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KHDA Gems Our Own Indian School 2015 2016

Jul 07, 2018

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  3 

    Lhot`ots

    \lnhhj gobhrmctgho …….……………………….……..………………………………………………………………………..1 

    \ummcry bhr pcr`ots coi tn` lhmmuogty ........................................................................................

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  1 

    \lnhhj gobhrmctgho 

    E`o`rcj gobhrmctgho

    Jhlctgho Cj Suhz

    Yyp` hb slnhhj Vrgvct`

    Hp`ogoe y`cr hb slnhhj 3773 

    U`asgt` www.e`mshh-cjquhz.lhm

    Y`j`pnho` 69-

    Ciir`ss VH Ahx 12>90 Iuacg

    Vrgolgpcj Mrs. Jcjgtnc \ur`sn

    Jcoeuce` hb gostrultgho @oejgsn

    Gosp`ltgho ict`s 12 th 17 Hltha`r 1630

    \tui`ots

     

    E`oi`r hb stui`ots Ahys coi egrjs 

    Ce` rcoe` 9-3> 

    Erci`s hr y`cr erhups Dgoi`recrt`o 3 th Erci` 31 

    Ouma`r hb stui`ots ho rhjj

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632 

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  9 

    Nhw w`jj igi tn` slnhhj p`rbhrm hv`rcjj8 

    Hv`rcjj, E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj prhvgi`i c ehhi qucjgty hb `iulctgho bhr gts stui`ots.  Lngjir`o clng`v`i w`jj go tn` dgoi`recrt`o. Vcrtglujcrjy strhoe csp`lts hb tn` prhvgsgho w`r` go tn`

    i`v`jhpm`ot hb lngjir`o‗s p`rshocj, shlgcj coi ̀ mhtghocj sdgjjs. Go tn` prgmcry pncs`, stui`ots‗ cttcgom`otcoi prher`ss w`r` ct j`cst ehhi go cjj suak`lts, `xl`pt Crcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce` wn`r` tn`y w`r`cll`ptcaj`. Go tn` s`lhoicry pncs`, stui`ots‗ cttcgom`ot wcs hutstcoigoe go mctn`mctgls coi tn`grcttcgom`ot coi prher`ss go slg`ol` w`r` hutstcoigoe. \tui`ots w`r` d``o th pcrtglgpct` go tn`gr j`sshos.Yn`y `okhy`i whrdgoe go erhups coi goi`p`oi`otjy. Yn`y `otnusgcstglcjjy cppjg`i tn`gr j`crogoe th shjv`r`cj-jgb` prhaj`ms. Go c b`w j`sshos, tn`y w`r` oht egv`o tn` hpphrtuogty th us` tn`s` sdgjjs.

      \tui`ots w`r` uobcgjgoejy phsgtgv` coi phjgt`, coi ecgo`i co gmm`os` cmhuot hb prgi` brhm ctt`oigoetn` slnhhj, i`slrgagoe gt cs c bcmgjy. \tui`ots‗ uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn`gr hwo lujtur`s coi tnct hb tn` lujtur`

    hb tn` Pogt`i Crca @mgrct`s (PC@) wcs strhoe. Yn`y lcr`i i``pjy bhr tn`gr ̀ ovgrhom`ot, bhr tn` lhmmuogtycoi bhr `cln htn`r.

      Y`clngoe wcs uoi`rpgoo`i ay t`cln`rs‗ ehhi suak`lt dohwj`ie`. Yngs wcs c pcrtglujcrjy strhoe csp`lt hbtn` ehhi coi a`tt`r t`clngoe s``o go tn` s`lhoicry pncs`, cjjhwgoe stui`ots th clng`v` w`jj. Un`ot`clngoe wcs j`ss tnco ehhi, tn` j`sshos w`r` igr`lt`i thh n`cvgjy ay tn` t`cln`r. Ycsds w`r` oht cjwcyspjcoo`i lcr`bujjy `ohuen bhr `cln goigvgiucj j`cro`r. Cs c r`sujt, stui`ots‗ prher`ss sjhw`i.

      Yn` lurrglujum wcs r`vg`w`i th `osur` tnct gt lhotgou`i th a` `bb`ltgv` go m``tgoe stui`ots‗ o``is.\tui`ots us`i c vcrg`ty hb j`crogoe t`lnohjheg`s th `oncol` tn`gr j`crogoe coi a`o`bgt`i brhm c wgi`rcoe` hb `orglnm`ot coi `xtrc-lurrglujcr cltgvgtg`s. \tui`ots wnh r`qugr`i `xtrc supphrt igi oht cjwcysncv` tn`gr o``is w`jj m`t ay t`cln`rs, sh lhos`qu`otjy tn`y mci` j`ss prher`ss tnco tn`gr p``rs.

     

    Yn` slnhhj‗s crrcoe`m`ots bhr scb`eucrigoe stui`ots w`r` bujjy lhmpjgcot wgtn stctuthry r`qugr`m`ots.Lngji prht`ltgho coi scb`eucrigoe crrcoe`m`ots w`r` lj`crjy i`bgo`i coi uoi`rsthhi ay stui`ots, pcr`otscoi tn` stcbb. C ngen p`rl`otce` hb pcr`ots wnh r`sphoi`i th tn` DNIC surv`y b`jt tn`gr lngjir`o w`r`scb` go slnhhj.

      Yn` prgolgpcj, tn` s`oghr j`ci`rsngp t`cm coi tn` ehv`rogoe ahcri sncr`i c lhosgst`ot, lj`cr coi cmagtghusvgsgho bhr tn` slnhhj. Yngs, go turo, wcs sncr`i ay tn` stcbb coi mcoy pcr`ots. Yn`r` wcs c lhjj`ltgv` irgv`th `osur` tnct tn` stui`ots ecgo`i tn` ngen`st phssgaj` hutlhm`s.

    Unct igi tn` slnhhj ih w`jj8 

      Yn` lhosgst`otjy ngen lncjj`oe` go tn` j`crogoe hpphrtuogtg`s bhr stui`ots go mctn`mctgls coi slg`ol`

      \tui`ots' hutstcoigoe a`ncvghur coi hv`rwn`jmgoejy phsgtgv` cttgtui` thwcri j`crogoe, tn`gr d``oo`ss thgmprhv`, coi tn`gr `okhym`ot coi `otnusgcsm bhr slnhhj

      Yn` hutstcoigoe n`cjtn coi scb`ty crrcoe`m`ots

      \lnhhj j`ci`rs' vgsgho bhr gmprhv`m`ot coi tn`gr golr`csgoe lcpclgty th lhotgou` th gmprhv`.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  0 

    Unct ih`s tn` slnhhj o``i th ih o`xt8 

     

    Gmprhv` tn` qucjgty hb t`clngoe coi j`crogoe sh tnct tn`y cr` lhosgst`otjy ehhi hr a`tt`r ay mcdgoe sur`tnct cjj t`cln`rs prhvgi` whrd tnct lncjj`oe`s stui`ots, ̀ sp`lgcjjy tn` j`ss-caj` coi ahys, sh tnct mhr` hbtn`m `xl``i tn` `xp`ltctghos gon`r`ot go tn` lurrglujum.

