L2 – IntroSurvey EIEN20 Design of Electrical Machines, IEA, 2016 1 Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Lund University, Sweden L2: Variety of electrical machines Machine construction: an overview Transformer is it machine too? Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 2 Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Today’s goal • Introduction to machine construction – Constructional layouts and mechanical arrangements – Supply & control and Application & integration – A few examples • Introduction to machine analysis – Methods and tools – Analysis: parameterisation, magnetic, thermal – Implementation: example and home assignment Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 3 Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Previous lecture • Magnetic field around current carrying coil • The principle of operation of any rotating electric motor is derived from Lorenz force A- A+ I A+ I A+ I M F M M A+ A- I A+ A- I A+ A- I A+ A- I M M F F F F Magnetic coupling Origin of forces Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 4 Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
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L2 – IntroSurvey
EIEN20 Design of Electrical Machines, IEA, 2016 1
Industrial Electrical Engineering and AutomationLund University, Sweden
L2: Variety of electrical machines
Machine construction: an overviewTransformer is it machine too?
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 2
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Today’s goal
• Introduction to machine construction– Constructional layouts and mechanical arrangements– Supply & control and Application & integration– A few examples
• Introduction to machine analysis– Methods and tools– Analysis: parameterisation, magnetic, thermal– Implementation: example and home assignment
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 3
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Previous lecture
• Magnetic field aroundcurrent carrying coil
• The principle of operation of any rotating electric motor is derived from Lorenz force
A- A+
I
A+
I
A+
I
M
F
M M
A+ A- I
A+ A- I
A+ A- I
A+ A- I
M M
F
F
F
F
Magnetic
coupling
Origin of fo
rces
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 4
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L2 – IntroSurvey
EIEN20 Design of Electrical Machines, IEA, 2016 2
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 5
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Rotary machinerotating magnetic field
Origin of forces?
Magnetic coupling?
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 6
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Classification of electrical machines
• Machine – device that uses energy to perform useful work = energy conversion, also transformation
EM
Gap-coil orientation (s) Type of excitation Power character
Axial flux
Transversal flux
Induced, Reluctance
Permanent/Electromagnet
Hybrid
AC, DC, modulated
Rotary, Linear
Radial flux
Circumferential flux
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 7
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• DC
• AC
• Switched power
Supply & Control
u
t
u
t
Constant or slowly
varying supply
Constant or slowly
varying supply in
frequency or/and
amplitude
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Origin of forces
DC machine
synchronous mach
ine
RM machine
asynchron
ous machine
L2 – IntroSurvey
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nMachine (excitation) types
• Separate excitation– PM excitation – magnet
reluctance dominates, PMSM, BLDCM, DCM
– PM hybrids + reluctance modulation
– Field winding – small gaps and good permeability is useful, single or doubly fed
• Excitation via armature– Minimize magnetization
current – small air-gap and good permeability essential
– Induction, reluctance and stepping machines
• Combined excitation– Hybrid excitation
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Constructional layoutCirular, Rotary
Angular,
Spherical Planar,
Disk
Cannular,
Sandwiched
Tubular
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Air-gap versus flux path• Machine construction with respect to of the air-gap
• Procedure– Geometry and dimensions– Materials and their properties– Physical processes and sources– Boundaries and symmetry – Mathematical description of the physical process
related to the geometry and medium
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Geometry simplification
Can “flow” be seen only on a plane? Simplify 3D problem to 2DSymmetric repetition or reflection? Solve a section from the whole
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Geometry parameterization
• It is advisable to describe a device geometry by a number of parameters:
– proportions, – (Variable) dimensions or
numbers
• Electromagnetic, thermal, etc formulation and calculations base on a parametric geometry input
length
height lc
lc
ins
g
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Electromagnetic circuit
Fn
+N·I -N·I
phi m-core
iron bar
air-gap
• Start from static and continue with dynamics
• Ampere’s circuital law applied to magnetic circuit – ΣHL = NI
• Maxwell stress concept – forces in magnetic field – F=1/(2μ0)B2A
L2 – IntroSurvey
EIEN20 Design of Electrical Machines, IEA, 2016 7
Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 25
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nThermal circuit
0 QDt
• Heat flows from hotter to cooler regions
• Heat sources and sinks• Fourier’s heat
conduction in the materials
• Newton’s convection boundary condition
J2ρKf
qn=h(-amb)
J2ρKf
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Example• Electric conductors with fill
factor of Kf =0.6 [-] in a cross-section of 0.02x0.05 [m]
• Current density J=2e+6 [A/m2]• Resistivity ρ 2.4e-8 [Ωm]• Specific loss q=J2ρKf [W/m3]• Ambient temperature =20 [C]• Thermal conductivity λ =0.2
[W/mK]• Heat transfer coefficient α=20
[W/m2K]Length
Width height
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Analytic model
• Symmetric part of geometry
• 1D heat equation
• Solution
02
2
qdxd
x
222/42
2/ rdqdqrr
222/2
2/ xdqdqxx
02
2
qdrd
r
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Equivalent circuit method amb
ambcoil
Gth1
Gth2
1
2 3
• Guess heat flow paths for the symmetric part of the geometry
• Estimate heat conductivity elements
• Formulate relations between temperatures at the node points and heat flow into the node point
• Solve the equation system
L2 – IntroSurvey
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Avo R Design of Electrical Machines 29
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nFinite Element Analysis
• Pre-processing– Geometry– Material properties and heat sources– Boundary conditions– Discretization – FE-mesh
• Processing• Post-processing
– Field distribution, flow density, etc
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Pre-Processor• Drawing the endpoints of
the lines and arc segments for a region,
• Connecting the endpoints with either line segments or arc segments to complete the region,
• Defining material properties and mesh sizing for each region,
• Specifying boundary conditions on the outer edges of the geometry.
coil
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Post-Processor
• Estimate hot-spot and average coil temperature for a given loss density and cooling conditions
• Temperature distribution indicates the thermal loading