellites in the graphic to satellitesymbols.

INFO (F5) - Toggles the displayedsatellite information between trackinginformation, Signal to Noise Ratio andQuality Indicator Information.


A log of all points in the currentlyselected job is displayed in order oftime.

Further information is available bypressing the INFO (F5) key.

The column Crd Source appears anddisplays the source of the coordinatesfor each point.

Calculated - calculated from othersets of coordinates. E.g. via COGOroutines or averaged.GPS Navigtd - GPS navigatedposition.PPRC Code - Post processed GPScode only.

10.6 Point Log Status

PPRC flt ph - Post processed GPSphase float position (ambiguities notresolved).PPRC fix ph - Post processed GPSphase. Ambiguities fixed.RTME Code - Real Time GPS posi-tion code only.RTME fix ph - Real-Time GPS phaseposition. Ambiguities fixed.GPS RTCM - Real Time GPS positionfrom RTCM code corrections.Unknown - Unknown source.User enterd - coordinate entered byuser.

Pressing INFO (F5) again reveals theCQ (coordinate quality) in and thecoordinate class. The coordinate classmay be either:

MEAS - Point measured onceAVG - Point measured more thanonce and coordinates averaged.CTRL - Point user entered or heldfixed with no accuracy matrix.

REF (F6)

This key is available when the Re-ceiver is configured as a real-timerover.

Pressing this key gives informationabout the satellites being tracked atthe Reference station.


The last 5 codes that have been usedfrom the current codelist are dis-played. Should you select a differentcodelist for use, this log will becleared.

Pressing INFO (F5) reveals the time atwhich the code was recorded.

The last 100 messages displayed onthe terminal are listed in order of time(most recent first). This log can onlybe deleted by pressing DEL-A (F4).

Pressing INFO (F5) reveals the timeand date that the message appeared.

10.9 Memory/Battery Status

Press cursor down.

PC-Card - Amount of memory remain-ing on the PC-card.Memory Int - Amount of memoryremaining on the internal memory.

Battery A - amount of charge remain-ing in internal battery A.

Battery B - Amount of charge remain-ing in internal battery B.

10.8 Message Log Status10.7 Code Log Status


Battery Ext - Amount of chargeremaining in the external battery.

Bat PC-Card - Battery status of theSRAM PC Card battery. The threestatus levels are OK, Low and Error.Note that you should change the PC-Card Battery when it becomes Low.Failure to do so may result in loss ofdata. Ensure that any data on the cardis backed up before changing thebattery. PC Flash Cards do not use abattery.

Bat Backup - Receiver systembackup battery. When this batterybecomes low, contact your Leicarepresentative to arrange replacement.

In case of a Real-Time Rover you maypress REF (F6) to display the Memoryand Battery Status of the ReferenceStation.

10.10 Sensor Status 10.11 Software Version Status

Control Mode- Displays the devicethat is used to control the sensor.Normally this the TR500.

Additionally it indicates whether thePPS output and the Event Input portsare available.

The Receiver model used and its serialnumber are displayed.

Displays the Firmware version, theBoot software of the sensor,Measurment Engine software,Measurement Engine Boot softwareand the Firmware for the Keyboard /Display (TR500) currently installed.


10.12 Interfaces Status

Gives an overview of all interfaces andthe port and device currently assignedfor that interface.

For example, a sensor is being usedas a real time rover with a Satellineradio attached to port 1 and hiddenpoints are being collected using aDISTO connected to port 2.

The NMEA output and PPS Output arenot currently configured.

For this type of operation, the Inter-faces panel would look as shownabove.

For further details about Statusinformation for the different devicesplease refer to Appendix H.

23211. Applications Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

11. ApplicationsApplications contains a number ofmiscellaneous functions that are notnecessarily related.

From within this menu item you maydetermine coordinate systems, carryout point management functions,access an on-board calculator, definewake-up sessions and access any ofthe standard and/or optional applica-tion programs (assuming the securitycode has been entered).

For further description of the optionalApplication programs please refer tothe appropriate manuals.

11.1 Determining a Coordinate System

GPS gives coordinates relative to aglobal datum known as WGS84. Thiscoordinate datum is howeverrelatively new in terms of the length oftime that people have been givingspecific points coordinates. TheWGS84 datum is therefore not usedas the datum for coordinates in thevast majority of countries around theworld.

As surveying developed through thecenturies, individual countriesadopted datums that best suited theirindividual requirements.

Therefore when surveying with GPS,coordinates are first obtained relativeto the WGS84 datum. These coordi-nates then have to be transformedinto the local coordinate system.

There are several methods by whichthis can be done. There are two maingroups. One is the Helmert approach

where the coordinates are transformedfrom the WGS84 Datum to the localellipsoidal datum and then a mapprojection is applied to obtain gridcoordinates. The other group ofmethods involves transforming thecoordinates directly from WGS84 intoa local grid.

System 500 receivers contain boththe Helmert method and the 1-Stepmethod. The method used dependson the results required and the qualityand extent of known points.

Which method to use?This question largely depends onlocal conditions and information.If you wish to keep the GPS mea-surements totally homogenous andthe information about the local mapprojection is available, the Classical3D approach would be the mostsuitable.

233 11. ApplicationsTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

For cases where there is no informa-tion regarding the ellipsoid and/ormap projection and/or you wish toforce the GPS measurements to tie inwith local existing control then theOne Step approach may be the mostsuitable.

In order to determine a CoordinateSystem, you will require the coordi-nates of points in both the WGS84and local coordinate system. Depend-ing on the type of transformation youwish to use, you may also needdetails of the map projection, localellipsoid and a local geoidal modelprogram.

In System 500, you may use one oftwo types of coordinate system-

1. 3D Helmert Transformation, Ellip-soid, Projection and Geoid (optional).

or

2. 1-Step Transformation and Geoid(optional).

From the Application Menu, selectDetermine Coord System and pressCONT (F1).

Coord Sys - Type in a new name forthe new coordinate system.

WGS84 Pts - Select the Job fromwhich the points with WGS84 coordi-nates will be taken.

Local Pts - Select the Job or ASCIIfile from which the points with localcoordinates will be taken.

Use LOCAL (F4) to define the sourceof the local coordinates (from Job orASCII).

When ASCII is selected, the ASCII(F4) key is available. Use this key todefine the format of the ASCII file.

When you have selected the sourcefor the local points Press CONT (F1)until you return to the COORDSYS\Determination Begin screen.


Use the CSYS (F6) key to view the listof current Coordinate Systems.

Use NEW (F2) to define a newcoordinate system. Note thedifference between define anddetermine. Here you can define aCoordinate System using an existingtransformation. When you determinea Coordinate System you alsodetermine a new transformation usingpoint data.

If you have known parameters for theCoordinate System, you may enterthem directly inCONFIG\Survey\Position.

Use EDIT (F3) to edit the selectedCoordinate System.

Use DEL (F4) to delete the selectedCoordinate System.

Use INFO (F5) to display the datewhen each coordinate system wascreated.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCOORDSYS\ Determination Beginscreen.

Press CONT (F1) to proceed with theCoordinate System Determination.

Coord Sys - The name of the Coordi-nate System is displayed.

Transform - Define the name of theTransformation. By default the samename as the Coordinate System willbe suggested. Type in a new one ifrequired.

Trans Type - Select the type oftransformation to be determined.Classical is the 3D Helmert typetransformation, One Step is a trans-formation type where no informationabout local ellipsoid or map projectionis required.


Ellipsoid - Available if a classicaltransformation and a standardprojection type is defined. Select theellipsoid on which your localcoordinates are based. Open the listand press DEFLT (F5) to reveal all ofthe available ellipsoids. If yourellipsoid is not listed, you may add itto the list by pressing NEW (F2) andentering the parameters. PressCONT (F1) to return to COORDSYS\Type Selection.

Projection - Available if the ClassicalTransformation Type is selected.Select the Map Projection from thislist or open the list and input theparameters for your local map projec-tion, (see box over). When used forthe first time, this list will contain onlynonstandard map projections.

