PRAKTIKUM KOMUNIKASI DATAPengkodean Data Digital(Unipolar, RZ, AMI, D-Manchaster, HDB3)
Dosen Pembimbing :M. Sarosa, Dipl. Ing, MT, Dr
Disusun Oleh : Fanny Nur Amalia Sari ( 12 ) NIM. 1241160068 JTD 3B
KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAANPOLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANGJalan Soekarno Hatta 9 Malang 65141Telp (0341) 404424 404425 Fax (0341) 404420http://www.poltek-malang.ac.id2014
DAFTAR ISI
Cover1Daftar Isi2Bab I Pendahuluan31.1 Tujuan31.2 Alat yang dibutuhkan31.3 Teori Dasar31.3.1 Pengkodean Sinyal Digital31.3.1.1 Unipolar31.3.1.2 RZ41.3.1.3 AMI41.3.1.4 D-Manchester51.3.1.5 HDB351.4 Desain Form6Bab II Pembahasan72.1 Prosedur Percobaan72.2 Listing Program72.3 Hasil Percobaan29Bab III Penutup303.1 Kesimpulan30
BAB IPENDAHULUAN
1.1 Tujuan1. Memahami macam-macam pengkodean data digital (Unipolar, RZ, AMI, D-Manchester, HDB3)2. Memahami teknik pengkodean data digital3. Mampu melakukan simulasi pengkodean data digital4. Membuat program untuk mensimulasikan karakteristik pengkodean data digital (Unipolar, RZ, AMI, D-Manchester, HDB3)5. Membuat flowchart teknik pengkodean data digital.
1.2 Alat yang dibutuhkan1. Komputer2. Program Delphi 71.3 Teori Dasar1.3.1 Pengkodean Sinyal DigitalData digital merupakan data yang memiliki deretan nilai yang berbeda dan memiliki ciri-ciri tersendiri. Contoh data digital adalah teks, deretan bilangan, dan karakter-karakter yang lain. Data digital dalam bentuk karakter yang dapat dipahami manusia tidak dapat langsung ditransmisikan dalam sistem komunikasi, data harus terlebih dahulu diubah ke dalam bentuk biner. Jadi, data digital ditransmisikan dalam bentuk deretan biner. Sedangkan sinyal digital merupakan sinyal untuk menampilkan data digital. Deretan pulsa yang berbeda dan tidak terjadi secara terus-menerus merupakan contoh sinyal digital. Pengkodean data digital ditujukan untuk membangun sinyal digital, yang meliputi: unipolar, polar dan bipolar. 1.3.1.1 UnipolarUnipolar merupakan pengkodean paling sederhana dimana data digital yang telah berbentuk biner di diubah ke bentuk pulsa, biner 1 diwujudkan dalam suatu tegangan positif dan biner 0 sebagai tanpa tegangan atau nol volt. Gambar 1 menampilkan contoh sinyal digital sederhana dari suatu data 101100110.
Gambar 1 Sinyal digital unipolar dari data 101100110
Pengkodean polar bercirikan menggunakan dua level tegangan positif dan negatif sehingga dapat mengeliminasi timbulnya komponen DC. Pengkodean polar terdiri atas NRZ (non return to zero), RZ (return to zero) dan biphase.1.3.1.2 Return to Zero ( RZ )Format pengkodean selalu menuju ke level nol pada setengah periodenya. Biner 0 diwakili oleh perubahan level dari negatif ke nol sedangkan biner 1 diwakili oleh perubahan dari positif ke nol. Gambar 2 menampilkan contoh sinyal hasil pengkodean return to zero (RZ).
Gambar 2 Sinyal Return To Zero
1.3.1.3 AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)Pada pengkodean AMI, elemen data dengan bit 1 direpresentasikan oleh sinyal yang beriversi bolak balik dari tegangan positif ke tegangan negatif atau sebaliknya dari tegangan negatif ke tegangan positif. Sedangkan elemen data dengan bit 0 direpresentasikan oleh tegangan 0 volt.
Gambar 4 Pengkodean Digital AMI
1.3.1.4 D-Manchester ( Differential Manchester )Differential Manchester encoding (juga dikenal sebagai CDP; Conditioned Diphase pengkodean) adalah sebuah metode pengkodean data di mana data dan sinyal clock digabungkan untuk membentuk satu diri sinkronisasi aliran data. Pada pengkodean differential manchester selain terdapat perubahan sinyal pada separo dari durasi bit, juga terdapat inversi sinyal pada saat bit berikut adalah bit 0. Apabila bit berikut adalah bit 1, maka tidak ada inversi sinyal.
