Koichi Hattori RIKEN-BNL Research Center inear QED effects on photon and dilepton spe upercritical magnetic fields Itakura (KEK), Ann. Phys. 330 (2013); Ann. Phys. 33 Photon & dilepton WS@ECT*, Dec. 9, 2016 Keywords - Strong magnetic fields - Vacuum birefringence
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Koichi Hattori RIKEN-BNL Research Center Nonlinear QED effects on photon and dilepton spectra in supercritical magnetic fields KH, K. Itakura (KEK), Ann.
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Koichi HattoriRIKEN-BNL Research Center
Nonlinear QED effects on photon and dilepton spectra in supercritical magnetic fields
KH, K. Itakura (KEK), Ann. Phys. 330 (2013); Ann. Phys. 334 (2013).
Photon & dilepton WS@ECT*, Dec. 9, 2016
Keywords- Strong magnetic fields- Vacuum birefringence
Response of electrons to incident lightsAnisotropic responses of electrons result in polarization-dependent and anisotropic photon spectra.
What is birefringence?
Birefringence: polarization-dependent refractive indices
Lesson: The spectrum of fermion fluctuation is important for the photon spectrum.
Structured ions Anisotropic spring constants
Photon propagation in magnetic fields
B
+ Lorentz & Gauge symmetries n ≠ 1 in general
Real part: “Vacuum birefringence”Imag. part: “Real photon decay” into fermion pairs
“Photon splitting” Forbidden in the ordinary vacuum because of the charge conjugation symmetry.
Landau levels + Discretized transverse momentum+ Still continuum in the direction of B+ Anisotropic response from the Dirac sea ``Vacuum birefringence”
Wave function (in symmetric gauge)
Schematic picture of the strong field limit
Strong B
Fermions in 1+1 dimensionPolarizer
Strong magnetic fields in laboratories and nature
Strong magnetic fields in UrHIC
Lienard-Wiechert potential
Z = 79(Au), 82(Pb)
Ecm = 200 GeV (RHIC)Z = 79 (Au), b = 6 fm
t = 0.1 fm/c 0.5 fm/c 1 fm/c 2 fm/cEvent-by-event analysis, Deng & Huang (2012)
Au-Au 200AGeV b=10fm
Supercritical fields beyond electron and quark masses
Impact parameter (b)
PSR0329+54
Other strong B fields
“Lighthouse” in the sky
NS/Magnetar High-intensity laser field
NSs
Magnetars
Refractive index of photon in strong B-fields- Old but unsolved problem
- Much simpler than QCD
But,- Tough calculation due to a resummation- Has not been observed in experiments
Basic framework
Quantum effects in magnetic fields
Photon vacuum polarization tensor:
Modified Maxwell eq. :
Dressed propagators in Furry’s picture
・・・
・・・
eBeB eB
Large B compensates the suppression by e. Break-down of the naïve perturbation Needs a resummation
Seminal works for the resummationConsequences of Dirac’s Theory of the Positron
W. Heisenberg and H. Euler in Leipzig122. December 1935
Euler – Heisenberg effective Lagrangian - resummation wrt the number of external legs
Correct manipulation of a UV divergence in 1935!
General formula within 1-loop & constant fieldobtained by the “proper-time method”.
Resummation in strong B-fields
Naïve perturbation breaks down when B > Bc
Need to take into account all-order diagrams
Critical field strengthBc = me
2 / e
Dressed fermion propagator in Furry’s picture
Resummation w.r.t. external legs by “proper-time method“ Schwinger (1951)
Nonlinear to strong external fields
In heavy ion collisions, B/Bc ~ (mπ/me)2 ~ O(104) >> 1
The strong field limit revisited:Lowest Landau level (LLL) approximation (n=0)
Spin-projection operator
Wave function1+1 dimensional dispersion relation
1+1 dimensional fluctuation
Dispersion relation from the resummation
Vanishing B limit:
θ: angle btw B-field and photon propagation
BGauge symmetries lead to a tensor structure,
Schwinger, Adler, Shabad, Urrutia, Tsai and Eber, Dittrich and Gies
Exponentiated trig-functions generate strongly oscillating behavior witharbitrarily high frequency.