Non - standard map projectionsavailable include:

Czech and SlovakDanish JyllandDanish SjellandDutch RD StereographicFinnish KKJHungarianMalaysianNew ZealandSwissSwiss 95

Geoid Model - If a Geoid Model is tobe applied, select it from this list.Geoid Model Field Files can beexported from SKI-Pro onto the PC-card or internal memory in theData\GPS\Geoid sub-directory. Theymust then be transfered to the Sys-tem RAM.

Press CONT (F1) to proceed.


Defining a map projection

Most map projections conform to astandard type and will need to bedefined before being used for thefirst time.

From the COORDSYS\ Type Selec-tion screen, open the Projection list.

Select NEW (F2) to enter a newprojection set.

Enter the name of your projectionand select the type of projection.Although the majority of projectionsare Transverse Mercator, UTM orLambert, a variety are available.

Input the parameters of your projec-tion, not forgetting to scroll down thecomplete list and enter all param-eters.

Press CONT (F1) to continue.The next step in the process is tomatch the common points.

Points from the two systems with thesame point Id will be suggested formatching by default.

If you do not wish to match twopoints, highlight the point pairconcerned and press MATCH (F5).This key is also used whendetermining a 1-Step transformationand you wish to match the points inheight or position only.

To match a new coordinate pair, pressNEW (F2) and select the WGS84 andlocal point to be matched. New


WGS84 points may be measured fromhere using NEWOC (F5). Press CONT(F1) to return to this panel.

To edit an existing coordinate pair,select the pair and press EDIT (F3).Make any necessary adjustments andpress CONT (F1) to return to thispanel.

Use DEL (F4) to unmatch theselected coordinate pair.

When a Classical type transformationis being selected, the PARAM (F5)key is available after pressing SHIFT.

This enables you to define the type oftransformation model and the param-eters for the transformation.

Trans-model - Select the type oftransformation model you wish touse. In practice, you will only seeminimal differences in the trans-formed coordinates between eachmodel. In principle Molodensky -Badekas is more numerically stabledue to the fact that it takes its rotationorigin from the center of gravity of theWGS84 coordinates. Bursa - Wolftakes its centre of gravity from theorigin of the WGS84 datum.

You may then (if required) either enterknown values for certain parametersand hold them fixed at those valuesor set the values to 0. Parametersthat have the ----- displayed will becalculated.

To hold a parameter fixed, highlight it.The FIX (F4) key will become avail-able. Type in the fixed value. In orderthat the parameter is simply notcalculated, enter 0.

To reset a fixed parameter, in orderthat it will be calculated, select theparameter and press ADJST (F4).

Press CONT (F1) to return to theprevious screen.

Press CONT (F1) to execute thetransformation calculation.


The residuals of the transformationare displayed. This is the differencebetween the transformed WGS84coordinates and the original coordi-nates in the local system.

Values that are marked with a starindicate where the highest residualslie.

Use INFO (F5) to view the heightresiduals.

Use RESLT (F3) to view the transfor-mation calculation result (the calcu-lated transformation parameters).The information given will differ withthe type of transformation performed.

Classical Transformation Results

The Name and Trans formationModel (Trans model) used aredisplayed.

Then the calculated translationparameters are displayed.

Shift dX, dY, dZ - Shift along X, Yand Z axes.

Rotation X, Y, Z - Rotations aboutX, Y and Z axes.Scale - Scale factor between thetwo datums.

1-STEP Transformation Results

The transformation is split into a 2DHelmert transformation for positionand a Height Interpolation.

The center of gravity of the points onthe WGS84 Datum is calculated. Atemporary central meridian is thenconstructed through this center ofgravity and an Transverse Mercatorprojection applied. This results in atemporary auxiliary grid for theWGS84 coordinates. A 2D Helmerttransformation is then performed

continued...


between the auxiliary grid and thegiven local system.

The position transformation resultsare given first.

Shift dX, dY - Shift along the X andY axes.Rotation - Rotation about the Zaxis.Scale - Scale factor between thetwo datums.

Then the Height transformationinformation is given.

Slope dH/dX / dH/dY - Slope of theheight interpolation plane whenlooking along the X or Y axis.

Shift H0 - Height of the interpolationplane at the point it intersects the Zaxis.

Origin X0, Y0 - Coordinates of thecenter of gravity of points in theauxiliary local grid.

Use the RMS (F5) key to displaycalculated accuracies for each ofthe transformation parameters.

Press CONT (F1) to proceed.An overview of the Coordinate Sys-tem is given.

Coord Sys - The Coordinate Systemname.

Trans Type - The type of transforma-tion used.

#Match Pts - The number ofmatched points used in thetransformation calculation.Max Res E, N, H - The largestresidual in East, North and Height.

Press CONT (F1) to save the Coordi-nate System and return to the Appli-cation menu.


Points may be added to existingCoordinate Systems. This is useful ifyou have to measure outside of anexisting transformation area andtherefore need to extend the area bymeasuring the WGS84 coordinatesof a point known in the local systemthat lies outside of the existing trans-formation area.

Measure the new point(s) in the samejob as the other existing points usedto determine the Coordinate System.\

From Applications select DetermineCoordinate System.

11.2 Adding Points to Existing Coordinate Systems

Press CSYS (F6) to list the Coordi-nate Systems available.

Select the Coordinate System thatyou wish to include new points in.Press CONT (F1).

Now you have two choices. You mayeither automatically match the newpoints and calculate the new param-eters by pressing AUTO (F5). Alter-natively, you may proceed manuallythrough the Coordinate Determinationas described in the last section.

When adding new points manually, thepoints matched in the previous param-eter calculation are recalled and usedagain, even if they did not have match-ing point Ids. The new point(s) have tobe selected by you using the NEW(F2) key.

When AUTO (F5) is pressed, thecoordinates that were matched in theprevious parameter calculation arerecalled and used again, even if theydid not have matching point Ids. Thenew point(s) that have identical pointIds will be matched and included inthe computation. You are then pre-sented with the results. Press CONT(F1) to accept them or, if there is aproblem, press ESC to return to theDetermination Begin screen andrecompute manually.


11.3 Point Management

Enables you to manage the pointscontained in the currently selectedJob. You may also set a point filteraccording to varying criteria.

Select Point Management and pressCONT (F1).

Each point is displayed with the timeand date on which it was recorded.Note that automatically recordedpoints are not displayed and coordi-nates for the same point recorded ondifferent datums are displayed sepa-rately. Each point is displayed with it�shighest Point Class only.

Press INFO (F5) to reveal the CrdSource - the source from which thecoordinates were generated.

Calculated - calculated (WGS84)from other sets of coordinates.

Calc (Grid) - calculated (Grid) fromother sets of Coordinates. E.g. viaCOGO routines.GPS Navigtd - GPS navigatedposition.PPRC Code - Post processed GPScode only.PPRC flt ph - Post processed GPSphase float position (ambiguities notresolved).PPRC fix ph - Post processed GPSphase. Ambiguities fixed.RTME Code - Real Time GPSposition code only.RTME fix ph - Real-Time GPS phaseposition. Ambiguities fixed.GPS RTCM - Real Time GPSposition from RTCM code corrections.Unknown - Unknown source.User enterd - WGS84-coordinateentered by user.


User (Grid) - Grid coordinates enteredby user.

Pressing INFO (F5) again reveals theCQ (coordinate quality) and thecoordinate class. The coordinate classin ascending order may be:

MEAS - Point measured onceAVG - Point measured more thanonce and coordinates averaged.CTRL - Point user entered or heldfixed with no accuracy matrix.

Use NEW (F2) to enter a new point.Enter the new point Id and the coordi-nates. Use the COORD (F2) key toswitch between Coordinate Systems.When you have entered the pointdetails press STORE (F1) to store thepoint and return to the previousscreen.

Use EDIT (F3) to edit the coordinatesof a selected point. Unless set other-wise, the coordinate displayed is thatwhich corresponds to the highestcoordinate class available. Use theCOORD (F2) key to switch betweenCoordinate Systems. Use the INFO(F5) key in the same way as in theMANAGE screen to switch theinformation displayed about the point.Additionally, when a Configuration Setis being used where Advanced modeis set and the point contains morethan one measurement, the AVRG(F6) key is available. Use this toselect or deselect measurementsfrom the averaged coordinate. Whenyou have finished editing the coordi-nates, press STORE (F1) to store thepoint and return to the previousscreen.