      Gmprhv` stui`ots‗ cttcgom`ot coi prher`ss go j`crogoe Crcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce` ay sncrgoe tn`a`st prcltgl`s go tn` slnhhj.

      Gi`otgby goohvctgv` wcys hb mcocegoe cjj tn` cvcgjcaj` ljcssrhhm spcl` th `osur` tnct stui`ots' j`crogoegs oht gmp`i`i.

    Nhw w`jj igi tn` slnhhj prhvgi` bhr stui`ots wgtn sp`lgcj `iulctghocj o``is coi igscagjgtg`s8 

      \lnhhj j`ci`rs nci cpphgot`i ciigtghocj stcbb m`ma`rs th n`jp gmprhv` tn` qucjgty hb supphrt bhr stui`otswgtn sp`lgcj `iulctghocj o``is coi igscagjgtg`s (\@OI), aut tn`y nci oht nci tgm` th mcd` c phsgtgv`lncoe`.

      Ungjst j`ci`rs vgsgt`i j`sshos th ln`ld tn` qucjgty hb supphrt, tn`gr kuie`m`ots w`r̀ ct tgm`s thh e`o`rhuscoi igi oht prhvgi` co cllurct` `vcjuctgho hb prhvgsgho.

      \tui`ots w`r` egv`o goigvgiucj `iulctghocj coi a`ncvghur pjcos cecgost wngln tn`gr cttcgom`ot wcsm`csur`i. Yn`s` pjcos igi oht prhvgi` `ohuen bhlus ho i`v`jhpgoe strct`eg`s coi sdgjjs th r`iul` tn`

    acrrg`rs th stui`ots‗ j`crogoe.   Yn`r` w`r` phsgtgv` r`jctghosngps wgtn pcr`ots wnh nci r`eujcr lhotclt wgtn tn` \@OI t`cm. Yn` slnhhj

    lhuos`jjhr coi sp`lgcj `iulcthrs snhw`i lhmmgtm`ot go tn`gr whrd coi prhvgi`i civgl` bhr pcr`ots honhw th supphrt tn`gr lngjir`o ct nhm`.

      Yhh muln vcrgcagjgty `xgst`i go tn` qucjgty hb j`crogoe ay \@OI stui`ots a`tw``o j`sshos coi suak`lts.Yn` ehhi supphrt `vgi`ot go tn` \@OI r`shurl` l`otr` coi go shm` ljcss`s wcs oht r`pjglct`i clrhss tn`slnhhj.

    http://www.freepik.com/index.php?goto=27&url_download=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5mbGF0aWNvbi5jb20vZnJlZS1pY29uL2dhbWVzLXBsYXllci11cGdyYWRpbmctbGV2ZWwtc3ltYm9sXzQxNDIx&opciondownload=318&id=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5mbGF0aWNvbi5jb20vZnJlZS1pY29uL2dhbWVzLXBsYXllci11cGdyYWRpbmctbGV2ZWwtc3ltYm9sXzQxNDIx&fileid=728424

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  2 

    Octghocj Ce`oic Vcrcm`t`r 

    Go 1639, N.N. \n`gdn Mhncmm`i Ago Qcsngi Cj Mcdthum, Rgl`-Vr`sgi`ot coi Vrgm`

    Mgogst`r hb PC@, coi Quj`r hb Iuacg, jcuoln`i tn` PC@ Octghocj Ce`oic 1613, wgtn

    `iulctgho a`goe c prgm` bhlus. Yn` Octghocj Ce`oic goljui`s twh mckhr hak`ltgv`si`v`jhp`i wgtn tn` got`ot hb pjclgoe tn` PC@ cmhoe tn` mhst sull`ssbuj lhuotrg`s tnct

    prhvgi` whrji-ljcss `iulctgho. Ay 1613, gt gs `xp`lt`i tnct tn` PC@ wgjj b`ctur` go tn` thp

    tw`oty lhuotrg`s go tn` „Vrhercmm` bhr Got`roctghocj \tui`ot Css`ssm`ot‗ (VG\C) t`st coi

    go tn` thp bgbt``o lhuotrg`s go tn` „Yr`ois go Mctn`mctgls coi \lg`ol` \tuig`s‗ (YGM\\)

    t`st.

    Go r`sphos` th tngs, `cln pcrtglgpctgoe slnhhj wcs gssu`i c r`phrt ho tn`gr stui`ots‗ p`rbhrmcol` go tn`s`got`roctghocj css`ssm`ots coi go ciigtgho, tn`y w`r` prhvgi`i wgtn lj`cr tcre`ts bhr gmprhvgoe tn`gr p`rbhrmcol`.Yngs clci`mgl y`cr, DNIC gotrhiul`i tn` Octghocj Ce`oic Vcrcm`t`r, wngln gs c m`tnhi bhr m`csurgoe coi

    mhogthrgoe slnhhjs‗ prher`ss thwcris clng`vgoe tn`gr goigvgiucj Octghocj Ce`oic tcre`ts tnhuen tn` us` hb`xt`rocj a`olnmcrdgoe css`ssm`ots. 

    Mcgo phgots;

      Yn` slnhhj m`t tn` r`egstrctgho r`qugr`m`ots hb tn` Octghocj Ce`oic Vcrcm`t`r. Yn` cttcgom`ot ictc wcsoht subbglg`ot th mcd` c lhmpr`n`osgv` kuie`m`ot ho tn` prher`ss thwcris Octghocj Ce`oic tcre`ts.

      Yn` slnhhj prhmht`i cwcr`o`ss hb tn` Octghocj Ce`oic coi tn` Octghocj Ce`oic tcre`ts cmhoe gtsstcd`nhji`rs. Vjcoogoe ay t`cln`rs r`bj`lt`i tn`gr lhmmgtm`ot. Y`cln`rs go @oejgsn, mctn`mctgls coislg`ol` i`mhostrct`i tn`gr uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn` o`l`sscry sdgjjs tnct stui`ots must i`mhostrct` go hri`rclng`v` sull`ssbuj hutlhm`s ho got`roctghocj css`ssm`ots. Cjtnhuen stui`ots lhuji crtglujct` tn`gr

    dohwj`ie` hb tn` Octghocj Ce`oic, tn`gr r`sphos`s cahut wnct wcs ̀ xp`lt`i hb tn`m igi oht o`l`sscrgjymgrrhr tn`gr t`cln`rs‗ ̀ xp`ltctghos. \tui`ots igi oht dohw `ohuen cahut tn` wgi` rcoe` hb sdgjjs tnct wgjja` t`st`i go got`roctghocj css`ssm`ots. 

      Yn` lurrglujum wcs cjgeo`i th tn` YGM\\ coi VG\C t`st r`qugr`m`ots. Ciigtghocj lhot`ot nci a``ogolhrphrct`i coi tngs wcs `vgi`ot go pjcoogoe ihlum`ots go `cln erci` bhr @oejgsn, mctn`mctgls coislg`ol`. Yn` sdgjjs tnct cr` t`st`i go got`roctghocj css`ssm`ots nci a``o gi`otgbg`i go `cln suak`lt. Yn`slnhhj i`mhostrct`i c lhmmgtm`ot th clng`v` c i`tcgj`i uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn` r`qugr`m`ots go YGM\\coi VG\C t`sts. Y`cln`rs w`r` cltgv` go `oecegoe wgtn tn` css`ssm`ot prcltgl`s hb tn`s` `xcmgoctghos cspcrt hb tn`gr prhb`ssghocj i`v`jhpm`ot.

