Space Lecture

Space: The Final FrontierSpace: The Final Frontier

Chapters 28-31Chapters 28-31

Space ExplorationSpace Exploration Probes- unmanned missions have and continue Probes- unmanned missions have and continue

to explore spaceto explore space Manned- began in 1950’sManned- began in 1950’s

1957- Sputnik 1- Soviets satellite Earth (unmanned)1957- Sputnik 1- Soviets satellite Earth (unmanned) 1961- Vosok 1- Yuri Gagarin 11961- Vosok 1- Yuri Gagarin 1stst in outer space in outer space

(Russian)(Russian) Mercury Mission- (US) Alan Shepard (5/5/61)Mercury Mission- (US) Alan Shepard (5/5/61)

1963- Project Gemini- 2 Person Missions1963- Project Gemini- 2 Person Missions 1967- Apollo- Goal to go to the moon-1967- Apollo- Goal to go to the moon-

7/20/69- Apollo 11 landed on moon7/20/69- Apollo 11 landed on moon

Rocket- Launches Rocket- Launches spacecraft, after launch it spacecraft, after launch it is jettisonedis jettisoned

Control module- Holds 3 Control module- Holds 3 crew, all emergency and crew, all emergency and launch operationslaunch operations

Service Module- Service Module- Contained bulk of Contained bulk of equipment, oxygen tanks, equipment, oxygen tanks, jettisonedjettisoned

Lunar module- contained Lunar module- contained landing EQ, jettisonedlanding EQ, jettisoned

GravityGravity Isaac Newton- English scientist who made huge Isaac Newton- English scientist who made huge

advances in motion, gravitation, optics and advances in motion, gravitation, optics and mathematicsmathematics

Law of Universal Gravitation- Every pair of Law of Universal Gravitation- Every pair of bodies (in universe) attract every other with bodies (in universe) attract every other with force proportional to the product of their massesforce proportional to the product of their masses 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2

Inner PlanetsInner PlanetsTerrestrial Planets- “terra~” Earth; Earth-Terrestrial Planets- “terra~” Earth; Earth-

like planetslike planetsRefers to the 4 inner planets Refers to the 4 inner planets Close to Earth’s sizeClose to Earth’s sizeHave rocky surfacesHave rocky surfaces

MercuryMercuryClosest planet to the sunClosest planet to the sunNo moonsNo moons1 day (rotation on axis)= 1407.6 hours1 day (rotation on axis)= 1407.6 hours1 year (orbit around sun)= 1.5 roations 1 year (orbit around sun)= 1.5 roations

2 years=3days 2 years=3days 1/3 Size of Earth1/3 Size of EarthAlmost no atmosphere- OAlmost no atmosphere- O22

and Na and Na

Mercury- cont’dMercury- cont’dTemp- 427Temp- 427°C (day) and -173°C (night)°C (day) and -173°C (night)

Largest difference in solar systemLargest difference in solar system Interior- high densityInterior- high density iron/nickel core iron/nickel core

42% of planet42% of planetLike if crust and mantle were removed (maybe Like if crust and mantle were removed (maybe

a collision)a collision)

VenusVenus 22ndnd planet planet No moonsNo moons Brightest object in the sky (b/c its closest and Brightest object in the sky (b/c its closest and

reflects light [albedo .75])reflects light [albedo .75]) Thick clouds of sulfuric acid cover the skyThick clouds of sulfuric acid cover the sky 1 day=243 Earth days1 day=243 Earth days 1 year=almost 1 day (244 Earth days)1 year=almost 1 day (244 Earth days) Spins clock wise, opposite most planets (??Spins clock wise, opposite most planets (??

collision)collision)

Venus-Cont’dVenus-Cont’dAtmosphere-although closest to Earth, Atmosphere-although closest to Earth,

physically atmosphere is very differentphysically atmosphere is very differentCOCO22 and N and N2 2

High Atmospheric pressure 92 X Earth’s (ie High Atmospheric pressure 92 X Earth’s (ie under 915 m of water)under 915 m of water)

Clouds- made of sulfuric acidClouds- made of sulfuric acidGreenhouse Effect- no liquid water, it’s the Greenhouse Effect- no liquid water, it’s the

hottest planethottest planet

Venus- Cont’dVenus- Cont’dSurface- Smoothed by lava flowsSurface- Smoothed by lava flows Interior- size and density similar to EarthInterior- size and density similar to Earth

Interior similar ?Interior similar ?

