l5 Merdeka !!

MERDEKA !!MERDEKA !!IndependenceIndependence

Independent Malaysia based onIndependent Malaysia based on

Parliamentary democracyParliamentary democracy Constitution with a KingConstitution with a King Based on federalism.Based on federalism.

Independence achieved through Independence achieved through the spirit of ‘nationalism’the spirit of ‘nationalism’

Loyal to one’s country, love the country, Loyal to one’s country, love the country, peace and development, defend the nation, peace and development, defend the nation, chase the colonial powers etc.chase the colonial powers etc.

Can be traced to the Portuguese invasion of Can be traced to the Portuguese invasion of Melaka (1511).Melaka (1511).

Malay States were colonized 1511-1957.Malay States were colonized 1511-1957. Portuguese, Dutch, British (Western)Portuguese, Dutch, British (Western) Japanese, Siamese (Eastern)Japanese, Siamese (Eastern)

SIAMESESIAMESE

Siam tried to invade the Malay States – Siam tried to invade the Malay States – Melaka and Pahang – but unsuccessful.Melaka and Pahang – but unsuccessful.

1919thth century (1821-1909) – Kedah, Perlis century (1821-1909) – Kedah, Perlis and Kelantan invaded by Siamese.and Kelantan invaded by Siamese.

PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE

Conquered Melaka in 1511 and ruled until Conquered Melaka in 1511 and ruled until 1641 (only Melaka and not the surrounding 1641 (only Melaka and not the surrounding areas) – 130 years.areas) – 130 years.

Attempts to recapture Melaka by Sultan Attempts to recapture Melaka by Sultan Melaka and others failed.Melaka and others failed.

DUTCHDUTCH

Dutch conquered Melaka from Portuguese Dutch conquered Melaka from Portuguese in 1641 (with the help of Johor).in 1641 (with the help of Johor).

Primarily due to trade – Dutch in Java Primarily due to trade – Dutch in Java wanted to control Melaka.wanted to control Melaka.

Melaka came under Dutch rule for about Melaka came under Dutch rule for about 180 years.180 years.

Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor and Raja Haji of Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor and Raja Haji of Johor failed in their attempts to capture Johor failed in their attempts to capture Melaka.Melaka.

BRITISHBRITISH

Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 1824. Took over Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 1824. Took over Straits of Melaka from Dutch.Straits of Melaka from Dutch.

Controlled Penang as a ‘gift’ from Sultan Controlled Penang as a ‘gift’ from Sultan Kedah to Francis Light, 1786.Kedah to Francis Light, 1786.

Controlled Singapore as a ‘gift’ from Controlled Singapore as a ‘gift’ from Tengku Husin in 1819 to Stamford Raffles.Tengku Husin in 1819 to Stamford Raffles.

Strengthened position by forming Straits Strengthened position by forming Straits Settlements in 1826.Settlements in 1826.

ANTI-BRITISH UPRISINGSANTI-BRITISH UPRISINGS Naning War, 1831-32 (Dol Said)Naning War, 1831-32 (Dol Said) Perak War (Assasination of JWW Birch), 1875 (Dato’ Perak War (Assasination of JWW Birch), 1875 (Dato’

Maharajalela)Maharajalela) Seri Menanti, 1891-1985 (Yamtuan Antah)Seri Menanti, 1891-1985 (Yamtuan Antah) Pahang, 1891-1895 (Dato’ Bahaman, Tok Gajah)Pahang, 1891-1895 (Dato’ Bahaman, Tok Gajah) Malay Chiefs of Sarawak, 1859-1860 (Shariff Masahor, Datuk Malay Chiefs of Sarawak, 1859-1860 (Shariff Masahor, Datuk

Patinngi Abdul Gapur)Patinngi Abdul Gapur) Iban, Sarawak (Rentap)Iban, Sarawak (Rentap) Mat Salleh, Sabah 1894-1900 (Mat Salleh)Mat Salleh, Sabah 1894-1900 (Mat Salleh) Tok Janggut, 19115 (Haji Mat Hassan, Engku Besar Jeram, Tok Janggut, 19115 (Haji Mat Hassan, Engku Besar Jeram,