      Go mhst j`sshos go @oejgsn, mctn`mctgls coi slg`ol`, t`clngoe prhmht`i tn` i`v`jhpm`ot hb stui`ots‗

    lrgtglcj tngodgoe cs hutjgo`i go tn` Octghocj Ce`oic. Yngs wcs mhr` `vgi`ot go tn` mgiij` coi s`lhoicrypncs`s. Y`cln`rs w`r` lj`cr cahut tn` i`bgogtgho hb lrgtglcj tngodgoe. Hp`o-`oi`i qu`stghos w`r` cppcr`otgo mcoy j`sshos coi prhmpt`i stui`ots th cll`ss gobhrmctgho go igbb`r`ot wcys go hri`r th bgoi tn`gr hwojgo`s hb goqugry. \tui`ots w`r` caj` th cppjy tn`gr j`crogoe th r`cj jgb` sgtuctghos. \tui`ots igi oht bujjyuoi`rstcoi wnct wcs `xp`lt`i go t`rms hb lrgtglcj tngodgoe coi goi`p`oi`ot j`crogoe.Lhos`qu`otjy, stui`ots igi oht i`mhostrct` tn` bujj rcoe` hb sdgjjs tnct wgjj a` t`st`i iurgoegot`roctghocj css`ssm`ots.

      Mcoy stui`ots ectn`r`i c rcoe` hb gobhrmctgho brhm igbb`r`ot shurl`s coi tngs goljui`i r`s`crln usgoet`lnohjhey. Ungjst tngs wcs `vgi`ot go shm` j`sshos, gt wcs mhr` typglcj hb prhk`lts tnct stui`ots ncilhmpj`t`i cs pcrt hb htn`r hpphrtuogtg`s tnct nci a``o prhvgi`i bhr tn`m. \tui`ots cjsh i`mhostrct`igmcegoctgv` sdgjjs go sncrgoe coi pr`s`otgoe tn`gr j`crogoe usgoe t`lnohjhey. Nhw`v`r, tn`s` sdgjjs w`r`oht bujjy cjgeo`i th tnhs` tnct wgjj a` t`st`i go got`roctghocj `xcmgoctghos.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  5 

    Goohvctgho go `iulctgho 

    Yn` PC@ Rgsgho 1613   s`ts hut tn` Octghocj Ce`oic bhr tn` PC@ th a` cmhoe tn` mhstgoohvctgv` octghos go tn` whrji. Yn` Octghocj Goohvctgho \trct`ey s`ts tn` lhot`xt bhr„goohvctgho‗ coi „goohvctgv` j`ci`rsngp‗. Gt prhvgi`s c acsgs bhr ̀ vcjuctgoe puajgl coi prgvct`slnhhjs go hri`r th i`jgv`r c whrji-ljcss `iulctgho bhr cjj lngjir`o go tn` PC@.

    Goohvctgho gs irgv`o ay c lhmmgtm`ot th ̀ xl`jj`ol` coi lhotgouhus gmprhv`m`ot. Gt gs acs`iho lurghsgty, tn` wgjjgoeo`ss th tcd` rgsds, th `xp`rgm`ot coi th t`st cssumptghos cs w`jj csqu`stghogoe coi lncjj`oegoe tn` stctus quh. A`goe goohvctgv` gs cahut jhhdgoe a`yhoi wnctw` lurr`otjy ih w`jj, gi`otgbygoe tn` er`ct gi`cs hb thmhrrhw coi puttgoe tn`m goth prcltgl`. 

    Vrhmhtgoe c lujtur` hb goohvctgho;

      Yn` slnhhjs' j`ci`rs w`r` `otnusgcstgl cahut goohvctgho. J`ci`rs cldohwj`ie`i goohvcthrs brhm wgtngotn` slnhhj wnh nci gmpj`m`ot`i c wgi` rcoe` hb o`w prhk`lts wngln nci gmprhv`i tn` clci`mgl coishlgcj csp`lts hb tn` slnhhj coi tn` wgi`r lhmmuogty. Yn` j`ci`rs shuent lr`ctgv` wcys th o`twhrdejhacjjy coi argoe `xp`rtgs` th tn` slnhhj. Y`cln`rs coi j`ci`rs nci `olhurce`i tn` us` hb „oho-trcigtghocj‗  j`crogoe spcl`s bhr cltgvgtg`s. Yn`y prhmht`i `ot`rprgs` coi `otr`pr`o`ursngp. J`crogoet`lnohjheg`s w`r` a`goe us`i th lhmpj`m`ot tn` lurrglujum. Lncoe`s th tn` lurrglujum nci bclgjgtct`igolr`cs`i hpphrtuogtg`s bhr stui`ots th i`v`jhp goohvctgho sdgjjs, goljuigoe prhaj`m shjvgoe, p`rs`v`rcol`,rgsd-tcdgoe coi lr`ctgvgty.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  > 

    Hv`rcjj slnhhj p`rbhrmcol` 

    Ehhi 

    DE  Vrgmcry  Mgiij` \`lhoicry

    J`crogoe sdgjjs  Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi R`ry ehhi

    3. \tui`ots‗ clng`v`m`ot

     

    DE  Vrgmcry  Mgiij`  \`lhoicry 

    Gsjcmgl `iulctgho

    Cttcgom`ot Oht cppjglcaj` Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi

    Vrher`ss Oht cppjglcaj` Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi

    Crcagl cs c bgrst

    jcoeuce`

      Cttcgom`ot Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj`

    Vrher`ss Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj`

    Crcagl cs co

    ciigtghocj jcoeuce` 

    Cttcgom`ot Oht cppjglcaj` Cll`ptcaj` Cll`ptcaj` Cll`ptcaj`

    Vrher`ss Oht cppjglcaj` Cll`ptcaj` Cll`ptcaj` Cll`ptcaj`

    @oejgsn

     

    Cttcgom`ot Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi

    Vrher`ss Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi

    Mctn`mctgls

    Cttcgom`ot Ehhi R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

    Vrher`ss Ehhi R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi

    \lg`ol`

    Cttcgom`ot Ehhi Ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

    Vrher`ss Ehhi Ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  7 

    1. \tui`ots‗ p`rshocj coi shlgcj i`v`jhpm`ot coi tn`gr goohvctgho sdgjjs 

    DE  Vrgmcry  Mgiij`  \`lhoicry 

    V`rshocj i`v`jhpm`ot Hutstcoigoe Hutstcoigoe  Hutstcoigoe Hutstcoigoe

    Poi`rstcoigoe hb Gsjcmgl vcju`s coi

    cwcr`o`ss hb @mgrctg coi whrji

    lujtur`s

    Ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe R`ry ehhi

    \hlgcj r`sphosgagjgty coi goohvctgho

    sdgjjs

    Ehhi R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  36 

    Mcgo gosp`ltgho r`phrt

    Yn` Iuacg \lnhhjs Gosp`ltgho Aur`cu (I\GA) gs r`sphosgaj` bhr gosp`ltgoe coi r`phrtgoe ho tn` stcoicris

    r`cln`i ay stui`ots coi tn` qucjgty hb `iulctgho prhvgi`i go Iuacg‗s prgvct` slnhhjs. 