Earth- 3Earth- 3rdrd Rock from Sun Rock from SunWater in all 3 statesWater in all 3 statesAtmosphere, NAtmosphere, N22, O, O22, CO, CO22

Precession – wobble in rotation, takes Precession – wobble in rotation, takes 26,000 years to complete a cycle26,000 years to complete a cycle

The MoonThe MoonUnique in solar system, 4th largest in solar Unique in solar system, 4th largest in solar

systemsystemRadius is 27% of Earth’s RadiusRadius is 27% of Earth’s RadiusMass is more than 1% of Earth'sMass is more than 1% of Earth'sMoon is also farther away than most Moon is also farther away than most

moonsmoonsAlso solid, rocky bodyAlso solid, rocky bodyOnly large moon among inner planetsOnly large moon among inner planets

Lunar SurfaceLunar SurfaceMoon is brightest object in OUR skyMoon is brightest object in OUR sky

Albedo- amount of sunlight a surface reflectsAlbedo- amount of sunlight a surface reflectsMoon’s is .07 (7%) very smallMoon’s is .07 (7%) very smallEarth .31 (31%)Earth .31 (31%)Moon is mostly black (made of basalt)Moon is mostly black (made of basalt) why is why is

moon so bright?moon so bright?Its close!Its close!

Temperature- daytime 127Temperature- daytime 127°C; nighttime °C; nighttime -173°C (no atmosphere) -173°C (no atmosphere)

Lunar SurfaceLunar SurfaceNo Erosion ( No atmosphere, no No Erosion ( No atmosphere, no

weatherweather except creep and impacts) except creep and impacts)Highlands- light in color, covered in Highlands- light in color, covered in

craters, made of brecciascraters, made of brecciasMaria (“ocean”) dark, smooth plains, Maria (“ocean”) dark, smooth plains,

formed from volcanic eruptions (basalt) 3 formed from volcanic eruptions (basalt) 3 KM lower than highlandsKM lower than highlands

Regolith- loose dark rock formed from Regolith- loose dark rock formed from impacts- in places meters thinckimpacts- in places meters thinck

Moon cont’dMoon cont’dAge- Highlands- 3.8-4.6 billion years oldAge- Highlands- 3.8-4.6 billion years oldMaria- 3.1- 3.8 billion years oldMaria- 3.1- 3.8 billion years oldWhy? During bombardment lava welled up Why? During bombardment lava welled up

form interiorform interiorMoons plate tectonics- not reallyMoons plate tectonics- not really

EQ monthly- due to tidesEQ monthly- due to tides It has layers like EarthIt has layers like EarthCore is small ~ 350 Km thickCore is small ~ 350 Km thickCrust is thickest on far side of moonCrust is thickest on far side of moon

How was the Moon formed?How was the Moon formed?1. Capture theory- not accepted1. Capture theory- not accepted

Moon was captured by Earth during formation Moon was captured by Earth during formation of Solar Systemof Solar System

What slowed the moon down?What slowed the moon down?Earth and Moon made of nearly the same Earth and Moon made of nearly the same

material, what’s the chances of that?material, what’s the chances of that?2. Simultaneous formation2. Simultaneous formation

Formed at near same timeFormed at near same timeCollision cause moon to break off of EarthCollision cause moon to break off of Earth

MarsMars ““Red Planet” 4Red Planet” 4thth Planet Planet Atmosphere similar to Venus, lower pressure Atmosphere similar to Venus, lower pressure

less greenhouse effectless greenhouse effect COCO22, N, N22, Ar, O, Ar, O22

Surface- lots of iron in soilSurface- lots of iron in soil South deeply crateredSouth deeply cratered North- plainsNorth- plains lava flows lava flows

4 shield volcanoes4 shield volcanoes Olympus Mons- largest size of Arizona largest mountain in Olympus Mons- largest size of Arizona largest mountain in

solar systemsolar system Erosional Channels- must have been liquid water, have not Erosional Channels- must have been liquid water, have not

found it yetfound it yet Ice at poles- carbon dioxide, dry iceIce at poles- carbon dioxide, dry ice

