Kingdom Fungi!

Kingdom Fungi!

Fungi (Fun-guy)

• More than 100 000 described species• Estimated 1.5 million fungi species• Some of the most important organisms• Both beneficial and harmful to humans• Nonphotosynthetic, absorb nutrients for other

organisms

Royse, Daniel J.. "Fungi." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2003. Retrieved March 02, 2013 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403400278.html

Cell Structure • Fungi have Eukaryotic cells• Most fungi’s are multicellular• The cell wall is composed of chitin• The cells have no chloroplast (no

photosynthesis)

Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.

Common Characteristics

• All fungi are heterotrophic• Most fungi are terrestrial • Reproduce both sexually and asexually• All reproduce through mitosis

Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.

Reproducing Asexually• Offspring arise from single parent• Offspring is identical to parent• Reproduces very quickly

Reproducing Sexually• Requires two parents causing genetic variation• Increased survival, better adapting to environment

Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction

How They Get Their Nutrients

• Fungi get nutrients through absorption• Absorption is unique to fungi in Eukaryotes• Fungi don’t have to find food• Must live in their food• Nutrients are transported through cell wall• Digest food before they eat

Wong, G. (2011). Fungal Diversity (Continued). Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect03_b.htm

Honey Fungus (Armillaria mellea)(Arm-ill-air-ee-ah mah-lay-ah)

Taxon

Kingdom: FungiPhylum: BasidiomycotaClass: AgaricomycetesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: PhysalacriaceaeGenus: ArmillariaSpecies: Mellea (Armillaria mellea)

Kuo, M (2005, February)

A Brief Introduction• The Honey mushroom is a medium

sized mushroom, 1-4 inches in diameter.

• They can range from brown to yellow in colour.

• They are found on wooden surfaces, and can be found mainly in the united states’ forested areas, with few exceptions in southern Canada (Quebec mainly).

• They grow late in the summer around august.(Tom Volk, 1997)

Some Fun Facts on this Fungi• The Honey Mushroom is

bioluminescent and causes the phenomena known as “foxfire” (a glow in a wooded area at night).

• This species is parasitic, it eats away at any tree it can grow on.

• One patch of Honey Fungus covers 2,400 acres in Oregon (mainly underground), and is approximately 2,200 years old.

Hotson, H.H (1940)

How Do They Work?• The Honey Mushroom is

parasitic.• It grows on its source of

food.• It sends out rhizomorphs,

which are black, branch-like tendrils that leech nutrients from its host tree(s)RogersMushrooms (2000)

Is it Dangerous?

The Honey mushroom itself is not dangerous, but it has a few look-alikes that can be quite deadly (such as the Galerina marginata). This is why proper species identification is so important.(2008-2013) Mushroom Appreciation

Uses • Eating! • They have a very sweet

and somewhat bitter taste.• They are often parboiled

(half cooked in boiling water) to remove stomach irritants, then cooked and served with soups, pastas, and stuffing. (2008 - 2013 Mushroom Appreciation )

References• Hotson, H.H. (1940). The Genus Armillaria in Western Washington. Mycologia

32(6): 776-790• Kuo, M. (2005, February). The genus Armillaria: Honey mushrooms. Retrieved from

the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/armillaria.html

• Rogers Mushrooms (2000, August) Web site: http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5569.asp

• Volk, T. (2003, March). http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/• 2008 - 2013 Mushroom Appreciation http://www.mushroom-appreciation.com

-Luc Thistle-

Fungi KingdomYeast

Adrian PelleboerMarch/2013

Biology 3U

Brewers Yeast (Saccharomyces. Cerevisiae)

http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Brewerx0027s-Yeast--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Me

TaxonomyDomain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Fungi

Phylum: Ascomycota

Class: Sordariomycetes

Order: Hypocreales

Family: Clavicipitaceae

Genus: Claviceps

Species: Claviceps purpurea

Introduction • It is a single celled organism

• Used to make beer

• Rich source of minerals; chromium, protein,

selenium, and B-complex vitamins

• Can be grown to make nutritional supplements

• Easily confused, but should be confused with

baker's yeast, nutritional yeast, or torula yeast

• It grow past 40µm in size

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2011/9/14/1316029994927/Brewers-yeast-007.jpg

Fun Facts

• Scientist found the exact strain of brewers yeast in a bakery in the ruins of Ancient Egypt that dated back 5,000 years

• Available forms in flakes, pills, grown, dried, liquid forms fresh, powder, and many other options as well

• In 1978 brewers yeast was the first eukaryotic organism to have its DNA transformed

• It can also beused for animals as well such as dogs and cats

http://www.best-dog-treat-recipes.com/brewers-yeast.html

http://honestcooking.com/2012/07/10/bakers-yeast-demystified/

How it is works for fermenting alcohol

8 Common Steps1. Malting: when barely grain is made ready for

brewing.2. Mashing: Mixes grains together and converts

starch released during malting stage into sugar that can be fermented.

3. Lautering: is the separation of liquid sugar extracted during mashing from the grains.

4. Boiling: is where chemical and technical reactions take place.

5. Fermenting: is the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol.

6. Conditioning: is when the beer is aged/matured7. Filtering: the beer stabilizes the flavour, and

gives beer its polished shine and brilliance.8. Packaging: putting the beer into containers to

leave the factory.

