UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (CPE 554) No Title Allocated marks (%) Marks 1 Abstract/Summary 5 2 Introduction 5 3 Aims 5 4 Theory 10 5 Apparatus 5 6 Methodology/Procedure 10 7 Results 10 8 Calculations 10 9 Discussion 20 10 Conclusion 5 11 Recommendations 5 12 Reference 5 13 Appendix 5 NAME : GROUP : EH 221 (4B) GROUP 4 EXPERIMENT : MEMBRANE SEPARATION DATE PERFORMED : 16/5/2014 SEMESTER : 4 PROGRAMME CODE : EH221 BACHELOR (HONS) OF CHEMICAL AND PROCESS AND ENGINEERING SUBMIT TO : MADAM SITI SHAWALIAH IDRIS
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II(CPE 554)
No Title Allocated marks (%) Marks1 Abstract/Summary 52 Introduction 53 Aims 54 Theory 105 Apparatus 56 Methodology/Procedure 107 Results 108 Calculations 109 Discussion 2010 Conclusion 511 Recommendations 512 Reference 513 Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS100
Remarks:Checked by:
________________Date:
NAME :
GROUP : EH 221 (4B) GROUP 4
EXPERIMENT : MEMBRANE SEPARATION
DATE PERFORMED : 16/5/2014
SEMESTER : 4
PROGRAMME CODE : EH221 BACHELOR (HONS) OF CHEMICAL AND
PROCESS AND ENGINEERING
SUBMIT TO : MADAM SITI SHAWALIAH IDRIS
DATE SUBMITED : 2 /5/2014
MEMBRANE SEPARATION UNIT 2014
TABLE CONTENT
Number Title Pages
1. Abstract/Summary 3
2. Introduction 4-8
3. Aims 9
4. Theory 10-13
5. Apparatus 14
6. Methodology/Procedure 15-16
7. Results 17
8. Calculations 17
9. Discussion 18-19
10. Conclusion 20
11. Recommendations 21
12. Reference 22
13. Appendix 22-24
1.0 ABSTRACT
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The experiment is carried our to study on four different types of membranes by using
Membrane Test Unit model TR14.The experiment is conducted to study characteristics based
on 4 different types of membrane which are AFC99(polyamide film),AFC 40 (polyamide
film),CA 202 (cellulose acetate) and FP 100 (PVDF),by using Membrane Test Unit model
TR14. In plus, this experiment was made to determine the characteristics of 4 types of
membranes which different in term of pore size by separation driving force is namely as
reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF)
membranes. Besides that, another aim in this experiment is to calculate the composition of
solid salt at product. The experiment was run using approximately sodium chloride solution.
The pressure supply for each membrane is different at maximum pressure for at which is 18
bar, 12 bar, 10 bar and 8.5 bar for membrane 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. For every 1 minute
to 10 minutes, the permeate sample is collected and its weight was recorded for each type of
membrane use. As the experiment goes, the solution will permeate through the membrane
leaving only macromolecules behind. The sample of permeates were taken too made up the
weight of permeates per time. The highest amount of permeate during 10 minutes is 6221.85
g that is for membrane 4 and the lowest is about 325.53 g that is membrane 1. The graph of
permeate weight versus time then is plotted. From the graph, when the time increase, the
permeate weight also increases. For the membrane 4, the line increases gradually. For the
membrane 1, 2 and 3 the lines show sloppier with increase in the percentage of composition
of salt at product. The experiment was completely and successfully conducted.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
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In our real life, the membrane technology is mostly used in transport of substances
between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes for separation of gaseous or
liquid streams .Membrane technology are available in variety of separation capabilities have
become the technology .It used not only removal of turbidity, precursors, microorganism
relating to underground , surface water supplies and other. But for our experiment, the
Membrane Test unit Model TR 14 shown in Figure 2.1 has been designed to demonstrate the
technique of membrane separations which highly popular as they provided effective
separation without the use of heating energy as in distillation process, sublimation or
crystallization . This type of membrane is mostly used among industry in biotechnology and
process industry.
Figure 2. 1 :- Membrane Test unit Model TR 14
This self- contained unit on a mobile epoxy coated steel framework, it requires only
connection to a suitable electricity supply and a normal cold water supply to be fully
operational. It consists of a feed tank, a product tank, a feed pump, a pressure regulator, a
water bath, and a membrane test module. All parts in contact with the process fluid ate
stainless steel, PTFE, silicone rubber or nitrile rubber. The unit comes with a high pressure
feed pump for delivering the feed to the membrane unit at the desired flow rate and pressure.