Use the DEL (F4) key to delete theselected point.

When SHIFT is pressed the JOB (F3)key enables you to change the currentjob. Note - this function is not avail-able if you access Point Managementwith a Hot-Key.

When SHIFT is pressed the FILT (F6)key is available along with the stan-dard HOME, END, PG UP and PG DNkeys.


Use FILT (F6) to order the points andto apply a filter to the points.

Sort By - Sets the method by whichthe points are ordered. Point Id sortsalphabetically, Time by the time thepoint was calculated and InternalIndex by the order in which they arestored on the memory device.

Filter By - Sets a filter on the pointscontained in the Job. Used if you onlywant to display points belonging to aspecific subset. Note that when set,the filter also applies to every screenon the list where you can access thepoint list.

No Filter - No filter set. The occupa-tion with the highest class that existsfor each point is displayed. (Class isin following descending order: CTRL,AVRG, MEAS).

Radius from Pt - Enables you to filterby selecting a point and all pointswithin a defined radius from it.

Closest Pt - Used in Stakeout. Whenselected, finds the closest point toyour current position, then finds theclosest point to that and so on. Thepoints are then ordered thus so that inStakeout you are always sure thatyou are taking the most efficientroute.

Range of Pt Id�s - Define a start andend Point Id. Only points that falleither alphabetically or numericallywithin this range will be available.

Pt Id Wildcard - Specify a wildcardthat you wish the point Id to contain.E.g. ***NT will look for all points with 5characters ending in NT.

Only points that contain this wildcardwill then be available.

Time - Specify a start and end dateand a start and end time. Points thatwere recorded outside of this timewindow will not be available.

Class - Select a point class. All pointsthat are not in this class will not beavailable. Note that when class MEASis selected, points with class AVRGwill be split into their MEAS compo-nents and be displayed separately.

Coordinate Type - Select the type ofcoordinates you wish to make avail-able - WGS84 only, Local only orWGS84 and Local.


Code - Select the Code(s) for thepoints that you wish to make avail-able. All points that do not have thosecodes attached will not be available.Press CODES (F3) to toggle the usestatus of individual Codes to YES orNO.

Layer - Select the Layer(s) for thepoints that you wish to make avail-able. All points that do not have thoseLayers attached will not be available.Press LAYERS (F5) to toggle the usestatus of individual Layers to YES orNO.

By pressing STAKE (F6) you mayselect an additonal stake out filter. Theoptions No Filter, Points to Stake andStaked Points are available.

When you have set the required Filterpress CONT (F1) to continue.


11.4 Calculator

The Calculator functions according tothe RPN principle. This has theadvantage that complicated calcula-tions require less keystrokes. It isavailable for any calculation you wishto make.

11.5 Wake-up Sessions

You may program the Receiver toautomatically start, measure and thenshut down again without any interac-tion from an operator. You may defineseveral Wake-Up Sessions in orderthat the Receiver will make severalmeasurements automatically oneafter the other.

Select Wake-up Sessions from theAPPLICATION menu.

Any existing Wake-up Sessions aredisplayed.

Use NEW (F2) to enter a new Wake-up Session.

Use EDIT (F3) to edit an existingWake-up Session.

Use DEL (F4) to delete an existingWake-up session.

When NEW (F2) is pressed thefollowing screen appears.


Job - Select the job which should beused to record the point(s)/data.

Config Set - Select the ConfigurationSet which should be used.

Start Date - Enter the date when theSession should start.

Start Time - Enter the Start Timewhen the Session should start.

Duration - Enter the duration of theSession.

Point Id - If the wake-up session willbe carried out on a known point,select it from the listbox.

If it will be carried out on an unknownpoint, leave it set at ---. Define a PointId template in the Configuration Set.Define a name alone, without anyautomatic increment if you alwayswish the point to have the same pointID. Define a name with an automaticincrement if you wish the point tohave a different Point ID for eachwake-up session.

Ant Height - Enter the height of theAntenna above the point.

# Execute - The number of times thatyou wish to repeat this Wake-Upsession.

Interval - Appears when # Execute isset to a value greater than 1. Definesthe time interval that must elapsebetween start times of the differentexecutions of the Session.


11.6 COGO

The COGO functions enable you tocalculate new points using existingdata. This existing data may beexisting coordinates of points, existingknown distances or existing knownangles. Instead of using existingpoints from the Job database, pointscan be measured on the spot andused for computation.In order to use the COGO functionslocal grid coordinates must beavailable i.e. a local coordinatesystem must be defined.

Select COGO from the APPLICATIONmenu.

Job - Change the current Job ifnecessary.

Change Log File to YES and enter aFile Name if you want to generate alog file of all the calculations. The filewill be written in the \LOGsubdirectory of the PC card or internalmemory.

Use Offset - Enables you to activatean additional entry field for a paralleloffset whenever a line is to be defined.

Use Brg. - Enables you to enter anddisplay bearings in the four quadrantsNorthEast, SouthEast, SouthWestand NorthWest. If this option is set toYES and a bearing needs to be

entered the function key QUAD (F6)enables you to switch between thequadrants.

Press CONT (F1) will bring you to theCOGO menu.


Inverse

This function enables you to calculatethe inverse between two grid points.All coordinates used in the programcan be entered manually or selectedfrom the database.

Enter the start point and the end pointof the line or press NEWOC (F5) tomeasure new points.

Press COMP (F1) to start thecomputation.

The Bearing (Azimuth), HorizontalDistance and the Height Difference aredisplayed.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCOGO\ Menu.

Input:P1 - Start point of line (E, N, h)P2 - End point of line (E, N, h)

Output:a - Bearing (Azimuth)d - Horizontal Distance

- Height Difference


Traverse

This function enables you to calculatea new point by defining a start pointand entering its distance and azimuthto the new point.

Enter the start point of the line orpress NEWOC (F5) to measure a newpoint. Enter the Bearing (Azimuth), theoptional Parallel Offset and theHorizontal Distance. Instead ofentering these values manually youmay calculate them from two existingpoints by pressing INV (F2).


Easting, Northing and Height of thenew point are displayed.

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to the COGO\Menu.

Alternatively press STAKE (F5) toswitch to the stakeout screen and usethe coordinates directly for stakeout.

Input:P1 - Start point of line (E, N, h)a - Bearing (Azimuth)d - Horizontal Distance

Output:P2 - End point of line (E, N, h)


Intersection: Bearing - Bearing

This function enables you to calculatethe intersection point of two lines. Thelines may be defined by a point and abearing (azimuth).

Enter the start point of the first line orpress NEWOC (F5) to measure a newpoint. Enter the Bearing (Azimuth) andthe optional Parallel Offset. Enter thestart point of the second line togetherwith the Bearing and Parallel Offset.Instead of entering these valuesmanually you may calculate themfrom two existing points by pressingINV (F2).


Easting, Northing and Height of theintersection point are displayed.

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to COGO\Intersection.


Input:P1 - Start point of first line (E, N, h)a - Bearing (Azimuth)P2 - Start point of second line (E,N,h)b - Bearing (Azimuth)

Output:P - Intersection point (E, N, h)


Intersection: Bearing - Distance

This function enables you to calculatethe intersection point(s) of a line and acircle. The line is defined by a pointand a bearing (azimuth) and the circleby the centre point and the radius.

Enter the start point 1 of the line orpress NEWOC (F5) to measure a newpoint. Enter the Bearing (Azimuth) andthe optional Parallel Offset. Enter thecentre point 2 and the radius(Distance) of the circle. Instead ofentering the values manually you maycalculate them from two existingpoints by pressing INV (F2).


Easting, Northing and Height of thefirst intersection point are displayed.To display the second intersectionpoint press OTHER (F3).

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to COGO\Intersection.