    Kuie`m`ots cr` mci` ho c sgx-phgot slcj`

    Psgoe tngs slcj`, tn` Mcgo gosp`ltgho r`phrt  lhotcgos tn` kuie`m`ots cahut tn` igbb`r`ot csp`lts,

    pncs`s coi suak`lts tnct bhrm tn` whrd hb tn` slnhhj.

    Gt prhvgi`s tn` r`cshos bhr tn` cosw`rs th tn` qu`stghos go tn` \ummcry bhr pcr`ots coi tn`lhmmuogty ;

      Nhw w`jj igi tn` slnhhj p`rbhrm hv`rcjj8

      Unct igi tn` slnhhj ih w`jj8

      Unct ih`s tn` slnhhj o``i th ih o`xt8

    R`ry w`cd U`cd Cll`pcaj` Ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

    Mcgo gosp`ltgho r`phrt

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  31 

    Vrgmcry 

    \uak`lts

    Cttcgom`ot Vrher`ss

    Gsjcmgl `iulctgho Ehhi Ehhi

    Crcagl cs c bgrst jcoeuce` Oht cppjglcaj` Oht cppjglcaj`

    Crcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce` Cll`ptcaj` Cll`ptcaj`

    @oejgsn Ehhi Ehhi

    Mctn`mctgls R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi

    \lg`ol` Ehhi Ehhi

      Go Gsjcmgl `iulctgho, mhst stui`ots w`r` lhmp`t`ot go `xpjcgogoe tn` m`cogoe hb c prcy`r coi w`r` caj`th m`mhrgs` snhrt \urcns brhm tn` Nhjy Sur‗co. C mckhrgty w`r` r`clngoe stcoicris tnct w`r` e`o`rcjjycahv` tn` lurrglujum stcoicris pr`slrga`i ay tn` Mgogstry hb @iulctgho. Go tn` cas`ol` hb got`roctghocja`olnmcrd m`csur`s, cttcgom`ot coi prher`ss, ho acjcol`, w`r` ahtn kuie`i th a` ehhi a`lcus` hb tn``xpjglgt clng`v`m`ots hb tn` stui`ots. Nhw`v`r, stui`ots‗ r`lgtctgho sdgjjs w`r` oht i`v`jhp`i cs w`jj cstn`y snhuji ncv` a``o. Yn` jcld hb tn`s` sdgjjs lhotrcst`i wgtn tn` prher`ss tnct mhst stui`ots w`r`mcdgoe go uoi`rstcoigoe Gsjcmgl @tgqu`tt`s.

      Go j`crogoe Crcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce`, coi wgtnhut octghocj coi got`roctghocj a`olnmcrd m`csur`s,mhst stui`ots‗ sp`cdgoe coi jgst`ogoe sdgjjs w`r` kuie`i th a` go jgo` wgtn e`o`rcj ̀ xp`ltctghos. \tui`otslhuji lhov`rs` go sgmpj` `xlncoe`s, mcgojy usgoe pr`vghusjy j`crot coi r`l`otjy r`n`crs`i whris. Yn`grprher`ss wcs st`ciy go gi`otgbygoe coi r`cigoe bcmgjgcr whris coi ciigoe o`w ho`s th tn`gr golr`csgoevhlcaujcry. Nhw`v`r, tn`gr prher`ss go i`v`jhpgoe wrgtgoe sdgjjs wcs `vgi`otjy w`cd`r tnco tn` sdgjjs

    `xngagt`i go sp`cdgoe coi r`cigoe.

      \tui`ots' cttcgom`ot coi prher`ss go @oejgsn wcs ehhi go tn` prgmcry pncs` cs gt wcs clrhss tn` slnhhj.Q`sujts brhm octghocj t`sts lhobgrm`i tngs. Nhw`v`r, egrjs clng`v`i a`tt`r tnco ahys. Go tngs pncs` go@oejgsn, htn`r erhups hb stui`ots mci` sgmgjcr rct`s hb prher`ss. I`spgt` jcre` ljcss`s tn` mckhrgty hbstui`ots pcrtglgpct`i `otnusgcstglcjjy go t`cln`r-j`i igslussghos, erhup whrd coi goigvgiucj cssgeom`otscoi govcrgcajy clng`v`i sull`ss coi mci` ecgos go tn`gr jcoeuce` clqugsgtgho. Cs c r`sujt, stui`ots'prher`ss go i`v`jhpgoe tn`gr lhmpr`n`osgho coi r`cigoe sdgjjs wcs ehhi.

      \tui`ots' cttcgom`ot go mctn`mctgls wcs v`ry ehhi, wgtn c jcre` mckhrgty hb stui`ots cttcgogoe j`v`jstnct w`r` cahv` tn` lurrglujum coi octghocj stcoicris ay tn` ̀ oi hb tngs pncs`. Go j`sshos, stui`ots w`r`has`rv`i cppjygoe ehhi dohwj`ie` th prcltglcj sgtuctghos, bhr `xcmpj` tn` us` hb brcltghos go lhstgoe tn`scj` hb v`e`tcaj`s. @v`o go tn` cas`ol` hb got`roctghocj a`olnmcrd m`csur`s, tn` ̀ xpjglgt clng`v`m`ot hbstui`ots go mctn`mctgls wcs kuie`i th a` v`ry ehhi, wgtn jgttj` vcrgctgho go tn` rct`s hb prher`ss ayigbb`r`ot erhups.

      \tui`ots' cttcgom`ot coi prher`ss cs m`csur`i cecgost tn` slnhhj's lurrglujum stcoicris goiglct`i tncttn` mckhrgty w`r` cahv` ce`-r`jct`i stcoicris go slg`ol`. Yn`y mci` a`tt`r tnco `xp`lt`i ecgos go tn`grdohwj`ie`, uoi`rstcoigoe coi sdgjjs. \tui`ots w`r` a`egoogoe th i`v`jhp cpprhprgct` `oqugry coigov`stgectgho sdgjjs coi w`r` cltgv`jy `oece`i go tn`gr j`crogoe wn`o govhjv`i go tn`s` cltgvgtg`s. Yn`yw`r` caj` th ̀ xpr`ss tn`gr gi`cs coi uoi`rstcoigoe lj`crjy, hbt`o usgoe tn` lhrr`lt slg`otgbgl t`rms, gost`cihb `v`ryicy jcoeuce`. Yn`gr cttcgom`ot hv`r tn` pcst tnr`` y`crs nci a``o gmprhvgoe coi wcslhosgst`otjy cahv` tn` lurrglujum coi octghocj stcoicris. Lhmpcrgshos wgtn got`roctghocj stcoicris w`r`

    oht cvcgjcaj`. 