Penghulu Adam, Haji Said and Che Ishak)Penghulu Adam, Haji Said and Che Ishak) Terengganu, 1922-1928 (Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong)Terengganu, 1922-1928 (Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong) Banting, Sarawak 1893-1908 (Banting of Hulu Batang Lupar)Banting, Sarawak 1893-1908 (Banting of Hulu Batang Lupar) Asun, Sarawak 1931-1932Asun, Sarawak 1931-1932 Rundum, Sabah 1915 (Murut)Rundum, Sabah 1915 (Murut)

JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1941-45JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1941-45 Asia for Asians.Asia for Asians. Western powers can be defeated by Asians.Western powers can be defeated by Asians. Miserable conditions – Japanese brutal Miserable conditions – Japanese brutal

treatment.treatment. Instilled the spirit of nationalism.Instilled the spirit of nationalism. Chaotic political and economic conditions.Chaotic political and economic conditions. Lack of food.Lack of food. Malayan People Anti-Japanese Army Malayan People Anti-Japanese Army

(MPAJA)(MPAJA) Force 136 – guerrilla warfare.Force 136 – guerrilla warfare.

““BINTANG TIGA” TRAGEDYBINTANG TIGA” TRAGEDY

Infamous 14-day “rule” by the Bintang Tiga Infamous 14-day “rule” by the Bintang Tiga before the return of Allied Forces.before the return of Allied Forces.

Power vacuum 15-30Power vacuum 15-30thth August 1954. August 1954. Brutal especially to the Malays.Brutal especially to the Malays. Bintang Tiga armed wing of CPM.Bintang Tiga armed wing of CPM. Revenge on those associated with Japanese.Revenge on those associated with Japanese. Many died in Batu Pahat, Muar, Sungei Many died in Batu Pahat, Muar, Sungei

Manik and other areas in Perak and Manik and other areas in Perak and Selangor.Selangor.

INDPENDENCE THROUGH THE INDPENDENCE THROUGH THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISMSPIRIT OF NATIONALISM

In the 20In the 20thth century independence can be century independence can be achieved through diplomatic means (not achieved through diplomatic means (not only through wars and uprisings).only through wars and uprisings).

Nationalism – 2 main factors – external Nationalism – 2 main factors – external influence and literary works.influence and literary works.

Russia’s defeat by Japanese; Indonesia Russia’s defeat by Japanese; Indonesia against Dutch.against Dutch.

Newspapers and magazines.Newspapers and magazines.

EARLY NEWSPAPERSEARLY NEWSPAPERS Al-Imam, 1906, Syed Sheikh al-Hadi, Al-Imam, 1906, Syed Sheikh al-Hadi,

vehicle for Kaum Muda to spread ideas vehicle for Kaum Muda to spread ideas about change and progress.about change and progress.

Saudara, 1928, Syed Sheikh al-Hadi, Saudara, 1928, Syed Sheikh al-Hadi, vehicle for Kaum Muda to spread ideas vehicle for Kaum Muda to spread ideas about self-improvement.about self-improvement.

Majlis, 1935, Abdul Rahim Kajai, first Majlis, 1935, Abdul Rahim Kajai, first national newspaper, messages to British to national newspaper, messages to British to protect Malay rights.protect Malay rights.

Warta Melayu, awareness among Malays Warta Melayu, awareness among Malays for progress and attacked British policies of for progress and attacked British policies of marginalizing the Malays.marginalizing the Malays.

Utusan Melayu, 1939, Abdul Rahim Kajai Utusan Melayu, 1939, Abdul Rahim Kajai and Ishak Haji Muhammad, symbol of and Ishak Haji Muhammad, symbol of Malay solidarity, nationalism, anti-British.Malay solidarity, nationalism, anti-British.

Warta Sarawak, awareness about Malay Warta Sarawak, awareness about Malay nationalism, Malays not to sell their land, to nationalism, Malays not to sell their land, to be active in business.be active in business.

PERSONALITIES IN CREATING PERSONALITIES IN CREATING AWARENESS ABOUT NATIONALISM AWARENESS ABOUT NATIONALISM

THROUGH LITERARY WORKSTHROUGH LITERARY WORKS

Syed Sheikh al-HadiSyed Sheikh al-Hadi Sheikh Tahir JalaluddinSheikh Tahir Jalaluddin Ishak Haji MuhammadIshak Haji Muhammad Abdul Rahim KajaiAbdul Rahim Kajai Attacked British policies regarding the Attacked British policies regarding the

underdevelopment of the Malays.underdevelopment of the Malays.

