Business & Labour Law Recommended Text Box Business Law by Khalid Mehmood Cheema Course Assessment: Quizzes: Minimum 5 quizzes 10 Marks Mid Term 30 points Final 40 points Project 20 Marks
Business & Labour LawRecommended Text Box
Business Law by Khalid Mehmood Cheema
Course Assessment:Quizzes: Minimum 5 quizzes 10 MarksMid Term 30 pointsFinal 40 pointsProject 20 Marks
Nisar A. Mujahid Advocate Supreme Court of Pakistan
Corporate, Legal and Policy Consultant, International Trainer in :-
• Business Management & Intelligence• Fraud Risk Management• Law Firms Marketing
Law : An Introduction
It refers to a rule of conduct or a procedure established by custom, agreement or an authority for :-
a) Protecting the rights and property of members of a society.
b) Enforcing their mutual contracts
c) Holding them liable for their wrongs
Law : An Introduction
The term liability has two aspects:-(a) Criminal liability(b) Civil liability
Distinction between criminal and civil liability is central to the legal system and to the way in which court system is structured.
Objectives of each category of law are different
Law : An Introduction
Criminal Law• Crime is an act prohibited by law• Criminal case is prosecuted by is usually
the state, but can be through private complain. • Person found Guilty is punished with fine or
imprisonment or both.• Burden of proof, beyond the shadow of doubt
lies on the state• Prosecution is impleaded as “The state” or
the complainant’s name.
Law : An Introduction
Criminal Law• Sharia law contains the concept of:-
“QISAS” (RETRIBUTION), In certain cases, gives legal right to
inflict on the wrongdoer same hurt as he perpetrated on Person the victim, or get
“DIYAT” (COMPENSATION), instead.• Western law focus on punishment,
where victims have to proceed under civil law action for compensation.
Law : An Introduction
Civil Law
• Civil law exists to regulate disputes over the rights and obligations of persons dealing with each other.• State has no direct role in dispute over,
for instance, a breach of contract.• It is up to the persons involved to settle
the matter in the courts if they so wish.
Law : An Introduction
Civil Law• Purpose of this course of action is
generally to determine the rights and impose a settlement on matters either by financial compensation in the form
of damages injunctions other orders
• There is no concept of corpus punishment.
Law : An Introduction
Civil Law• Case must be proven on the “Balance
of Probability”. • Absolute proof or proof beyond doubt
is not required.• Only more probability in favor of one
party over other has to be convinced to the court.
• Burden of proof may shift between the two parties.
Law : An Introduction
Civil Law
• Terminology as compared to criminal cases is different. Here “Plaintiff sues
the Defendant”.• Most important areas of civil liability
include “law of contract” and “law of tort”.
Law : An Introduction
Contract
• It is a relationship between two parties. • It is a legally binding agreement, breach of
which infringes one person’s legal right given by the contract to have it
performed.
Law : An Introduction
Tort• It is a wrong committed by one person
against another, infringing the general rights given to him by the law.
• No need to have any pre-existing relationship between plaintiff and defendant before
the tort was committed.
• Most significant tort is “Tort of Defamation”
Law : An Introduction
Distinction between Criminal and Civil Cases• It is not an act or event which creates the
distinction, but the legal consequences of the act or event.• A single event might give rise to criminal
and civil proceedings simultaneously.• Example : A broken leg caused to a
pedestrian by a drunken driver is a single event which may give rise to a criminal as well as a civil case.
Law : An Introduction
Distinctioncriminal case : prosecution by the state for the on between Criminal and Civil Cases• ffence of driving with alcohol.• civil case : pedestrian sues for
compensation for pain and suffering caused by the wrong• Burden of proof in rules of evidence are
very strict in case of criminal case for example a confession would be carefully examined for traces of pressure on accused.
Law : An Introduction
Distinction between Criminal and Civil Cases
• Admission in a civil court will not be subject to strict scrutiny of the standard of criminal case.
Law : An Introduction
Sources of Law
• The law is not static but changes and develops, reflecting the values and institutions of each era.• Main purpose and effect of law is to
define and safeguard rights of property and to uphold public order.
Law : An Introduction
Sources of Law
Material Sources
Legal Sources
Legislation
Precedent
Customs
Agreement
Historical Sources
Common Law Equity
Formal Sources
Law : An Introduction
Formal Sources of Law
• It is the will of the state as manifested in statutes or decisions of the courts.
Material Sources of Law
• These sources are those from which it derived the matter. They are of two
kinds; legal and historical sources.
Law : An Introduction
Historical Sources of Law
• There are two kinds; Common law and Equity.
Common Law
• King Norman of England in 1066 developed system of common law.
Law : An Introduction
Common Law
• Till 1285, only writs against established forms only. After, 1285 slight relaxation given that similar new forms of writs
can be issued provided they are similar to the existing forms.• System was rigid and proved to be
inadequate means of providing justice.
Law : An Introduction
Equity
• Where people failed to get remedy in common law court, petitioned to King
for relief by direct royal intervention. This created concept of equity.
• Equity was based on fair dealings between two individuals as equals, however, it was not a complete alternative of common law.
Law : An Introduction
Equity
• Equity was a method of adding and improving common law. • Interaction between common law and
equity brought three major changes.
New Rights: Equity recognized and protected rights for which common law gave no safeguards.
Law : An Introduction
Equity For example : “A” transferred
property to the legal ownership of “B” to pay the income of the property to “C” (in modern law “B” is
trustee for “C”), the common law simply recognized that “B” was
the owner of the property and gave no recognition to “B’s” obligation to
“C”. Equity however, recognize the “B’s” obligation to “C”.
Law : An Introduction
Equity Better Procedure : Equity could
be more effective than common law in bringing a disputed matter to decision.
Better Remedies : Alternate remedies other than monetary compensation for the successful plaintiff was able to be ordered by Equity, such as:-
(i) to do what has agreed to do (specific performance)
Law : An Introduction
Equity(ii) to abstain from wrongdoing
(injunction)
(iii) to alter a document so that it reflects the parties’ true
intentions (rectifications)
(iv) to restore the pre-contract status quo (rescission)
Law : An Introduction
Relationship between the common law & Equity
Now the courts of common law and equity have been amalgamated,
however, both remain distinct.
Where common law applies, it tends to be automatic in its effect.
Law : An Introduction
Relationship between the common law & Equity
Equity recognizes common law, as it always did; it sometimes offer an
alternate solution.
The courts have discretion as to whether or not they will grant an equitable remedy in lieu of a common law one.