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LED Cube 4x4x4by chr on March 24, 2008 Table of Contents intro:
LED Cube 4x4x4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . step 1:
What you need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . step 2:
Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . step 3:
Making the cube, template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . step 4: Making the
cube, solder the layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . step 5: Making the cube,
connecting the layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . step 6: Choosing resistor values . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . step 7: The controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . step 8: Wire up the cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . step 9: Compile and program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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File Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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step 10: Go large - 8x8x8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
intro: LED Cube 4x4x4Amazing 3 dimensional LED display. 64 LEDs
makes up this 4 by 4 by 4 cube, controlled by an Atmel Atmega16
microcontroller. Each LED can be addressed individually in
software, enabling it to display amazing 3d animations!
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
step 1: What you needFirst of all, you need quite a bit of time
to solder together 64 leds ;) Knowledge list: Basic electronics and
soldering skills Know how to program an AVR microcontroller - I
will not cover that in this instructable. Component list:
Protoboard. The type with copper circles. Atmel AVR Atmega16
microcontroller Programmer to program the Atmega16 64 Leds 2 status
leds. I used red and green. (optional) Max232 rs-232 chip, or
equivalent. 16 resistors for leds. (100-400ohms) will get back to
this. 2x resistor 470 ohm. for status leds 1x resistor 10k 4x
resistor 2.2k 4x NPN transistor BC338 (or other transistor capable
of switching 250-ish mA) 1x 10uF capacitor 1x 1000uF capacitor 6x
0.1uF ceramic capacitor 2x 22pF ceramic capacitor 1x crystal
14.7456 MHz 2x tactile button optional pwr switch connector for 12v
power optional connector for 5v power
Image Notes 1. A lot of leds!
step 2: MultiplexingHow to control 64 LEDs without using 64
individual wires? Multiplexing! Running a wire to the anode of each
led would obviously be impractical, and would look really bad. One
way to get around this, is to split the cube into 4 layers of 16x16
LEDs. All the LEDs aligned in a vertical column share a common
anode (+). All the LEDs on a horizontal layer share a common
cathode (-). Now if i want to light up the LED in the upper left
corner in the back (0,0,3), I just supply GND (-) to the upper
layer, and VCC (+) to the column in the left corner. If i only want
to light up one led at a time, or only light up more than one layer
at the same time.. this works fine. However, if I also want to
light up the bottom right corner in the front (3,3,0), I run into
problems. When I supply GND to the lower layer and VCC to the front
left column, I also light up the upper right led in the front
(3,3,3), and the lower left LED in the back (0,0,0). This ghosting
effect is impossible to workaround without adding 64 individual
wires. The way to work around it is to only light up one layer at a
time, but do it so fast that the eye doesn't recognize that only
one layer is lit at any time. This relies on a phenomenon called
Persistence of vision. Each layer is a 4x4 (16) image. If we flash
4 16 led images one at a time, really fast, we get a 4x4x4 3d
image!
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes 1. All the LEDs on this layer share cathodes (-) 2.
All the LEDs in this column share anodes (+)
Image Notes 1. This wire supplies GND (-) to layer 1 of the
cube. 2. This wire supplies GND (-) to layer 0 of the cube. 3. All
the leds in a layer have their cathodes connected together 4. All
the cathodes connected together 5. All the leds alligned directly
above each other have their anodes connected together 6. Each of
the 16 vertical columns have a resistor to avoid frying the LEDS
and the microcontroller 7. This wire supplies VCC to all the leds
in this corner...
step 3: Making the cube, templateSoldering grids of 4x4 LEDs
freehand would look terrible! To get 4 perfect 4x4 grids of LEDs,
we use a template to hold the them in place. I wanted to make the
cube as easy as possible to make, so I chose to use the LEDs own
legs as much as possible. The distance between the lines in the
grid was decided by the length of the LED legs. I found that 25mm
(about an inch) was the optimal distance between each led (between
the center of each led that is!) to enable soldering without adding
or cutting wire. Find a piece of wood large enough to make a 4x4
grid of 2,5cm on. Draw up a 4x4 grid of lines. Make dents in all
the intersects with a center punch. Find a drill bit that makes
holes small enough so that the led will stay firmly in place, and
big enough so that the led can easily be pulled out (without
bending the wires..). Drill the 16 holes. Your ledcube template is
done.