Gambar 5 Differential Manchester
1.3.1.5 HDB3 ( High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros )Pengkodean HDB3 adalah suatu teknik yang mengkodekan setiap 4 bit nol yang berurutan menjadi sebuah variasi dari tiga bit nol dan sebuah level tegangan, baik itu positif maupun negative
Gambar 6 HDB31.4 Desain Form
BAB IIPEMBAHASAN2.1 Prosedur Percobaan1. Buatlah desain sesuai dengan gambar dibawah ini.
2. Buatlah program sesuai dengan pengkodean digital tersebut
2.2 Listing Programunit Digital;
interface
uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls;
type TForm1 = class(TForm) imguni: TImage; imgrz: TImage; imgdman: TImage; imgami: TImage; imghdb: TImage; PanelOption: TPanel; Edit1: TEdit; Exit: TButton; GroupBox1: TGroupBox; Proses: TButton; GroupBox2: TGroupBox; PanelUni: TPanel; PanelRZ: TPanel; PanelDman: TPanel; PanelAMI: TPanel; PanelHDB3: TPanel; unipbut: TButton; rzbut: TButton; dmanbut: TButton; amibut: TButton; hdb3but: TButton; Clear: TButton; procedure ExitClick(Sender: TObject); procedure ProsesClick(Sender: TObject); procedure unipbutClick(Sender: TObject); procedure rzbutClick(Sender: TObject); //procedure nrzibutClick(Sender: TObject); procedure dmanbutClick(Sender: TObject); procedure amibutClick(Sender: TObject); procedure hdb3butClick(Sender: TObject); procedure ClearClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end;
var Form1: TForm1;
implementation
{$R *.dfm}
//------------------------------ Procedure RZ --------------------------------//
procedure rz_1(ax,ay,a,b,n:integer);begin Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(n-1)*(b+b),ay); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(n-1)*(b+b),ay-a); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(n-1)*(b+b),ay-a); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(n-1)*(b+b),ay); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+b+(n-1)*(b+b),ay);end;
procedure rz_0(ax,ay,a,b,n:integer);begin Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(n-1)*(b+b),ay); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(n-1)*(b+b),ay+a); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(n-1)*(b+b),ay+a); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(n-1)*(b+b),ay); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+b+(n-1)*(b+b),ay);end;
//---------------------- Procedure Unipolar ----------------------------------//
procedure satu(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imguni.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay-a); Form1.imguni.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay-a);end;
procedure nol(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imguni.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imguni.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
procedure tegak(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imguni.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imguni.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay-a);end;
//---------------------- Procedure NRZ-I -------------------------------------//
//procedure nolNRZI(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);//begin //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay-a); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay-a);//end;
//procedure satuNRZI(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);//begin //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay+a); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay+a);//end;
//procedure tegakNRZI(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);//begin //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay+a); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay-a);//end;
//------------------------- Procedure D-MANCHESTER ---------------------------//
procedure dmncstr_1(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; form1.imgdman.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b),ay+a); form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b))+b,ay+a); form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b))+b,ay-a); form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b))+2*b,ay-a);end;
procedure dmncstr_0(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer); begin Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b),ay-a); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b))+b,ay-a); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b))+b,ay+a); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b))+2*b,ay+a); end;
procedure dtegak(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.MoveTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b)),ay-a); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo((ax+(i-1)*b+((i-1)*b)),ay+a);end;
//----------------------------- Procedure AMI --------------------------------//
procedure ami1_1(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgami.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay-a); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay-a); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