Hot Water Tank

Add yeast to fermenter

Copper

Hops

Heat Exchanger

Bottling

Cask or Keg

Hopback

Mash Turn

Malt

Side effects• It can cause head

aches• Stomach discomfort• Diarrhea• Gas and/or bloating• Many people are

allergic to it• Causes lower blood

presser

Advantages•Prevent colds and flu's•Can make beer, wines, and ciders from it•Prevents shedding on many animals•High in vitamins; protein and vitamin B’s•Help improve ache•Causes lower blood presser

http://avandia-sideeffects.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/sideggects.jpg

http://crowdfundingbank.com/advantages-of-crowdfunding/

Vitamins/Minerals in Brewer’s Yeast• B vitamins-usually come in pill form

• Protein-Powders, Pillsand drinks

• Chromium(mineral)-Solid form, found of periodic table-help bodies blood sugar levels

• Selenium(mineral)-Solid form, found on periodic table

http://www.vitaminshoppe.com/store/en/browse/sku_detail.jsp?id=TL-1241#.US7BnaIslS8

http://www.thejourney.me/tag/protein/

http://www.jamiesonvitamins.com/files/5746-EN.gif

http://takingthehelmofyourownevolution.blogspot.ca/2012/04/why-ill-never-use-whey-protein-powder.html

http://periodictable.com/Elements/024/index.html

Atomic Weight

51.9961

Density 7.14 g/cm3

Melting Point 1907 °CBoiling Point 2671 °C

Atomic Weight 78.96Density 4.819 g/cm3

Melting Point 221 °C

Boiling Point 685 °C

http://periodictable.com/Elements/034/index.html

University of Maryland Medical Center .(2011)http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/brewers-yeast-000288.htm

Demand Media, Inc. (2013)http://www.livestrong.com/article/338956-the-difference-between-brewers-yeast-baking-yeast/

Timokhi.I (2009) http://periodictable.com/Elements/034/index.html

VandenLangenberg.B (2012) http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/vandenla_beth/facts.htm

Miedema.K (2011)http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/miedema_kait/classification.htm

Wikipedia. (2013) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing#Boiling

Bibliography

Blusher

Amanita rubescens

By: tyler foran

Description The blusher, scientifically known as Amanita rubescens is a common mushroom that is spread across Europe and eastern North America (M. Kuo 2012). it has a brownish-yellowish cap spreading from 5-20cm in diameter with a white bottom and a white stem. The stem can grow anywhere from 7-15 cm in length and 1-2 cm in width. (G. Kibby 2003)

UsesBesides the Fact that the Blusher is

edible while cooked it has no significant uses due to its size and high level of toxicity while raw. (M. kuo 2012)

Taxonomy

Kingdom: FungiDivision:BasidiomycotaClass: AgaricomycetesOrder: Agaricales Family: AmanitaceaeGenus: AmanitaSpecies: A. rubescens

Facts• The blusher contains a hemolytic toxin in its raw

state (M. Kuo 2003)• The blusher mushrooms in some cases would

grow together and form a ring which brought arise to some folk legends in countries a couple being England and Scotland (G. Micalhargy 2011)

• This species was named and described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1797.

Bibliography

• by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2003. http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_rubescens.html

• by Geoffrey Kibby, www.first-nature.com, 2012 http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-rubescens.php

• eol.org,2012 http://eol.org/pages/2865532/details

Polyporus squamosus(paul-e-poor-us, squa-mo-sis)

John Dawson (photographer). Overlapping clusters of Dryad’s saddle, Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from: http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20squamosus.htm

Basic Information• Species name - Polyporus squamosus • Common names – Dryad’s saddle, Pheasant’s-back

polypore• Kingdom: fungi• Phylum: Basidiomycota • Class: Agaricomycetes• Order: Polyporales• Family: Polyporaceae• Genus: PolyporusEmberger, G. (2008). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from: http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20squamosus.htm

When and Where it Grows

• Grows most often April and May• April through November• Lower portion of dead tree trunks• Most commonly seen on elm trees• Wide spread across Eastern North America• Circles around initial mushroom

Volk, T. (2001). Tom Volk’s Fungus of the Month for May 2001. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2001.html

Nutrient Intake

• Releases chemicals to digest• Breaks down to soluble molecules• Dissolves nutrients through cell wall• Saprophyte (sap-row-fight)• Nutrients from dead organic matter

Carter, J. (1997). Fungi. Retrieved March 3rd 2013, from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/fungi.htm

Characteristics of Polyporus squamosus

• Has a white, cream colour scheme• Smells like watermelon rinds• Edible, good if correctly prepared• Approximately 5-30cm wide x 1-4cm thick• Spores are white, 10-16mm x 4-6mm

Kuo, M. (2004, November). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/polyporus_squamosus.html

Reproduction

• Polyporus squamosus reproduces sexual and asexual

• Most often asexual• Multiply very quickly in bunches• Sexual can occur, takes longer

Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction

Jared’s References• Royse, Daniel J.. "Fungi." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2003. Retrieved March 02, 2013

from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403400278.html• Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. • Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from:

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction

• Wong, G. (2011). Fungal Diversity (Continued). Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect03_b.htm

• John Dawson (photographer). Overlapping clusters of Dryad’s saddle, Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from: http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20squamosus.htm

• Emberger, G. (2008). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 2nd, 2013, from: http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Polyporus%20squamosus.htm

• Volk, T. (2001). Tom Volk’s Fungus of the Month for May 2001. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2001.html

• Carter, J. (1997). Fungi. Retrieved March 3rd 2013, from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/fungi.htm

• Kuo, M. (2004, November). Polyporus squamosus. Retrieved March 3rd, 2013, from: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/polyporus_squamosus.html

• Gregory, M. What is Life?. Retrieved March 2nd 2013, from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Life/life.htm#Sexual%20Reproduction