Image Notes 1. You want 90 degree angles! 2. Acurate
measurements 3. Draw up the grid 4. Punch holes so the drill doesnt
travel sideways when you start drilling out the holes
Image Notes 1. Nice and square
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes 1. Holes punched out
Image Notes 1. LEDs fits nicely
Image Notes 1. The distance of 25mm between the center of each
hole, enable the pins to just barely overlap. just perfect for
soldering.
step 4: Making the cube, solder the layersWe make the cube in 4
layers of 4x4 leds, then solder them together. Create a layer: Put
in the LEDs along the back and along one side, and solder them
together Insert another row of LEDs and solder them together. Do
one row at a time to leave place for the soldering iron! Repeat the
above step 2 more times. add cross bracing in the front where the
led rows are not connected. Repeat 4 times.
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes 1. Start by aligning and soldering the outer edges
2. anode 3. anode 4. anode 5. cathode 6. Bend the cathode leg (the
short one) of the LED 90 degrees to one side.
Image Notes 1. cathode 2. anode
Image Notes 1. All the cathodes (minuses) have been soldered
together. 2. Since we bent all the cathodes in the same direction,
there will be one sticking out to the side. just leave it for now.
3. The layer is pretty flimsy in this end, and would be bent out of
shape if removed from the template like this. See the next
image..
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes 1. Add a barcing to this side to make the layer more
robust. Take a straight piece of wire and solder it to all 4
cathodes.
Image Notes 1. The finished product
step 5: Making the cube, connecting the layersNow that we have
those 4 layers, all we have to do is to solder them together. Put
one layer back in the template. This will be the top layer, so
choose the prettiest one :) Put another layer on top, and align one
of the corners exactly 25mm (or whatever distance you used in your
grid) above the first layer. This is the distance between the
cathode wires. Hold the corner in place with a helping hand and
solder the corner anode of the first layer to the corner anode of
the second layer. Do this for all the corners. Check if the layers
are perfectly aligned in all dimensions. If not bend a little to
adjust. Or re-solder of it's the height distance that's off. When
they are perfectly aligned, solder the remaining 12 anodes
together. Repeat 3 times.
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes 1. Start with the corners 2. Start in the
corners
Image Notes 1. then solder the rest.
Image Notes 1. cathodes connected to layer 2. Anode 3. Same
anode wire connects to the led directly above.. 4. Again, be
carefull with the soldering iron when soldering this close to the
LED. Be fast. If you make a mistake. Let the led cool down before
applying heat again.
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
step 6: Choosing resistor valuesThere are two things to keep in
mind when choosing a resistor value for your leds. 1) The LEDs 2)
The AVR The AVR has a maximum combined current rating of 200 mA.
This gives us 12mA to work with per LED. You also don't want to
exceed the maximum current your leds are rated to. I used 220 ohm
resistors on my cube. This gave me about 12mA per led.
step 7: The controllerThe circuits controlling the led cube is
described in the attached schematic image. The RS-232 interface is
optional. and can be omitted. That is IC2 and all the components
connected to it. Future firmwares will enable PC communication..
Start by laying out all the components on you circuit board in a
layout that enable all the components to connect with a minimal
amount of wires. If everything fits, solder the circuit. I won't
give any more instructions on this, as the circuit probably will
look very different from cube to cube, depending on the size of the
circuit board etc.. Information on how to wire the cube to the
controller circuit is in the next step.
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
step 8: Wire up the cubePictures explain this better than words.
Please see the pictures.
Image Notes 1. C0 2. C3 3. C4 4. C7 5. A7 6. A0 7. A3 8. A4 9.
C1 10. C2 11. C5 12. C6 13. A1 14. A2 15. A5 16. A6 17. Port A 18.
Port C 19. Front 20. Back
Image Notes 1. Transistor array for ground wires 2. Port D bit 7
controls layer 0 3. Layer 3 4. Layer 2 5. Layer 1 6. Layer 0
Image Notes 1. Ground for level 3 2. Ground for level 2 3.
