L-M349 (L1b1a) Kenézy Ancestral Journey

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L-M349 (L1b1a) Y-DNA Genetic

Ancestral Journey

Gábor Balogh, 2014

CF (P143)

K-M9

L1b1 (M349)

L1b (L655, M317)

L-M20

CT (M168)

A (M91)

BT (M42)

F (M8

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IJK (L15)

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The Human Family Tree

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The FTDNA Haplotree:

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The Y DNA Timeline Comparison:

L

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Haplogroup L-M20 Haplogroup L-M20 found in South Asia, Western Asia and Europe and is defined by SNPs M11,

M20, M61 and M185.

Origins

Haplogroup L-M20 is associated with South Asia. It has also been found at low frequencies among

populations of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe along the coast of the

Mediterranean Sea. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K-M9, and is believed to have

first appeared approximately 30,000 years ago. Both T and L originated in the Iraq/Iran region, the

branches of L all went in different directions (L1 southeast, L2 west and L3 northeast.

Distribution

Sengupta 2006 discovered three subbranches of haplogroup L: L-M76, L-M317, and L-M357. All

three are present in Pakistan, but only L-M76 is regularly found in India. They make a case for an

indigenous origin of L-M76 in India, by arguing that the spatial distributions of both L-M76 HG

frequency and associated microsatellite variance show a pattern of spread emanating from

southern India. By linking haplogroup L-M76 to the Dravidian speakers, they simultaneously argue

for an Indian origin of Dravidian languages (Sengupta 2006). Preliminary evidence gleaned from

non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by

commercial labs (Henson, Hrechdakian & FTDNA 2013), suggests that most European examples

of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L-M317, which is, among South Asian

populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.

L L855, L863, L878/PF5524, L879/PF5697, M11, M20/PF5570, M61/Page43, M185/PF5755

• L* -

• L1 L656, L1304, M22, M295, Page121

• • L1* -

• • L1a M27, M76, P329

• • L1b L655, M317

• • • L1b* -

• • • L1b1 M349

• • • L1b2 M274

• • L1c L1307, M357

• L2 L595

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The L1b1 (M349) Ancestral Journey

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I.

Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA)

Time of Emergence: 142,000 BP, 5700 generations ago (Middle Pleistocene)

Place of Origin: Africa

Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all living people are descended patrilineally (tracing back only along the paternal lines of their family tree). Recent studies report that Y-chromosomal Adam lived as early as around 142,000 years ago. All living humans are also descended matrilineally from Mitochondrial Eve who is thought to have lived earlier, about 190,000–200,000 years ago. Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve need not have lived at the same time. Y-chromosomal Adam had at least two sons and two of his sons have unbroken lineages that have survived to the present day. Initial sequencing of the human Y chromosome suggested that two most basal Y-chromosome lineages were Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT. Haplogroup A is found at low frequencies in parts of Africa, but is common among certain hunter-gatherer groups. Haplogroup BT lineages represent the majority of African Y-chromosome lineages and virtually all non-African lineages. Y-chromosomal Adam was represented as the root of these two lineages. Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT represented the lineages of the two sons of Y-chromosomal Adam. Y-chromosomal Adam is named after the Biblical Adam. This may lead to a misconception that he was the only living male of his times, even though he co-existed with plenty of men around, including his own father who was not the "most recent". However, all his other male contemporaries failed to produce a direct unbroken male line to the present day.

Reconstruction of Y-chromosomal Adam (Maliernes, 2002)

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II.

