Lecture 1 Intro to Sustainable Energy

8/3/2019 Lecture 1 Intro to Sustainable Energy

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Lecture1:IntrotoSustainableEnergy

Dr.Lily(Weihong)WangBrookdale CommunityCollege

Fall2011

Agenda Introduction

Whysustainableenergy?

Acloserlookoffossilfuels Oil

Coal

Naturalgas


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ClassIntroductions

Yourname

Whyareyouhere?

Whatisyourcomfortwithscience?

Somethinginterestingaboutyourself.

Dr.Lily (Weihong)Wang

Officephone:7322242408

Email:[email protected]

Illreplyyouremailsin48hoursexceptweekendsandholidays.


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Textbook:

Energy,itsuseandtheenvironmentbyHinrichs andKleinbach,4th editionANGEL:

YouhavetoknowhowtouseANGEL(ANGELdoesnotsupportSafari)

WecommunicatethroughANGELemail

ItakeattendanceinANGEL

IpostassignmentsthroughANGEL

Ipost

grades

in

ANGEL

Pleasewrite

down

on

apiece

of

paper

, ,

pieceofpaper.

Andwhatdoyouexpecttolearnfromthisclass?Which

topicsdoyouwanttoknowmore?


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Pleaseform6Groups

Findagroupleader Eachmemberisexpectedtoparticipateingroupactivities

Yourpoorperformancemayinfluenceothermemberspoints

sincethesamepointswillbetogiventoeachmemberinthe

groupforsomeofthegroupactivities.

Eachstudenthastherighttoreporttomeaboutindividualspoor

performance, thisindividualmaygetdifferentpointsfromother

membersforthesameactivity.

Groupleadersneedtowritedownthenamesofyour

groupmember

and

turn

it

in

to

me

NOW.

Syllabus


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CourseObjectives

1. Becomewellinformedonthetopicofenergyanditsuseinoursociety,sothatyoumayparticipateinthenationaldebateandmakesmartdecisions

2. Understandthephysicalconceptofenergyandlearntoidentifyitintheworldaroundus

3. Addressenergyconservationandlearntocalculateenergycontent/conversion

4. Evaluateandcomparethetruecostofdifferentenergysources,suchasoil,coal,gas,nuclear.Andunderstandtheconnectionbetweenenergy,socialjusticeandpublichealth

5. Learndifferentsustainableenergysources,andunderstandtheirbenefits,cost,anddownsides

Buildyourpresentationskills Buildyourcriticalthinkingandproblemsolvingskills

Howdo

Ievaluate

you

in

this

class?

Exams

quizzes

Inclassactivities(suchasdiscussion,quizzesandothergroupactivities)

,

debate)

Attendance


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Theformat

of

EXAMS

Multiplechoicequestions

Matchingquestions

TRUEorFASLEquestions

Shortanswerquestions

Concepts

AlternativeEnergy referstoanynonfossilfuelenergysource,butitdoesnotnecessarily

havetoberenewable. Forexample,nuclearenergy

Renewable Ener energyarisesfromsourcesthatareconsumedatthesameratethey

areproduced. Forexample,biodiesel

Renewable=Sustainable?

SustainableEnergy referstoenergysourcesthatcreatenopollutionintheconventional

sensebutmayhaveotherundesirableenvironmentalconsequencesandhencearenotgreen.

Forexample,

wind

energy,

hydroelectric

energy

GreenEnergy Greenenergyisthemostenvironmentallybenign.Itcreatesno

pollutionandhasnodetrimentalenvironmentalimpacts. Forexample,solarenergy.ButwhatabouttheproductionofthePVpanels?


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SustainableEnergy

Sustainableenergysourcesaremostoften

regar e as nc u nga renewa esources,

suchasbiofuels,solarpower,windpower,

wavepower,geothermalpowerandtidal

power.Itusuallyalsoincludestechnologies

thatimproveenergyefficiency.

Whyare

we

discussing

sustainable

energy?

Fossilfuelsareafiniteresource(nonrenewableenergy).

Weareinterestedinsecurityofenergysupply.

Fossilfuelconsumptionisrelatedtoourenvironmentandclimatechange.

Itisnotonlyaboutus,butalsonextgenerations..