Ground for level 1 4. Ground for level 0
Image Notes 1. Ground wire for level 1 2. All the cathodes on
this layer are connected together
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Image Notes 1. Ground for layer 0 2. Layer 1 3. Layer 2 4. Layer
3
step 9: Compile and programYou now have a led cube. To make use
of it, it needs some software. I have made a driver for rendering a
3d data space on the cube, and functions to display some cool
visual effects on the cube. You can use my code, write your own or
build on my code and make more effects. If you make your own
effects, please send me the code. I'm eager to see what you guys
make! I will not cover the process of compiling and uploading the
code to the microcontroller, as that is a whole instructable all on
its own. You should have some basic microcontroller skills before
starting this project. Maybe I'll do a "Getting started with AVR"
instructable later.. leave a comment if you want me to do that.
Enjoy your new 4x4x4 LED Cube! :D Many people have requested an
instructable on AVR basics - will make this when I have time.
File Attachments4x4x4_ledcube-0.2.zip (14 KB)
4x4x4_ledcube.hex (19 KB)
step 10: Go large - 8x8x8After making this quite fancy 4x4x4
cube, I have also made an enormous 8x8x8 cube. I'll make an
instructable for that one when I have time. Meanwhile, see pictures
:-)
Video
Please rate this instructable if you like it! :)
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
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Dance Messenger by dan
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
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Comments50 comments Add Comment
view all 99 commentsSep 23, 2008. 9:13 PM REPLY
Lego man says: How can I do this with no microchip?, I really
dont want the blinking or the animations. pinkoza says: please what
does it mean : Protoboard. The type with copper circles. ?? in
french pleaase pleasse OmAcronAlpha1 says: Protoboard. Le type de
cuivre cercles. Atmel AVR Atmega16 microcontrleur Programmer pour
programmer l'Atmega16 64 Leds 2 leds statut. J'ai utilis le rouge
et le vert. (facultatif) Max232 rs-232 puce, ou l'quivalent. 16
rsistances de leds. (100-400ohms) reviendra cette question. 2x
rsistance de 470 Ohms. de statut LED 1x rsistance de 10k 4x
rsistance 2.2K 4x NPN transistor BC338 (ou d'autres capables de
transistor de commutation de 250 mA ish) 1x condensateur 10uF 1x
condensateur 1000 6x 0.1uF condensateur cramique 2x 22pF cramique
1x Crystal 14.7456 MHz 2x bouton tactile REP passer en option
connecteur 12v pour pouvoir connecteur en option pour pouvoir 5v
Sorry I utilis Google, ce traducteur mai pas une pratique
courante
Aug 24, 2008. 3:02 PM REPLY
Sep 18, 2008. 7:48 PM REPLY
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
msweston says: I WANT ONE!!! Great job, you should sell kits on
the Instructables Store. jomavady says: What type of transistor is
that between the toggle switch and power supply, and what are the
wires next to the middle toggle switch? jomavady says: i did not
mean middle toggle, I meant middle tactile switch. dbinnc says:
What is the size of the protoboard u used? For ppl new to this,
would be nice to have links to places online to buy the stuff. or
where to find it all. Really want to try this out. Cool.
spleethe6th says: where did you get your supply and what kind of
LEDs did you use for the multi-color effect? mortaldoom780 says:
I...I don't...I can't find the words to describe how awesome this
is...Nice.
Sep 16, 2008. 1:21 PM REPLY
Sep 14, 2008. 9:57 AM REPLY
Sep 14, 2008. 10:00 AM REPLY
Sep 12, 2008. 8:40 AM REPLY
Sep 7, 2008. 5:57 PM REPLY
Sep 7, 2008. 3:55 PM REPLY
Fire_Leon says: Sep 7, 2008. 12:45 PM REPLY Man i did this, with
a microchip one, and i got it kind of working, here is the thing,
if i got the anode with 5v and the transistor is not switching, the
led should be off right? well some of mines arent goin off, the
keep on, not as bright as if they were on but looks pretty bad,
what could be the problem? ive checked a lot, i also cut the ground
wires and unwired the transistors and those leds keep on without
ground =/ midtjyden says: Sep 6, 2008. 10:45 AM REPLY Hey! I have
followed your guide and built my own 4x4x4 LED cube, but when I put
your hex-file on my atmega16 the C5, C4, C3 and C2 doesn't work :(
I have tested the LEDS, and they are connected correctly and to the
right pins on the atmega16. And oh, btw..My LED-cube isn't flashing
as fast as yours in your video..How do I make it faster? :) chr
says: Sep 7, 2008. 2:56 AM REPLY Oh, Seems like I have forgotten an
important step, changing the fuse values of the AVR. You need to
change from internal to external oscillator to get the correct
speed, and disable the JTAG port to enable the leds that aren't
lighting up. I don't have the cube where I'm sitting now, but I'll
check the fuse values when I have access to a cube and a
programmer! midtjyden says: Can you explain how I change to
external oscillator and disable the JTAG port? I am very noobish at
this :P Sep 7, 2008. 3:59 AM REPLY
midtjyden says: Sep 7, 2008. 4:22 AM REPLY Ah! I found out how
to change to external oscillator, and it worked, but when I did the
code for disabling JTAG port, I suddenly cant connect to my
atmega16 anymore, and the LEDs stopped flashing...what do I do? :(
jsyah says: Are you working on the "getting started with AVR" now?
