UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA)
INTO HOMEMADE FOOTPOWDER
__________________
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Science & Math Department
Integrated Developmental School
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment for the Course
Science Research
__________________
ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO
KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN
March 2011
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI
(CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) INTO HOMEMADE FOOT POWDER prepared and
submitted by ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO and KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN is
hereby recommended for approval.
MS. CHARITY I. MULIG_
Adviser
________________
Date
PROF. ALMA GLORIA SILVA PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA
Panel Member Panel Member
____________ ____________
Date Date
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the Course in
Science Research I.
PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA
Chairperson, Science & Math
__________________
Date
PROF. LEILA V. BERNALDEZ
Principal, IDS
____________
Date
Abstract
Caliso, Adecel Grace C. and Patagnan, Kurt Keevin A. (2011)
Utilization of Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa into Homemade
Foot Powder. College of Education-Integrated Developmental School,
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology.
Adviser: Prof. Charity I. Mulig
Adsorption is the act of absorbing a particle to a surface of
another particle or medium. In this research, adsorption of the
calamansi peelings in powdered form will be studied. This will be
compared to a common type of foot powder. Foot powder is chosen
because aside from underarm sweat, foot sweat is also the main
reason why body odours are released. Sweat, actually is not the
reason why odours are released but the bacteria living in it. So,
the powdered form of the peelings will serve as the productthe
calamansi peel foot powder.
The methods of drying the peelings for pounding are Sun Dry
Method, Air Dry Method, and Air-Sun Dry Method. 300 calamansi
peelings were used in this study. 100 of them will be dried through
SDM (Sun Dry Method), 100 will be through ADM (Air Dry Method), and
the rest were dried using the A-SDM (Air-Sun Dry Method). After
days of drying, the peelings were ground using food processor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank the following for the help /
making the research study possible.
Before anyone else, they would like to thank the Almighty God
for providing the researchers their needs and for His guidance
throughout the study.
To the research advisers, Ms. Alma Gloria L. Silva, Prof. Odyssa
Natividad R. M. Molo and Prof. Charity I. Mulig for guiding the
researchers during the course of the study and in writing their
manuscripts.
To the researchers supportive parents, Mrs. Jocelyn and Mr.
Nolan Caliso and to Mrs. and Mr. Patagnan for their never ending
love and support.
To Maristelle Regencia, Rodolfo Marba Jr., Irish Espejo, and to
the whole class of III-Neon 12 for helping us in making our
research paper possible.
To the teachers of MSU-IIT CED-Integrated Developmental School
for their concern for this field.
To the staff of I-School and Library for letting us use the
facilities for us to finish our research works even at school.
A.G.C.C. and K.K.A.P.
DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to everyone who made it possible
The researchers, first and foremost, offer this research to God
as a way to show their gratitude for everything He has given
us.
To the researchers loving and caring parents who provided a
place to work, encouragement and immeasurable support;
To their teachers who have given them guidance during the
progress of the study, especially their research advisers, Maam
Silva, Maam Molo and Maam Mulig, for their patience in correcting
the researchers work and providing help in its completion;
To their friends, especially to their classmates in Neon 11'12,
who are always there to make us laugh and together, help ourselves
keep our sanity during the writing of the manuscript.
Adecel Grace C. Caliso
Kurt Keevin A. Patagnan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE.i
APPROVAL SHEETii
ABSTRACT.iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..iv
DEDICATION..v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.vi
LIST OF TABLES..vii
LIST OF FIGURESvii
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Hypotheses of the Study
E. Significance of the Study
F. Scope and Limitations of the Study
G. Definition of Terms
1
1
2
3
3
5
5
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES
7
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
B. Materials and Equipment
C. General Procedure
i. Germination of Seeds
ii. Nutrient Solution Preparation
iii. Preparation of Set-ups
iv. Growing of Pechay
D. Instruments in Gathering Data
E. Statistical Tool
12
12
13
14
14
15
17
17
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
18
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
25
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
27
VII. APPENDICES
Appendix A:
29
Appendix B:
31
Appendix C:
33
Appendix D: Curriculum Vitae
36
List of Tables
List of Figures
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Body odour (esp., foot odour) is the bodys unpleasant smell that
is caused by bacteria. The main cause of this is foot sweat.