Interior- Iron/ Nickel/ Sulfur core – solid coreInterior- Iron/ Nickel/ Sulfur core – solid core

Mars- Cont’dMars- Cont’d

2 Moons2 Moons Phobos (the God of Panic)- closest moon in solar Phobos (the God of Panic)- closest moon in solar

system, very tiny, spiraling inwardsystem, very tiny, spiraling inward either burn up or either burn up or become a ringbecome a ring

Deimos (means flight after overwhelming defeat)- Deimos (means flight after overwhelming defeat)- smallest moon in solar systemsmallest moon in solar system

Asteroid BeltAsteroid Belt Belt of sub- planetary debris between inner Belt of sub- planetary debris between inner

planets and outer planets orbiting sunplanets and outer planets orbiting sun Similar in composition to planets but much Similar in composition to planets but much

smaller, the largest one is Ceres (1/4 size of smaller, the largest one is Ceres (1/4 size of Moon)Moon)

Called Meteoroid if falls toward a planetCalled Meteoroid if falls toward a planet If produces light from burning in atmosphere If produces light from burning in atmosphere

meteormeteor If it strikes the ground If it strikes the ground meteorite meteorite

Gas GiantsGas Giants Outer PlanetsOuter Planets Interiors filled with Interiors filled with

gases and they all gases and they all have very tiny solid have very tiny solid corescores

What’s a planet??What’s a planet??According to According to IAU resolutionIAU resolution a 'planet': a 'planet':must be in orbit around the must be in orbit around the SunSun. . must be massive enough to be a sphere must be massive enough to be a sphere

by its own gravitational force. More by its own gravitational force. More specifically, its own gravity should pull it specifically, its own gravity should pull it into a shape of into a shape of hydrostatic equilibriumhydrostatic equilibrium. .

must have must have cleared the neighborhoodcleared the neighborhood around its orbit.around its orbit.

JupiterJupiter Largest planet, 5Largest planet, 5thth from sun from sun Diameter is 11times Earth’s, 10 x smaller than Diameter is 11times Earth’s, 10 x smaller than

the sunthe sun 70% of all planetary mass70% of all planetary mass Rings- discovered in 1994Rings- discovered in 1994 Atmosphere- low densityAtmosphere- low density

Hydrogen and HeliumHydrogen and Helium Below hydrogen is liquid metallic hydrogen (only Below hydrogen is liquid metallic hydrogen (only

exists under high pressure)exists under high pressure) Electric currents cause magnetic fieldElectric currents cause magnetic field

Jupiter’s RotationJupiter’s Rotation FastFast 1 day= 10 Earth Hours (shortest in Solar 1 day= 10 Earth Hours (shortest in Solar

system)system) 1 year= 11.86 Earth years1 year= 11.86 Earth years Fatter than taller due to fast rotationFatter than taller due to fast rotation Rotation causes clouds to form Rotation causes clouds to form

Belts- low, warm, dark cloudsBelts- low, warm, dark cloudsZones- high cool, light cloudsZones- high cool, light cloudsGreat Red Spot- Large storm 300 yrs oldGreat Red Spot- Large storm 300 yrs old

Jupiter's 4 (major) MoonsJupiter's 4 (major) Moons 63 Moons63 Moons Io- discovered by Galileo, ice and rock, SOIo- discovered by Galileo, ice and rock, SO2 2

atmosphere, heated by gravity (Jupiter) molten atmosphere, heated by gravity (Jupiter) molten inside, constant volcanic eruptions, has mtns inside, constant volcanic eruptions, has mtns taller than Mt Everesttaller than Mt Everest

Jupiter’s Moons Cont’dJupiter’s Moons Cont’dEuropa- found by Galileo; Composed of Europa- found by Galileo; Composed of

frozen water; Has layers similar to Earth; frozen water; Has layers similar to Earth; thin oxygen atmosphere produced by thin oxygen atmosphere produced by breaking of water moleculesbreaking of water molecules

Ganymede- Largest moon in solar system; Ganymede- Largest moon in solar system; thin ozone layer produced by breaking of thin ozone layer produced by breaking of water molecules; frozen waterwater molecules; frozen water