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  39 

    \`lhoicry 

    \uak`lts

    Cttcgom`ot Vrher`ss

    Gsjcmgl `iulctgho Ehhi Ehhi

    Crcagl cs c bgrst jcoeuce` Lnhhs` co gt`m Lnhhs` co gt`m

    Crcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce` Cll`ptcaj` Cll`ptcaj`

    @oejgsn Ehhi Ehhi

    Mctn`mctgls Hutstcoigoe R`ry ehhi

    \lg`ol` Hutstcoigoe Hutstcoigoe

      Yn` mckhrgty hb stui`ots i`mhostrct`i dohwj`ie` coi uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn` Gsjcmgl @tgqu`tt`s, [cdct,

    mhrcjs coi vcju`s tnct w`r` cahv` lurrglujum ̀ xp`ltctghos. Cs go mgiij` pncs`, stui`ots go tn` s`lhoicrypncs` w`r` r`clngoe stcoicris tnct w`r` e`o`rcjjy cahv` tnhs` pr`slrga`i go tn` Mgogstry hb @iulctgholurrglujum. Nhw`v`r, tn`gr us` hb tn` Nhjy Sur‗co v`rs`s cs phgots hb r`b`r`ol` wcs oht up th `qugvcj`otstcoicris. Yn`gr m`mhrgsctgho coi r`lgtctgho hb tn` Nhjy Sur‗cogl v`rs`s w`r` ct ce`-`xp`lt`i j`v`js. Csgo `crjg`r pncs`s go tn` slnhhj, tn` cttcgom`ot coi prher`ss ay stui`ots w`r` ehhi a`lcus` tn` e`o`rcjclng`v`m`ots hb tn` mckhrgty hb tn`m w`r` a`tt`r tnco tn` `xp`lt`i j`v`js.

      Go j`crogoe Crcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce`, mhst stui`ots‗ sp`cdgoe, jgst`ogoe coi r`cigoe sdgjjs w`r` ctce`‖r`jct`i `xp`ltctghos. Yn`y cllurct`jy us`i c rcoe` hb vhlcaujcry aut tn`gr wrgtgoe sdgjjs w`r` oht csw`jj i`v`jhp`i cs tnhs` go sp`cdgoe, jgst`ogoe coi r`cigoe. Yngs wcs cs c r`sujt hb jgmgt`i hpphrtuogtg`sth prcltgs` go j`sshos. Cs go tn` htn`r pncs`s hb tn` slnhhj, tn` cas`ol` hb octghocj coi got`roctghocja`olnmcrds, cttcgom`ot coi prher`ss wcs kuie`i brhm tn` e`o`rcj clng`v`m`ots hb tn` stui`ots egvgoe

    lhosgi`rctgho th tn`gr ce`s coi cptgtui`s. Mhst erhups mci` sgmgjcr rct`s hb prher`ss hv`r tgm`.

      Go @oejgsn, stui`ots‗ cttcgom`ot wcs ehhi. LA\@ `xcmgoctgho r`sujts bhr tn` pr`vghus clci`mgl y`cr w`r`hutstcoigoe. Yn`gr prher`ss go sp`cdgoe coi jgst`ogoe wcs ehhi. \tui`ots `xpr`ss`i tn`ms`jv`slhobgi`otjy coi us`i c rcoe` hb vhlcaujcry coi cllurct` ercmmcr. Yn`y `okhy`i r`cigoe bhr c rcoe` hbpurphs`s. Yn`gr sdgjjs go r`cigoe wgtn uoi`rstcoigoe coi `xt`oi`i wrgtgoe bhr igbb`r`ot purphs`s w`r`i`v`jhpgoe w`jj. \tui`ots pcrtglgpct`i `otnusgcstglcjjy coi tn` j`v`j hb tn`gr qu`stghos coi r`sphos`slj`crjy i`mhostrct`i tn`gr cagjgty th r`csho, `vcjuct` coi kuie`.

      Q`sujts hb tn` LA\@ `xcmgoctghos go mctn`mctgls snhw`i tnct mhst stui`ots go Erci` 36 cttcgo`i w`jjcahv` tn` `xp`lt`i stcoicris. Go tn` mhst r̀ l`ot `xt`rocj `xcmgoctgho go Erci` 31, stui`ots‗ `xt`oi`idohwj`ie` coi sdgjjs w`r` t`st`i coi mhst clng`v`i sgmgjcrjy ngen j`v`js. Yn` lhosgst`otjy i`mcoigoej`v`js hb lncjj`oe` go cjmhst cjj j`sshos `osur`i tnct c jcre` mckhrgty hb stui`ots mci` rcpgi prher`ss,`sp`lgcjjy wn`o tcdgoe goth cllhuot tn`gr igbb`r`ot stcrtgoe phgots.

      Go slg`ol`, mhst stui`ots‗ dohwj`ie`, sdgjjs coi uoi`rstcoigoe w`r` w`jj cahv` tn` lurrglujum coilhmpcrctgv` got`roctghocj stcoicris. Go hri`r th clng`v` tngs, mhst stui`ots w`r` mcdgoe muln a`tt`rtnco `xp`lt`i prher`ss wngln wcs co gmprhv`m`ot ho pr`vghus y`crs. \tui`ots nci i`v`jhp`i `bb`ltgv`gov`stgectgho sdgjjs go clng`vgoe tn` hutlhm`s hb tn` r`qugr`i prcltglcj lhmpho`ots hb tn`gr slg`ol` ljcss`s.Yn`y w`r` caj` th `xpr`ss tn`gr gi`cs coi uoi`rstcoigoe v`ry lj`crjy coi wgtn shuoi r`cshogoe. Yn`grw`jj-r`n`crs`i coi `csy ercsp hb slg`otgbgl vhlcaujcry cii`i th tn`gr lhobgi`ol` coi mhtgvctgho. Mhsterhups mci` sgmgjcr prher`ss go slg`ol` hv`r tgm`. 

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  30 

    DE

    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    J`crogoe sdgjjs Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi R`ry ehhi

     

    Lh-hp`rctgv` j`crogoe wcs c b`ctur` hb mhst j`sshos. Go tn` dgoi`recrt`o, lngjir`o i`mhostrct`ilhmp`t`ot j`crogoe sdgjjs bhr tn`gr ce`s. Yn`y whrd`i prhiultgv`jy coi wgtn lhol`otrctgho, ahtngoigvgiucjjy coi wn`o go erhups. Yn`y w`r` ncppy th sncr` r`shurl`s, hbt`o n`jpgoe `cln htn`r gb tn`ynci igbbglujty. Hji`r lngjir`o w`r` d``o th tcd` r`sphosgagjgty coi mhst nci subbglg`ot uoi`rstcoigoe hbtn`gr whrd th scy wnct tn`y nci iho` w`jj.

     

    Hji`r stui`ots thhd ho j`ci`rsngp rhj`s iurgoe erhup whrd. Yn`y `osur`i tnct `v`ryho` wcs jgst`o`i thcoi tnct tn` j`crogoe wcs trujy lhjjcahrctgv`. Mhst stui`ots go cjj pncs`s snhw`i c e`ougo` `otnusgcsmbhr j`crogoe coi w`r` usucjjy sull`ssbuj wn`o tn` j`sshos `oece`i coi mhtgvct`i tn`m. Yn`gr cagjgty ths`jb-css`ss coi gmprhv` tn`gr j`crogoe i`v`jhp`i cs tn`y mhv`i up tnrhuen tn` slnhhj.