Input:P1 - Start point of first line (E, N, h)a - Bearing (Azimuth)P2 - Centre point of circle (E, N, h)r2 - Radius

Output:P3 - 1. Intersection point (E, N, h)P4 - 2. Intersection point (E, N, h)


Intersection: Distance - Distance

This function enables you to calculatethe intersection point(s) of two circles.The circles are defined by a the centrepoint and the radius.

Enter the point 1 of the first circle orpress NEWOC (F5) to measure a newpoint. Enter the optional Parallel Offsetand the radius (Distance). Enter thevalues for the second circle. Instead ofentering the values manually you maycalculate them from two existingpoints by pressing INV (F2).


Easting, Northing and Height of thefirst intersection point are displayed.The first intersection point is the pointleft of the line P1-P2. To display thesecond intersection point pressOTHER (F3).

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to the COGO\Intersection menu.


Input:P1 - Centre point of 1. circle (E, N, h)r1 - RadiusP2 - Centre point of 2. circle (E, N, h)r2 - Radius

Output:P3 - 1. Intersection point (E, N, h)P4 - 2. Intersection point (E, N, h)


Distance -- Offset

This function enables you to calculatethe distance and offset values of anoffset point from a line defined by twopoints.

Enter the start and end point of theline or press NEWOC (F5) tomeasure new points. Enter the offsetpoint.


The Distance along the line and thePerpendicular Distance (Offset) aredisplayed.A negative Perp. Dist (Offset)indicates that the point lies on the lefthand side of the line P1-P2.A negative Distance indicates that thepoint lies behind the start point of theline P1-P2.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theCOGO\ Offsets menu.

Input:P1 - Start point of line (E, N, h)P2 - End point of line (E, N, h)P3 - Offset point (E, N, h)

Output:d - Distanceo - Offset (Perpendicular Distance)


Set Point by Distance -- Offset

This function enables you to calculatea point by using the distance(chainage) and offset values from aline. The line is defined by two points.

Enter the first and the second point ofthe line or press NEWOC (F5) tomeasure new points. Enter theDistance along the line and thePerpendicular Distance (Offset).Enter a negative Distance if the pointlies behind the start point of the lineP1-P2.Enter a negative Perp. Dist (Offset) ifthe point lies on the left hand side ofthe line P1-P2.

Instead of entering the valuesmanually you may calculate themfrom two existing points by pressingINV (F2).


Easting, Northing and Height of theoffset point are displayed.

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to the COGO\Offset menu.


Input:P1 - Start point of line (E, N, h)P2 - End point of line (E, N, h)d - Distance (Chainage)o - Offset (Perpendicular Distance)

Output:P3 - Offset point (E, N, h)


3 Point Arc

This function enables you to calculatethe centre point and the radius of anarc defined by three points

Enter the three points on the arc orpress NEWOC (F5) to measure newpoints.


Easting, Northing and Height of thecentre point are displayed. To displaythe Radius press MORE (F6).

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to the COGO\Arcs menu.


Input:P1 - First point on arc (E, N, h)P2 - Second point on arc (E, N, h)P3 - Third point on arc (E, N, h)

Output:C1 - Centre point of arc (E, N, h)r - Radius


Distance on Arc

This function enables you to calculatea point on an arc defined by threepoints and based on the arc distance.

Enter the three points on the arc orpress NEWOC (F5) to measure newpoints. Enter the Arc Distance startingfrom the first point.


Easting, Northing and Height of thenew point on the arc are displayed.

Enter a Point Id, change the Height ifneccessary and press STORE (F1)will bring you back to the COGO\Arcs menu.


Input:P1 - First point on arc (E, N, h)P2 - Second point on arc (E, N, h)P3 - Third point on arc (E, N, h)b - Distance on Arc

Output:P - New point on arc (E, N, h)


11.7 Area

The Area function enables you tocalculate an area based upon points inthe database. The area segments maybe defined as lines or arcs. The nodesalong the perimeter of the area mustbe defined clockwise.In order to use the area function, localgrid coordinates must be available i.e.a local coordinate system must bedefined.

Select Area from the APPLICATIONmenu.

Job - Change the current Job ifnecessary.

Area - Select between defining a NewArea or modify the Last Area. Bydefault the last area definition willalways be retained allowing you tomodify it.

Change Log File to YES and enter aFile Name if you want to generate alog file of the area calculation. The filewill be written in the \LOGsubdirectory of the PC card or internalmemory.

Press CONT (F1) will bring you to theCreate Area screen.

To define the segments of a new areaor to add additional segments to analready existing area press NEW (F2).Select the points from the list andpress ADD (F2) after each Node(point) or click ARC (F3) to define anarc. Arcs can be defined by two pointsand a radius or by three points. Alter-natively you may press NEWOC (F5)to measure new points. When allsegments of the area are definedpress CONT (F3).

To modify the Id of a Node (point) or tochange the arc definitions set thefocus on that segment and press EDIT(F3).


Press DEL (F4) to delete an segment.

To finish the area definition and startthe calculation press CALC (F1). Thelast point is automatically joined withthe first point of the definition and theresult is displayd.

The units as set in CONFIGURE\General\Units are used to display theresults.

Press LIST (F3) or ESC to return tothe Create Area screen and modify thearea definition.

Plot (F5) displays a praphical screenshowing the outline of the definedarea.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theAPPLICATION\ Menu.

259 12. UtilitiesTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

12 UtilitiesThe Utilities menu item is revealed bypressing SHOW (F4) from the MainMenu.

Utilities contains file, memory andsecurity utilities.

The directory of the currently selectedmemory device is displayed.

If an internal memory is fitted, DEVCE(F5) will be available. Use this toaccess the directory of the internalmemory.

To enter a directory, highlight it andpress ENTER. To move up a level outof a sub-directory, highlight the doublepoints and press ENTER.

CODE - Contains all codelist files.

CONVERT - Contains all format filesdefined in Format Manager.

12.1 Directory of Memory Device

DTM - Contains any DTM stakeoutfile to be used with this application.

DATA - Contains user defined ASCIIfiles including the line definition fileSTK_Line.txt as well as the sub-directory GPS. GPS contains anyalmanac files that have been trans-ferred from the Receiver as well as theGEOID sub-directory. GEOID con-tains any Geoidal Model files.

GEODB - Contains all Job filesincluding GPS raw data and pointinformation.

GPS - Contains any coordinatesystem files transferred from theReceiver as well as the sub-directories CONF and PROG. CONFcontains any configuration set filestransferred from the Receiver. PROGcontains Receiver firmware and textfiles.

26012. Utilities Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

GSI - Contains any GSI files createdthrough the Transfer command on theReceiver.

IDEX - Contains any IDEX files cre-ated through the Transfer command onthe Receiver.

LOG - Contains any log files gener-ated from the optional applicationprograms.

See Appendix G for further details onthe directory structure of the memorydevice.

12.2 Format Memory Module

Enables you to reformat a memorydevice. All data will be erased and afresh directory structure created.

Device - Select the memory deviceyou wish to format. Internal is avail-able when an internal memorymodule is fitted.

Quick format - Selects the way inwhich the formatting is carried out.When set to YES the data will not bevisible any more but in reality stillexists on the memory device. It will beoverwritten as and when required.When set to NO all data is reallydeleted.

If you want to format the SensorSystem RAM press SYSTM (F5) andconfirm twice by pressing (F5).

If you format the SystemRAM all system data suchas Almanac, User defined

Configuraton Sets, User definedAntennas, Codelists and Geoid fileswill be lost.

261 12. UtilitiesTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

12.3 Enter Security Code

The security code is required toactivate optional application pro-grams.

Select the application program youwish to activate and then enter thesecurity code supplied by LeicaGeosystems when you purchased theoption.

Instructions on how to use eachoptional application program arecontained in a separate manualaccompanying the security code.

12.3 Self Test

A memory self test can be performedon both the PC card and the internalmemory device (if fitted).

The self test will test the chosenmemory device for bad sectors orcorrupted data and report on theresult.

26213. Transfer Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

13. TransferTransfer enables you to transfer alltypes of data between different datadevices on the Receiver. Transfer ofdata to SKI-Pro is carried out fromwithin SKI-Pro.

Select Transfer from the Main Menu.

The following screen appears.