Sep 6, 2008. 8:27 AM REPLY
Demonic_Crow says: Sep 5, 2008. 6:25 PM REPLY I love this. This
is really cool. What kind of programmer are you using. I'm having
problem trying to figure out what to get. Also is that an
USBtinyISP in the background of the video? picman123 says: need an
avi controller anyone got one for sale tech3312 says: What atmel
chip are you using specifically cause i think i have the same chip
but i want to verify thank you desmond8015 says: hi all i new here
i very like these led cube and can anyone tell me how to get the
software? thanks Sep 4, 2008. 4:03 PM REPLY
Sep 1, 2008. 5:00 PM REPLY
Sep 1, 2008. 11:41 AM REPLY
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
n3m3sys says:
Aug 31, 2008. 9:15 AM REPLY Hello again! I have some questions:
on the schematics diagram at step 7, what is that IC3 7805T? Every
red arrow pointing upwards is connected to the +5Volts of a DC
source. Is this right? Thus, the whole project requires a 5V power
to work, but how many amps? (mili amps). Thnks! Aug 25, 2008. 3:11
AM REPLY
cmanou says: can someone please tell me how exactly to program
the avr for the cube pinkoza says: yees u made me cry too ! this is
so cuuuuuuuuuute and pretty so loooookk !! thk u ! LED master22
says: makes me want to cry it's that awesome cmanou says: are you
still planning on doing the "Getting started with AVR"
Instructable
Aug 24, 2008. 3:05 PM REPLY
Aug 24, 2008. 10:35 AM REPLY
Aug 24, 2008. 1:40 AM REPLY
matbry01 says: Aug 23, 2008. 3:28 PM REPLY hi all ! just made
the cube but nothing is working on it do i need to program it 1st
b4 it will work ??? i put power to it but nothing is happening on
it ? thanks matt. slithytove2 says: Aug 21, 2008. 10:49 PM REPLY A
suggestion. It would make the code a little more complicated, but
use http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexing] for
the control, instead of multiplexing. Using charlieplexing (named
after a guy who works for Atmel, btw), the 4x4x4 would only need 17
pins, and that would leave 8 LEDs open for status or somethnig (or
perhaps make it 4x4x6, though ruining some of the aesthetics). An
8x8x8 would need only 47 pins, leaving 40 LEDs left over. Also note
that LEDs have a recommended current for continuous operation
(generally 20-30mA) but also a recommended current for when they
are only on temporarily (close to 100mA). as seen at
http://www.superbrightleds.com/specs/B12120_specs.htm , listed as
continuous forward current and peak forward current. (the use of
more transistors would allow a much higher current without damaging
the uC). chr says: Aug 22, 2008. 2:43 AM REPLY Charlieplexing
requires that you have IO ports capable of both sinking and
sourcing current. As for the 8x8x8 cube, this is not practical, as
the external IO port array are not tri state (sing/source). It's an
array of flip flop latches. For the 4x4x4, the implication is that
each IO pin have to be able to sink the current from all 16 leds,
which (without looking at the spec sheet) I think would be
impossible. Other than that, great insights! :) supersith22 says:
Aug 21, 2008. 7:43 PM REPLY wow i'm just gonna make it all light up
at once, i don't have microprocessor knowledge i'll take a circuits
class in college and i'll finally find out. also the last pic in
step 4 looks like and LED swastika. very nice ible man! supersith22
says: i meant the step 4 thing as a joke i wish we could edit our
comments Plasmana says: Wow! This is so cool! I love that LED cube!
