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ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN THEORYSEMESTER ILECTURE 5
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This lecture will cover: Space in 2-D compositions
Direction in visual design Texture
ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 2
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Elements of visual design
This series of lectures is covering theelements of visual design and while these
are primarily limited to dot, line, shape,color and texture, there are other aspectsthat are often considered as elements ofvisual design. Space and direction areseen as some of these by designphilosophers.
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Space
Space has to be includedin any visual design.
In 2-dimensionalarrangements spacemeans leaving some blankareas in a composition.
A human eye needs spaceto feel comfortable, andspace will let the eyedistinguish the part that'smeant to be noticedcompared to just thebackground.
Sometimes not includingspace in a visual design isacceptable, but care has tobe taken to ascertain thatthe final visual effect is notover crowded and chaotic.
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DIRECTION Compositions can have
direction - Horizontal,Vertical or Oblique.
Horizontal suggestscalmness, stability and
tranquility. Vertical gives a feeling of
balance, formality andalertness.
Oblique suggestsmovement and action.
The composition could becentered and still too.
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Directional Movement
Directional Movement - is avisual flow through thecomposition.
It can be the suggestion in avisual design as the eyemoves from object to object
by way of placement andposition. Directional movement can be
created with the placementand size of shapes used in acomposition.
It is also with the placement
of dark and light areas thatattention can be movedthrough a composition.
ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 7
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ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 8
Note the different suggested directions in the four compositions
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Texture
Texture - is about surface quality eithertactile or visual. Texture can be real or
implied by different uses of media. It isthe degree of roughness or smoothness inobjects.
Texture is the surface quality of a shape -rough, smooth, soft hard glossy etc.Texture can be physical (tactile) or visual.
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Texture is a surfacequality.
It relates to theappearance of a surface.
Appearance can beperceived by either the
eyes or touch. Surfaces can look or feel
smooth, rough, soft, cool,or warm.
They can look pleasant orunpleasant, which can
have a dramatic effect ona display.
ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 10
Texture
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Texture
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Texture and color
Mechanical TextureArtistic Texture
Textures in everyday life
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Texture
Textures range from the smoothest polishedmirror to the roughest sandpaper like surface.The term is often misused to refer only to rough
surfaces but this is not correct. All surfaces havetexture.
A designer recognizes that different textures canaffect interest in different ways.
Some surfaces are inviting and some are
repellent and reaction is normally created bytexture or color. Using different textures can increase interest in a
composition by adding variety without changingcolor.
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Texture
Texture refers to the quality of a surface.Everything that has a surface has texture.
There are two kinds of texture: Tactile touch 3D texture
Visual illusion 2D texture
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Texture
TACTILE TEXTURETactile means touch. Tactile texture is the
actual (3D) feel of a surface. This is ofparamount importance to three-dimensional design but of can also be afactor of generating interest in two-
dimensional design. The actual surface texture needs to either
be felt, or seen with light raking across itssurface to make the texture visible.
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Texture
VISUAL TEXTUREVisual texture refers to the illusion of the
surface's texture. It is what a surface looks like. The textures seen in a photograph are
visual textures.
No matter how rough objects in thephotograph look, the surface of thephotograph is smooth and flat.
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Visual texture isalways a factor in acomposition becauseeverything has a
surface and hence atexture. Plain paper has a
boring texture that isonly slightly differentfrom the note book's
paper. Some othercolored papers aremore visuallyinteresting. This isbecause of their color,but also their texture.
Look around to seewhat interestinglytextures (both visualand tactile) can beseen.
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Texture
ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 17
Here are some examples of texture compositions made by students
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Texture
ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 18Enjoy the visual textures depicted by these pictures
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Texture
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And these pictures show varied textures
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Texture
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Here are some more visual texture varieties
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Texture
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And these imagesshow other
possibilities of visualtextures
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PATTERN
Patterns also create textures A recognizable motifregularly repeated produces a
pattern. Pattern requires repetition -- in design as inlife (a pattern of behavior). The more regular the
repetition, the stronger the pattern. Compare this fieldof flowers with a checkerboard. Both have a repeatingmotif.
All of the motifs in a pattern have surfaces, so there isalways texture. But there is not always pattern -- only
when you notice it.ADT I 2006 Prof Anil Kumar, DOA, CRSCE 22
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Texture and Pattern
Texture and pattern are related. When you look closely at atree you can see the pattern of leaves that make itssurface. When you back away you loose awareness of theleaves and notice the texture the leaves make on the tree.Farther away still and you can see the pattern of the trees
making up the forest and finally the texture of the forest.In this way pattern changes to texture as you loose sightof the individual motifs. This is easy to do with naturalpatterns, but you have to get quite far away from achecker board grid to see it as texture.
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Patterns are generally more noticeable thantextures. This makes them a stronger visual
element for controlling attention.
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By now you would be reasonably wellacquainted with textures, space (2-D) and
direction in visual design.
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