Geographic Information Systems in Mine Action A land-mine is a perfect soldier: "Ever courageous, never sleeps, never misses.“ --- Khmer Rouge - Cambodia Authored By LACROIX, Pierre Marcel Anselme University of Geneva & Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining Journal for ERW & Mine Action
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Geographic Information Systems in Mine Action
A land-mine is a perfect soldier: "Ever courageous, never sleeps, never misses.“
--- Khmer Rouge - Cambodia
Authored ByLACROIX, Pierre Marcel Anselme
University of Geneva&
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
Journal for ERW & Mine Action
What is this paper
General paper, try to propose GIS for mine action Discusses the advantage and Capability of GIS for Mine
action Primitive idea based on existing GIS feature and mine action
requirement
Discusses GIS tools , 3D terrain analysis and its effect in humanitarian operation
Content
Landmine and Uxexploded ordnance Challenges in Landmine- Present scenario Introduction of GIS Landmine application GIS Use in Mine action Current data System – IMSMA Mine Action Decision Making GIS maps Connecting GIS with IMSMA 3D Analysis Afghanistan Case study Analyzing the Accessibility Prioritizing Activities and Evaluating cost
Introduction of GIS Landmine application
Effective Decision making in mine action Geographic factor Population distribution Infrastructure Terrain Vegetation
Application of GIS in landmine action Integrating mine data with
Terrain, soil, vegetation, land use data Social economic data
Integrating Environmental + Socio Economic + Cultural Specificity of mine affected areas
Decision and priority management of demining authority
GIS Use in Mine action
Generate intuitive map at various scale For operator in field Country level governance International regulation body
3D analysis of spatial data Improve prioritisation and planning of field
operations Help to model the nominal operational difficulty of
demining Determine suitable assets for a given task
Current data System - IMSMA
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) have developed the system
IMSMA- Information Management System for Mine Action (Information management system – 1999) Combines RDMS with GIS
It contains maps of different scale (country structure, local structure) Landmine affected areas represented in polygon, each polygon has its
own item table, which contain information on mine Its has theme based tool bar on map (as points in polygon)
Location Hazard Accident Associated place of the country structure
IMSMA- Lags in advanced tools and not using the full potential of GIS
IMSMA – Screen View
Mine Action Decision Making
Information needs to be integrated with geospatial component Factors influencing main action decision making
The geographic location of hazards and their type Historical information about hazardous areas Marking in the field The type of mine risk education provided or yet to be provided The location of populations, internally displaced persons and returnees The location of the working teams Local terrain conditions Weather conditions Accessibility, eg, information about infrastructure, traffic, security Logistical constraints The assets deployed in an area and tasks carried out.
GIS maps
Many maps were created to help on demining activity and observing the progress , planning Large-scale hazardous area location maps
Contamination density maps
Map information extraction
Required area maps layer (e.g. hazardous area map) overlaid on top of many other layers Topography
Urban Areas
Critical Infrastructure
Land Cover & Land use changes
Development & Populated areas
Base map
Slopes, roads
Meteorological condition
Current position of the team
Large scale hazardous map (CHA/SHA)
Representing every hazardous area by a Polygon (delimited boundary) and point symbol marker
This Large scale map (e.g. Village map) laid on different layer
Example – Hazardous area polygon overlaid on satellite image of the area Represent village built-up in the mine cleared areas
Map up-dation have to be done at least on a weekly basis
Updating Geospatial information Involves recording attributes
Types of hazard
Status of the hazard
Co-ordinate information
Information represented on the map Symbol sized proportational to the observed
observed items
Different symbol or color used for each types
Contamination density Map
Aggregate information on hazardous map (indicating all Hazards) become un readable due to large data (in small scale maps)
Need for single data, statisfy the requirement
A density value is assigned for each location of map depended on number of Hazards found within a distance
GIS Density interpolator tool used to compute the density
Uses of Contamination density map Shows variation of landmine contamination
Setting the priorityAfghanistan data
Core data mapDensity data map
Choropleth Map
Information map on each administrative unit
ERW areas are aggregated by administrative unit and coloured according to the contamination, optionally normalised by the area of each unit
The below figure set the correct priority We see both high contamination + Population at Risk
Connecting GIS with IMSMA
IMSMA contains important updated attribute information
Need a connection between GIS and IMSMA GICHD developed START - Simplified Toolbar to
Accelerate Repeated Tasks START
ArcGIS plug-in used to quickly extract the IMSMA data for GIS analysis
Help to convert EXCEL and GPS date into geo-spatial information Help in production of maps
3D Analysis
GIS can create 3D surface(X,Y,Z(elevation)) Importance of 3D analysis
increase the accuracy of area size calculations of contaminated surfaces; More realistic assessment of the operational difficulty of demining by integrating slope
and elevation information into the analysis Better prepare field operations Determine the potential location of mines that may have moved over time through
water run-off or surface movement Report on demining activities in a more visually intuitive manner.