ASSOCIATIONSASSOCIATIONS Nationalism also channeled to the local people through Nationalism also channeled to the local people through

associations, clubs, and unions established at all levels associations, clubs, and unions established at all levels (national, state, etc.)(national, state, etc.)

KESATUAN MELAYU SINGAPURAKESATUAN MELAYU SINGAPURA, Eunos bin , Eunos bin Abdullah, 1926. To get more Malays in administration. Abdullah, 1926. To get more Malays in administration. Intermediary between Malays and British.Intermediary between Malays and British.

KESATUAN MELAYU SELANGORKESATUAN MELAYU SELANGOR, Tengku Ismail , Tengku Ismail Tengku Mohd. Yassin, 1938. More Malays in Tengku Mohd. Yassin, 1938. More Malays in administration, improved education, better social and administration, improved education, better social and economic conditions of Malays.economic conditions of Malays.

PERSATUAN MELAYU PERAKPERSATUAN MELAYU PERAK, Wan Mohd. Nor Wan , Wan Mohd. Nor Wan Nasir, 1937. Improved education and economy of Malays.Nasir, 1937. Improved education and economy of Malays.

KELAB PUTERA KELANTAN, PERSATUAN KELAB PUTERA KELANTAN, PERSATUAN MELAYU PAHANG, PERSATUAN MELAYU MELAYU PAHANG, PERSATUAN MELAYU NEGERI SEMBILAN, NEGERI SEMBILAN, andand PERSATUAN MELAYU PERSATUAN MELAYU KELANTANKELANTAN. Progress, solidarity, and protection of . Progress, solidarity, and protection of Malay interest.Malay interest.

PERSATUAN MELAYU SEMENANJUNGPERSATUAN MELAYU SEMENANJUNG, 1930. , 1930. Failed to attract members due to parochial nature of Failed to attract members due to parochial nature of Malays.Malays.

PERSAUDARAAN SAHABAT PENA MALAYA PERSAUDARAAN SAHABAT PENA MALAYA (PASPAM).(PASPAM). Formed by writers, national level. Formed by writers, national level.

KESATUAN MELAYU MUDA (KMM),KESATUAN MELAYU MUDA (KMM), Ibrahim Ibrahim Yaacob, Kuala Lumpur, 1938. National level. Members Yaacob, Kuala Lumpur, 1938. National level. Members primarily students of SITC. Ishak Haji Muhammad and primarily students of SITC. Ishak Haji Muhammad and Ahmad Boestamam. First political organization. Radical. Ahmad Boestamam. First political organization. Radical. Integration of all Malay states. Malay interests. Overthrow Integration of all Malay states. Malay interests. Overthrow British. Independence. Melayu Raya. Arrested by British. British. Independence. Melayu Raya. Arrested by British. Freed under Japanese. Warta Malaya.Freed under Japanese. Warta Malaya.

CHINESE NATIONALISMCHINESE NATIONALISM

Based on events in China.Based on events in China. Chinese political activities influenced by Chinese political activities influenced by

Koumintang struggle in China.Koumintang struggle in China. Many Chinese active in CPM formed in S’pore Many Chinese active in CPM formed in S’pore

during Japanese Occupation.during Japanese Occupation. CPM formed the MPAJA.CPM formed the MPAJA. Straits and Malayan born Chinese formed the Straits and Malayan born Chinese formed the

Straits-Born Chinese British Association, 1949, to Straits-Born Chinese British Association, 1949, to show loyalty, Tan Cheng Lock.show loyalty, Tan Cheng Lock.

INDIAN NATIONALSIMINDIAN NATIONALSIM

Based on political development in India.Based on political development in India. Indian Youth Association, 1937.Indian Youth Association, 1937. Formed the Central Indian Association Formed the Central Indian Association

Malaya (CIAM), Dr A.W. Soosay, Indian Malaya (CIAM), Dr A.W. Soosay, Indian interests and improve living standards.interests and improve living standards.

CONTINUING STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE CONTINUING STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE AFTER WORLD WAR IIAFTER WORLD WAR II

British returned to Malaya in September British returned to Malaya in September 1945.1945.