13.1 Transfer Job

Enables you to Transfer a Job be-tween PC Card and Internal Memory.

Select From where you wish totransfer the Job. The device To whichthe Job will be transferred will auto-matically selected.

Job - Select the Job to betransferred. Press ALL (F3) to selectall the Jobs.

MORE (F6) enables you to definewhich data to transfer. Select fromPoints and Obs, Points only or Obsonly.

13.2 Transfer Config Set

Enables you to transfer ConfigurationSets between Sensors and PC Cards.

Select From where you wish totransfer the Configuration Set. Thedevice To which the Configuration Setwill be transferred will be automaticallyselected.

Config Set - Select the ConfigurationSet to be transferred. Press ALL (F3)to select all the Configuration Sets.

263 13. TransferTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Enables you to transfer CoordinateSystems between Sensors and PCCards.

Select From where you wish totransfer the Coordinate System. Thedevice To which the CoordinateSystem will be transferred will beautomatically selected.

Coord Sys - Select the CoordinateSystem to be transferred. Press ALL(F3) to select all the CoordinateSystems.

13.3 Transfer Coordinate System 13.4 Transfer Antenna Info

Enables you to transfer Antenna InfoRecords between Sensors and PCCards.

Select From where you wish totransfer the Antenna Info Record. Thedevice To which the Antenna InfoRecord will be transferred will beautomatically selected.

Antenna - Select the Antenna InfoRecord. Press ALL (F3) to select allthe Antenna Info Records.

13.5 Transfer Codelist

Enables you to transfer Codelistsbetween Sensors and PC Cards.

Select From where you wish totransfer the Codelist. The device Towhich the Codelist will be transferredwill be automatically selected.

Codelist - Select the Codelist. PressALL (F3) to select all the Codelists.


Enables you to convert an ASCII fileinto a Job.

The reason to convert an ASCII file toa job is mainly for Stake Out. Whenstaking points there are many advan-tages to stake out points stored in ajob rather than staking from an ASCIIfile. For example, points stored in ajob can be filtered and sorted, indi-vidual points can be found morequickly and so on.

The ASCII file may be in a simpleFormat (e.g. Pt Id, East, North,Height) or in GSI format. The con-verted points will be added to the Jobdatabase. If a point already exists inthe database the program will promptyou to overwrite it or not.

Select the file Type of the sourcefile. GSI File or ASCII File. The filemust be located in the \GSI directoryfor GSI files and in the \DATA direc-tory for ASCII files.

Select the file From which you wantto convert and the Job To which thepoints shall be added.

When ASCII File is selected, theASCII (F4) key becomes available.Use this to define the format of theASCII file.

Delimiter - Sets the character usedto separate the various point compo-nents. Choose from Comma (,),Line Feed (new line), Semicolon(;), and Space (blank).

ID Pos - Sets the position of thePoint Id.

East Pos - Sets the position of theeasting.

North Pos - Sets the position of thenorthing.

13.6 Transfer ASCII/GSI to Job


Height Pos - Sets the position of theheight.

Use the DEFLT (F5) key to reset theformat to its original values.Define the delimiter used to separatethe information for each point and thendefine the position of each componentof each point. An example of what youhave defined is given at the bottom ofthe screen.

Press CONT (F1) to return to theprevious screen.

Enables you to convert a Job into anASCII file using a Format file. Formatfiles define the format of the final ASCIIfile and are created using LeicaFormat Manager software.

Select From which device you wish toselect a Job and To which device youwish to store the ASCII file.

Job - Select the Job from which youwish to write the data.

Format - Select the Format File thatyou wish to use.Format Files need to be stored in theSystem RAM of the sensor. PressFORMT (F3) to transfer them from thedirectory \CONVERT of the PC Cardor internal memory to the SystemRAM or vice versa.

Destinatn - Select the type of file thatwill be written. This specifies wherethe file will be written.

File - Specify the file name andextension.

Press FILT (F6) if you wish to transfera selection of points only. For moreinformation about the filter settingsplease refer to 11.3 Point Manage-ment.

13.7 Transfer GSI / User File


Enables you to transfer Geoid FieldFiles between Sensors and PC Cards.

Select From where you wish totransfer the Geoid Field File. Thedevice To which the Geoid Field Filewill be transferred will be automaticallyselected.

Geoid File - Select the Geoid FieldFile. Press ALL (F3) to select all theGeoid Field Files.

Enables you to transfer any filebetween the DATA directories on thememory devices.

Select From where you wish totransfer the File. The device To whichthe File will be transferred will beautomatically selected.

File - Select the File. Press ALL (F3)to select all the Files.

13.10 Transfer Firmware13.9 Transfer Any File Type

Enables you to transfer Receiverfirmware from the PC Card to theReceiver.

Version - Select the firmware versionthat you wish to transfer.

Note that for PC Card capacity rea-sons, the firmware is available inseparate sections as well as one file.This enables different sections to beuploaded via the PC Card if thecomplete file will not fit on the PCCard.

13.8 Transfer Geoid Field File


13.13 Transfer Application Text

Enables you to transfer Terminalfirmware from the PC Card through theReceiver to the Terminal.

Version - Select the firmware versionthat you wish to transfer.

13.12 Transfer Language Version13.11 Transfer Firmware TR500

Enables you to transfer Local Lan-guage files of the system software tothe Receiver from a PC Card.

Version - Select the language versionthat you wish to transfer.

Enables you to transfer a language filefor the optional Application programsfrom the PC Card to the Sensor.

Version - Select the Language File forthe optional Application program.


13.14 Transfer Almanac

Enables you to transfer GPS SatelliteAlmanac Files to the Receiver from aPC Card.

Almanac - Select the Almanac thatyou wish to transfer.

269 Appendix ATechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Appendix A - Operating and Storage TemperaturesComponentReceiverTerminalAntennaPC Flash CardsInternal Memory

Operation-20°C to +55°C-20°C to +55°C-40°C to +75°C-20°C to +75°C-20°C to +55°C

Storage-40°C to +75°C-40°C to +75°C-40°C to +75°C-40°C to +75°C-40°C to +75°C

270Appendix B Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Appendix B - Observation TimesObs. Method No. sats. GDOP< 8 Baseline Length Approximate observation time

By day By night

Rapid Static 4 or more Up to 5 km 5 to 10 mins 5 mins4 or more 5 to 10 km 10 to 20 mins 5 to 10 mins5 or more 10 to 15 km Over 20 mins 5 to 20 mins

Static 4 or more 15 to 30 km 1 to 2 hours 1 hour4 or more Over 30 km 2 to 3 hours 2 hours

271 Appendix CTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Appendix C - Seismic Record FormatSeismic records may be generated and saved along withthe point information. They take the following format:

} } } } } } }} }

@, , , , . , . , . , . , . , , , , ,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14GSE V M gg g pp p hh h vv v aaa aaa ss eee ii REC RSN

678 678 678 678 6 74 84

Example

@GSE12 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.220 5 1 2SR530 001899

Record Content1 @

2 GSE3 Version4 M

5 gg.g

6 pp.p

7 hh.h

8 vv.v

9 aaa.aaa

10 ss

11 eee

12 ii

13 REC

14 RSN

DescriptionRecord Flag. @ = Automatically stored (not userentered).Record Type. GSE = GPS SEismic.Version number of this record.Position type. Range 0,1,2,3,4. Default if noneavailable - 00 - position not available1 - navigated position2 - differential code position3 - differential phase, float solution4 - differential phase, fixed solutionGDOP value. Range 0.0 to 99.9. Default if notavailable - 0.0.PDOP value. Range 0.0 to 99.9. Default if notavailable - 0.0.HDOP value. Range 0.0 to 99.9. Default if notavailable - 0.0.VDOP value. Range 0.0 to 99.9. Default if notavailable - 0.0.Antenna Height - sum of instrument height andantenna offset. Range -99.9 to 999.99. Default if notavailable - 0.0.Number of satellites used for solution. Range 0 to 12.Default if not available - 0.Number of epochs spent on point. Range 0 to 999.Default if not available - 0. Default if not available-0.Length of interval between epochs (seconds). Range0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 30, 60. Default if notavailable - 0.Receiver type. Range SR299, SR399, SR299E,SR399E, SR9400, SR9500, SR510, SR520, SR530Receiver serial number. Range 0 - 999999. Value ifunavailable - 0.