Callisto- 3Callisto- 3rdrd largest in solar system; largest in solar system; covered in craters, least dense large mooncovered in craters, least dense large moon

SaturnSaturn 66thth planet, 2 planet, 2ndnd largest largest 57 known moons, Titan is largest57 known moons, Titan is largest

22ndnd largest in solar system largest in solar system Has a thick atmosphere of methane and nitrogen, possible like Has a thick atmosphere of methane and nitrogen, possible like

Earth’s early atmosphere, methane exists in all formsEarth’s early atmosphere, methane exists in all forms Rings- made of rock and iceRings- made of rock and ice

7 major rings and many ringlets7 major rings and many ringlets Very thin and the oldest are outsideVery thin and the oldest are outside

Atmosphere- less dense than waterAtmosphere- less dense than water Hydrogen and heliumHydrogen and helium Ammonia ice cloudAmmonia ice cloud Magnetic Filed 578x Earth’s aligned with rotationMagnetic Filed 578x Earth’s aligned with rotation

1 day=10.656 Earth hours1 day=10.656 Earth hours 1 year= 29.4 Earth years1 year= 29.4 Earth years

UranusUranus 77thth Planet- Planet- 11 rings11 rings 27 moons27 moons Atmosphere- blue (methane)Atmosphere- blue (methane)

Methane, hydrogen and heliumMethane, hydrogen and helium Some cloudsSome clouds

Strong magnetic fieldStrong magnetic field Uranus rotates sidewaysUranus rotates sideways

1 day = -17.24 Earth hours1 day = -17.24 Earth hours 1 year = 84.02 Earth years1 year = 84.02 Earth years

NeptuneNeptune 88thth and LAST planet and LAST planet Atmosphere- H, He, CHAtmosphere- H, He, CH44 (methane) (methane)

Blue in colorBlue in color Great dark storm (gone in 1994) others replacedGreat dark storm (gone in 1994) others replaced Has supersonic winds (fastest in solar system) Has supersonic winds (fastest in solar system)

unknown causeunknown cause Moons – 17Moons – 17

Triton is largest- retrograde (backwards) rotation; thin Triton is largest- retrograde (backwards) rotation; thin atmosphere; nitrogen geysersatmosphere; nitrogen geysers caused by melting of caused by melting of ice cap by sunice cap by sun

Rings 6Rings 6

Neptune Cont’dNeptune Cont’d1 Day=16.11 Earth hours1 Day=16.11 Earth hours1 year= 164.79 Earth years1 year= 164.79 Earth years

Pluto?Pluto?11stst dwarf planet dwarf planetSmaller than planetSmaller than planetPartially rock and partially icePartially rock and partially ice1 moon Charon1 moon Charon

Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System Collapsing interstellar Collapsing interstellar

cloud formed a solar cloud formed a solar nebulanebula sun sun Nebula slowed Nebula slowed

allowing planets to allowing planets to formform

CometComet Small, icy bodies with Small, icy bodies with

highly eccentric orbitshighly eccentric orbits 1-10 km in size1-10 km in size Coma- head with Coma- head with

nucleusnucleus Tail- always points Tail- always points

away from the sun b/c away from the sun b/c it is pushed awayit is pushed away

Stars- The SunStars- The SunThe Sun- 330,000 times mass of EarthThe Sun- 330,000 times mass of Earth

Density- near gas giants, but the center 13 Density- near gas giants, but the center 13 times density of leadtimes density of lead

Gaseous throughoutGaseous throughoutTemp 1x10Temp 1x1077 K, 18,000,000 K, 18,000,000°F°FAtmosphere- (photosphere) most light comes Atmosphere- (photosphere) most light comes

from herefrom hereChromosphere- above photosphere visible Chromosphere- above photosphere visible

during eclipseduring eclipseCorona- Extends from chromosphereCorona- Extends from chromosphere

The Sun ContinuedThe Sun ContinuedSolar Winds- extend outwards (ionsSolar Winds- extend outwards (ions

cause Northern and Southern lightscause Northern and Southern lightsSun Spots- Colder Darker areas of the Sun Spots- Colder Darker areas of the

sun- cycle every 11.2-22.4 yearssun- cycle every 11.2-22.4 yearsSolar flares- violent eruptions of ions and Solar flares- violent eruptions of ions and

particlesparticles causes disruptions of electrical causes disruptions of electrical things on Earththings on Earth