Whichenergysourcessupplymostofthecommercial energy?

FossilFuels!


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HistoryofFossilFuelsintheUS

ThisFigureshowstheamountofenergyconsumptionintheUSbyyear. Fromthisgraphthereareseveralitemstonote:

Overallenergyconsumptionhasincreased

Thetopthreesources=oil,coalandnaturalgas.

Coalwasthedominantenergysourcethroughoutmostoftheearly1900s

Coalrepresented88%ofenergysourcein1920.Thiswasduetofurnacesandsteamengines..

Crudeoil

became

the

dominant

energysourcein1951(chemicalengineersdiscoveredhowtouseittomakeplastics,petrochemicals,etc.)

Thetopthreeenergysources(crudeoil,

naturalgas,andcoal)comprise85% oftotal

USenergyconsumptionan 87% o t e

worldsconsumption.


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WorldEnergyTypeUsageToday

Thisfigureshowsa

usageworldwide

Whydo

we

consume

so

much

oil?

Becauseweareusedtoit?Anditishardto

changeourlifestyle?

Becauseitischeap?

Becausewehaveunlimitedsupply?Andwe

canpump

as

much

as

we

want?


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WhatareallTheseFossilFuelsUsedforAnyway?

FossilFuelsareusedin

millionsofways. Justto

listafewexamples:https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0508/5af0dd5a91838/5af0dd608d0d5.jpg

http://www.irri.org/irrc/nutrients/images/g)%20Fertilizer%202ok.jpg

http: www.illinois. ov asprices ima es asprices3.jp

http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/images/photo_10926.jpg

http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/photos/coal/Coal_startPage2.jpg

http://www.rrtenviro.com/images/Plastics%20Recycling.JPG

: . . .

UnitedStates

Oil

Production

and

Consumption

U.S.

85%ofenergyfromfossilfuels

39%fromcrudeoil

Produces9%ofworldscrudeoil

Has2%ofprovencrudeoilreserves

Uses25%ofworldproduction

USimported

49%

of

crude

oil

in

2010.

Whatistheproblemhere?


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USRelianceonForeignOil Since

1980s

consumption

has

been

rising

(orange

line),

productionhasbeenfalling(blueline),andforeignoilhasbeenincreasing(greenline)

HowdependentistheUnitedStatesonforeignoil?

In2010,

about

49%

of

the

petroleum

consumed

by

the

United

Stateswasimportedfromforeigncountries.


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FossilFuels

Whatarefossilfuels?Wheredotheycomefrom?

carbon(thatswhytheyarecalledhydrocarbons)

thatcanbeusedtoproduceenergy

Theyarefossilplants(mainly)andanimalsthathavebeenburied

foraverylongtime(millionsofyears)insediments

coal,petroleum,naturalgas

Coalis

asedimentary

rock!

Typesoffossilfuels

Coal

Itisformedinswamps

Different kinds of coals: Peat li nite bituminous anthracite

Petroleum Itisformedinshallowbasinswithincontinents,lagoonsoron

continentalshelves

Naturalgas

Usuallyfoundontopofpetroleumreservoirs

'c

coun ry

as

e

arges

por on

o

e

wor s

proven

cru e

o

reserves

Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworldsprovennaturalgasreserves(25%)?

Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworldsprovencoalreserves(27%)?

SaudiArabia,Russia,UnitedStates


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Thehydrocarbons

Allfossilfuelsare

essentiallyhydrocarbons,

exceptcoal,whichis

mostlyjustcarbon

NaturalGasiscomposed

ofthelighter

hydrocarbons(methane

throughpentane)

Gasolineishexane(C6)

throughC12

LubricantsareC16 andup

HydrocarbonReactions

Methane reaction:

4 2 2 2

1g 4g 2.75g 2.25g 55kJ

Octane reaction:

2C8H18 +25O2 16CO2 +18H2O +energy

1g 3.51g 3.09 1.42g 48kJ

,

threetimes

that

in

CO2

onegallonofgasoline ~20poundsofCO2 occupiesabout5cubicmeters(1300gallons)ofspace


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Fossilfuelformation

http://vimeo.com/19478872

Time

Anaerobicconditions

saturated

ac o

Pressure Temperature

FossilFuelFormation


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OPEC

Organizationof

Petroleum

Exporting

Countries

*

83%17%

UAEUnitedArabEmirates

A

brief

history

of

fossil

fuels

Heretoday,gonetomorrow

What will our future hold? Will

it

be

back

to

asimple

life?