Actually, sweat itself is odourless, but it creates a beneficial
environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling
substances. These bacteria are naturally present on our skin as
part of the human flora. More smell is created with factors that
cause more sweating such as wearing shoes and socks with inadequate
air ventilation for many hours. Hair on feet, especially on toes
may contribute to the odours intensity by increasing its surface
area where bacteria can thrive. Foot powder is a type of
sweat-absorbing powder that helps prevent or remove foot odour. But
some common foot powders arent as absorbent as the ideal foot
powder. Some irritates the skin and some are expensive enough for
consumers to reject. So therefore, the researchers thought of
making such Calamansi Peel Foot Powder to provide a cheaper and a
skin-friendly prevention for foot odour.
Calamansi is a tropical fruit usually found at the Philippines.
This is commonly made into juice drinks, additive to common juice,
native sauces such as toyo, and even as a body odour repellent.
This small circular fruit prevents body odour especially the
underarm odour. So, if it can prevent underarm odour, maybe it can
help in foot odour too.
B. Statement of Problem
This study aims to answer the following questions:
Main Problem: Can foot powder from calamansi peelings be
produced?
Sub Problems:
1. Is the product cheaper than the commercial powder?
2. Will the foot powder from calamansi peelings prevent foot
odour due to sweat?
3. Is there a significant difference between the commercial talc
powder and the Calamansi Peelings Foot Powder in terms of
adsorbency?
C. Objectives of the Study
This research aims to:
1. provide consumers a cheaper and a more effective foot powder
and help them save their money by converting their calamansi wastes
into foot powder
2. compare the difference between the commercial foot powder and
the calamansi foot powder;
3. use an equipment that will help in comparing two certain
types of foot powders; and to
4. determine which of the two foot powders that are compared is
more effective in terms of adsorbency.
D. Hypotheses of the Study
1. The Calamansi Foot Powder will absorb less liquid than the
commercial foot powder. Therefore, this product will not prevent
foot odour.
2. The equipment to be used is is inefficient enough in
comparing the two types of foot powders. So, the result will not be
reliable.
E. Significance of The Study
This study may help in waste segregation and to save money. This
is cheaper because most of the time, people just throw away
calamansi peelings. Calamansi consumers may keep their wastes and
put it into reusable garbage. This is cheaper because most of the
time, people just throw away calamansi peelings. Instead of letting
the peelings rot, the consumers may convert these peelings into
powder. And this study may help calamansi consumers save the
calamansi peelings for future use.
F. Scope and Limitations
The products color will not be significant in this research
study. If it rained during the drying process, the calamansi
peelings will be placed in a plastic bag and the number of hours of
drying will be paused depending on the number of hours it rained.
The study is limited only for school year 2011-2012.
G. Definition Of Terms
Foot Sweat- moisture that is released out of the foot through
the pores found at the skin when temperature on foot is too high or
when there is not enough air ventilation in our socks and shoes
Foot Powder- a product that prevents bad odour from foot by
absorbing sweat and killing bacteria.
Calamansi Peel-an outside layering of a circular fruit named
calamansi.
Foot Odour-an unpleasant odour produced by bacteria on foot.
Absorption Tester-an improvised device used to compare two
different powders. This comes with an amount of liquid and a
8.5x11in piece of cloth.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Bromhidrosis, also known as foot odour is a painless and a
non-contagious disorder. It is a burden to someone with it because
unlikeable smell is released. This is common on people with sweaty
feet. Normally, the feet produce half a pint of sweat through 2-5
million sweat glands. An ordinary foots sweat evaporates easily.