The Sun- InteriorThe Sun- InteriorFusion- 2 atomic nuclei combineFusion- 2 atomic nuclei combineFission- Splitting of a nucleusFission- Splitting of a nucleusHydrogen fusion drives sun’s energyHydrogen fusion drives sun’s energy

It’s ½ through its life- 5 billion years leftIt’s ½ through its life- 5 billion years leftComposition- 70.4% hydrogen, 28% Composition- 70.4% hydrogen, 28%

Helium, trace of other elementsHelium, trace of other elements

Other StarsOther Stars Constellations- a Constellations- a

group of starsgroup of stars Binary- two stars Binary- two stars

gravitationally pulled gravitationally pulled togethertogether

Measuring StarsMeasuring StarsMasses of other “suns”- .1Masses of other “suns”- .1100 x our sun100 x our sunMagnitude- Brightness of a starMagnitude- Brightness of a starClassification- O, B, A, F, G, K, MClassification- O, B, A, F, G, K, M

O is hottest, M is coolestO is hottest, M is coolestOur sun is a GOur sun is a G22

Life Cycle of a StarLife Cycle of a StarDepends on the size of the starDepends on the size of the starNormal Size (0-4 times sun)Normal Size (0-4 times sun)

Fusion growsFusion growsRed Giant formedRed Giant formed

Looses outer layersLooses outer layersExplodes into white dwarfExplodes into white dwarf

If carbon forms at coreIf carbon forms at core stable stable

Life CycleLife CycleGiant 4-8 times SunGiant 4-8 times Sun

Red Giant expansionRed Giant expansion becomes Super giant becomes Super giantContracts because of loss of outer shellContracts because of loss of outer shellSuper Nova- if no mass is lost (at least not Super Nova- if no mass is lost (at least not

much) much) iron is created at core iron is created at coreNo more energyNo more energy continues to contract continues to contractNeutron Star (very dense)Neutron Star (very dense)Drawn inward and explodesDrawn inward and explodes black hole black hole

Black HoleBlack Hole Massive Star that Massive Star that

implodes (due to implodes (due to gravity), and contracts gravity), and contracts inwardinward Gravity is so intense Gravity is so intense

that not even light can that not even light can escapeescape

GalaxiesGalaxiesGroup of stars, planets, etcGroup of stars, planets, etcMilky Way- Barred spiral Galaxy, our Milky Way- Barred spiral Galaxy, our

homehomeHalo of globular clusterHalo of globular clusterHigh Star density at centerHigh Star density at centerOur sun has orbited it 20 timesOur sun has orbited it 20 timesBlack hole in the middleBlack hole in the middle

Types of GalaxiesTypes of GalaxiesSpiral- arms coming off of centerSpiral- arms coming off of centerBarred-spiral– Similar to Milky WayBarred-spiral– Similar to Milky WayElliptical- Elliptical- Irregular- no shapeIrregular- no shape

Galaxies are found in groupsGalaxies are found in groupsLocal Group- Milky way and 35 other galaxiesLocal Group- Milky way and 35 other galaxies

UniverseUniverseAll Galaxies are contained in UniverseAll Galaxies are contained in UniversePlanet Example- Planet Example-

The Universe as a EarthThe Universe as a EarthA Galaxy would be similar to a Country (USA)A Galaxy would be similar to a Country (USA)A solar system would be similar to a County A solar system would be similar to a County

(Susquehanna)(Susquehanna)A Planet would be similar to a School District A Planet would be similar to a School District

(Mountain View)(Mountain View)

Expanding UniverseExpanding UniverseAll galaxies are moving away from each All galaxies are moving away from each

other (Hubble, 1929)other (Hubble, 1929)Hubble’s Law- Speed of the movement is Hubble’s Law- Speed of the movement is

dependant on the distance (the further we are dependant on the distance (the further we are from something the faster we are moving from something the faster we are moving away from it)away from it)Took 10 years to gather data to calculate the Took 10 years to gather data to calculate the

constantconstantBig Bang Theory- All was created from a Big Bang Theory- All was created from a

single explosion at the center of the single explosion at the center of the universe 13.7 billion yearsuniverse 13.7 billion years