272Appendix D Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Appendix D - Defined Line File FormatLines that have been defined in Stakeout are stored in thefile STK_Line.txt in the data directory of the memorydevice. Up to 40 lines may be stored in this file.

Line records take the following format, separator is aspace, but no space after @< and @>. The linear unit isMeter and the angular unit is Gon.

Record Format1 @<

2 ID

3 xxxxx.xxx

4 yyyyy.yyy

5 hhh.hhh

6 @>

7 LD

8 LDD

} }

{ { {876

54321

LDD LD @

hhh.hhh yyyyy.yyy xxxxx.xxx ID @

><

4847644844764484476

DescriptionStart of first line of record

Line ID, 16 characters

Start Point Easting

Start Point Northing

Start Point Orthometric Height

Start of second line of record

Line definition type:1 - Endpoint Easting, Northing, Height2 - Distance, Bearing, %V3 - Distance, Bearing, H/V4 - Distance, Bearing, V/H5 - Distance, Bearing, Hgt Diff

Line definition values. Depend on LD, asshown above.

273 Appendix ETechnical Reference Manual-2.0 .0en

Appendix E - NMEA Message FormatsThe Receiver can output a variety of NMEA messages.These can be set using the CONFIG key or may besteered from a connected device using a query message.

Note that a Talker ID appears at the beginning of theheader. This is normally GP for GPS but may be set bythe user in CONFIG\NMEA

The query message format is the same for every NMEAmessage apart from the message identifier.

Format$PLEIQ,

XXX,x,x*hh<CR><LF>

1 Message Identifiers are:GGA - Global Positioning System Fix DataGLL - Geodetic Position - Latitude/LongitudeGNS - GNSS Fix DataVTG - Course Over Ground and Ground SpeedZDA - Time and DateLLK - Leica Local Position and GDOPLLQ - Leica Local Position and Quality

2 Port from which NMEA message is requested:1 - Port 12 - Port 23 - Port 3

3 Output rate of NMEA Message

ContentHeader, message sent from OutsideWorld.Message Identifier1

Port2

Output Rate3

ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed

0 - Output off1 - 0.1 s (10Hz)2 - 0.2 s (5Hz)3 - 0.5 s (2Hz)4 - 1 s5 - 2 s6 - 3 s7 - 4 s8 - 5 s9 - 6 s10 - 10 s

11 - 12 s12 - 15 s13 - 20 s14 - 30 s15 - 1 min16 - 2 min17 - 3 min18 - 4 min19 - 5 min20 - 6 min

21 - 10 min22 - 12 min23 - 15 min24 - 20 min25 - 30 min26 - 1 h200 - Outputimmediately

274Appendix E Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

GGA - Global Positioning System Fix Data

Format$GPGGA,

hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyy.yy,a,x,

x,xx.xx,xxxx.xxxx,M,xx.xx,M,

xx.xx,

xx*hh<CR><LF>

ContentHeader, incl. Talker ID, message sent fromReceiverUTC time of PositionLatitudeHemisphere �N�/�S�Longitude�E�/�W�GPS Quality, 0=not valid, 1=GPS Nav Fix,2=DGPS Fix, 3= RTK FixNumber of satellites in use, 00-12HDOPAntenna altitude above/below mean sea levelUnits of altitude meters (fixed text �M�)Geoidal separationUnits of geoidal separation meters (fixed text�M�).Age of differential GPS data, null when DGPSnot usedDifferential Reference Station ID, 0000-1023ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed

GLL - Geodetic Position - Latitude, Longitude

Format$GPGLL,

llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,hhmmss.ss,A*hh<CR><LF>

ContentHeader, incl. Talker ID,message sent fromReceiverLatitudeHemisphere �N�/�S�Longitude�E�/�W�UTC time of positionStatus: �A� = Data valid, �V� = Data not validChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed


Format$XXGNS,

hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,c--c,x,xx.xx,xxxx.xxxx,

xx.xx,xx.xx,

xx*hh<CR><LF>

GNS - GNSS Fix Data

ContentHeader, message sent from Receiver. XX=GP- GPS only, XX=GL - GLONASS only, XX=GN- Combined GPS/GLONASSUTC time of positionLatitude�N�/�S�Longitude�E�/�W�Mode Indicator1

Number of satellites in use, 00-99HDOP of all satellites used in computationAntenna altitude above/below mean sea level,metersGeoidal separation, metersAge of Differential GPS Data, null when GPSnot used.Differential reference station ID, 0000-1023ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed

1 N - No FixA - Autonomous - GPS Nav FixD - Differential - DGPS FixP - Precise Nav (no deliberate degradation such as SA)R - Real Time Kinematic - RTK FixF - Float Real Time Kinematic

VTG - Course Over Ground and Ground Speed

Format$GPVTG

xx.xx,T,xx.xx,M,xx.xx,N,xx.xxK*hh<CR><LF>

ContentHeader, incl. Talker ID,message sent fromReceiverCourse, degrees (0.0° to 359.9°)True (fixed text �T�)Course, degrees (0.0° to 359.9°)Magnetic (fixed text �M�)SpeedKnots (fixed text �N�)Speed Over Ground (SOG)Km/h (fixed text �K�)ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed

Note - The Magnetic declination is set in the Receiverusing the CONFIG key.

276Appendix E Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Format$GPZDA,

hhmmss.ss,x,x,xx,x,x*hh<CR><LF>

ZDA - Time and Date

ContentHeader, incl. Talker ID,message sent fromReceiverUTC timeUTC Day, 01 to 31UTC Month, 01 to 12UTC Year, 1997 to ...Local zone description, hours (-13 to 13) (±)Local zone description, minutes (00 to 59)ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed

Note - This message is given high priority and is output assoon as it is created. Latency is therefore reduced to aminimum.

Format$GPLLK

hhmmss.ss,ddmmyy,xxxx.xxxx,M,xxxx.xxxx,M,x,

x,xx.xx,xxxx.xxxx,M*hh<CR><LF>

LLK - Leica Local Position and GDOP

ContentHeader, incl. Talker ID,message sent fromReceiverUTC time of positionUTC dateGrid Easting, metersMeter (fixed text �M�)Grid Northing, metersMeter (fixed text �M�)GPS Quality, �0� = not valid, �1�=GPS Nav Fix,�2�=DGPS Fix, �3�=RTK FixNumber of satellites used in computationGDOPHeight, metersMeter (fixed text �M�)ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed


Format$GPLLQ,

hhmmss.ss,ddmmyy,xxxx.xxxxM,xxxx.xxxx,M,x,

x,xx.xx,xxxx.xxxx,M*hh<CR><LF>

LLQ - Leica Local Position and Quality

ContentHeader, incl. Talker ID,message sent fromReceiverUTC time of positionUTC dateGrid Easting, metersMeter (fixed text �M�)Grid Northing, metersMeter (fixed text �M�)GPS Quality, �0� = not valid, �1�=GPS Nav Fix,�2�=DGPS Fix, �3�= RTK FixNumber of satellites used in computationPosition Quality, metersHeight, metersMeter (fixed text �M�)ChecksumCarriage ReturnLine Feed

278Appendix F Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Port 1Pin Function1 RTS2 CTS3 GND4 Rx5 Tx6 Vmod7 Bat8 +12V

Port2/PWRPin Function1 Bat2 +12V3 GND4 Rx5 Tx

Port 3Pin Function1 RTS2 CTS3 GND4 Rx5 Tx6 Vmod7 Bat8 +12V

TerminalPin Function1 KDU_ON2 KDU_PWR3 GND4 Rx5 Tx

PWRPin Function1 Bat2 +12V3 GND4 ---5 ---

V

V

Appendix F - Pin Assignments

279 Appendix GTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Appendix G - Data Device Directory StructureThe following structure refers to PC Cards and Internal Memory. It shows where files are stored for transfer to and fromthe System RAM and where data is stored.