But for a person with bromhidrosis, the sweat that is released
evaporates slower and probably this is because more sweat is
produced. And this situation will result to odorous feet. The
bacterias job on ones foot is to break down this liquids particles
to simpler ones which commonly releases an awful smell. If one
washes his feet regularly and dries them up after washing, then,
there would be reason for one to have this ailment.
Aside from foot odour, drying and washing of foot also help in
preventing mild cases of athletes foot. Foot powder is a type of
antiperspirant powder used to relieve itching and absorbs sweat on
feet. Applying foot powder will lessen the presence of bacteria by
absorbing the sweat. (Renner, 1993).
Foot odour is the term used for describing foots foul smell.
This is generally caused by bacteria. Moisture on feet serves as
the breeding area for bacteria and fungi. This is commonly a long
term ailment which means, if one does not prevent it during the
first signs, then this ailment will hardly dwindle from ones
system. (Alengasa, 2009)
Citrofortunella Microcarpa belongs to the Rutaceae family and is
locally known as Calamansi or Calamondin. This Rutaceae family
include ither types of oranges, limes, and citruses. Calamansi, or
the Philippine Lemon is an important source of citrus for the
Filipinos. This is widely grown throughout Southern Asia
specifically Malaysia. This fruit is thought to be hybrid in nature
because this was neither a lemon nor a lime. This is best used when
its color is greenish to yellow (mature yet unripe) or yellow to
orange (ripe). This fruits juice is a common ingredient in some
common drinks, cakes, sauces, and marmalades. This fruit is juicy
and acidic. This can also help in enhancing iron absorption in the
body. Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos 2000 developed by the
Technical Working Group headed by the Food and Nutrition Research
Institute of the DOST(2000) once stated, Aside from the food and
medicinal uses of Calamansi, the fruit juice is used to bleach ink
stains from fabrics and serve as a body deodourant. (Sarasota,
1999).
Apocrine glands and Eccrine glands are the two main types of
sweat glands in the human body. The Apocrine glands releases sweat
at the genital areas and armpits which produces strong odour. The
Eccrine glands are the glands which are responsible for
thermoregulation. When temperature rises, these sweat glands
release water and oil. For some reasons, more eccrine sweat glands
are found at the feet. About 500,000 out of millions of sweat
glands are on the feet. This is the reason why the feet has the
place of highest concentration of sweat.(Huyom, 2009)
The calamansi tree is usually cylindrical, erect, and commonly
ranges from 6.5ft to 25ft high. The upper surface of its leaves is
glossy and is about 1.15in to 3in long. The fruits are round or
elliptic and has a diameter of 1.75 in. Its fruit peel is aromatic
and glossy. It has 6 to 10 segments. Its pulp is juicy, and usually
have seeds in it. This fruit was said to be discovered in China and
was soon brought to the Philippines and Indonesia. It is a common
ornamental tree in Hawaii. This was introduced in Florida by Dr.
David Fairchild in 1899. Calamansi is now used for greenhouse
researches at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University
of Florida in Gainesville. This can be planted through its seed or
bu cuttings. Its growth rate is 1ft per year. Drought and
drhydration may lead to its mesophyll collapse. (Morton, 1987)
Calamansi is also a great snack time pal. One can squeeze a
halved Calamansi to a cup then honey and sugar can be added.
Calamansi, as a member of Rutaceae family, is a great Vitamin C
provider. For tea, it is also great when added to ginger. At the
bars, calamansi fruits are used to make shots tastier. Its smell is
a good air freshener and deodorizer too. This fruit is great for
dark knees, elbows, and armpits. It is used as a basic additive to
a famous Filipino dip called toyo. This fruit is also great in
dandruff treatment and prevention. It was also proven to remove
stains on clothes.(Tips and Tricks, 2008)
Foot odour is one of the reasons why a person loses self
confidence. One gets conscious if he or she removes his foot wear,
thinking that everybody would react negatively about the smell.
