PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY PHASE I: (1947-1953) PHASE II: (1954-1962)
Dec 20, 2015
PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY
PHASE I: (1947-1953)
PHASE II: (1954-1962)
Foreign Policy
• Association or connections amongst sovereign states.
• Close association between sovereign states covering their view points and outlooks on the international affairs.
• Is a product of ideological, historical, economic, national interests and geo-political locations.
Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Five FACTORS:
• Ideological Obligation
• Historical Legacy
• Geographical Location
• The Indian Threat
• Economic Compulsions
Phases of Foreign Policy of Pakistan
• Phase I: 1947-53: Non Aliened years
• Phase II: 1953-62: Alliance with the West
• Phase III: 1962-71: Transition
• Phase IV: 1972-79: Bilateralism and nonalignment
• Phase V: 1980-90: Afghan-Crisis and US Ally
• Phase VI:1990-2001: Post-Cold War Era and Pakistan's Dilemmas
• Phase VII: 2001-Date: Pakistan and Counter Terrorism
Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Joined UN in Sep 30th, 1948
• Relations with India (aftermath of partition)
• Killing of people on both sides
• Kashmir and other princely states (War 1948)
• Water Dispute
• Division of Funds
• Division of Assets, etc.
Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Relations with Afghanistan
• Cordial representation in May 1948
• Irredentist claim over Pakistan territory
• Soviet Union backup in mid-1950
• Reorganization of armed force
• Due to Soviet backed Indo-Afghan military pressure
• Modernization of three Services of Armed Forces
Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan
• Relation with US
• Cordial relations resumed in Feb 1948
• US ‘Marshal Plan-1950’ towards Asia
• Liaqat Ali Khan visit to US in May 1950
• Assistance in Economic Development
• Become a prey to the US dictates
Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan
• Relation with USSR
• Indifferent attitude towards Pakistan
• Dec 1949, Pak Ambassador at Moscow
• Invitation to Pakistan P.M. in June 1949
• Accepted but did not accomplished
• Anger of Soviet of Liaqat A. K. visit to US
Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Relation with China
• 1st Muslim country to recognize China in Jan, 1950
• Exchange of credentials in Sept, Nov, 1951
• Backed China’s entry into UN as against US
• F.M. Manzoor Qadir criticized US to oppose China entry
• 1961, Ayub vote helped China to win a seat in UN
Phase I: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Relation with Muslim Countries
• Importance to Muslim relationship
• Sponsored unofficial conferences for cultivating a broad-base setting for Muslim organization.
• Muslim states did not show any response
• Indonesia and Egypt strong reservation on Pak
• Cordial relations with Iran, Turkey and S. Arabia
PHASE II: (1953-1962)
ALIENED YEARS
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Reasons:
• Shift from Independent Policy to Alliance
• Multifaceted alignments with the West
• Security arrangements with US for economic and military assistance
• Adverse effects of decrease in Jute and Cotton prices in international market, 1952
• Shortage of Wheat 1952-53
• US wheat gift in 1953 to overcome shortage
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan
• Continue… • Sense of ISOLATION in the world
• Futile efforts to promote Muslims UNITY
• UN and commonwealth FAILURE in solving Pak-India conflicts, especially Kashmir Dispute
• Containment of DANGERs of Communism
• Distrust of Soviet Union for a pro-Soviet “Rawalpindi Conspiracy” –
Maj. G. Akbar Khan
• Military willingness for advanced technology and economic support
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • April 1954, Pak Turkey Agreement for political,
economic and cultural development
• May 1954, Pak US Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement , US shall provide equipment, trainings and other services
• Sep 1954, SEATO/ Manila Pact, alliance with US, Australia, GB, NZ, Philippine, and Thailand)
• To resist attacks and counter subversive measures, promote economic and social welfare
• Only for communist aggression and not all
• Pakistan’s plea to include ALL was not accepted
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Sep 1955, Baghdad Pact (CENTO after Iraq withdrawal)
• Attached greater importance because of 3 Muslim countries, Iraq, Turkey and Iran.
• GB was a member whereas US back up
• For strengthening defensive capabilities
• For the menace of communism ONLY
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • March 1959, Bilateral Agreement between Pak &
US
• Defense and economic assistance from US
• US national interest and Pak preservation of independence and integrity
• Provision of Air Base to US by Pakistan for 1959-69
• 800 million USD as assistance and loan
• Ammunition, Artillery, Aircrafts, sea warships, etc.
• US Military Assistance Advisory Group
• Training of Military Officers in US
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Cost of Alignment with WEST
• Independent Foreign Policy was compromised
• Relations with Soviet Union
• Threatening Pakistan for supporting US
• Supporting India in Kashmir dispute
• Support to Afghan irredentist claims
• Pakistan exclusion from NAM in 1961 (due to defense pact)
• Alienated Egypt, vague policy towards SUEZ crisis 1956
• No support from US regarding Pak-India problems
• Questions raised in US, Pak as defender of interests vs USSR
Phase II: Foreign Policy of Pakistan • Pak China relations:
• China avoid open condemnation of Pakistan participation in the PACTs
• Showed remarkable understanding of Pakistan position
• Backed Up China in getting UN membership
• Indo-Sino relationships helped Pakistan
• Pak India relations:
• Kashmir Dispute, Canal Water dispute
• Indus Basin Water Treaty 1960