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Kuliah 5STRUKTUR & FUNGSI
KOMPONEN SEL JAMUR
FARMASI FMIPA UHAMKA
2011
Priyo Wahyudi
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a. Dinding sel
b. Organel - organel
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Organisme eukariot Bersifat heterotrof aerobik yang memerlukan
bahan organik untuk makanannya Tidak mengandung Klorofil Dinding sel mengandung kitin Mendapatkan makanan dengan jalan absorpsi Tumbuh sebagai yeast dan fungi berfilamen
atau kombinasi keduanya (dimorfisme) Terdapat > 700.000 jenis fungi Hanya 100 jenis yang patogen manusia
4
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Hidup sebagai: Saprofit tumbuh dari benda organik mati
Parasit tumbuh pada inang yang hidup
Dimorfik
bisa hidup sebagai saprofit (bentukfilamen) saat di tanah atau medium di lab., namun
juga bisa sebagai parasit/patogen (bentuk yeast) saattumbuh di dalam jaringan inang
Jamur /Fungi terdiri atas: Yeast/khamir uniseluler
Mold/kapang berfilamen (mempunyai benang-benang hifa)
Mushroom/cendawan/jamur cendawan
makroskopis yang membentuk tubuh buah 5
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Fungi=absorptive heterotrophs
Animals=phagotrophic heterotroph
Heterotroph (chemo-organotrophs):
an organism incapable of synthesizingcarbohydrates from inorganic sources;requires preformed organic compoundsproduced by other organisms
Plants=autotrophs
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Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Hyphal tips release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Product diffuses back
into hypha and is used
Nucleus hangs backand directs
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Cylindrical, branchingfilaments composed of atubular cell wall filled
with cytoplasm andorganelles
Most fungal hyphae are2-10 m diameter
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http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/hairpen.htm
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Miselia fungi dapat tumbuh pada area yang luas One giant individual of Armillariaostoyaein Oregon is 3.4 miles in
diameter and covers 2,200 acres of forest,
It is at least 2,400 years old, and weighs hundreds of tons.
10 cm3 tanah yang kaya bahan organik mengandung hifa fungi yang
dapat mencakup permukaan seluas 300 cm2
mycelium
germinatingspore
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Structural components: chitin microfibrils [(1-4)-linked polymer of N-
acetylglucosamine]
chitosan in Zygomycota [(1-4)-linked polymer ofglucosamine]
-linked glucans
Gel-like components: Mannoproteins (form matrix throughout wall)
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Antigenic glycoproteins, agglutinans,adhesionson cell wall surface
Melaninsdark brown to black pigments (confer
resistance to enzyme lysis, confer mechanicalstrength and protect cells from UV light, solarradiation and desiccation)
Plasma membranesemi-permeable
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Septaregular cross-walls formed in hyphae.Hyphae with septa are septate, those lackingsepta except to delimit reproductive structuresand aging hyphae are called aseptate orcoenocytic. primary septa are formed as a process of hyphal
extension and generally have a septal pore, whichallows for cytoplasmic and organelle movement.
Secondary or adventitious septa are imperforate,formed to wall off ageing parts of the mycelium.