led235 says: Where did you get all of those LEDs!!! was it hard to
program? chr says: Search eBay for "1000 LEDs", and you'll find a
lot of cheap options for leds :) Yes and no. Getting the cube to
work, interrupt driver and all, was easy. Making 3 dimensional
effects that look pretty, that was a bit harder! mlommers says:
Realy cool man!! How big are your leds 3 or 5 mm? and are they 8000
or 11000MCD? I'm trying to make one myself. I'm realy looking
forward to the 8*8*8 version!!!! mms says: were beautiful how to do
hit please Aug 20, 2008. 1:07 PM REPLY Aug 21, 2008. 7:38 PM
REPLY
Aug 20, 2008. 3:52 PM REPLY
Aug 4, 2008. 8:29 PM REPLY
Aug 5, 2008. 11:10 AM REPLY
Aug 20, 2008. 11:06 AM REPLY
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
n3m3sys says:
Aug 16, 2008. 4:13 PM REPLY Yes...dear chr, I think that a
schematic in order to make a printed circuit and etch it, is
required at this point! Pictures are fine, but what goes where, is
a bit confusing. Please provide one! chr says: I never use etched
circuit boards. But if you want to make a layout to etch a custom
PCB, please feel free to share it here :) n3m3sys says: Aug 16,
2008. 4:16 PM REPLY
Aug 16, 2008. 4:58 PM REPLY Yes I could do that, but I can't
figure out the connection made in you pictures! All I'm asking
kindly is if you can provide a drawing of the circuit at your
board, so we can connect correctly all of the components together.
Aug 16, 2008. 4:29 PM REPLY
MatheusLPS says: make one circuit by hand, please, itll be
useful . Im trying to finish this project here, but i having some
problems thanksit
MatheusLPS says: Aug 16, 2008. 8:18 AM REPLY well, I decided to
change something here.... I inverted the order of the connections
between transistor array and cathodes.... just the opposite now...
i think is working right now.... if someone uses proteus..... can
download the file down and see if i made some mistakes!!! :D link:
http://discovirtual.uol.com.br/disco_virtual/matheuslps86/cube
pass: cube you must unrar, then open the file cube, in Proteus you
must put the file code.hex in the mega16 controller, just double
click and link to the path and hit play thanks MatheusLPS says:
well man, finallly i wire almost the wires.. i simulate.... its
seems thats working... if you have time can you saw my circuit and
say if is it correct please? ahhh my e-mail is
[email protected] image:
http://img123.imageshack.us/img123/3724/fmyfnd2feahe8uucopycc8.jpg
thanks MatheusLPS says: Aug 15, 2008. 7:17 PM REPLY ahhh i find
it.. i search at help me file of the program im using... there says
the mega16 isnt full modelled yet... so it wont work fine... aff
MatheusLPS says: im lost here.. explain better the process of wring
the circuit... therere dark gaps!! thanks MatheusLPS says: Aug 15,
2008. 5:59 PM REPLY hey man i trying this projet here.. but i want
to simulante it first! but theres a problem, look at pic down... my
mega16 dont have the pins 10, 11 and 31!!!!! how can solve this?
and the AVR_prog block, what is this? image:
http://img88.imageshack.us/img88/659/u67ioicopycv9.jpg thanks
Noodle93 says: Why do we need resistors on both the anodes and
cathodes? I'm planning on making some sort of cylindrical version.
chr says: You don't... Send pics :) Aug 11, 2008. 1:32 PM REPLY Aug
9, 2008. 5:31 AM REPLY Aug 15, 2008. 6:29 PM REPLY Aug 15, 2008.
10:01 PM REPLY
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/
Noodle93 says:
Aug 11, 2008. 11:05 PM REPLY Ok, semi confused but will modify
for arduino later. If I've got 5v and 40mA per pin, and I'm using 1
anode lead per pin (as expected), what voltage/current/mcd LED's
should I get and which resistors. 3mcd at 10ma leds or 4000mcd at
30ma leds? I just don't want to finally build this and it ends up
looking like a status light, or worse, no light at all.
vuurwerkbar says: wow... what a big thing. how can you make
this? jonross says: the finished picture reminds me of a hologram
at the MIT museum...
Aug 9, 2008. 5:54 AM REPLY
Aug 8, 2008. 11:09 AM REPLY
harsim89 says: what is that led in the pic, is it use to
progreme 16 mega
Aug 8, 2008. 10:36 AM REPLY
view all 99 comments
http://www.instructables.com/id/LED-Cube-4x4x4/