Orwillwefindnewwaystoproducealltheenergywewant?

Orwillitbesomewhereinthemiddle?


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FindingOil

Oilistrappedinspecial(rare)geologicalstructures

Mostof

the

oil

in

the

world

comes

from

afew

large

wells

Aboutoneintenexploratorydrillingsstrikeoil

andthisinplacesknowtobeoilrich:getnothinginmostofworld

Discoverymustleadproduction

Theremustbealagbetweenthefindingofoiland

deliverytomarket

IntheU.S.,discoverypeakedaround1950,production

peakedin1970


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WorldwideDiscoveryandProduction

discovery

peaked

before

1970;

production

peak

soon

to

follow

wevebeenusingoilfasterthanwefindnewoilsince1983

OilRecovery

Oilisoftencontainedwithinporespacesofsedimentary.

Primaryrecovery(thefirstextractionoftheoilfromtheground)canremoveonly25%oftheoilintheoilfield

Additionalrecoveryusesmorecostlymeasurestoextractoil.Upto50%extractionispossiblewithinjectingbrineorother

.

OftenawellisabandonedwhenthecapitalinvestmentismorethantheprofitmarginEconomicdepletion!


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1970sEnergyCrises

OPECwasformedin1965

ema or yo ecoun r esare ra .

In1967Jordan,Iraq,andSyria,andEgyptinvadedIsrael. TheyweredefeatedbytheIsraeliarmy(SixDayWar).

In1973EgyptandSyriafoughtawarwithIsrael(again),theYomKippurWar. Israelwonthiswartoo.

nre a a onaga ns pro srae coun r es, p ace anEmbargo(ArabEmbargo).

TheUS

having

developed

adependency

on

foreign

oil

was

caught

offguard. The1973ArabEmbargohadadevastatingeffectontheUSeconomyandpromptedtheEnergyCrisisofthe1970s.

EnergyCrisisof1970s 1974:FirsttimesinceWWIItherewasafuelshortageintheUS.

Gaswasrationed,longlinesatthepump,andspeedlimitsonUSInterstateswerereducedto55mph

PublicannouncementsontheTVrequestingthatpeoplesetthermostatsnohigherthan68 Finthewinterandtowearasweater.

Thepeople/governmentrespondedintwoways

1)increasedomesticproduction. OilexplorationoccurredinAlaskaandintheGulfofMexico. Formerlyclosedoilwellswerereopenedandthemorecostlysecondary(andtertiary)recoverymethodswereapplied. TheUSoilindustrydidverywelltowardstheendofthe1970s,early1980s Oilbusinesswasbooming.

2)decreasethedemandforoil. Therewasamultitudeofresearchintorenewableenergysources,suchassolar,wind,andhydroelectricpower

USGovernmentrequestedthatconsumersreducefuelconsumption

Automanufacturers(especiallytheJapaneseautomobileindustry)producedsmaller,moregasefficientvehicles.

Speedlimitswereputinplace.


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OilGlutofthe1980s

Inthe

mid

1980s

foreign

oil

became

readilyavailable,andcheap($12to$40perbarrel). USdomesticproductionslowedandtheoiln us ry us e . epen encyon

foreignoilonceagainbecameveryhigh.

Speedlimitsincreased,vehiclesgotbigagain(SUVs)

Oilwascheapanddemand

http://www.dieselstation.com/wallpapers/Hummer SUT/HummerSUT009.jpg

.

Thosewhocannotlearnfromhistoryare

doomed

to

repeat

it.

(Santayana).Doesisseemlikeweareonthevergeofanotherenergycrisis?

http://www.cars.com/features/mvp/lincoln/navigator/images/main_navigator.jpg

Costof

Fossil

Fuels

u


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Howlongwilltheworldoilsupplylast?

Not as lon as ou mi ht think ho e

Wellbespentbeforethecenturyisdone,butwellhave

toscale

down

oil

usage

before

then

(in

the

next

few

decades)

Excerptsfrom

current

CountryCountry ProdProd

(Mbbl/day)(Mbbl/day)

ReservesReserves

(Gbbl)(Gbbl)

No. Prod.No. Prod.

