KINGDOM MONERA Chpt. 18 “Bacteria”. Kingdom Monera Commonly called bacteria All monerans are unicellular All monerans are prokaryotes Prokaryotes:

KINGDOM MONERAKINGDOM MONERAChpt. 18Chpt. 18

““Bacteria”Bacteria”

Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera

Commonly called bacteriaCommonly called bacteria

All monerans are unicellularAll monerans are unicellular

All monerans are prokaryotesAll monerans are prokaryotes

ProkaryotesProkaryotes: : Single-celled organisms Single-celled organisms surrounded by a membrane and cell wall surrounded by a membrane and cell wall that LACK membrane bound organellesthat LACK membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote CellProkaryote Cell

Characteristics of MoneraCharacteristics of Monera

Monera can be divided into two main Monera can be divided into two main groups:groups:

1) Archaebacteria1) Archaebacteria

- “ancient” bacteria- “ancient” bacteria

- live in extremely harsh conditions- live in extremely harsh conditions

2) Eubacteria2) Eubacteria

- “true” bacteria- “true” bacteria

Archaebacteria (ancient)Archaebacteria (ancient)

Can be divided into 4 groups:Can be divided into 4 groups:

1. Methanogens “methane producers”1. Methanogens “methane producers”

2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”

3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”

4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”

MethanogensMethanogens

Produce methaneProduce methane

Live where there is Live where there is no oxygenno oxygen

Found in intestines Found in intestines of many mammalsof many mammals

Found in swamps – Found in swamps – causes the “rotten causes the “rotten egg” smellegg” smell

ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles

Live in extremely Live in extremely hot and acidic hot and acidic waterswaters

Often found in hot Often found in hot springssprings

Ex. Yellowstone Ex. Yellowstone National ParkNational Park

ChemosynthesizersChemosynthesizers

Use inorganic compounds as Use inorganic compounds as source of energy (instead of source of energy (instead of sun)sun)

Inorganic = compounds Inorganic = compounds containing sulfur, iron, containing sulfur, iron, nitrogen (not carbon!)nitrogen (not carbon!)

Process called oxidationProcess called oxidation

Use energy to change carbon Use energy to change carbon dioxide into organic food dioxide into organic food moleculesmolecules

Live in harsh environments Live in harsh environments (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean floor)floor)

Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles

““salt loving”salt loving”

Live in water upLive in water up

to ten times saltier thanto ten times saltier than

sea watersea water

Found in places likeFound in places like

the Dead Seathe Dead Sea

ARCHAEBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA

MethanogensMethanogens Live in oxygen free environments, Live in oxygen free environments, produce methane (CHproduce methane (CH44). ).

ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles Live in water than is very hot and acidic Live in water than is very hot and acidic (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs

ChemosynthesizersChemosynthesizers Make carbohydrates using inorganic Make carbohydrates using inorganic compounds as energy source, live in hot compounds as energy source, live in hot sulfur vents on ocean floorsulfur vents on ocean floor

Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles Live in extremely salty places, grow in Live in extremely salty places, grow in water up to ten times saltier than the water up to ten times saltier than the oceanocean

EubacteriaEubacteria

Divided into three groups:Divided into three groups:

1. Gram-positive Bacteria1. Gram-positive Bacteria

2. Gram-negative Bacteria2. Gram-negative Bacteria

3. Cyanobacteria3. Cyanobacteria

Gram-positiveGram-positive

Have thick cells walls.Have thick cells walls.

Turn purple when put Turn purple when put

through a special series through a special series of stains called “gram-of stains called “gram-staining.”staining.”

Includes a wide variety of Includes a wide variety of bacteria such as those bacteria such as those causing strep throat and causing strep throat and tetanus (lockjaw).tetanus (lockjaw).

Gram-negativeGram-negative

Have an extra layer Have an extra layer of fat outside cell of fat outside cell wall.wall.

Appear pink after Appear pink after gram-staining.gram-staining.

Includes bacteria Includes bacteria such as E.coli and such as E.coli and the bacteria that the bacteria that causes whooping causes whooping cough.cough.

Gram-positive vs. Gram-positive vs. negativenegative

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

Perform plant-like Perform plant-like photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Release oxygen.Release oxygen. Used to be called Used to be called

“blue-green” algae “blue-green” algae (still commonly (still commonly

called that!).called that!). Toxic to animalsToxic to animals..

EUBACTERIAEUBACTERIA

Gram-positive BacteriaGram-positive Bacteria Have thick walls made of protein-sugar Have thick walls made of protein-sugar complex, turn purple when stainedcomplex, turn purple when stained

Gram-negative Gram-negative BacteriaBacteria

Have extra layer of lipid outside cell Have extra layer of lipid outside cell wall and turn pink after stainingwall and turn pink after staining

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria Gram-negative monerans that perform Gram-negative monerans that perform photosynthesis (like plants) and release photosynthesis (like plants) and release oxygenoxygen

Classifying BacteriaClassifying Bacteria

3 main shapes:3 main shapes:

1. 1. Bacilli Bacilli (rod-shaped)(rod-shaped)

2. Cocci 2. Cocci (sphere-shaped)(sphere-shaped)

3. Spirilla 3. Spirilla (corkscrew-shaped)(corkscrew-shaped)

Why learn about Why learn about Bacteria?Bacteria?

Some cause serious diseases:Some cause serious diseases: Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease, Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease,

bubonic plague, food-borne illnessesbubonic plague, food-borne illnesses

Most are beneficialMost are beneficial Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make

vitamins)vitamins) Break down dead organisms (decomposers)Break down dead organisms (decomposers) Industry: make cheese, yogurt, antibioticsIndustry: make cheese, yogurt, antibiotics

KINGDOM MONERA

ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA

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Methanogens:

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Thermoacidophiles:

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Chemosynthesizers:

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Extreme Halophiles:

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Gram-positive:

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Gram-negative:

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Cyanobacteria:

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