CODE

CONVERT

DATA

DTM

GEODB

GPS

GSI

IDEX

LOG

All Codelists

All Format files from Format Manager

User-defined ASCII filesSTK_Line.txt (line definition file)Point Files

DTM Stakeout file

All JobsCoordinate System Files

CONF

PROG

GSI Files

IDEX Files

Log Files from Application Programs

GPS

ConfigurationSetsFirmware andText Files

Alamanac files

Geoid Model Field filesGEOID

280Appendix H Technical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

Appendix H - External DevicesInterfacesAn interface should be considered asa function of the sensor. For example,Real-Time is one function that can beactivated on the sensor, Hidden Pointis another function and so on.

System 500 supports the followinginterfaces:

Real - Time Input/OutputHidden Point InputNMEA OutputRemote ControlPPS OutputEvent Input

Each interface may be controlled byone or more Devices.

DevicesA device should be considered as boththe hardware which is used inconnection with an interface and theparameters that allow the hardware tocomunicate with the sensor.

The devices that are supported by thesensor can be divided into thefollowing groups:

RS232Radio modem devicesGSMModem devicesRTB Module (CSI)RTS Module (Racal)SAPOSHidden Point devices

Certain devices may be used with oneor more interfaces. For example, aradio modem can be used to receiveReal-Time Reference data but asecond radio modem could also beused to simultaneously output NMEAmessages.

Note:The PPS Output and the Event Inputare optional interfaces that requirespecial hardware (ports) and deviceswhich are not described here. Pleaserefer to the respective chapters insection 9 of this manual.

281 Appendix HTechnical Reference Manual-2.0.0en

RS232

Port 1, 2 and 3 of the Sensor arestandard RS232 interfaces. If you areusing an external device that is notdirectly supported you may use thedefault RS232 configuration.

By default a standard RS232 device isavailable in the list.

RS232 - Standard parameters with9600 baud rate.

To create a new standard RS232device highlight RS232 and selectNEW (F2).

Enter a name and change the para-meters according to the specificationof your external device.

Press CONT (F1) to store the device.


Radio

Radio devices are normally used totransmit or receive Real-Time data.Additionally a Radio device may alsobe used to steer and communicatewith the Sensor e.g. to download rawdata from a remote location etc.

The following radio devices are sup-ported with System 500:

Satelline 1AS/2ASSatelline 2ASxSatelline 2ASxESatelline 3AS/3ASdPacific Crest RFM96WDataradio T-96S (Australia only)

Configuring the Radio

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaceshighlight the interface (e.g. Real-Time)you want to use with the Radio andpress EDIT (F3).

Press DEVCE (F5) to access thedevice list.

Certain localised versions of the aboveradios may require extra configurationbefore use with System 500. In thiscase, highlight the radio model usedand press NEW (F2). Enter a name(E.g. Satellline Italy) and enter theapplicable device parameters.

To configure a third party radio high-light Unknown Radio and press NEW(F2). Enter a name (E.g. Radio-XY)and enter the applicable deviceparameters.

The port settings are the parametersused for the communication betweenthe Sensor and the radio. If required,edit them to suit the radio settings orchange the radio settings.


Radio Modems and ChannelSwitchingChannel switching is supported withSatelline 2ASx, 2ASxE, 3AS/3ASdand Pacific Crest RFM96 modems. Itoffers you the ability to set the chan-nel on the radio modem.

This changes the frequency at whichthe radio operates by a small amount.This can be used in the followingsituations:

Case 1Two Real-Time Reference stations areset up at two locations, each broad-casting on two different channels. Thisgives the Rover two advantages:

1. If the signal from one referencestation is blocked, you can switchchannels and try the other one.

2. You can obtain two separatefixes for each point, providing redun-dancy for future least squares adjust-ment operations.

Case 2One Real-Time Reference and oneReal-Time Rover are being used. If thesignal is blocked due to radio interfer-ence, you can switch the channel atthe Reference and Rover to try aslightly different frequency.

Note that when using channel switch-ing, the Ref Stn Id at the Referenceshould be set to a different Id for eachreference site.

The number of channels available andthe frequency spacing betweenchannels will depend on the radiomodem used.

Channel switching on Pacific CrestRadio Modems must be activated by aPacific Crest dealer and may require aspecial license.

Satelline Radio Modems must be inProgramming mode. This can be setby a Satelline dealer. Channelswitching may contravene radiobroadcasting regulations in certaincountries.

Make yourself aware of the regulationsin force in the area in which you areoperating.


Channel switching is available viaCONFIGURE\ Interfaces.

Highlight the device to switch chan-nels and press CTRL (F5).

Enter a Channel number and confirmwith CONT (F1).

Additionally if you are using the devicefor a Real-Time Rover sensor you mayset the following parameter:

Accept Ref - Defines which referencestation to accept real-time data from.Choose from the following:Any Received means that the sensorwill accept data from any referencestation from which it receives data.1st Received means that data will bereceived and used from the firstreference station that is recognized bythe Rover. If you wish to force thesystem to try to establish a newconnection with a different referencestation press 1st (F6).User defined enables you to definewhich reference station data will bereceived from according to its Idnumber.


Configuring the GSM Phone

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaces high-light the interface (e.g. Real-Time) youwant to use with a GSM phone andpress EDIT (F3).


GSM devices are normally used totransmit or receive Real-Time data.Additionally a GSM device may alsobe used to steer and communicatewith the Sensor e.g. to download rawdata from a remote location etc.The following standard GSM modelsare directly supported with System500:

Siemens M1Siemens M20

Before using GSM phones fordata transmission make sureyour network operator sup-ports data transmission.

If you are using a third partyGSM phone make sure itsupports AT commandlanguage.

GSM

Select a standard GSM phone fromthe list or highlight GSM and pressNEW (F2). Enter a name (E.g. GSM-XY) and enter the applicable deviceparameters.

The port settings are the parametersused for the communication betweenthe Sensor and the GSM phone. Ifrequired, edit them to suit the GSMphone.


Press the OPT (F4) key to access theGSM options. The GSM optionsenable you to define the AT com-mands used for communiction be-tween the sensor and the GSM phone.

Under Type select User and modifythe remaining parameters. Alterna-tively select a standard GSM phonetype from the list and press SET-U(F5) to turn these parameters into userparameters and then modify them.

Init - This is the initializationsequence to initialize the phone.

Dial - This is the dialing string used todial the phone number. A placeholdershall be used to insert the phonenumber as defined in GSM Connec-tion.

Hangup - This is the hangup se-quence used to end the networkconnection.

Escape - This is the escape sequenceused to switch to the command modebefor using the hangup sequence.

The characters below may be used todefine the AT commands:

^M Inserts a carriage return

^# Inserts the phone number asdefined in GSM Connection

~ Inserts a delay of 1/4 second

Please refer to the instruction manualof your GSM phone for informationabout which AT commands to use.

Using the GSM PhoneThe way in which GSM phones areused for Real-Time GPS differs fromradios. The Rover contacts the Refer-ence. The Reference phone just has tobe switched on. One Rover can thendial in to the Reference Station phone.As soon as the Reference is con-tacted, it sends the data to the Roverthat has called it.

Therefore you can pre-define severalGSM Connections and use them toswitch between different ReferenceStations.

In CONFIGURE\ Interfaces highlightthe device to switch stations andpress CTRL (F5).


Select the Station to contact. Thephone Number of the Station (Refe-rence) the type of Modem used thereand the Network baud rate aredisplayed.

To enter a new station, highlightStation and press ENTER.

All existing stations are listed. To edita station, highlight it and press EDIT(F3). To delete a station, highlight it

and press DEL (F4). To enter a newstation, press NEW (F2).

Enter the Station name, telephoneNumber and the type of GSM Mo-dem (UDI-Unrestricted Digital Informa-tion or analog) used there. Typically,UDI will be chosen if the reference isGSM compatible.

Press CONT (F1) to accept thesettings and return to the station list.

Change the Net Baud (Network baudrate) if necessary.

Press the CODES (F3) key to inputyour PIN code.

If for some reason the PIN code isblocked (E.g. the wrong PIN wasentered) input the PUK Code to beable to access the PIN.