      C jcre` mckhrgty hb tn` stui`ots w`r` caj` th cppjy tn`gr j`crogoe th m`cogoebuj lhot`xts go tn` wgi`rwhrji coi pcrtglujcrjy th tn`gr hwo jgv`s. \tui`ots w`r` caj` th mcd` lhoo`ltghos clrhss tn`gr j`crogoe goigbb`r`ot suak`lt cr`cs, cjtnhuen shm` w`r` sjhw th s`` tn` jgods wgtnhut tn`gr t`cln`rs‗ eugicol`.

      Lrgtglcj tngodgoe, hbt`o prhmpt`i ay tn` t`cln`rs, coi tn` `bbglg`ot us` hb prhaj`m shjvgoe sdgjjs w`r``vgi`ot go j`sshos. \tui`ots us`i tn`s` sdgjjs coi c rcoe` hb r`shurl`s coi gobhrmctgho t`lnohjheg`ssull`ssbujjy th `xt`oi tn`gr j`crogoe.

    1. \tui`ots‗ p`rshocj coi shlgcj i`v`jhpm`ot coi tn`gr goohvctgho sdgjjs

     

    DE

    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    V`rshocj i`v`jhpm`ot Hutstcoigoe Hutstcoigoe Hutstcoigoe Hutstcoigoe

      Go tn` dgoi`recrt`o, lngjir`o nci hutstcoigoe cttgtui`s thwcri slnhhj. Yn`y w`r` cwcr` hb tn` o``is hbhtn`rs, whrdgoe coi pjcygoe cjhoesgi` ̀ cln htn`r usucjjy ncrmhoghusjy. \tui`ots w`r` r`l`ptgv` coi d``oth cll`pt j`ci`rsngp rhj`s. \`oghr stui`ots w`r` pcrtglujcrjy lhmmgtt`i th cssgstgoe yhuoe`r stui`ots,ahtn gobhrmcjjy go tn` pjcyerhuoi coi tnrhuen lcr`bujjy hrecogs`i auiiy prhercmm`s.

      \tui`ots w`r` phjgt`, lhoslg`otghus, w`jj-a`ncv`i coi lhosgi`rct` thwcris ho` cohtn`r. Yn`y snhw`ingen j`v`js hb mutucj r`sp`lt. Yn`gr mhv`m`ots crhuoi tn` slnhhj sgt` w`r` r`sphosgaj`, wgtn stui`otsn`jpgoe th d``p tn` slnhhj co cttrcltgv` coi tgiy pjcl` go wngln th j`cro. Yn` jcre` mckhrgty hb stui`otscer``i tnct a`ncvghur go coi crhuoi tn` slnhhj wcs ehhi.

      Yn` phsgtgv` r`jctghosngps a`tw``o stui`ots coi t`cln`rs lhotrgaut`i th tn` ngen clci`mglclng`v`m`ots. Erhup whrd wcs lhmmho ct cjj j`v`js coi stui`ots whrd`i the`tn`r lhhp`rctgv`jy, sncrgoehpgoghos coi mhigbygoe tn`gr whrd cllhrigoejy.

      Mcgotcgogoe n`cjtny jgb`styj`s wcs c w`jj-dohwo tn`m` wgtngo tn` slnhhj. \tui`ots‗ soclds w`r` n`cjtny.Lhov`rsctghos wgtn stui`ots suastcotgct`i tn`gr cvhgicol` hb suecr-jci`o tr`cts. \tui`ots uoi`rsthhi tn`vcju` hb `ctgoe br`sn prhiul` coi tn` a`o`bgts hb r`eujcr `x`rlgs`. Yn` slnhhj burtn`r ourtur`i c n`cjtnycttgtui` tnrhuen tn` 'er``o ecri`o' prhercmm`, lhmpj`t` wgtn c 'mcrd`t' go wngln stui`ots shji slnhhj-erhwo prhiul`.

     

    \lnhhj ictc goiglct`i tnct ctt`oicol` wcs v`ry ehhi wgtn c sjgent vcrgctgho ay e`oi`r4 ahys‗ ctt`oicol`a`goe jhw`r tnco tnct hb egrjs. \tui`ots w`r` puoltucj th ljcss`s coi w`r` r`ciy th a`ego whrd wn`oj`sshos stcrt`i.

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    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    Poi`rstcoigoe hb Gsjcmgl vcju`s coi

    cwcr`o`ss hb @mgrctg coi whrji

    lujtur`s

    Ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe R`ry ehhi

      \tui`ots nci clqugr`i c v`ry ehhi uoi`rstcoigoe coi c e`ougo` cppr`lgctgho hb nhw Gsjcmgl vcju`s w`r``ma`ii`i goth mhi`ro PC@ shlg`ty. Yngs nci a``o bclgjgtct`i tnrhuen tn`gr pcrtglgpctgho go PC@ shlgcjstuig`s j`sshos coi go tn` mcoy r`j`vcot `v`ots nhst`i ay tn` slnhhj.

      Co `xl`jj`ot uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn` n`rgtce` coi lujtur` hb tn` PC@ nci a``o i`v`jhp`i ay mhst stui`ots.Yn`y snhw`i r`sp`lt bhr tn` vcju`s hb tn` PC@, cs w`jj cs tn` mcoy lujtur`s r`pr`s`ot`i go tn` slnhhjlhmmuogty. Yn`y w`r` caj` th r`jct` th tn` lhot`mphrcry jgb` go tn` PC@, a`goe pcrtglujcrjy cwcr` hbl`j`arctghos wngln tn` slnhhj mcrd`i.

      \tui`ots igsluss`i tn`gr hwo lujtur`s coi aclderhuois go i`ptn, i`slrgagoe sgmgjcrgtg`s coi igbb`r`ol`s.

    Yn`y w`r` dohwj`ie`caj` coi sphd` wgtn lhobgi`ol` cahut jgb` prghr th tn` bhuoigoe hb tn` PC@.

    DE

    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    \hlgcj r`sphosgagjgty coi goohvctgho

    sdgjjs

    Ehhi R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

      Yn` slnhhj nci co `xt`osgv` o`twhrd hb lhmmuogty prhercmm`s4 Iuacg Lcr`s, Yn` Er``o Hjympgci, coi@lh lhmp`tgtghos tnrhuen @lh-wcrrghr erhups ct cjj j`v`js. \tui`ots lhjj`lt`i `y`ejcss`s coi stctgho`ry th

    s`oi th Goigc. Ct cjj j`v`js tn`y w`r` cwcr` hb Iuacg‗s bhlus ho tn` `ovgrhom`ot tnrhuen @xph 1616 coitn` icoe`rs hb ejhacj wcrmgoe cs gt cbb`lts tn` i`s`rt.