Summary of relevant scales and preceding calculations
Strong field limit: the lowest-Landau-level approximation(Tsai and Eber, Shabad, Fukushima )
Numerical computation below the first threshold(Kohri and Yamada) Weak field & soft photon limit
(Adler)
?Untouched so far
Euler-Heisenberg LagrangianIn soft photon limit
General analytic expression
2nd step: Getting Laguerre polynomials
Associated Laguerre polynomial
Decomposing exponential factors
Linear w.r.t. τ in exp.
1st step: “Partial wave decomposition”
Linear w.r.t. τ in exp.
Linear w.r.t. τ in exp.
After the decomposition of the integrand, any term reduces to either of three elementary integrals.
Transverse dynamics: Wave functions for the Landau levels given by the associated Laguerre polynomials
UrHIC
Prompt photon ~ GeV2
Thermal photon ~ 3002 MeV2 ~ 105 MeV2
Untouched so far
Strong field limit (LLL approx.)(Tsai and Eber, Shabad, Fukushima )
Soft photon & weak field limit(Adler)
Numerical integration(Kohri, Yamada)
Analytic result of integrals- An infinite number of the Landau levels
KH, K.Itakura (I)
⇔Polarization tensor acquires an imaginary part when
Lowest Landau level
Narrowly spaced Landau levels
Complex refractive indices Solutions of Maxwell eq. with the vacuum polarization tensor
KH, K. Itakura (II)
B
LLL: 1+1 dimensional fluctuation in B
Refractive indices at the LLL(ℓ=n=0)
Polarization excites only along the magnetic field``Vacuum birefringence’’
Solutions of the modified Maxwell Eq.Photon dispersion relation is strongly modified when strongly coupled to excitations (cf: exciton-polariton, etc)
𝜔2/4𝑚2
≈ Magnetar << UrHIC
𝜔2/4𝑚2 cf: air n = 1.0003, water n = 1.3, prism n = 1.5
Refraction Image by dileptons
Angle dependence of the refractive indexReal part
No imaginary part
Imaginary part
BBelow the threshold Above the threshold
“Mean-free-path” of photons in B-fields
λ (fm)
When the refractive index has an imaginary part,
For magnetars
QM2014, Darmstadt
Summary
+ We obtained an analytic form of the resummed polarization tensor.
+ We showed the complex refractive indices (photon dispersions) . -- Polarization dependence -- Angle dependence
Prospects: - Search of vacuum birefringence in UrHIC & laser fields- Microscopic radiation mechanism of neutron stars Nonlinear QED effects on the surface of NS.
Neutron stars = Pulsars Possibly “QED cascade” in strong B-fields
What is the mechanism of radiation?
We got precise descriptions of vertices: Dependences on magnitudes of B-fields, photon energy, propagation angle and polarizations.
“Photon Splitting”Softening of photons
Photon splitting
eBeB
Vacuum birefringence(Refractive indices n≠1)
Soft photon limit
Quantum corrections in magnetic fields
+ Should be suppressed in the ordinary perturbation theory, but not in strong B-fields.
The earliest work: Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian- Low-energy (soft photon) effective theory
+ Constant magnetic fields
・・・ ・・・
eBeB eB
eB
Poincare invariants
Landau levels + Zeeman splittingin the resummed propagator
(iii) The same transform properties under the C-conjugation as that of a free propagator.
Spin-projection operators
The lowest Landau level (n=0)
(i) Discretized fermion’s dispersion relation(ii) Three terms corresponding to the spin states.
Self-consistent solutions of the modified Maxwell Eq.
Photon dispersion relation is strongly modified when strongly coupled to excitations (cf: exciton-polariton, etc)
cf: air n = 1.0003, water n = 1.333
𝜔2/4𝑚2
≈ Magnetar << UrHIC
𝜔2/4𝑚2
Angle dependence of the refractive indexReal part
No imaginary part
Imaginary part
Renormalization
+= ・・・+ +
Log divergence
Term-by-term subtraction
Ishikawa, Kimura, Shigaki, Tsuji (2013)
Taken from Ishikawa, et al. (2013)
Finite
Re Im
Br = (50,100,500,1000,5000,10000, 50000)
Real part of n on stable branch
Imaginary part of n on unstable branch
Real part of n on unstable branch
Relation btw real and imaginary partson unstable branch