Utilization of Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peelings Into

By:

JEAN Siangco TOLENTINO

CHEYENNE CHRISTINE Maglinte VILLAMOR

UTILIZATION OF ORANGE (Citrus

Reticulata) PEELINGS INTO

HANDMADE PAPER

Background of the Study

Paper is a sheet of interlaced fibers, usually cellulose

fibers from plants that are formed by pulping the fibers and

causing them to felt to form solid surface. It is a necessity in

modern civilization and the development of machinery for its

high-speed production has been largely responsible for the

increase in literacy and the raising of educational levels of

people throughout the world (Redmond, 2007).Orange (Citrus Reticulata) has become the most

commonly grown fruit in the world. This study attempts to

use orange peelings as another source of cellulose fibers for

paper production. Since peelings are discarded materials,

the paper will not incur big expenses and will also help

lessen the garbage which is one of the major problems in the

country.

Statement of the Problem

Main Problem: This study aims to produce paper by utilizing orange peelings.Specific Problems:

1. What are the characteristics of orange peeling paper in terms of:

a) color b) texture c) odord) breaking strength

2. What is the acceptability of orange peeling paper?

3. Is there a significant difference among the different samples

in terms of:a) colorb) texturec) odord) acceptabilitye) breaking strength

Hypotheses

A paper can be developed from orange peelings.

There is no significant difference among the different

samples of orange peelings in terms of their

characteristics and acceptability.

Scope and Delimitations of the

Study

This study is limited to the use of orange peelings in

the production of paper with different proportion of orange

peelings and waste paper. It utilizes alum, starch and also

caustic soda. Thirty 4th year students of the Integrated

Developmental School that were randomly selected evaluated

the products with the use of a Score Card and Hedonic Scale.

This study was conducted from June 2009 to March 2010, at

the researcher’s residence. Breaking strength was also

identified by standard procedure in the laboratory of IDS. The

data gathered were interpreted using Sign-test for the over-all

acceptability and t-test for the breaking strength.

Methodology

Figure 1. Summarized Diagram for the Procedures Done in the Experiment

Product Development

Data Gathering & Organization(Mean/Table)

Product Evaluation & Testing(Sensory Evaluation: Color, Odor,

Texture, Overall Acceptability& Breaking Strength)

Interpretation of Results(Mean/Sign Test/t -test)

For Sample C, 2 cups waste paper

For Sample B, 1 cup of orange peelings and 1

cup waste paper

For Sample A, 2 cups of Orange Peelings

only

Preparation of Sample & Materials

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Sample A, which is made from orange peelings

without waste paper, was not evaluated since it was a

failure and the product produced was not paper; it was

chalk- like and brittle.

Characteristics Sample B Sample C

Color3.33

(greenish)4.77

(white)

Texture2.27

(rough)2.40

(rough)

Odor2.47

(unpleasant)2.47

(unpleasant)Table 1 shows the physical characteristics of the different

samples of paper from orange peelings in terms of color, odor and

texture. Sample B has a greenish color. Its texture is rough because

some of the peelings were not thoroughly blended. It has an

unpleasant smell because of the scent of orange peelings and also

because it was boiled in the clay pot. Sample C has a white color

because it was purely made from waste paper and no orange peelings

are added. It has a rough texture because it was not thoroughly

blended and it has an unpleasant smell because it was also boiled in

the clay pot.

Table 1. Characteristics of Paper from Orange Peelings

Characteristics Sample B Sample C

Over-all Acceptability5.90

(Like Slightly)6.70

(Like Moderately)

Table 2 shows the overall acceptability of the paper based

on the evaluation of the respondents. In Sample B, the

respondents like it slightly because of its greenish color even

though it has an unpleasant smell and it was rough. In Sample C,

the respondents like it moderately because of its white color.

Overall, Sample C is the most accepted product.

Table 2. General Acceptability of the Orange Peelings Paper

Trials Sample B Sample C

1 731.12 740.87

2 731.12 649.88

3 740.87 726.08

Mean 734.37 705.61

Table 3. Breaking Strength of Different Samples( N/m2 )

Table 3 shows the breaking strength of the two samples in

three trials. Weights were used in doing the experiment and then

the breaking strength of the paper was calculated. It is shown that

sample B has greater breaking strength from Sample C since it had

the raw material (orange peelings) and Sample C only had waste

paper.

n rcritical r Remarks

Color 30 9 44 < 9

(Ho is rejected)

Odor 16 3 88 > 3

( Ho is not rejected)

Texture 13 2 33 > 2

(Ho is not rejected)

Acceptability 23 6 11 < 6

( Ho is rejected)

The significant differences of the characteristics between the

two samples were also obtained using the sign-test. In Table 4, it is

shown that there is a significant difference in color and acceptability

since Ho is rejected. There is no significant difference in the odor

and texture of the two samples.

Table 4. Values Needed in Obtaining the Significant Difference( Sign Test)

α = 0.05

α d.f tcritical t Remarks0.05 4 2.132 1.01 1.01 < 2.132

(Ho is not rejected)

Table 10. Values Needed in Obtaining the Significant Difference( t- test)

The significant difference of the breaking strength

between the two samples was obtained using the t-test. It was

concluded that there is no significant difference between the

two samples in terms of breaking strength.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and

RECOMMENDATIONS

A) Summary

This study aims to produce paper from orange

peelings. There were three samples produced and each has

its own proportion of orange peelings and waste paper. The

samples made have good characteristics in terms of color,

texture and odor except for Sample A. Sample A has two

cups of orange peelings, Sample B has 1 cup of orange

peelings and 1 cup waste paper and Sample C has no

orange peelings but instead 2 cups of waste paper.

The Score Card and Hedonic Scale were used by the

thirty evaluators to rate the characteristics and acceptability

of the paper and breaking strength was also calculated.

In the experiment, the researchers used constant

amount of starch, caustic soda and alum while varying the

proportions of orange peelings for each sample. The peelings

were boiled and soaked in caustic soda so that it is soft and

easy to blend. Additive solutions were added after it was

washed with running water to make the slurry and now ready

for the final process which is placing it on the mold and

deckle. It was spread out using a sponge so that it would be

even and is dried until it turns into paper.

B) ConclusionThe researchers conclude that orange peelings could

be a source of raw material in making paper provided that

it will be mixed with waste paper. The paper produced was

more of a decorative paper because of its rough texture

and color.The products showed different characteristics.

Sample A, from 1oo% orange peelings, did not have the

characteristics of a paper. The characteristics of Sample B

are greenish, rough and unpleasant odor. The

characteristics of Sample C are white, rough, and

unpleasant odor. Both samples were made into paper but

more of a decorative paper. Sample C was the most

accepted sample among the products.

Using sign-test, the researchers conclude that there

is a significant difference between the two samples in terms

of color and acceptability. There is no significant difference

between the two samples in terms of its odor and texture.

Using t-test, it is concluded that there is no significant

difference between the two samples in terms of breaking

strength.

The breaking strength of products was also obtained

by doing three trials. Sample B has an average breaking

strength of 734.37 N/m2 and Sample C has an average

breaking strength of 705.61 N/m2. This shows that Sample

B has greater breaking strength than Sample C. This

means that paper from orange peelings with waste paper is

stronger than paper from waste paper alone.

C) Recommendations

The researchers recommend using raw materials

which are rich in fiber. If future researchers will

conduct this experiment, the researchers recommend to

use more orange peelings and to use bleach and also to

improve the amount of additives used. Improvements in

the proportion of the raw material are also

recommended to have a better product.

-end-