DEL (F4) will delete both the existingPIN and PUK code.

Press CONT (F1) to return to previousscreen.

Press CONT (F1) to return to CON-FIGURE\ interfaces.


When a GSM Phone is configured asoftkey CONEC (F4) or DISCO (F4)becomes available upon pressingSHIFT in the MAIN, SURVEY andSTAKEOUT screen.

This enables you to quickly connect tothe selected Station or disconnectimmediately after the survey is com-pleted in order to save air time.

Status of the GSM phoneTo access the GSM status pressSTATUS /Interfaces, highlight theGSM device and press VIEW (F3).

Information about the connected GSMphone is displayed.

Firmware - Current firmware release.

Operator - GSM network operator.

Status - Registration status.

Signal Level - Measure of signalquality on the GSM network.


Modem

A Modem device is normally used tocommunicate with the Sensor e.g. todownload data or the transmitt NMEAmessages etc.The following modem communicationsettings are as standard included withSystem 500:

U.S. Robotics 56K

If you are using a third partymodem make sure it sup-ports AT command language.

Configuring the Modem

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaces high-light the interface (e.g. Prim. Remote)you want to use with a modem andpress EDIT (F3).


Highlight Modem from the list andpress NEW (F2). Enter a name (E.g.ModemXY) and enter the applicabledevice parameters.

The port settings are the parametersused for the communication betweenthe Sensor and the modem. If requirededit them to suit the modem.


Press the OPT (F4) key to access themodem options. The modem optionsenable you to define the AT com-mands used for communiction be-tween the sensor and the modem.

Under Type select User and modifythe remaining parameters. Alterna-tively select a standard modem typefrom the list and press SET-U (F5) toturn this parameters into user param-eters and then modify them.

Init - This is the initializationsequenze to inizialize the phone.

Dial - This is the dialing string used todial the phone number. A placeholdershall be used to insert the phone

number as defined in Modem Connec-tion.

Hangup - This is the hangup se-quence used to end the networkconnection.

Escape - This is the escapesequence used to switch to thecommand mode befor using thehangup sequence.

The characters below may be used todefine the AT commands:

^M Inserts a carriage return

^# Inserts the phone number asdefined in Modem Connection

~ Inserts a delay of 1/4 second

Please refer to the instruction manualof your modem for information aboutwhich AT commands to use.

Using the ModemThe way a modem is used is verysimillar to a GSM phone. Pleaserefere to the section GSM on how touse a modem.


RTB Module (CSI)

The RTB (Real Time Beacon) Modulereceives DGPS corrections from U.S.Coast Guard or other differentialcorrection beacons.

It is used for Real-Time applications inthe meter or submeter accuracyrange. The module consists of acombined GPS/Beacon antenna and aradio module that is available in adetachable housing.

Configuration

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaces high-light Real-Time press EDIT (F3).

Press DEVCE (F5) to access thedevice list. Select RTB Module (CSI)and press CONT (F1) to confirm.

Ensure that the Data Format is set toRTCM 9,2.

Press RTCM (F6) to set the RTCMversion and the number of bits/byte.


In CONFIGURE\ Interfaces pressCTRL (F5).

At certain locations it is possible thatseveral beacon signals can be re-ceived at the same time. If Frequencyis set to Automatic the strongestsignal available will be used.

This is not necessarily the closest. Ifyou know the frequency of the closestbeacon select User defined and enterthe frequency.


Depending on the beacon station theBit Rate may vary. Select Auto willdetect the bitrate automatically. SelectUser defined and enter a value accord-ing to the Beacon station.

Press CONT (F1) to close the controlpanel.

Status of the RTB Module (CSI)To access the RTB Module statuspress STATUS /Interfaces, highlightthe RTB device and press VIEW (F3).

Information about the connected RTBModule is displayed

Signal - Strength of the incomingsignal in dBuV/m.

SN Ratio - Signal to noise ratio in dB.

Frequency - The frequency on whichthe RTB module is currently operating.

Bit Rate - The bit rate on which theTB module is currently operating.


Press RTCM (F6) to set the RTCMversion and the number of bits/byte.


In CONFIGURE\ Interfaces highlightReal-Time and press CTRL (F5).

DGPS corrections can be receivedfrom different RACAL ground stationsvia different satellites. Each satellitesends this corrections by differentbeams (Channels).

RTS Module (Racal)

The RTS Module (Racal) receivesDGPS corrections from RACALLandStar satellites. It is used for Real-Time applications in the meter orsubmeter accuracy range.

The module consists of a combinedGPS/LandStar antenna and a DGPSradio receiver that is available in adetachable housing.

Configuration

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaces high-light Real-Time and press EDIT (F3).

Press DEVCE (F5) to access thedevice list. Select RTS Module (Racal)and press CONT (F1) to confirm.

Ensure that the Data Format is set toRTCM 1, 2.


If Channel is set to Auto it will selectan appropriate spot beam from thenearest satellite. If it is set to Userdefined you may enter a Channelnumber manually.


Status of the RTS Module (Racal)To access the RTS Module statuspress STATUS /Interfaces, highlightthe RTB device and press VIEW (F3).

Information about the connected Racalmodule is displayed.

Ref Stn ID - 3 digit Racal referencestation ID.

Channel - Demodulator channelnumber.

Signal - Strength of signal.

AGC - Automatic Gain Control indicat-ing the voltage being fed to the variablegain amplifier on the demodulator.

Freq. Offset - The difference betweenthe occupied carrier frequency and theentered frequency.

Bit Error Rate - The bit error ratebetween 0 and 7.

If Ref Stn ID is set to Automatic it willsearch the closest ground stationaccording to your current position. If itis set to User defined you may enteran Id manually or press RSTN (F4) torequest a list of all ground stationsavailable.


Two different services are available.RTCM corrections from the closestreference can be received or a positioncan be sent to the device whichcalculates corrections based on avirtual reference station.

In CONFIGURE\ Interfaces highlightthe Real-Time and press CTRL (F5).

Change Ref Net to Yes if correctionsfor a virtual reference shall be used.


SAPOS

SAPOS is a reference station serviceavailable for Germany. The deviceconnected to the sensor is a SAPOSreference decoder box.

Configuration

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaces high-light Real-Time and press EDIT (F3).

Press DEVCE (F5) to access thedevice list. Select SAPOS and pressCONT (F1) to confirm.

Select one of the following DataFormats : RTCM 1,2, RTCM 18,19 orRTCM 20,21.


Hidden Point

Hidden Point devices are specialdevices to measure distances, anglesand azimuths to points which are notaccessible by means of GPS e.g.house corners or trees. Thesemeasurements can be used to feedthe Hidden Point application which isaccessible in the Survey and Stakeoutscreen. The following devices aresupported:

Leica Disto (distance only)Laser Ace 300Criterion 400Criterion Compact

All devices support reflectorlessdistance measurements using lasertechnology.

Configuration

From CONFIGURE\ Interfaces high-light Hidden Point and press EDIT(F3).

Set Use Device to YES. If NO is setthe Hidden Point measurements needto be entered manually.(F5) to accessthe device list. Select a Hidden Pointdevice form the list and press CONT(F1) to confirm.

Enter a distance Offset if necessary.A negative offset means the distancemeasured will be reduced by theoffset.

To Hidden Point

DistoPole

Positive Offset

Negative Offset

Measuring Offsets when using the Disto


If you are using a device that mea-sures azimuths press EAO (F3) toenter an external angle offset. Selectthe Method Permanent and enter avalue or select New for each Point andthe program will prompt for a valueduring each Hidden Point measure-ment.

Press CONT (F1) to confirm.

Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg,Switzerland, has been certified as beingequipped with a quality system whichmeets the International Standards ofQuality Management and QualitySystems (ISO standard 9001) and Envi-ronmental Management Systems (ISOstandard 14001).

Total Quality Management-Our commitment to total customersatisfaction

Ask your local Leica agent for moreinformation about our TQM program

Leica Geosystems AGGeodesy

CH-9435 Heerbrugg(Switzerland)

Phone +41 71 727 31 31Fax +41 71 727 46 73

www.leica-geosystems.com

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