Landscape management for forest goods and services: between wishful thinking and economic forces

THINKING beyond the canopy

Burgos – March 2011

Jean-Laurent Pfund, Sven Wunder, Terry Sunderland, Manuel Guariguata

Landscape management for forest goods and services:

between wishful thinking and economic forces

THINKING beyond the canopy

Presentation outline

1. CIFOR - Model Forest linkages

2. Local perceptions of goods and services vs actual deforestation processes

3. The example of pollination services

4. Mechanisms to influence the current trends

5. PES efficiency

6. Lessons for REDD+?

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CIFOR and Model Forests:Local Communities in sustainable Forested Landscapes

1 Enhancing the role of forests in mitigating climate change

Enhancing the role of forests in adapting to climate change2Improving livelihoods through smallholder and community forestry3Managing trade-offs between conservation and development at the landscape scale4Managing impacts of globalised trade and investment on forests and forest communities5Sustainably managing tropical production forests6

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Most forest biodiversity occurs outside protected areas

Trade-offs are often required between the needs of people and the need for forest conservation

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are a mechanism to mitigate tradeoffs

• including carbon, watersheds, aesthetic value, biodiversity

Managing trade-offs between conservation and development at the landscape scale4Research

domain

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Different sites, different entry pointsSome case studies

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Perceived importance of forest goods and services in 5 landscape mosaics

Food and self-consumed goods Marketed items

and income Regulating servicesCultural services

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CameroonLaos

MadagascarTanzania

Indonesia

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Deforestation rates in these agricultural landscapes

Takamanda Viengkham Manompana Usambara Jambi0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

Annual deforestation rate outside protected areaNon-forest cover

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Indonesia: targeted landscapes

Rubber AF

100% oil palm100% rubber

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Pollination of passion fruit in Colombia

Valle

Meta

Huila

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Limitations to value pollination services for habitat conservation

Valle: isolated and dense cultivated areas, frequent pesticide and manual pollination

Meta: lower intensity (density, pesticide application), cultures still relatively isolated from natural/semi-natural forests but depending on bee pollination

Concept of pollination services for habitat conservation low because of already remote natural habitats, important intensification processes and possible substitution of the service

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So… How to influence the “normal” trends?

Command and control? Economic schemes?

• Certification for organic schemes

• Conditional payments for ecosystem services REDD+ as a promising opportunity “but”…

• It will have to be adapted to very variable contexts Spatial variations of service delivery, threat and accessibility,

insecure tenure and variable poverty conditions Thus will have to be integrated into wider cross-sectoral

programmes addressing several drivers of deforestation and degradation

• The efficiency of REDD+ mechanisms is very different if assessed from a cost or a social point of view

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Intra-landscape variations

Bevalaina

Ambofampana

Maromitety

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Forest

Agroforest

Farmland

Other

Maromitety Ambofampana Bevalaina0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Income NTFPIncome timber

Perceived importance forest income generation Actual income generation

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Optimizing REDD policy options

Land user decision

PES

Policy decision

C&C

Implementation costs

Deforest

Conserve

Incentive mix

Fine

PES – opportunity cost

Effectiveness Welfare impact

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Tenure effects: PES welfare impacts in the Brazilian Amazon

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PES costs in the Brazilian Amazon

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PES or control?

70% overlap at district level

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Tradeoffs to bridge…ecological, social and economic efficiency?

Will need societal choices (multistakeholder processes, etc.)

To be defined in the current “complex, muddled realities of landscape governance”

Thus will need monitoring and possible adaptations over time

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Ten “tenets” of good practice underpinning landscape approaches

1. Continual learning and adaptive management principle

2. Common concern entry-point principle

3. Multiple scale principle

4. Multifunctionality principle

5. Multistakeholder principle

6. Negotiated and transparent change logic principle

7. Clarification of rights and responsibilities principle

8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring principle

9. Resilience principle

10.Strengthened stakeholder capability principle

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Thank you

And say hello to Titin