1 Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 8 Learning James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Association We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago Associative Learning learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences
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Learning - Concordia Collegefaculty.cord.edu/ibrahim/111/Ch08.pdf1 Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 8 Learning James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Learning
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY(7th Ed)
Chapter 8Learning
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Learning
Learningrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
AssociationWe learn by association
Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequenceAristotle 2000 years agoJohn Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
Associative Learninglearning that two events occur together
two stimulia response and its consequences
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Association
Learning to associate two events
Event 1 Event 2
Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics
Classical or PavlovianConditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
Operant Conditioning
We learn to associate a response and its consequence
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Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov1849-1936Russian physician/neurophysiologistNobel Prize in 1904studied digestive secretions
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioningorganism comes to associate two stimulia neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Behaviorism
John B. Watsonviewed psychology as objective science
generally agreed-upon consensus today
recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes
not universally accepted by all schools of thought today
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
salivation when food is in the mouth
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Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Acquisitionthe initial stage in classical conditioningthe phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned responsein operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Classical Conditioning
UCS(passionate kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
CS(onionbreath)
CS(onion breath) CR
(sexualarousal)
UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
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Classical Conditioning
Extinctiondiminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CSin operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced
Classical Conditioning
Strengthof CR
Pause
Acquisition(CS+UCS)
Extinction(CS alone)
Extinction(CS alone)
Spontaneousrecovery ofCR
Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recoveryreappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Generalizationtendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
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Classical Conditioning
Discriminationin classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
GeneralizationDrops of salivain 30 seconds
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Hindpaw
Pelvis Shoulder Frontpaw
Thigh Trunk Foreleg
Part of body stimulated
Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of EffectThorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Operant Conditioning
Operant Behavioroperates (acts) on environmentproduces consequences
Respondent Behavioroccurs as an automatic response to stimulusbehavior learned through classical conditioning
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner(1904-1990)
elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effectdeveloped behavioral technology
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Operant Chamber
Skinner Boxchamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcercontains devices to record responses
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcerany event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Shapingoperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
Operant Conditioning
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Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcerinnately reinforcing stimulusi.e., satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcerstimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcersecondary reinforcer
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcementreinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcementreinforcing a response only part of the timeresults in slower acquisitiongreater resistance to extinction
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)reinforces a response only after a specified number of responsesfaster you respond the more rewards you getdifferent ratiosvery high rate of respondinglike piecework pay
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR)reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responsesaverage ratioslike gambling, fishingvery hard to extinguish because of unpredictability
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI)reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsedresponse occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI)reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervalsproduces slow steady respondinglike pop quiz
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
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Punishment
Punishmentaversive event that decreases the behavior that it followspowerful controller of unwanted behavior
Punishment
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Mapmental representation of the layout of one’s environmentExample: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent Learninglearning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent Learning
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effectthe effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to dothe person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic MotivationDesire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Extrinsic MotivationDesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
Operant vs Classical Conditioning
Observational Learning
Observational Learninglearning by observing others
Modelingprocess of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Prosocial Behaviorpositive, constructive, helpful behavioropposite of antisocial behavior
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Observational Learning
Mirror Neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing somay enable imitation, language learning, and empathy