Kingdom Monera (Bacteria). Ciera Verschneider 2009.

Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)

Ciera Verschneider 2009

Characteristics of Bacteria

• 1 celled organism (unicellular)• Does not have a nuclear membrane• Chromosome is a single long chain• Lacks organelles like mitochondria or

chloroplasts• how big are they?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/

Shapes

• Cocci• Round spheres

Bacilli

• Rods (pieces of chalk)

Spirilli

• Corkscrews

Movement

• Some bacteria have flagella to help them move

• Flagella are whiplike tails

Reproduction • Fission• One parent cell

splits into 2 daughter cells after doubling its DNA

• Daughter cells are clones

Breathing

• Aerobes use oxygen• Anaerobes do not use oxygen

Cyanobacteria

• Blue green bacteria make food using

• Sunlight, CO2, and water due to a colored pigment called

• Chlorophyll

Good bacteria

• Used to make foods like• Cheese• Sauerkraut• Yogurt• And vinegar

Saprophyte

• Decomposer: breaks down dead materials

• (recycles)

Nitrogen fixing bacteria• Help farmers to grow plants • (works like fertilizer)

Industry uses for

• Make medicine, • Enzymes,• Cleaners• Glues• Etc.

Bad Bacteria• Pathogen• Bacteria that

causes disease• Treat with

ANTIBIOTICS• Prevent with

VACCINATION

Virus

• No cells• Only reproduce inside other cells• No form of respiration (energy)

Graphic image on next slide

Smallpox

Reproduction

• Attach to outside of host cell

• Inject DNA into host, becomes part of host DNA

• Copy: host makes copies of virus

• Release: host cell bursts, viruses leave to infect new cells

Prevent with VACCINE

• First vaccine made by Jenner in 1600’s

• Used his SON to prevent SMALLPOX

To make a vaccine• 1. Kill virus DNA

• 2. Inject dead virus into an animal• 3. Animal makes memory cells (white

blood cells or T4 cells)• 4. That is your immune system • WBC’s make antibodies (14-21 days)• 5. BAM! next time it recognizes the

protein coat of a real one, • Kills it dead

Famous Science Dudes

• Leeuvenhoek• Microscope

2. Edward Jenner

• 1600’s• Made first vaccine to smallpox

virus• Tested it on his son

3. Louis Pasteur (1850’s)

• Proved bacteria cause disease• Created first rabies vaccine• Pasteurization• Quickly heat and then cool milk• To kill bacteria, but keeps flavor

4. Josef Lister (1850’s)

• Germ Theory of Disease• Proved patients would live if

doctors and nurses washed their hands in carbolic acid

• Hospitals were a place to go to die• They smelled like rotting meat

Alexander Fleming (1928)    went away for vacation, and left

some agar plates on the shelf   came back and noticed no bacteria

were growing around a spot of fungus• The fungus was Penicillium notatum,

and we now use an extract of the fungus as PENICILLIN (an antibiotic)

• Penicillin does not let bacteria form a cell wall

5. Jonas Salk (1940’s)

• Polio vaccine