Haplogroup A (M91)

Time of Emergence: 140,000 BP, 5600 generations ago (Middle Pleistocene)

Place of Origin: Central-Northwest Africa

In human genetics, Haplogroup A is the lineage of all human males. No mutations define Haplogroup A, but since this nomenclature only deals with Homo sapiens sapiens, the "Y-Chromosomal Adam" can be considered its founder. Haplogroup A(xBT) is largely restricted to parts of Africa, though a handful of cases have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. The clade achieves its highest modern frequencies in the Bushmen hunter-gatherer populations of Southern Africa, followed closely by many Nilotic groups in Eastern Africa. However, haplogroup A's oldest sub-clades are exclusively found in Central-Northwest Africa, where it, and consequently Y-chromosomal Adam, is believed to have originated about 140,000 years ago. The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in Ethiopia, as well as some Pygmy groups in Central Africa. Many proposals for haplogroup A's origin suggest it was associated with the ancestral population of Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers. This is because Haplogroup A lineages are frequent among the San people. In addition, the most basal mitochondrial DNA lineages are also largely restricted to the San. However the A lineages of Southern Africa are sub-clades of A lineages found in other parts of Africa. This suggests that A lineages arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere. The two most basal lineages of Haplogroup A, A1b and A1a, have been detected in West Africa, Northwest Africa and Central Africa. Cruciani et al. suggest that these lineages may have emerged somewhere in between Central and Northwest Africa, though such an interpretation is still preliminary due to the incomplete geographic coverage of African y-chromosomes.

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III.

Haplogroup BT (M42, M94, M139, M299)

Possible time of origin: 75,000 BP, 3000 generations ago Possible place of origin: Western North Africa - Central West Africa Haplogroup BT is descended from Haplogroup A about 75,000 years bp, possibly originating in western North Africa - central West Africa. It contains the remaining living human Y-DNA haplogroups from macro-haplogroup A. The notation BT refers to the derived set of haplogroups between B and T which forms its own cladistic set.

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IV.

Haplogroup CT (M168):

Time of Emergence: 70,000 BP, 2800 generations ago - beginning of the Last Glacial Period

Place of Origin: The African Rift Valley

Eurasian Adam probably lived in the region of the Rift Valley in northeast Africa, perhaps in

present-day Ethiopia, Kenya or Tanzania. Over time, a few thousand of his descendants migrated

out of Africa, across the Bab el-Mandeb – the outlet of the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean – at a

time when the water was low enough to allow safe passage in small boats or even over dry land.

His descendants became the only lineage to survive outside of humanity’s home continent of

Africa. (Other lineages had made their way out of Africa earlier, but died out as a result of dramatic

climate changes. One such change occurred when Mount Toba in Sumatra erupted.) Population

growth during the Upper Paleolithic (Late Stone Age) may have spurred these nomadic people to

follow the plains animals which were their food supply. Improved tools and rudimentary art

appeared during this epoch, suggesting there were significant mental and behavioral changes in

mankind. It has been suggested that these changes were spurred by a genetic mutation that gave

Eurasian Adam’s descendants a cognitive advantage over other contemporary, now extinct,

lineages.

The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration.

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V.

Haplogroup CF (P143): Moving Through the Middle East Time of Emergence: 57,000 BP, 2300 generations ago

Climate: Temporary retreat of Ice Age

Haplogroup CF (also known as CF(xDE)) is a Y-DNA Haplogroup defined by the SNP P143. Along with and parallel to Haplogroup DE, it is a descendant of Haplogroup CT. As its compound name implies, it is the ancestral haplogroup to both Haplogroup C and Haplogroup F. The haplogroup is hypothetical because no male in haplogroup CF* has yet been discovered. It defines a large inland migration of nomadic hunters who followed expanding grasslands in the Middle East. Humankind numbered only in the tens of thousands. At this time much of the Earth’s water was frozen in massive ice sheets, which had gradually increased in size. Vast grasslands, called steppes, stretched from present-day France to present-day Korea. Many of the grassland hunters of the P143 lineage traveled east along this steppe highway and eventually peopled much of Asia. Others set a different course. They went west, moving into Europe, trading their familiar grasslands for forests and high country. Though their numbers were small, genetic traces of their journey are still found today.

Haplogroup Y-DNA CF (P143)

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VI.