14 days of Bintang Tiga – racial clashes.14 days of Bintang Tiga – racial clashes. BMABMA Malayan Union and related protests.Malayan Union and related protests.

MALAYAN UNIONMALAYAN UNION

‘‘White Paper’ by British Government, White Paper’ by British Government, October 10, 1945, to implement a new October 10, 1945, to implement a new administrative system known as the administrative system known as the Malayan Union.Malayan Union.

Sir Harold MacMichael was given the task Sir Harold MacMichael was given the task to get the agreement from Malay Sultans.to get the agreement from Malay Sultans.

January 1946 the British Government January 1946 the British Government approved the constitution of the Malayan approved the constitution of the Malayan Union.Union.

REASONS FOR A MALAYAN UNIONREASONS FOR A MALAYAN UNION

Protect British interests in Malaya.Protect British interests in Malaya. Uniform and systematic administration.Uniform and systematic administration. Administrative cost saving.Administrative cost saving. Prepare Malaya for self-government.Prepare Malaya for self-government.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MALAYAN UNIONMALAYAN UNION

Consist of nine (9) Malay states, Penang, and Consist of nine (9) Malay states, Penang, and Malacca.Malacca.

KL as administrative capital headed by a British KL as administrative capital headed by a British Governor.Governor.

Sultans play the role of ‘Adviser’ to Governor.Sultans play the role of ‘Adviser’ to Governor. Singapore not part of Malayan Union but regarded Singapore not part of Malayan Union but regarded

as a British protectorate.as a British protectorate. Citizenship to those above 18 and have been in Citizenship to those above 18 and have been in

resident for 10 years and all those Malayan-born resident for 10 years and all those Malayan-born after Malayan Union.after Malayan Union.

RESISTANCE TOWARDS RESISTANCE TOWARDS MALAYAN UNIONMALAYAN UNION

Fully aware that the Malays were losing power in Fully aware that the Malays were losing power in their own country Datuk Onn Jaffar and other their own country Datuk Onn Jaffar and other Malay nationalists opposed the formation of the Malay nationalists opposed the formation of the Malayan Union.Malayan Union.

Position of Sultans threatened – custom and Position of Sultans threatened – custom and religion.religion.

Citizenship issues worried the Malays.Citizenship issues worried the Malays. Special rights and privileges of Malays threatened.Special rights and privileges of Malays threatened. Malays against tactics employed by MacMichael Malays against tactics employed by MacMichael

in dealing with Sultans.in dealing with Sultans.

ACTIONS AGAINST MALAYAN UNIONACTIONS AGAINST MALAYAN UNION

Datuk Onn Jafar chaired the Kongres Melayu Se-Datuk Onn Jafar chaired the Kongres Melayu Se-Malaya (Pan Malaya Malay Congress) in KL Malaya (Pan Malaya Malay Congress) in KL attended by 200 delegates representing 41 attended by 200 delegates representing 41 associations.associations.

Resolutions include the boycott by Malay Sultans Resolutions include the boycott by Malay Sultans of the ceremony to appoint the British Governor.of the ceremony to appoint the British Governor.

‘‘Mourning’ by Malays for 7 days beginning April Mourning’ by Malays for 7 days beginning April 1, 1946.1, 1946.

Demonstrations by Malays in major towns – JB, Demonstrations by Malays in major towns – JB, KL and Alor Setar.KL and Alor Setar.

Formation of UMNO.Formation of UMNO.

FURTHER OPPOSITION TOWARDS FURTHER OPPOSITION TOWARDS MALAYAN UNIONMALAYAN UNION

Opposition from ex-colonial officials expressed Opposition from ex-colonial officials expressed through London newspapers by Swetttenham, through London newspapers by Swetttenham, Maxwell, Windstedt and Clementi Smith.Maxwell, Windstedt and Clementi Smith.

Malay women – Zaharah Abdullah (Johor), Malay women – Zaharah Abdullah (Johor), Halimathon Majid (Negeri Sembilan) and Saleha Halimathon Majid (Negeri Sembilan) and Saleha Ali (Selangor).Ali (Selangor).

Non-Malay Opposition – Malayan democratic Non-Malay Opposition – Malayan democratic Union (MDU) – Malayan Union not democratic Union (MDU) – Malayan Union not democratic and opposed the exclusion of Singapore.and opposed the exclusion of Singapore.