      Yn`r` wcs c strhoe whrd `tngl go tn` slnhhj clrhss clci`mgl suak`lts coi `xtrc-lurrglujcr cltgvgtg`s.\tui`ots w`r` mhtgvct`i coi s`jb-igslgpjgo`i go ljcss`s. Yn`y w`r` cltgv`jy `oece`i go `otr`pr`o`urgcjprhercmm`s tnct a`eco ct tn` prgmcry j`v`j coi lujmgoct`i go pr`s`otctghos ct tn` s`oghr j`v`j. Yn`yw`r` lhobgi`ot coi pr`s`ot`i sp``ln`s w`jj ct css`majg`s.

      Yn` slnhhj 'ecri`o' gogtgct`i coi mcgotcgo`i ay stui`ots wcs co goiglctgho hb stui`ots‗ `ovgrhom`otcjcwcr`o`ss. Q`lyljgoe coi `o`rey lhos`rvctgho w`r` cjsh prcltgs`i coi stui`ots w`r` cwcr` hb tn` o``ith d``p tn`gr slnhhj lj`co coi `ovgrhom`otcjjy shuoi. Ljcssrhhm j`sshos goljui`i hut hb slnhhj vgsgts th'lj`co tn` a`cln.' Yn` prhmhtghos crhuoi @xph 1616 nci golr`cs`i tn` s`oghr stui`ots‗ wgi`r cwcr`o`ss

    hb tn`s` gmphrtcot gssu`s lhosgi`rcajy.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  3> 

      Css`ssm`ot r`sujts w`r` cocjys`i `bb`ltgv`jy th trcld tn` prher`ss hb cjj stui`ots, ahtn goigvgiucjjy coics erhups. I`tcgj`i cocjysgs gi`otgbg`i cagjgty erhups, trcld`i tn`gr prher`ss hv`r tgm`, s`t tcre`ts coiprhvgi`i us`buj b``iacld th stui`ots coi t`cln`rs. Yn` cocjysgs wcs lrhss-ln`ld`i ay n`cis hbi`pcrtm`ots th `osur` cllurcly coi tn`o igsluss`i wgtn stui`ots. Cs c r`sujt hb trcldgoe, stui`ots coi

    tn`gr t`cln`rs do`w nhw w`jj stui`ots w`r` prher`ssgoe go tn`gr j`crogoe.  Css`ssm`ot gobhrmctgho wcs cocjys`i coi igsluss`i wgtn t`cln`rs. J`ssho pjcos w`r` mhigbg`i ho c

    lhotgouhus acsgs coi goigvgiucj tcre`ts w`r` cer``i wgtn stui`ots th gmprhv` tn`gr p`rbhrmcol`. Yn`r`w`r` mhigbglctghos mci` th tn` lurrglujum th goljui` mhr` thpgls coi sdgjjs go hri`r th m``t tn` o``ishb stui`ots.

      Mhst t`cln`rs nci shuoi dohwj`ie` hb tn` str`oetns coi w`cdo`ss`s hb tn`gr stui`ots. Yn`y i`rgv`imuln gobhrmctgho brhm tn` cocjysgs hb t`st r`sujts. Yngs gobhrmctgho wcs oht us`i w`jj `ohuen go tn`jhw`r pncs`s, a`lcus` tn`r` wcs sgmgjcr lncjj`oe` bhr cjj cagjgtg`s coi tn` supphrt bhr jhw`r cttcgogoestui`ots wcs hbt`o mgogmcj. Y`cln`rs us`i wrgtt`o b``iacld th stui`ots w`jj th snhw tn`m wnctgmprhv`m`ots w`r` o``i`i. Nhw`v`r, go c b`w lcs`s, stui`ots igi oht r`sphoi th tn`s` lhmm`ots, sh

    tn`y igi oht gmprhv` tn`gr whrd cs tn`y snhuji. Vcr`ots w`r` gobhrm`i cahut tn`gr lngjir`o‗s prher`ss hoc r`eujcr acsgs.

    9. Lurrglujum

    DE

    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    Lurrglujum i`sgeo coi

    gmpj`m`otctgho

    Ehhi R`ry ehhi R`ry ehhi Hutstcoigoe

      Yn` LA\@ lurrglujum wcs us`i go wcys tnct prhmht`i got`r`st coi cjmhst cjj stui`ots `okhy`i wnct tn`yw`r` j`crogoe. Cltgvgtg`s clrhss tn` igbb`r`ot suak`lts prhmht`i lr`ctgv`, pnysglcj coi prcltglcj`xp`rg`ol`s bhr stui`ots. Go ciigtgho, stui`ots w`r` hbb`r`i c vcrg`ty hb `orglnm`ot cltgvgtg`s th acjcol`tn`gr vcrghus j`crogoe o``is. Cbt`r slnhhj nhurs w`r` utgjgs`i v`ry w`jj bhr `xtrc-lurrglujcr cltgvgtg`s.

      Lurrglujum mcps nci a``o i`v`jhp`i th `osur` prher`ssgho coi lhotgougty a`tw``o erci`s, brhm tn`dgoi`recrt`o th tn` thp hb tn` s`lhoicry pncs`. Yn`s` w`r` ln`ld`i bhr cllurcly th ̀ osur` tnct tn`y augjtupho stui`ots‗ pr`vghus dohwj`ie` coi sdgjjs. \`oghr slnhhj stui`ots w`r` w`jj pr`pcr`i bhr ahcri coi`xt`rocj lhmp`tgtgv` `xcmgoctghos, sh tnct tn`y lhuji s``d `otry goth ngen`r `iulctgho ahtn octghocjjycoi got`roctghocjjy.

     

    Yn` slnhhj hbb`r`i c rcoe` hb suak`lts go hri`r th egv` ci`quct` lnhgl`s bhr hji`r stui`ots th stuiyigbb`r`ot lhmagoctghos hb tnhs` suak`lts wngln got`r`st`i tn`m.

      Mhst j`sshos goljui`i lcr`bujjy pjcoo`i lrhss-lurrglujcr jgods th igbb`r`ot suak`lts coi mhst stui`ots mci`us`buj lhoo`ltghos a`tw``o jgt`rcly, oum`rcly coi t`lnohjhey. Yn` mckhrgty hb j`sshos supphrt`igoi`p`oi`ot j`crogoe coi n`jp`i stui`ots th i`v`jhp tn`gr sdgjjs hb r`s`crln coi lrgtglcj tngodgoe.

      Yn` lurrglujum wcs r`vg`w`i ct tn` stcrt hb `cln y`cr. \tui`ot pcrtglgpctgho wcs igsluss`i go w``djym``tgoes coi cikustm`ots mci` acs`i ho tn` b``iacld brhm t`cln`rs. Yn` r`vg`w ̀ osur`i tn` ̀ xt`osghohb tn` lurrglujum th m``t ̀ xt`rocj t`st stcoicris. \tui`ots wgtn \@OI coi tn` jhw`r cagjgty stui`ots w`r`gi`otgbg`i coi trcld`i clrhss lurrglujum strcois th ln`ld tn`gr prher`ss. Nhw`v`r, tn` r`sujtgoe strct`eg`sigi oht `osur` tnct tn`gr o``is w`r` bujjy m`t.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  37 

      Yn` PC@ shlgcj stuig`s lurrglujum wcs tcuent go s`v`rcj wcys. Go tn` dgoi`recrt`o, ̀ j`m`ots hb dohwj`ie`w`r` hllcsghocjjy augjt goth htn`r cltgvgtg`s. Brhm Erci`s 3 th 9, gt wcs ̀ olhmpcss`i ay tn` ̀ ovgrhom`otcjstuig`s prhercmm`. \tui`ots go Erci`s 0 th > nci c sp`lgbgl w``djy j`ssho cjhoesgi` tn`gr whrd bhr tn`

    LA\@ prhercmm`. Hji`r stui`ots bhlus`i shj`jy upho tn`gr ahcri `xcmgoctghos, aut tn`r` w`r` mcoylhoo`ltghos `xpjhr`i tnrhuen suak`lts suln cs lgvgls, wngln n`jp`i stui`ots th uoi`rstcoi tn` PC@ go cwgi`r shlgcj lhot`xt.