Haplogroup F (M89)

Time of Emergence: 48,000 BP, 1900 generations ago Place: Southwest Asia Climate: Middle East: Semiarid grass plains In human genetics, haplogroup F is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup spanning all the continents. This haplogroup and its subclades contain more than 90% of the world's existing non-African male population. Sometimes it is referred to as haplogroup FT to distinguish the part of it which is referred to in standard nomenclature as haplogroup (orparagroup) F* (the branches of haplogroup F which have not yet been designated as defining a major haplogroup of their own). This supercluster contains mainly lineages that are not typically found in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that its ancestral CF chromosome may have been carried out of Africa very early in the modern human diaspora, and F may have appeared 48,000 (38,700-55,700) years ago, probably in Eurasia. The presence of several subclusters of F and K that are largely restricted to the Indian subcontinent is consistent with the scenario that a coastal (southern route) of early human migration out of Africa carried ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the coast of the Indian subcontinent, or that some of them originated there.

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VII.

Haplogroup IJK (L15, L16)

Time of Emergence: 45,000 BP, 1800 generations ago Place: Southwest Asia

Haplogroup IJK is a descendant branch of the macrohaplogroup F with haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K as its attested descendants. According to Family Tree DNA, the two SNPs defining this haplogroup unite I, J, and K within F as a "brother clade" to G and H. FTDNA further states that haplogroup IJK's relationship with haplogroup F1 through F4 is unknown.

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VIII.

Haplogroup K-M9

Time of Emergence: 47,000 BP, 1900 generations ago

Place: Southwest Asia

This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK. Its major descendant haplogroups are

Haplogroup LT (L298 = P326) and Haplogroup K(xLT) (M526). Paragroup K (haplogroups K*, K1,

K2, K3 and K4) are found in Oceania, and Australia and only at low frequency in South Asia and

the Malay Archipelago.

Origins

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage established approximately 40,000-50,000 years ago

whose origins were probably in Southwestern Asia or South Asia. At present this group contains

two distinct classes of subgroups: major groups L to T (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA

Haplogroup Tree) and minor groups K-M9* and K1 to K4, which do not have any of the SNPs

defining the major groups. These groups are found at low frequencies in various parts of Eurasia,

and high in Australia and the South Pacific.

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IX.

Haplogroup L (M20): Time of Emergence: 25,000 BP, 1000 generations ago

Place of Origin: Southwest Asia

Haplogroup L-M20 found in South Asia, Western Asia and Europe and is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. Origins Haplogroup L-M20 is associated with South Asia. It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K-M9, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 30,000 years ago. Both T and L originated in the Iraq/Iran region, the branches of L all went in different directions (L1 southeast, L2 west and L3 northeast). Distribution Sengupta 2006 discovered three subbranches of haplogroup L: L-M76, L-M317, and L-M357. All three are present in Pakistan, but only L-M76 is regularly found in India. They make a case for an indigenous origin of L-M76 in India, by arguing that the spatial distributions of both L-M76 HG frequency and associated microsatellite variance show a pattern of spread emanating from southern India. By linking haplogroup L-M76 to the Dravidian speakers, they simultaneously argue for an Indian origin of Dravidian languages (Sengupta 2006). Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs (Henson, Hrechdakian & FTDNA 2013), suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.

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X. Haplogroup L1 (L656, L1304, M22, M295) Time of Emergence: 22,000 BP, 880 generations ago

Place of Origin: Southwest Asia

Climate: Height of the Ice Age

XI.

Haplogroup L1b (L655, M317) Time of Emergence: 20,000 BP, 800 generations ago Place: Middle East

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XII.

Haplogroup L1b1a (L-M349) Time of Emergence: 15,000 BP, 600 generations ago Place: Middle East, Europe

Climate: End of the Last Glacial Maximum

Europe An article by O. Semino et al. published in the journal Science (Volume 290, 10 November 2000) reported the detection of the M11-G mutation, which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L, in approximately 1% to 3% of samples from Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Calabria, and Andalusia. The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small, so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L-M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al., but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely the distribution of Haplogroup L-M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe.