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1--3 m diam
3--40 chromosomes
Up to 13--40 Mb (million base pairs) DNA coding
for 6,000 to 13,000 genes
Intranuclear division--nuclear envelope remainsintact during mitosis (unlike plants and animals)
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Usually haploid
Nuclear membrane persists during division
Nuclear associated organelles (NAOs):
Associated with the nuclear envelope; function asmicrotubule-organizing centers during mitosis andmeiosis Spindle pole bodies
In fungi that lack a flagellated stage in lifecycle
Centrioles In fungi and other organisms possessing flagellated stage in
lifecycle
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Organism # bp # genes
Escherichia coli 4,600,000 4288
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 13,000,000 5885
Caenorhabditis elegans ~100,000,000 ~14,000
Arabidopsis thaliana ~120,000,000 ~10,000
Drosophila melanogaster ~170,000,000 ~12,000
humans ~3,400,000,000 ~80,000
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Tree of eukaryotes, showing
variation in genome size.From Keeling and Slamovits(2005). Current Opinion inGenetics and Development15: 601-608
Unikonteukaryotic cellwith one flagellum
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Cell Membrane
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Spindle Pole Body
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Mitochondriaflattened or plate-likemitochondrial cristae in Fungi (similar toanimals)
Golgi bodies
consist of a single, tubularcisternal element (stacked, plate-like cisternaein animals and plants)
Other types:
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lipidbodies, glycogen storage particles, microbodies,microtubules, vesicles
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Glycogen, lipids and trehalose in fungi andanimals
Starch in plants
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Animal Cell Plant Cell
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G. T. Cole. 1986. Microbiol. Rev. 50: 95-132
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Lipid bilayer : hydrophilic exteriors and a hydrophobicinterior.
Highly selective permeability : The attraction of thenonpolar fatty acid portions of one phospholipid layer
for the other layer helps to account for the selectivepermeability of the cell membrane.
Hopanoids in bacteria (similar to sterols in eukaryotes),may strengthen the membrane as a result of their rigid
planar structure. Integral proteins involved in transport and other
functions traverse the membrane.
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Different composition of phospholipid
Absence of sterols in prokaryotic membranes
In many bacteria hopanoids instead
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Fungi uniseluler,ukuran p x l = 1 5 x 5
30 m
Bereproduksi dengancara buddingSaccharomyces
CandidaRhodotorula
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Fungi multiseluler yang membentuk strukturseperti benang (filamen) yang disebut hifa
Diameter hifa 5 10 m
Kumpulan hifa Miselium Bereproduksi dengan spora dan pemanjangan
ujung-ujung hifa
Aspergillus Penicillium Rhizopus
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Tumbuh sebagai yeast secara in vivoatau invitropada suhu 37C sebagai parasit/patogen, sedangkan tumbuh sebagai kapangbila ditumbuhkan pada suhu 25C sebagaisaprofit.
Contoh: Histoplasma, Blastomyces,Sporothrix, Coccidioides
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1. Aseptat atau senosit. Hifatidak mempunyai sekat(septum)
2. Septat uninukleat. Hifabersekat dan tiap sekatmempunyai satu inti sel
3. Septat multinukleat. Hifabersekat dan tiap sekatmempunyai inti lebih darisatu
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Septate
Non-Septate
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Ciri Fungi Bakteri
pH optimum 3,8 5,6 6,5 7,5
Suhu optimum 22 30oC (saprofit)
30 37oC (parasit)
20 37oC (mesofil)
> 40 oC (thermofil)
Kebutuhan oksigen Aerobik obligat (kapang,mushroom)
Fakultatif (yeast)
Anaerobik
anaerobik
Kebutuhan cahaya Tidak membutuhkan Beberapa fotosintetik
Kadar gula dalam medium 4 5% 0,5 1%
Sumber Carbon Organik Organik &/atau anorganik
Komponen dinding sel Kitin, selulosa & glukan Peptidoglikan
Kerentanan antibiotik Peka griseofulvin Resisten griseofulvin
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Yeast bereproduksi dengan Budding (pertunasan)
