Lecture National Airspace System (USA)

8/13/2019 Lecture National Airspace System (USA)

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National Airspace System

(USA)

By 1930s, a network of ground station had beencompleted.

A-N ranges were mainly for en route navigation

and homing beacons. DC-3 was the most modern aircraft equipped

with:

-Direction finding receiver for homing beacons.- A low frequency receiver for A-N range and

communication.


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A-N range and homing beacons haveseveral problems: Frequencies used are affected by variety of

atmospheric conditions; electrical noise fromlightning strokes and precipitation static (P-static) course by ice crystal.

Low frequency signals are degraded byatmospheric propagation The wave not only travel in straight lines along the

surface of the earth but bounce off the ionosphere.The reflected signal (sky wave) interfere withground wave.


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ADF Antenna


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Beginning WW2, enhance network of radiobeacons for air navigation were use but lackingthe precision and versatility for military

operation. Radar was developed to detect targets.

Secondary radar for determining target identity.

IFF (Identification friend or foe) scheme is still in

use.


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In civil use, Secondary radar is used to displayaircraft altitude, enabling radar to depict anaircraft position in 3D.

The civil system is known as the Air TrafficControl Radar Beacon System.

During WW2, lacking in landing navigation aidhas led to VHF system capable of providing a

large number of services. VOR: To provide range

Localizer: landing horizontal guidance.


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UHF frequency range was used to develop systemfor providing glide slope during landing.

Localizer, Glide Slope and ancillary equipment are

called the ILS (Instrument Landing System). 1947, International Civil Aviation Organization

(ICAO) was formed and adopted ILS and VOR asen route, approach and landing system for world.


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Communication evolved during WW2, from HF toVHF system.

Long Range Navigation (LORAN) was develop

during WW2, but early system was slow andcumbersome and intended for ship. A laterversion, LORAN-C, is used extensively onaircraft.


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1950 1970 was a time of technologydevelopment in both aircraft and electronics

1950s to the late 80s saw tremendous advancesin electronics, beginning with the transistor,followed by the integrated circuit.

Key to miniaturization and development of

microprocessor.


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Regulatory and AdvisoryAgencies (USA)

International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)

Under the administration of UN Headquartered in Montreal, Canada

Most worlds countries are member of ICAO

Agree to implement recommendations put forth bythe organization.

Malaysia is a member country.

Non member country will find it difficultconvincing airline to service their country.


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ICAO covers all phase of aviation. e.g. ICAO Annex 14 describes airport

characteristic, specifying the size and shape of

runways It is no coincidence that every runway looks much

the same.

ICAO annex 10 regulates radio navigation aidsand communication, insuring that signals from

ground stations or satellites are compatible inevery part of the world

ICAO can only make recommendation,known as Standards and Recommended

Practices SARPS.


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All written regulations in the US arecontained in Title 14 of the Code of

Federal Regulation (CFR). Cover: The design and manufacturing of aircraft

Testing and licensing of Pilots

Mechanics and Air Traffic Controller

Testing and Certification of aircraft. Similar code also exist in Malaysia under

the supervision of DCA


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The Commission is given the power toregulates the communication and multimediaindustries through the CMA.

ITU: International TelecommunicationUnion is the international advisoryorganization for communication. Based inGeneva, Switzerland

MCMC is responsible for the orderlyoperation of communication in Malaysia


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RTCA: Requirement and TechnicalConcepts in Aviation.

An organization started in 1935 as RadioTechnical Commission for Aviation.

An advisory committee to FAA.

A non-profit making organization, supportedby dues of members, which include avionicsmanufacturers, airlines, military, universitiesand interested individuals.


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Most RTCA activity occurs in specialCommittee, often requested by FAA.

E.g. in 1992, FAA requested RTCA toform a special committee (designated asSC-177) to conduct an investigationabout incidents of interference from

portable electronic devices carriedaboard aircraft.

Document produce SC-177 : DO-233


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RTCA provide important informationto FAA in area such as:

Minimum Operation PerformanceStandards (MOPS)

The standards produced were the basisof Technical Standard Order (TSO)issued by FAA


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ARINC: Aeronautical Radio Incorporated

A non-profit making organization owned byU.S. air carrier

Provide services to airlines, mainly theoperation of a private air-groundcommunications system called theAeronautical Telecommunications Network

(ATN).Company communications not handledby FAA such as departure and arrival times,maintenance information, crew and passengerdata, provision, gate assignments and so on.


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Second function of ARINC is generatingavionics standards and research.

ARINC standards cover more than basicoperating parameter such as physicaldimensions, connector description, pinnumbers and signal definitions.

These standard known as ARINCCharacteristic, describe the form, fit andfunction for airline avionics.


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Sufficient detail is provided in thedocument so an avionics unit made

by one manufacturer can plug in andreplace a unit of another brand.

This does not mean the inner circuits ofthe box are the same.

Equipment meeting ARINCCharacteristics are primarily linereplaceable unit (LRU)


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Current technology in cockpitinstrumentations

Cessna 172 Boeing B737-800


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In US, the National AirspaceSystem, (NAS), consists of

navigation aid, air traffic control,surveillance radar, pilot advisoriesand other services. Components of

NAS are provided by FAA. In Malaysia similar set-up exist and

provided by DCA

Lecture National Airspace System (USA)

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