South Tyrol 8.9% of Ladin speakers from Val Badia, 8.3% of Val Badia, 2.9% of Puster Valley, 2.2% of German speakers from Val Badia, 2% of German speakers from Upper Vinschgau, 1.9% of German speakers from Lower Vinschgau and 1.7% of Italian speakers from Bolzano are L-M20. L-M349 is principally found in Europe.

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XIII.

Haplogroup L1b1a (L-M349) - Rhine-Danube cluster The Urnfield culture (c. 1300 BC – 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe. The name comes from the custom of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns which were then buried in fields. The Urnfield culture followed the Tumulus culture and was succeeded by the Hallstatt culture. Linguistic evidence and continuity with the following Hallstatt culture suggests that the people of this culture spoke an early form of Celtic even proto-Celtic originally.

Late Bronze Age Migrations The numerous hoards of the Urnfield culture and the existence of fortified settlements (hill forts) were taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval by some scholars. Written sources describe several collapses and upheavals in the Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and the Levant around the time of the Urnfield origins:

- End of the Mycenean culture with a conventional date of ca. 1200 BC - Destruction of Troy VI ca. 1200 BC - Battles of Ramses III against the Sea Peoples, 1195–1190 BC - End of the Hittite empire 1180 BC - Settlement of the Philistines in Palestine ca. 1170 BC

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XIV.

Hallstatt culture The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture from the 8th to 6th centuries

BC (European Early Iron Age), developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late

Bronze Age) and followed in much of Central Europe by the La Tène culture. It is commonly

associated with Proto-Celtic and Celtic populations in the Western Hallstatt zone and with (pre-)

Illyrians in the eastern Hallstatt zone. By the 6th century BC, it spanned across territories north-

south from the Main, Bohemia, the Little Carpathians, the Swiss plateau, the Salzkammergut,

down to the border between Lower Styria and Lower Carniola, and from the western zone, that

included Champagne-Ardenne, the Upper Rhine, and the upper Danube, to the eastern zone, that

included Vienna Basin and the Danubian Lowland, for some 1000 km.

XV.

La Tène culture

The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La

Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland, where a rich cache of artifacts was

discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron

Age (from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC) in eastern France, Switzerland,

Austria, Southern Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary and

Romania. To the north extended the contemporary Jastorf culture of Northern Germany.

La Tène culture developed out of the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture without any definite cultural

break, under the impetus of considerable Mediterranean influence from the Culture of Golasecca,

the Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul and later Etruscan civilizations. Barry Cunliffe notes localization of

La Tène culture during the 5th century when there arose "two zones of power and innovation: a

Marne – Moselle zone in the west with trading links to the Po Valley via the central Alpine passes

and the Golasecca culture, and a Bohemian zone in the east with separate links to the Adriatic via

the eastern Alpine routes and the Venetic culture". A shift of settlement centres took place in the

4th century.

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XV.

The German knights

Time: 1000 BP, 30 generations ago Place: From Germany to the Kingdom of Hungary

The Gutkeled (spelling variants: Gut-Keled, Guthkeled, Guth-Keled) was a family or clan (Latin

generatio) of Hungarian nobles, to which a number of Hungarian noble families owe their ancestry.

The primary source of their origins is the Gesta Hungarorum of Simon of Kéza, in which the author

writes:

„Sed postea, tempore Petri regis Kelad et Gut intrant tres frateres ex gente Svevorum procreati.”

But afterwards, during the reign of king Peter, Kelad and Gut three brothers of Swabian descent

immigrated.

According to a document from 1326 the ancestor of the genus was Vecellinus von Weißenburg, a

swabian knight who was invited by Stephen I, King of Hungary to help fight the pagan rebels. The

Gutkeled Clans first property was the Gut village near Székesfehérvár.

Some of the Hungarian noble families descending from the Gutkeleds are:

Adonyi, Apagyi, Atyai, Báthory, Daróczi, Diószegi, Dobi, Gacsályi, Guthi, Kenézy, Kun, Pelbárthidi,

Rozsályi, Szemesi, Maróthy, Várdai

Vecellinus von Weißenburg from Chronicon Pictum