ESTABLISHMENT OF MALAYAN UNIONESTABLISHMENT OF MALAYAN UNION

Despite oppositions British continued with Despite oppositions British continued with Malayan Union.Malayan Union.

April 1, 1946 Malayan Union was officially April 1, 1946 Malayan Union was officially initiated with Edward Gent as first Governor.initiated with Edward Gent as first Governor.

Function boycotted by Malay Sultans.Function boycotted by Malay Sultans. Negotiations between Gent, Malay Sultans and Negotiations between Gent, Malay Sultans and

Datuk Onn ended with decision to create a new Datuk Onn ended with decision to create a new system of administration.system of administration.

July 1946 Malayan Union was dissolved.July 1946 Malayan Union was dissolved.

THE FEDERATION OF MALAYATHE FEDERATION OF MALAYA

In February 1948 British declared the formation of In February 1948 British declared the formation of the Federation of Malaya to replace Malayan the Federation of Malaya to replace Malayan Union.Union.

Federation consists of the nine (9) Malay states, Federation consists of the nine (9) Malay states, Malacca and Penang and headed by a British High Malacca and Penang and headed by a British High Commissioner.Commissioner.

Sultans given back rights to their respective states Sultans given back rights to their respective states and associated administration of local and associated administration of local government, land, health, education and government, land, health, education and agriculture. Stringent measures regarding agriculture. Stringent measures regarding citizenship and special rights of Malays.citizenship and special rights of Malays.

OPPOSTION FROM PUTERA-AMCJAOPPOSTION FROM PUTERA-AMCJA

No non-Malay representative in the working No non-Malay representative in the working committee to draft the constitution led to the committee to draft the constitution led to the formation of the Malayan Council of Joint Action formation of the Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) – Tan Cheng Lock.(AMCJA) – Tan Cheng Lock.

Some Malays formed left-wing associations such Some Malays formed left-wing associations such as Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKKM), Dr as Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKKM), Dr Burhanuddin Helmi; Angkatan Pemuda Insaf Burhanuddin Helmi; Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), Ahmad Boestamam; Angkatan Wanita (API), Ahmad Boestamam; Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS), Shamsiah Fakeh. These Malay Sedar (AWAS), Shamsiah Fakeh. These Malay associations formed the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat associations formed the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA).(PUTERA).

JOINT ACTION PUTERA-AMCJAJOINT ACTION PUTERA-AMCJA

PUTERA-AMCJA came under Dr Burhanuddin PUTERA-AMCJA came under Dr Burhanuddin al-Helmi.al-Helmi.

In 1947 PUTERA-AMCJA came up with In 1947 PUTERA-AMCJA came up with “People’s Constitution” – rejected by British as “People’s Constitution” – rejected by British as being radical.being radical.

Demonstrated that Malays and non-Malays Demonstrated that Malays and non-Malays capable of uniting to face a common ‘enemy’.capable of uniting to face a common ‘enemy’.

POLITICAL PARTIES AND POLITICAL PARTIES AND INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

UNITED MALAYS NATIONAL UNITED MALAYS NATIONAL ORGANISATION (UMNO),ORGANISATION (UMNO), May 11, 1946, May 11, 1946, Datuk Onn Jaffar, malay unity and solidarity, Datuk Onn Jaffar, malay unity and solidarity, oppose Malayan Union, “Hidup Melayu”, Malay oppose Malayan Union, “Hidup Melayu”, Malay rights, revised constitution of UMNO in 1949 rights, revised constitution of UMNO in 1949 focused on self-government and independence, focused on self-government and independence, prime mover towards independence 31 August, prime mover towards independence 31 August, 1957.1957.

MALAYAN INDIAN CONGRESS (MIC),MALAYAN INDIAN CONGRESS (MIC), 8 8 August 1946, John Thivy as first president, protect August 1946, John Thivy as first president, protect the political, economic, and social interests of the political, economic, and social interests of Indians, 1955 joined Alliance (along with UMNO Indians, 1955 joined Alliance (along with UMNO and MCA).and MCA).

MALAYAN CHINESE ASSOCIATION MALAYAN CHINESE ASSOCIATION (MCA),(MCA), February 27, 1949, Tan Cheng Lock as February 27, 1949, Tan Cheng Lock as first president, protect Chinese interest in first president, protect Chinese interest in economy, politics and social spheres, protect economy, politics and social spheres, protect Communist influence among Chinese, prove to Communist influence among Chinese, prove to British about Chinese loyalty, cooperate with British about Chinese loyalty, cooperate with other races.other races.