There are a lot of ways in preventing and reducing foot odour. The
most common reason for foot odour is foot sweat. That is why one
must dry his feet before wearing any foot wear. Air drying is great
after washing the feet too. Moisture-smart socks are great for
students and office men for a whole day comfort. Salt absorbs sweat
too. So, after a bath, one can place the feet to a basin of warm
salt water. Try not to rinse it off instead, wipe it off using a
piece of cloth. Make sure that the feet are completely dry before
wearing socks and shoes. Vinegar can also help in this type of
problem. Soak the feet in vinegar at least once a week. But to
prevent it from stinking, one can soak the feet at the end of the
day, before sleeping. Because of the annoying smell of vinegar, one
can instead use black tea. Green tea can do the job too. Foot scrub
can also lessen the problem. Natural foot scrub acts best than
artificial ones in reducing smell. If you dry your feet and your
foot wear is wet, that would give no effect on reducing foot odour.
Instead, it helps in making the feet smellier. Shoes should be
aired outside the house to let it dry before using it again.
Breathing shoes are great to be used too. They arent actually
breathing; they are shoes that have good air ventilation to prevent
sweat from staying on the feet. Shoes should be changed regularly
so the shoes could at least dry itself for a day or two. One can at
least alternately use shoes to prevent same smelly shoes to be used
again. Shoes must only be worn when there are socks. If there is
none, sweat would stick to the shoes and would cause generation of
an unlikeable smell. Some ladies who use nylon-made shoes may wear
socks to prevent sweat and odour. The only exceptions in wearing
socks are shoes which are open toed. Aside from socks, one can also
use foot deodorizer too. Powder is the most common form of a foot
deodorizer. Underarm deodorants work well on foot odour too. This
can fix the problem faster than the said steps but it can only last
for a few hours or a few minutes. But if you are in a hurry, you
can use it anytime. There are some other types of deodorizers such
as shoe deodorizer. Corn starch and baking soda can be a temporary
shoe deodorizer when you cant still buy one. Products that contain
Benzoyl Peroxide can kill bacteria and can lessen foot odour
problem too. Determining the reason why your sweat is released can
help too. If you sweat because of stress, you can have some
relaxation techniques for you to lessen the production of sweat in
your body. Some components of a regular diet can lessen or
strengthen the odour of ones foot. A regular diet with zinc might
help too. Almost everyone who suffers from foot odour lacks zinc in
their diets. Antibacterial soaps must also be used to wash the feet
for at least once a day. Make sure not to use inappropriate to
prevent making the problem bigger. If the problem is still there
despite all the steps said, one must consult a podiatrist for some
information. You must make sure that you are not undergoing a
serious foot disease. Some strong solutions such as antibiotics,
aluminium chloride and ethyl alcohol, and Botox can also help. But
in some cases, surgical operations are needed. (Vercillo, 2006)
The worst thing to have is smelly feet because of the
embarrassment it brings to a person who has it. There are some ways
to lessen this problem.
In washing the feet, one must not just take it as a simple part
of a daily shower. The main reason why you should wash your feet is
to remove the bacteria which caused bad odours to be released.
Bacteria could be in the dead skin cells found at your foot. A
quick rub on foot with soapy water is not enough to remove
bacteria. So, it would be better if you use washcloth and
antibacterial soap. In drying the feet, it should be completely dry
to avoid making a breeding area for bacteria. So, one must take his
time drying the feet.
In changing the socks, make sure to change it with laundered
one. A white sock is less prone to bacteria than a colored one.
(McGimpsey, 2006)
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the testing of the product will take place.
Here, the improvised absorbent tester made from wheel and axle,
funnel, and clips will be used. This equipment will determine the
amount of liquid absorbed by a certain type of powder used.
A. Research Design
In this experiment, Foot Powder will be used though these are
different in nature . One is the calamansi product and the other
one is the commercial product. Therefore, Completely Randomized
Design or CRD will be used.