The retentate line can be either returned to the feed tank or straight to the drain. Appropriate
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sensors for flow, pressure and temperature are installed at strategic locations for process
monitoring and data acquisitions.
This TR 14 consists of a test module supplied with four different membranes, namely the
reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF)
membranes as shown in Figure 2.2
Figure 2.1: Comparison for 4 types of membranes
. The TR 14 unit is supplied with 4 membranes which are:
Membrane 1: AFC 99 (polyamide film)
Membrane 2: AFC 40 (polyamide film)
Membrane 3: CA 202 (cellulose acetate)
Membrane 4: FP 100 (PVDF)
The AFC 99 is rated with 99% NaCl rejection at maximum pressure and temperature which is
64 bar and 80℃ whereas the AFC 40 has 60% CaCl2 rejection at 60 bar and 60℃ .Both of
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these membranes use in operation of reverse osmosis. Meanwhile, the CA 202 is rated with
apparent retentation of 2000 MWCO and the FP 100 is 100000 MWCO. Both of these two
membranes use in ultrafiltration process which CA 202 operates at 25 bars and 30℃ while
the FP 100 is at 10 bar and 80℃ .
Many processes for separation of gaseous or liquid mixtures use semi permeable membranes
that allow one or more constituents of the mixture to pass through more readily than the
others. The membrane may be thin layers of a rigid material such as porous glass or sintered
metal, but more often they are flexible films or synthetic polymers prepared to have a high
permeability for certain types of molecules.
Figure 2.3: Closed look of membrane
In reverse osmosis, permeate is nearly pure water at about 1 atm, and very high pressure is
applied to the feed solution to make the activity of the water slightly greater than that in
permeate. This provides an activity gradient across the membrane even through the
concentration of water in the product is higher than in the feed.
There are several processes for the separation of liquid mixtures using porous membranes or
asymmetric polymer membrane. With porous membranes, separation may be depending just
on differences in diffusivity, as is the case with dialysis, where aqueous solutions at
atmospheric pressure are on both sides of the membrane. For liquid-liquid extraction using
porous membranes, the immiscible raffinate and extract phases are separated by the
membrane, and differences in the equilibrium solute distribution as well as differences in
diffusivity determine the extract composition.
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Microfiltration (MF) and ultra-filtration (UF) systems used a lower pressure compare
to reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltartion (NF). Both the MF and UF have been shown to
exceed the removal efficiencies. MF and UF membrane system generally use hallow fibers
that can be operated in the outside in or inside out direction of flow.
In desalination, salt water on one side of a semi-permeable RO membrane is subjected
to high pressure. This cause fresh water to diffuse through the membrane and leaves behind
more concentrated solution that the source supply, containing the majority of the dissolved
minerals and other contaminants. A loose version of RO called Nanofiltration typically
operates at 85to 95% recovery, without pressures. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
membranes are mainly used for water purification purposes.
Reverse osmosis separates aqueous ionic solutions of different concentration. In
osmosis, solvent transports from a dilute solute or salt solution to a concentrated solute or salt
solution across a semipermeable membrane which allows passage of the solvent but impedes
passage of the salt solutes. When the solvent moves from an area of high water potential to
low water potential, there exist an osmotic pressure so that equal ionic concentrations on each
side of membranes. Water molecules will pass to dilute solution side through the membrane
if when a hydraulic pressure is applied to the concentrated solution which is greater and in
reverse to the osmotic pressure. Thus, by using this process it can be separate water from ions
and low-molecular weight organic constituents. As a result, the solute is retained on the
pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To
be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through
the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to
pass freely. Nanofiltration is about a process of water purification that use to remove
contaminates from the water to produce clean, clear and pure water. Nanofiltration is is a
form a reverse osmosis, that function to remove bivalent hardness, calcium, and magnesium
plus sulphate but leave in most of the single valent sodium ion.
Ultrafiltration is a type of separation process by using membranes with pore sizes in
the approximately range is 0.1 to 0.001 micron. Basically, ultrafiltration mostly use by
industry is to remove high molecular-weight substances, colloidal materials, and organic and
inorganic polymeric molecules. But, the type like low molecular-weight organics and ions
such as sodium, calcium, magnesium chloride, and sulphate are not removed. Thus, this is
because ultrafiltration will remove only high-molecular weight species .To achieve high flux