WellsWells

years leftyears left

Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 9.039.03 2 2.72 2.7 1,5 01,5 0 8080

RussiaRussia 7.987.98 69.169.1 41,19241,192 2424

U.S.U.S. 5.735.73 29.429.4 521,070521,070 1414

IranIran 3.743.74 130.7130.7 1,1201,120 9696

ChinaChina 3.413.41 23.723.7 72,25572,255 1919

MexicoMexico 3.343.34 16.016.0 1313

NorwayNorway 2.862.86 10.110.1 833833 1010

U.A.E.U.A.E. 2.352.35 97.897.8 114114

CanadaCanada 2.242.24 16.916.9 54,06154,061 2121

KuwaitKuwait 2.182.18 96.596.5 790790 121121


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Letsgetourbarrelsstraight

Anoilbarrel(bbl)is42gallons,or159liters

IntheU.S.,weuseabout24bblperyearper

person

Thats7.4billionbbl/yrfortheU.S.

20millionbbl/day

or ewor , s on year

85

million

bbl/day

Notes NotasinglecountrymatchingU.S.demandof20Mbbl/day

NonOPECprovedreserves:173Gbbl (17%)

OPECreserves:882Gbbl (83%)

Total:1055Gbbl

Tomaintaincurrentproductionof85Mbbl/day

thiswill

last

34

years

maynotbepossibletoextractoilfastenoughfordemand

SaudiArabiausedtoproduceatlessthan100%capacity,nowrunningfullout


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PrimaryandSecondaryEnergySources

Morethan33%ofallfossilfuelsinUSareusedforelectricity.

.

representsaconversionfromaprimaryenergysourcetoasecondaryenergysource

Primarysourceisusedtoderivethesecondary

Theconversionefficiencyisfarlessthan100%;theamountofwasteisusuallyhigh.

PrimarySource

(BurningCoal)SecondarySource

Electricity

Heatgivenoff(wasted)

Pathwayfrom

Primary

energy

to

end

uses

in

the

US

82%

65%

69%

67%


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COAL

Fossilized condensed

carbonrichfuel

10X reservesofoil/gas,

last200yearsatpresentrate

Coalmines

Surface(strip)mine

Underground(shaft)mine


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Coalcheaper,

but

polluting

MuchEasternU.S.coalhas

highsulfurcontent,

moreexpensivetomine

MuchWesternU.S.coalhas

lowsulfurcontent,

cheapertomine

ButmininginsemiaridWest

moredamagingtoland.

DirtyCoal

CleanCoal


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Heatvalueofcoaltypes

Anthracite

Bituminous

Subbituminous

Lignite

Coalprovides51%ofelectricityusedinUS

Sourcesof

Nitrogen

Oxides

Trans ort

andsulfurdioxidecreateacidrain

Tallstacksdeposit

ationElectrical

plantsOther

art er


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Coalscrubbers

NATURALGAS

,

Gasesinbedrock


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Advantagesofnaturalgas

HalfasmuchCO2ascoal

60yearsupplyatcurrentrates

Disadvantagesofnaturalgas

Difficulttotransport

Pipelines

Liquified NaturalGas(LNG)tankers

,extracted


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Whydoweneedtodecreasefossilfuel

consumption?

onrenewa eresources

EnvironmentalDegradation

Pollution

Climatechange


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ClimateChangenaturalormanmade?

Global

Carbon

Cycle


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OceanAcidification

(1) LessCO32 available Slowerformationofcalcareousshells

(2) CaCO3 dissolution Oceaniccalcareousorganismslossshells

Effects

on

health

BlackLun Disease

(miners)

Respiratory

illnesses

(public)


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Effectsonland

Coalsludgereleases

Hardpanatstripmines

Mountainto removal

Hugewater

use

Slurrypipelines

Effectson

air

Greenhouse ases

sulfurdioxide

nitrogenoxides

carbondioxide

ox cs Mercury


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Acidrain

Acidityof

rain

pHof6.0

Killsinsects,crabs

pH

Lecture 1 Intro to Sustainable Energy

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