procedure ami1_2(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgami.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay+a); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay+a); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
procedure ami0(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imgami.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
//----------------------------- Procedure HDB3 -------------------------------//
procedure hdb3plus(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imghdb.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay-a); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay-a); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
procedure hdb3minus(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imghdb.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay+a); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay+a); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
procedure hdb3nol(ax,ay,a,b,i:integer);begin Form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Width:=2; Form1.imghdb.Canvas.MoveTo(ax+(i-1)*b,ay); Form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(ax+b+(i-1)*b,ay);end;
//------------------------------- Procedure Sumbu ----------------------------//
procedure sumbu;var q,n:integer; biner:string;
beginbiner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;q:=length(biner);
//--------------------------------- Refresh Image ----------------------------//
form1.imgrz.Picture:=nil; form1.imgrz.Refresh; form1.imguni.Picture:=nil; form1.imguni.Refresh; form1.imgdman.Picture:=nil; form1.imgdman.Refresh; form1.imgami.Picture:=nil; form1.imgami.Refresh; form1.imghdb.Picture:=nil; form1.imghdb.Refresh; //form1.imgnrz.Picture:=nil; //form1.imgnrz.Refresh;
//-------------------------- Sumbu Unipolar ----------------------------------//
Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlack; Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Style:=pssolid; Form1.imguni.Canvas.MoveTo(10,160); Form1.imguni.Canvas.LineTo(10,160-145); Form1.imguni.Canvas.TextOut(10,160-155,'Amplitudo'); Form1.imguni.Canvas.TextOut(10+150,160-155,'Unipolar'); Form1.imguni.Canvas.MoveTo(10,100); Form1.imguni.Canvas.LineTo(10+370,100); Form1.imguni.Canvas.TextOut(10+370,100+5,'Time'); Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imguni.Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDot; for n:=1 to q do begin Form1.imguni.Canvas.MoveTo(10+(30*n),160-130); Form1.imguni.Canvas.LineTo(10+(30*n),160); Form1.imguni.Canvas.TextOut((30*n)-5,160-130,biner[n]); end;
//------------------------------- Sumbu RZ -----------------------------------//
Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlack; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Style:=pssolid; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.MoveTo(10,160); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(10,160-145); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.TextOut(10,160-155,'Amplitudo'); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.TextOut(10+150,160-155,'RZ'); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.MoveTo(10,100); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(10+370,100); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.TextOut(10+370,100+5,'Time'); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgrz.Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDot; for n:=1 to q do begin Form1.imgrz.Canvas.MoveTo(10+(30*n),160-130); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.LineTo(10+(30*n),160); Form1.imgrz.Canvas.TextOut((30*n)-5,160-130,biner[n]); end;
//--------------------------- Sumbu NRZ-I ------------------------------------//
//Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlack; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Style:=pssolid; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.MoveTo(10,160); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.LineTo(10,160-145); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.TextOut(10,160-155,'Amplitudo'); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.TextOut(10+150,160-155,'NRZ-I'); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.MoveTo(10,100); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.LineTo(10+370,100); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.TextOut(10+370,100+5,'Time'); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDot; //for n:=1 to q do //begin //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.MoveTo(10+(30*n),160-130); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.LineTo(10+(30*n),160); //Form1.imgnrz.Canvas.TextOut((30*n)-5,160-130,biner[n]); //end;
//---------------------- Sumbu D-Manchester ----------------------------------//
Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlack; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Style:=pssolid; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.MoveTo(10,160); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo(10,160-145); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.TextOut(10,160-155,'Amplitudo'); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.TextOut(10+150,160-155,'D-MANCHESTER'); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.MoveTo(10,100); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo(10+370,100); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.TextOut(10+370,100+5,'Time'); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgdman.Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDot; for n:=1 to q do begin Form1.imgdman.Canvas.MoveTo(10+(30*n),160-130); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.LineTo(10+(30*n),160); Form1.imgdman.Canvas.TextOut((30*n)-5,160-130,biner[n]); end;
//------------------------------ Sumbu AMI -----------------------------------//
Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlack; Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Style:=pssolid; Form1.imgami.Canvas.MoveTo(10,160); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(10,160-145); Form1.imgami.Canvas.TextOut(10,160-155,'Amplitudo'); Form1.imgami.Canvas.TextOut(10+150,160-155,'AMI'); Form1.imgami.Canvas.MoveTo(10,100); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(10+370,100); Form1.imgami.Canvas.TextOut(10+370,100+5,'Time'); Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; Form1.imgami.Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDot; for n:=1 to q do begin Form1.imgami.Canvas.MoveTo(10+(30*n),160-130); Form1.imgami.Canvas.LineTo(10+(30*n),160); Form1.imgami.Canvas.TextOut((30*n)-5,160-130,biner[n]); end;
//----------------------------- Sumbu HDB3 -----------------------------------//
form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlack; form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Style:=pssolid; form1.imghdb.Canvas.MoveTo(10,160); form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(10,10-145); form1.imghdb.Canvas.TextOut(10,160-155,'Amplitudo'); form1.imghdb.Canvas.TextOut(10+150,160-155,'HDB3'); form1.imghdb.Canvas.MoveTo(10,100); form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(10+370,100); form1.imghdb.Canvas.TextOut(10+370,100+5,'Time'); form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Color:=clBlue; form1.imghdb.Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDot; for n:=1 to q do begin form1.imghdb.Canvas.MoveTo(10+(30*n),160-130); form1.imghdb.Canvas.LineTo(10+(30*n),160); form1.imghdb.Canvas.TextOut((30*n)-5,160-130,biner[n]); end;end;
//----------------------------- Program Unipolar -----------------------------//
procedure unipolar;var tnd,ax,ay,a,b,n:integer; biner:string;
beginbiner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;ax:=10; ay:=100; a:=30; b:=15;tnd:=0; for n:=1 to length(biner) do if biner[n]='1' then if tnd=0 then begin tegak(ax,ay,b,a,n); satu (ax,ay,b,a,n); tnd:=1; end
else satu(ax,ay,b,a,n) else if tnd=1 then begin tegak(ax,ay,b,a,n); nol (ax,ay,b,a,n); tnd:=0; end else nol(ax,ay,b,a,n);end;
//------------------------------- Program RZ ---------------------------------//
procedure rz2;var ax,ay,a,b,n,q:integer; biner:string;
beginbiner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;q:=length(biner);ax:=10; ay:=100; a:=15; b:=15;for n:=1 to q do if biner[n]='1' then begin rz_1(ax,ay,b,a,n); end else if biner[n]='0' then begin rz_0(ax,ay,b,a,n); end;end;
//--------------------------- Program NRZ-I ----------------------------------//
//procedure nrzi;//var //tnd,ax,ay,a,b,n:integer; //biner:string;//begin//biner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;//ax:=10; ay:=100; a:=30; b:=15;//tnd:=0; //for n:=1 to length(biner) do //if biner[n]='1' then //if tnd=0 then //begin //tegakNRZI(ax,ay,b,a,n); //satuNRZI(ax,ay,b,a,n); //tnd:=1; //end //else //begin //tegakNRZI(ax,ay,b,a,n); //nolNRZI(ax,ay,b,a,n); //tnd:=0; //end //else //if tnd=1 then //begin //satuNRZI(ax,ay,b,a,n); //tnd:=1; //end // else //begin //nolNRZI(ax,ay,b,a,n); //tnd:=0; //end;//end;
//---------------------- Program D-Manchester --------------------------------//
procedure dmanchester;var tnd, ax,ay,a,b,n:integer; biner:string;beginbiner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;ax:=10; ay:=100; a:=15; b:=15;tnd:=0; for n:=1 to length(biner) do begin if biner[n]='1' then if tnd = 0 then begin dmncstr_1(ax,ay,b,a,n); tnd:=1; end else begin dmncstr_0(ax,ay,b,a,n); tnd:=0; end else if tnd = 0 then begin dtegak(ax,ay,b,a,n); dmncstr_0(ax,ay,b,a,n); end else begin dtegak(ax,ay,b,a,n); dmncstr_1(ax,ay,b,a,n); end end;end;
//------------------------------- Program AMI --------------------------------//
procedure ami2;var tnd,ax,ay,a,b,n:integer; biner,start:string;beginbiner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;ax:=10; ay:=100; a:=30; b:=15;tnd:=0;start:='atas'; if start='bawah' then tnd:=0 else if start='atas' then tnd:=1; for n:=1 to length(biner) do if biner[n]='1' then if tnd=1 then begin ami1_1(ax,ay,b,a,n); tnd:=0; end else begin ami1_2(ax,ay,b,a,n); tnd:=1; end else ami0(ax,ay,b,a,n);end;
//-------------------------------- Program HDB3 ------------------------------//
procedure hdb3;var tnd,ax,ay,a,b,n,u:integer; biner,start,tipe:string;beginbiner:=Form1.Edit1.Text;ax:=10; ay:=100; a:=30; b:=15;tnd:=0; start:='false'; tipe:='genap'; u:=0; for n:=1 to length(biner) do begin if start='true' then if n