B. Materials and Equipments
Materials:Equipments:
8.5x11in Oxford Cloth2 thin Metal barsFood Processor
Dried calamansi peelingsBasinBeaker
WaterTeaspoon
4 pieces 17x2x4in woodTalc Powder
Wheel and Axle
C. General Procedure
Gathering of Materials
The researchers need 100 calamansi pieces per type of drying
process. So, 300 pieces will be used for there are 3 types of
drying process namely, Sun Drying, Air Drying, and the Air-Sun
Drying method.
Drying the Calamansi Peelings
The calamansi peelings need to be dried so it would be possible
for us to grind it. These will be placed in trays and will be
stored to different conditions.
Sun Dry Method
100 calamansi peelings will be sun dried for 48 hours.
Air Dry Method
100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 72 hours.
Air-Sun Dry Method
100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 24 hours and will
be sun dried for 48 hours.
Pulverization of Peelings
The dried peelings will be ground using food processor for us to
have the expected result.
Preparation of Equipment
The next thing to do is to make the tester while the drying
process is going on. The clips will be attached to the pieces of
wood first. Afterwards, two sides of the funnel will be nailed to
the pieces of wood. To keep the equipment balanced, a piece of
plywood will be nailed at its base.
Equipment Expectation:
Wet Cloth Preparation
20ml water will be poured in the 8.5x11in piece of Oxford Cloth.
After this, 1teaspoon of foot powder will be sprinkled. This step
and the following step will be repeated thrice per type of foot
powder.
Water Collection
Tie the cloth to the metal bars. Turn the axle for 15 times. The
basin will catch the water extracted.
D. Experimental Set-up
The following table represents the data gathered in the
experimentation.
Type of Foot Powder Used
Amount of Water Extracted(in mL)
Amount of Water Absorbed
(in mL)
No Powder Used
(Plain Cloth)
Commercial Talc Powder
Calamansi Foot Powder:
Air Dried
Sun Dried
Air-Sun Dried
Commercial Talc Powder with:
Air Dried Calamansi Foot Powder
Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder
Air-Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder
E. Statistical Tool
Since data taken during the course of the study are numerical in
nature, the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) Test will be used to
determine if there is a significant difference between the
set-ups.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS
Mabberley, D.J. (1987) The Plant Book: A portable dictionary and
the higher plant.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge P 706
Renner, John H. (1993) The Home Remedies Handbook. Lincolnwood,
Illinois; Louis Weber,
C.E.O. Publications International, Ltd. P.169-170
B. INTERNET ARTICLES
Cindy (2008) Oil Extracted from Calamansi Peelings as
Preservatives for Hair Oil from
http://cindy07-08.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-i.html
Hoyum, Nils (2011) How to Get Rid of Foot Odour from
http://odours.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-foot-odour.htm
Morton, Julia (1987). Calamondin the Versatil Fruit from
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/calamondin.html
Tips_tricks (2008) 13 Ways to Use Calamansi from
http://www.tipsandtricks4me.com/2008/03/13-ways-to-use-calamansi.html
Vercillo, Kathryn (2009) 20 Tips for How to Get Rid of Foot
Odour from
http://kathrynvercillo.hubpages.com/hub/20-Tips-for-Reducing-Foot-Odour
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Adecel Grace C. CalisoNickname: Adecel
Religion: Roman Catholic Gender: Female
Place of Birth: Iligan City, Lanao del Norte Date of Birth: July
19, 1997
Home Address: Zone Cancer Suarez, Iligan City
Fathers Name: Nolan C. Caliso
Mothers Name: Jocelyn C. Caliso
Educational Background:
ElementaryName of School: South II Central School
Address: Zone Orchids Suarez, Iligan City
Date of Graduation:
SecondaryName of School: MSU IIT Integrated Developmental
School_
Address: Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City
Date of Graduation:
Honor and Awards Received:
ElementaryFourth Honor (Grade 1 2),
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Nickname:
Religion: Gender:
Place of Birth: Date of Birth:
Home Address:
Fathers Name:
Mothers Name:
Educational Background:
ElementaryName of School:
Address:
Date of Graduation:
SecondaryName of School:
Address:
Date of Graduation:
Honor and Awards Received:
Secondary