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Lecture 5
Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
- also called biological diversity
- consists of the forms of life that can bestsurviveEarths conditions
- includes genetic diversity, speciesdiversity & ecological diversity
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DNA
- carries genetic information in living
organisms
Genes
- segments of DNA
- control hereditary characteristics inorganisms
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Species
- group of organisms that resemble one
another in appearance, behaviour,
chemicalmakeup & processes, andgenetic structure
- actually or potentially interbreed
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Genetic Diversity
- variability in the genetic makeup amongindividuals within a single species
Species Diversity
- the variety of species on Earth
- ~ 1.4 million species described
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Ecosystem Diversity
- also called ecological
diversity
- variety offorests,
deserts, grasslands,
streams, lakes, oceansand otherbiological
communities
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Importance of Biodiversity
- we are dependent on the rich variety ofgenes,
species and ecosystems, for example:
food
medicine
wood energy
industrial chemicals
raw materials
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8 Main Areas of Biodiversity Importance
Ecosystem Stability
Genetic Reserves
Medicinal Agricultural
Industrial
Aesthetic
Ethical
Religious / Spiritual
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Ecosystem Stability
- the activities ofall organisms are inter-related
- we are dependent on one another in
indirect ways
- all direct and indirect benefits from nature
require large, healthy populations
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Genetic Reserves
- used fordomesticated plant and animalbreeding
- genetic engineers splice genes andrecombine sequences ofexisting DNAmolecules
- genetic engineering depends on a broadbase ofgenetic diversity
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Medicinal
- wild stockacts as crucial medicinal blueprint
- many prescription medicines come from plants,
fungi, poisonous animals
- biological communities are being searched for
cures of human diseases
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Agricultural
- we must eat to survive
- we eat only ~ 150 species of ~ 80,000edible species
- ~ 50 animals have been truly domesticated (includes
pets)
- 100% of our animal protein comes from 8 animal
types (ducks, geese, turkeys, chickens, goats, sheep,
pigs, cattle)
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Industrial
- modern industrial technology uses plants andanimals in many of its products
- plants supply us with: oils, paper, perfumes,poisons
- animals provide: leather, fur, silk, wool,lubricants
- cosmetic & pharmaceutical industries benefit
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Aesthetic
- organisms are a source ofbeauty,joy,
wonder, recreational pleasure
- preserve forsymbolic value, intrinsic
interest
- landscapes and organisms are
inspiration for the arts
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Ethical
- each species has an inherent right toexist, equal to that ofany other
species
- Deep Ecologyworldview: organisms
have a right to exist and that humans
should not cause theirextinction
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Religious / Spiritual
- people find spiritual solace and comfort in
nature
- some religions teach people that they are
superior to all other creatures
- other religions teach respect for nature and that
man is a steward fornature
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Extinction
- complete disappearance of a speciesfrom Earth
- e.g.,
Jamaica rice rat
Giant yellow galliwaspJamaican Parauque
Black-capped Petrel
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Endangered Species
- so few individual survivors that the
species could soon become extinct
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Black-billed Parrot
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Yellow-billed Parrot
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Giant Swallowtail
Butterfly
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Jamaican Iguana
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Jamaican Hutia
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Jamaican Boa
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Characteristics of Endangered Species
extremely small, localised range
a large territory
living on islands
low reproductive success
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Characteristics of Endangered Speciescontd
specialised breeding areas
specialised feeding habits
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The 3 Main Human Causes of Extinction
Habitat Destruction
Biotic Pollution
Hunting
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Habitat Destruction
- the greatest threat to most wild species
Biotic Pollution
- introduction offoreign or exotic species intoan ecosystem in which it did not evolve
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Hunting
Subsistence
Sport
Commercial
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Conservation Biology
- aims to investigate human impact onbiodiversity
- develops practical approaches to prevent
species extinction
- develops compromises between
conservation priorities & human needs
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I n SituConservation
- on-site preservation
- preservation ofnatural populations in thewild
- best strategy for the long-term protectionof biodiversity
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Ex SituConservation
- off-site preservation
- includes:artificial insemination
in vitro fertilisation
captive breeding programmes
zoos
