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Latin Grammar
for Second Year Students
ContentsNouns pages 2-3Adjectives pages 4-5Comparison of Adj. pages 6-7Pronouns pages 8-11Verbals pages 12-13Sequence of Tenses page 14Regular Verbs pages 15-16Subjunctive page 17Verb Charts pages 18-21Irregular Verbs pages 22-27Questions/And page 28Grammar Terms pages 29-31
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Nouns
*Declension:_________________________________________________
*How do you identify the declension of a noun? __________________
_________________________________________________________
*How do you find the root of a noun? ___________________________
Cases and Uses of Nouns:
Case names
Uses Translations
Nominative
1.2.3.
Genitive 1.2.3.
Dative 1.2.
Accusative 1.2.
Ablative 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.
Vocative 1.
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Chart of Noun Declension Endings
Case
Transl
I f/m
II m
II n
III m/f III n
IV m/f
IV n
V f/m
Exceptions in the 1st declension:
3rd Declension I- stem rules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2nd Declension Vocative Case:
3rd declension vis, vis
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Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns. Some nouns are masculine, others feminine, and the rest neuter. Because of this adjectives must have all three genders.
Adjectives belong to either the …2-1-2 declension or the 3rd declension
What is “termination?”
How do you find the root word of an adjective?
Where are adjectives located in relation to the nouns they describe?
Exceptions are:
In what 3 ways do nouns and adjectives agree?1.2.3.
What are the 9 Special –ius genitive adjectives? What endings do they use?
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
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Adjectives2-1-2:
3rd Declension:
Special –ius Genitive Adjective Endings:
Cases M F N M F N
Cases M F N M F N
Cases M F N M F N
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Comparison of Adjectives
There are three degrees in the comparison of adjectives: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
longus, longa, longum
fortis, forte
felix, (gen. felicis)
sapiens, (gen. sapientis)
facilis, -e
liber, libera, liberum
pulcher, pulchra, -chrum
acer, acris, acre
bonus, bona, bonum
magnus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um
(prae, pro)
superus, -a, -um6 “-lis > -llimus adjectives”
“-er>-rrimus adjectives”
*quam + comparative
*quam + superlative
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Comparison of Adverbs
There are three degrees in the comparison of adverbs: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
longe
fortiter
feliciter
sapienter
facile
libere
pulchre
acriter
bene
magnopere
male
multum
parum
(prae, pro)
diu
*quam + Comparative
*quam + Superlative
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Pronouns
Personal: Reflexive:
Possessive/Reflexive Possessive:
I You We You all
I You We You all
He/They
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CaseEndings
M F N M F N
CaseEndin
gs
M F N M F N
Intensive Pronoun: ipse, ipsa, ipsum
Endings commonly used with pronouns found in the upcoming pages
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Demonstrative PronounsWeak Demonstrative:
Idem, eadem, idem
Cases M F N M F N
Cases M F N M F N
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Demonstrative Pronounsille, illa, illud
iste, ista, istud
hic, haec, hoc
Cases M F N M F N
Cases M F N M F N
Cases M F N M F N
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More PronounsRelative:
Interrogative:
Cases M F N M F N
Cases M F N M F N
Relative Pronoun Notes:
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Question Words
4 ways to say “and”
1.2.3.4.
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Verbals: Participles and the Gerundive
Participle Forms:
Uses:
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Verbals: Infinitives
Infinitive forms:
Uses:
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SEQUENCE OF TENSES
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Verbs:
*Conjugation:________________________________________________
*Conjugate: ________________________________________________
*How do you identify the conjugation of a verb?
*What are principal parts?
*How do you find the root word of a verb?
*Subject – Verb Agreement:
*Verbs have 5 characteristics:1.person
a.b.c.
2.numbera.b.
3.tensea.b.c.d.e.f.
4.voicea.b.
5.mooda.b.c.*d.
FUTURE TENSE POEM:
In conjugations 1 and 2, in the future __________________,
In conjugations 4 and 3,
In the future, _______________.
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Verbs:
*What is an infinitive?
*What is the Imperative?
*Poem for the irregular imperatives
*What are the three sets of verb endings?
*Indicative Tense Indicators *Subjunctive Tense IndicatorsImperfect
Future
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
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The Subjunctive Mood:
*What is the Subjunctive?
*What are the Uses of the Subjunctive?
Use Definition Recognition Translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE INDICATIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
FUTURE TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
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VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE INDICATIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
FUTURE TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
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VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
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VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
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Irregular Verbs: the Indicative Mood
[These do not have a passive voice.]
Present Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus
Present Tense of possum, posse, potui
Imperfect Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus
Future Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus
Imperfect Tense of possum, posse, potui
Future Tense of possum, posse, potui
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses follow the Rules.
Sum and Predicate nouns/adj.:
Possum and the Complementary Infinitive:
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Present Tense of sum, esse, fui
Present Tense of possum, posse, potui
Imperfect Tense ofsum, esse, fui
Perfect Tense ofsum, esse, fui
Imperfect Tense possum, posse, potui
Perfect Tense possum, posse, potui
Pluperfect Tense ofsum, esse, fui
Pluperfect Tensepossum, posse, potui
Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood
[These do not have a passive voice.]
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More Irregular Verbs: Indicative
Present Tense of
volo, velle, volui
Imperfect Tense
volo, velle, volui
Future Tense volo, velle,
volui
Present Tense of
nolo, nolle, nolui
Imperfect Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Future Tensenolo, nolle,
nolui
Present Tense of
malo, malle, malui
Imperfect Tense
malo, malle, malui
Future Tensemalo, malle,
malui
Perfect
Pluperfect
FuturePerfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
FuturePerfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
FuturePerfect
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Present Tense of volo, velle, volui
Present Tense of
nolo, nolle, nolui
Imperfect Tense of volo, velle,
volui
Perfect Tense of volo, velle, volui
Imperfect Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Perfect Tense nolo, nolle,
nolui
Present Tense of malo, malle,
malui
Imperfect Tense
malo, malle, malui
Perfect Tensemalo, malle,
malui
Pluperfect Tense of volo, velle,
volui
Pluperfect Tense nolo, nolle, nolui
Pluperfect Tense malo, malle, malui
More Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood
[These do not have a passive voice.]
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Present Tense Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Future Tense
Imperfect Tense
Future Tense
Perfect Tense Perfect Tense
The Indicative Mood of fero, ferre, tuli, latus Active: Passive:
Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense
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Present Tense Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Imperfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Active: Passive:
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Grammar Terms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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Grammar Terms:
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
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