A major advantage of 3D GIS is accuracy of surface area calculations Actual terrain is taken into account (instead of flat projected surface) 25% slope , projected area 3% less than actual area Reduce the reporting error of contamination
Slope Ate of change of elevation in a adjacent location
Afghanistan
Slope date from SRTM (Shuttle radar topography mission) DEM
Combining slope dataset with contamination data
Gives information reg- operational difficulty of demining Transportation Machine
Hill shade function along with slope and elevation image improves the visualization of the surface for analysis (enhance marking and fencing)
Ref- Digital elevation model on Afghanistan and derived slope and hillshade.| Data source: Jarvis et al. (2008)
3D terrain contamination Visualization
Visualizing study area in 3D give lot of inference than 2d Planimetric data
3D GIS analysis implemented by Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan (MACCA ) for slope analysis
3d Analysis - Hydrology
Hydrology and watershed modeling
Hydrological network can be derived from DEM Gives flow length , downstream and upstream This gives information of possible displaced mines
Dislocated mines are always difficult to detect
3D Analysis -Telecommunication
To address telecommunication issues in the field
View shed analysis
Identify optimal satellite receptor
VHF repeater locations.
Predict strength of GPS signals
Help in organising overflight operations with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and airplane observations (eg, for large-scale mapping purposes)
Very high frequency (VHF ) coverage
Brown cells are covered by at least one red observation point
Yellow cells are located in radio shadow areas
Analyzing the Accessibility
GIS based Road network analysis Take into account slope, land cover and road quality
GIS based Transport network analysis Dispatching medical care to victims Determination of the best location for building a new health facility Planning of in-field operations Road clearance management and prioritisation humanitarian logistics to locate new warehousing facilities
Minimize the travel time and distance in the mined area
Identify nearest medical facility (based on accessibility & cost)
Prioritizing Activities and Evaluating cost
GIS advantage lies in its capacity to combine various data sources to generate new information
IMSMA data combines with Non IMSMA data
Combining many data GIS can Help
Prioritise hazard clearance based on any number of criteria
Determine how much time and effort clearance of a particular hazardous area would take, by integrating local terrain and infrastructure conditions
Decide which type of asset should be deployed by comparing different scenarios based on different asset characteristics under similar terrain conditions
Have better knowledge of the accessibility of a planned hazardous area and knowledge of local terrain conditions for planning future tasks.
Prioritizing to Decision making
Attribute based score allotted to each area to define its priority
GIS capability offers us to prioritize demining based on
Socio-Economic impact analysis of landmine hazards Range Munitions Resources and facilities Blocked Number of recent victim
Close proximity to infrastructure of interest (e.g. hospital), road, Industry
The resultant scoring from the process by GIS can be fed to Decision making and priority setting
Operational difficulty of demining
Visualizing the clearance difficulty due to Terrain Vegetation & Ground softness Precipitation & Temperature Pathway width
Future development
Focus on sharing the geospatial information through web application