“ “ LABOR AND CAPITAL” LABOR AND CAPITAL” United States History and Literature United States History and Literature The American Experience
Dec 16, 2015
““LABOR AND CAPITAL”LABOR AND CAPITAL”
United States History and LiteratureUnited States History and LiteratureThe American Experience
PAST TO PRESENT: PAST TO PRESENT: CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT
Guilds of Pre-
Modern Age
Membership, responsibilities; apprenticeship,
masters.
Ensured level of
status in society
Industrial Revolution
Position of labor
in society changes for the worse!
Society converts from
overwhelmingly rural and agrarian
to more urban and industrial.
New factories and semi- and
unskilled labor.
Immigration from
countryside, South, and overseas.
Decrease in wages, prestige, and job secuity.
THE “OTHER”THE “OTHER”
LABOR MANAGEMENT
capitalism and "laissez
faire"
"social gospel"
Workers uneducated and even
criminalArrogance!
run risk of ownership
and managem
ent - financial
downturns and ruin
Business to run, bills to pay, and
competition to worry about - "low salaries"
Ruthless "robber
barons" out to exploit
them
Class hatred and
revenge
Increased wages
8 hour day
Better working
conditions, worker safety,
children, etc.
Early Labor UnionsEarly Labor Unions National Labor Union
1866-1873
Knights of Labor Terrence V. Powederly Early successes 1869-1881
AF of L Samuel Gompers Skilled labor Good and bad Survival!
Samuel Gompers
Labor DilemmaLabor Dilemma• Collaboration of
business– vs. lack of unity in labor!
• Job insecurity, physical danger, imperious role of work in life:– “Collective bargaining”
and share of economic pie
• Effectiveness of strikes– Role of government and
courts– Role of newspapers and
magazines– Community support!
STRIKESSTRIKES
RAILROAD STRIKE OF
1877
B and O Railroad
1873 Depression
prompts
Strike and protests
Militia refuse,
army comes in and
violence
Much destruction and some 100 dead
HAYMARKET RIOT OF
1886
McCormick strike brings speeches at Haymarket Square
in Chicago
Anarchists speak and police are
called
Bomb, gunfire both
sides, 7 police deadTrial of 8
anarchists
Knights of Labor hurt by event, and then collapse.
Tarnished with "radical"
label
Homestead Strike of 1892
STRIKESSTRIKES
PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894
Pullman - company
town - wages cut, rents and prices still
high
American Railroad Union (under Eugene Debs)
boycotts trains with
Pullman cars RR traffic
paralyzed
Gov. Altgeld refuses to
send in troops
Pres. Cleveland sends in troops to guard the mail trains.
Riots break out
Atty. Gen. Richard
Olney uses court
injunction re. mail,
Debs to jail.
Strike failed and Debs converted
to socialism.
MOLLY MAGUIRES
OF THE 1880s
Bosses add mail and Pullman cars to
every train.
LABOR APOCALYPSE“But in this supreme hour the American Railway Union, undaunted, put forth its efforts to rescue Pullman’s famine-cursed wage slaves from the grasp of an employer as heartless as a stone, as remorseless as a savage and as unpitying as an incarnate fiend. The battle fought in the interest of starving men, women and children stands forth in the history of Labor’s struggles as the great ‘Pullman Strike.’ It was a battle on the part of the American Railway Union fought for a cause as holy as ever aroused the courage of brave men; it was a battle in which upon one side were men thrice armed because their cause was just, but they fought against the combined power of corporations which by the use of money could debauch justice, and, by playing the part of incendiary, bring to their aid the military power of the government, and this solidified mass of venality, venom and vengeance constituted the foe against which the American Railway Union fought Labor’s greatest battle for humanity.” –– Eugene Debs
TECHNIQUES USED BY
MANAGEMENT TO DEFEAT
LABOR
"yellow dog" contract
blacklist
lockout
strikebreakers/scabs, during depression
African-Americans
Pinkerton detectives
Court injunctions
police/state militia/federal
troops brought in
Associate labor unions with radical groups, such as anarchists, socialists,
and communists.
Hire workers from different
immigrant groups so as to lessen worker
cohesion
Most newspapers
and magazines on the side of management
Company towns and
stores, use of script
Mobility of businesses
LABOR FAILURES OF GILDED
AGE
Most unions collapsed, especially
during depression
Most strikes crushed
and goals not
achieved
Women and minorities
not accepted
Technology and reorganization
of business replaces skilled with unskilled
jobs
Less than 10% of workers
unionized by 1900
Massive immigration from overseas and migration from
South made replacing workers easy.
DYAMICS WITHIN LABOR
MOVEMENT
Semi-skilled unskilled
labor problem!
Confusion of aims
between Knights of
Labor (utopian) and AFL
(bread and butter)
Depressions of 1870's and 1890's hurt
unions badly - most unions
failed
Radical movement, although small, gave unions a bad name
(encouraged by media and management)
Lacks of ties between labor and farmer movements,
Populists, etc.
LABOR GAINS
DURING GILDED
AGE
Workers' determination
to strike makes
employers think twice
before cutting wages
Congress places some
limits on (Chinese)
immigration
More workers
getting the pre-Civil
War demand of 10 hours workdays
Some states gave unions legal recognition and passed health and safety laws to protect workers
Some companies provided pension
plans and profit
sharing
The AFL did survive the depression of 1890s, and
by 1901 it had over 1 million members - almost 1/3 of all skilled workers
Andrew Carnegie
HOW AMERICA
FEELS ABOUT...
"Robber Barons"
Organized labor unions
J.P. Morgan John Rockefeller