Hampir seluruh bagian suatu kapang secara potensialmampu untuk tumbuh dan berkembang biak, sertaberkembang biak dengan spora seksual & aseksual nya
Mushroom berkembang biak dengan hifa dan sporaseksualnya
Fungi berkembang biak secara:
Aseksual melalui pembelahan, penguncupan atau pembentukan
spora
Seksual melalui peleburan nukleus dari 2 sel induk (karyogami)
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Karyogami
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Karyogami
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1. Konidiospora / konidia, dibentuk di ujung hifa(fialid =conidiogenus cell) atau di sisi hifa
2. Sporangiospora, terbentuk dalam suatukantung yg disebut sporangium di ujung hifa
khusus yaitu sporangiofor3. Oidium atau Arthrospora, terbentuk karena
terputusnya sel-sel hifa4. Klamidospora, spora berdinding tebal
terbentuk dari hifa somatik5. Blastospora, tunas atau kuncup pada selkhamir
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Klamidospora
Konidia
Sporangiospora
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1. Askospora, spora bersel satu terbentukdidalam kantung yang disebut askus
2. Basidiospora, spora bersel satu terbentukdiatas struktur berbentuk gada yang disebutbasidium
3. Zigospora, spora besar berdinding tebal yangterbentuk bila 2 ujung hifa yang secara seksualserasi (gametangia)
4. Oospora, terbentuk dalam struktur betinakhusus yang disebut oogonium
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Klasifikasi cendawan didasarkan pada ciri-ciri sporaseksual dan tubuh buah yang ada selama tahap-tahap seksual dalam daur hidupnya
Cendawan yang diketahui tingkat seksualnya
disebut cendawan perfek/sempurna Cendawan yang belum diketahui tingkat seksualnya
dinamakan cendawan imperfek, u/ identif digunakanciri morfologi spora aseksual dan miseliumnya.
Selama belum diketahui tingkat seksualnya makadikelompokkan dalam kelas Deuteromycetes/FungiImperfecti sampai diketahui tingkat seksualnya
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are divided into the phyla
includesincludesincludesincludes
Fungi
Commonmolds
Imperfectfungi
Sac fungiClubfungi
AscomycotaZygomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota
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Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Miselium Aseptat/senosit Septat Septat Septat
Spora Aseksual Sporangiosporakadang2 konidia
Konida Konidia Konidia
Spora seksual Zigospora,Oospora
Askospora Basidiospora Tidak diketahui
Habitat alami Air, tanah, hewan Tanah,tumbuhan,
hewan
Tanah, tumbuhan Tanah, tumbuhan,hewan
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Diploid
Haploid
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Sporangium
Zygospore (2N)
+ Mating type (N)Stolons
Rhizoids
- Mating type (N)Spores (N)
Sporangiophore
Sporangium
Gametangia
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
MMEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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Mikosis Nama Penyakit Fungi Penyebab
Permukaan (Superficial):Terbatas pada lapisanterluar dari kulit danrambut
Pityriasis versicolor (skin)
Tinea nigra (skin)
Black/white piedra (hair)
Malassezia
Exophiala
Piedra/Trichosporum
Kutan: Meliputi epidermis
dalam dan anggota badanyang mengandung keratin(kulit, rambut, kuku).Hubungannya dengankosmetik,tdk berbahaya
Penyakit pd kulit : Tinea;
Penyakit pd rambut &kuku : Dermatophycoses
Trichophyton
MicrosporumEpidermophyton
Subkutan: Meliputi
dermis, jaringan subkutandan otot. Fungi yangtumbuh di kulit akanmenyebabkan lesi
Lymphocutaneous
sporotricosis
Chromoblastomycosis
Eumycotic mycetoma
Sporothrix
Foncecaea
Pseudallescheria
dll
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Mikosis Nama Penyakit Fungi Penyebab
Sistemik: Terjadi di paru-paru, saluran pencernaandan sirkulasi darah. Fungipatogenik primer
Histoplasmosis: infeksitak bergejala
Blastomycosis: mrnjadiproblem pd ternak
Paracoccidioidomycosis: endemik di Amerik Latin
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis: dptmenyebabkan meningitis.
Histoplasma capsulatus
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Paracoccidioidesbraziliensis
Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Oportunistik: Fungi floranormal yang bisa berubahmenjadi patogen padainang yang terkompromi
CandidiasisAspergillosis
Zygomycosis
Candida albicansAspergillus
Rhizopus
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Dermatomikosis
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Dermatomikosis
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