INDEPENDENT MALAYA PARTYINDEPENDENT MALAYA PARTY, , September 16, 1951, Datuk Onn Jaffar, after September 16, 1951, Datuk Onn Jaffar, after rejection of UMNO as a multi-racial party, rejection of UMNO as a multi-racial party, unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

ISLAMIC-BASED PARTIESISLAMIC-BASED PARTIES, Hizbul Muslimin; , Hizbul Muslimin; PAS (Parti Islam Se-Malaya), November 24, PAS (Parti Islam Se-Malaya), November 24, 1951.1951.

COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA (CPM),COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA (CPM), April 1930, first political party, overthrow British April 1930, first political party, overthrow British to create a Communist republic, wide influence to create a Communist republic, wide influence among workers’ unions, labor organizations and among workers’ unions, labor organizations and Chinese schools, strike main instrument to cripple Chinese schools, strike main instrument to cripple administrative machinery of British, use of administrative machinery of British, use of aggression less appealing to masses, formed the aggression less appealing to masses, formed the MPAJA, relationship with British to overthrow the MPAJA, relationship with British to overthrow the Japanese, Emergency declared in 1948, Chin Japanese, Emergency declared in 1948, Chin Peng, militant party, established the Malayan Peng, militant party, established the Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA), underground Races Liberation Army (MRLA), underground and guerrilla warfare, creation of new villages, and guerrilla warfare, creation of new villages, black and white areas, 1960 Emergency ends.black and white areas, 1960 Emergency ends.

SOCIALIST PARTIES, radical parties, PKMM SOCIALIST PARTIES, radical parties, PKMM (Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya), 1945; API (Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya), 1945; API 1946; AWAS 1946; Ikatan Pemuda Tanah Air 1946; AWAS 1946; Ikatan Pemuda Tanah Air (PETA) 1947; inspiration from the fight for (PETA) 1947; inspiration from the fight for independence and nationalism from Indonesia.independence and nationalism from Indonesia.

THE ALLIANCE – UMNO AND MCA, 1952, THE ALLIANCE – UMNO AND MCA, 1952, municipal council elections, won 9 out of 12 seats municipal council elections, won 9 out of 12 seats contested. Won in JB, Muar , melaka. Tunku contested. Won in JB, Muar , melaka. Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock formed the Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock formed the Alliance at national level in 1952. MIC joined in Alliance at national level in 1952. MIC joined in 1955. Represent the three major races. First 1955. Represent the three major races. First general elections of the federation on July 27, general elections of the federation on July 27, 1955. Won 51 out of 52 seats. Tunku Abdul 1955. Won 51 out of 52 seats. Tunku Abdul Rahman first Chief Minister.Rahman first Chief Minister.

NEGOTIATIONS AND NEGOTIATIONS AND INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

In February 1956 Tunku Abdul Rahman led a In February 1956 Tunku Abdul Rahman led a delegation to London to negotiate Malaya’s delegation to London to negotiate Malaya’s independence.independence.

The team consisted of 4 representative of the The team consisted of 4 representative of the Malay rulers: Datuk Panglima Bukit Gantang, Malay rulers: Datuk Panglima Bukit Gantang, Dato’ Ahmad Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid and Dato Dato’ Ahmad Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid and Dato Mohd. Seth.Mohd. Seth.

Representative of Alliance: TAR, Dr. Ismail Representative of Alliance: TAR, Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, Dato’ A. Razak Hussein and Abdul Rahman, Dato’ A. Razak Hussein and Colonel H.S. LeeColonel H.S. Lee

Signing of the London Agreement on Signing of the London Agreement on February 8, 1956 between TAR and Lord Lennox February 8, 1956 between TAR and Lord Lennox Boyd, the Secretary of British Colonial TerritoriesBoyd, the Secretary of British Colonial Territories

Independence fixed 31Independence fixed 31stst August 1957. August 1957.Declaration of the date of Independence made by Tunku at Declaration of the date of Independence made by Tunku at Padang Bandar Hilir Melaka after delegation returned from Padang Bandar Hilir Melaka after delegation returned from

LondonLondon