    DE

    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    Lurrglujum cicptctgho Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi R`ry ehhi

      Yn` lurrglujum wcs i`sgeo`i th a` goljusgv` coi wcs mhigbg`i th sugt tn` o``is hb mhst hb tn` stui`ots.

    Cjmhst cjj j`sshos lncjj`oe`i tn` mhst caj` erhups aut igi oht cjwcys cpprhprgct`jy lncjj`oe` coisupphrt tn` j`ss caj` stui`ots.

      Yn` lurrglujum goljui`i c vcrg`ty hb `ot`rprgsgoe, goohvctgv` coi got`r`stgoe cltgvgtg`s ct cpprhprgct`got`rvcjs. C mckhrgty hb stui`ots lnhs` th pcrtglgpct` go tn` `xtrc-lurrglujcr cltgvgtg`s. Yn`r` w`r`pjcoo`i hpphrtuogtg`s bhr tn` mckhrgty hb stui`ots th `oece` wgtn tn` jhlcj lhmmuogty tnrhuen prhk`ltssuln cs tn` lj`cojgo`ss lcmpcgeo, cwcr`o`ss prhercmm`s, buoi rcgsgoe, igslussghos coi i`act`s wgtngot`roctghocj stui`ots.

      Yn` PC@ shlgcj stuig`s w`r` prhvgi`i clrhss cjj pncs`s. Vrhercmm`s suln cs vgsgts th co Crca lcb`t`rgc,mus`ums coi mhsqu`s, l`j`arctgho hb @gi, Octghocj Icy, Crcagl w``d, PC@ lujtur` icy, `oncol`istui`ots‗ uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn` PC@'s vcju`s, lujtur`s coi shlg`ty. \tui`ots r`sp`lt`i coi supphrt`i

    tnhs` wnh bcst`i iurgoe Qcmcico. Ugtn tn` supphrt hb tn` Crcagl i`pcrtm`ot, stui`ots nci i`v`jhp`ico Crcagl igltghocry.

      Yn` slnhhj hbb`r`i ho`

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  16 

      Yn` slnhhj nci r`strglt`i spcl` go mcoy hb tn` ljcssrhhms. Yn`s` spcl`s, lhmago`i wgtn tn` jcre` ouma`rhb stui`ots go mhst ljcss`s, jgmgt`i `bb`ltgv` t`clngoe coi lhjjcahrctgv` erhup whrd.

      Yn` slnhhj v`ry `bb`ltgv`jy prhmht`i c scb` coi n`cjtny jgb`styj` coi go ciigtgho prhvgi`i c rcoe`hb pnysglcj cltgvgtg`s bhr cjj stui`ots.

    DE

    Vrgmcry Mgiij`

    \`lhoicry

    Lcr` coi supphrt Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi Ehhi

      Q`jctghosngps a`tw``o tn` stcbb coi stui`ots w`r` strhoe. Mutucj r`sp`lt wcs `vgi`ot coi a`ncvghurmcoce`m`ot strct`eg`s w`r` `bb`ltgv`jy coi rhutgo`jy gmpj`m`ot`i.

      Yn` slnhhj nci w`jj r`bgo`i syst`ms th prhmht` v`ry ehhi ctt`oicol` coi puoltucjgty. Vcr`ots w`r`lhotclt`i prhmptjy coi r`qugr`i th `xpjcgo coy cas`ol` brhm slnhhj.

      C rcoe` hb strct`eg`s coi igceohstgl thhjs w`r` us`i bhr tn` `crjy gi`otgbglctgho hb stui`ots ct rgsd hbuoi`rp`rbhrmcol` iu` th m`iglcj hr j`crogoe o``is. Lhotrgautghos brhm t`cln`rs, stui`ots coi pcr̀ otsw`r` mci` th cssgst go tn` cllurct` css`ssm`ot hb o``is. \upphrt pjcos bhr `cln stui`ot w`r`gmpj`m`ot`i, aut tn`s` vcrg`i go tn`gr us`bujo`ss bhr mhigbygoe prhvgsgho. \tui`ots wnh ncii`mhostrct`i `xl`jj`ol` go clci`mgl hr htn`r cltgvgtg`s w`r` pjcl`i ho c r`egst`r hb egbt`i coi tcj`ot`igoigvgiucjs.

      Yn` supphrt prhvgi`i bhr stui`ots wgtn \@OI wcs golhosgst`ot. Ungjst `bb`ltgv` supphrt wcs `vgi`ot goshm` j`sshos coi go tn` smcjj erhup cltgvgtg`s j`i ay tn` \@OI t`cm, ehhi prcltgl` wcs oht `ma`ii`iclrhss tn` wnhj` slnhhj. Yngs r`sujt`i go shm` vcrgctghos go tn` prher`ss mci` ay tn`s` stui`ots.Lhov`rs`jy, go mcoy suak`lts tn`r` wcs cpprhprgct` lncjj`oe` th `xt`oi tn` j`crogoe hb tn` egbt`i coi

    tcj`ot`i stui`ots.

      Yn` p`rshocj coi clci`mgl eugicol` prhvgi`i ay tn` slnhhj lhuos`jjhr, pncs` sup`rvgshrs coi htn`r stcbbm`ma`rs wcs strhoe. \tui`ots w`r` w`jj dohwo cs goigvgiucjs coi tn` stcbb snhw`i e`ougo` lcr` coilhmmgtm`ot th tn`gr w`jj-a`goe. Yn`r` w`r` w`jj-hrecogs`i ̀ v`ots th supphrt stui`ots go tn`gr lcr``r coiclci`mgl lnhgl`s. \tui`ots w`r` caj` th s``d hut c stcbb m`ma`r th igsluss mhr` goigvgiucj lhol`ros.

    Vrhvgsgho bhr stui`ots wgtn sp`lgcj ̀ iulctghocj o``is coi igscagjgtg`s \@OI) 

    Yn` hv`rcjj `bb`ltgv`o`ss hb prhvgsgho bhr stui`ots wgtn sp`lgcj

    `iulctghocj o``is coi igscagjgtg`s 

    Cll`ptcaj`

      Yn`r` nci a``o co golr`cs`i lhmmgtm`ot ay tn` slnhhj th gmprhv` tn` prhvgsgho bhr stui`ots wgtn \@OI.Yn` sp`lgcjgst t`cm nci r`l`otjy a``o `xpcoi`i coi bgv` \@OI lhhrigocthrs cpphgot`i th whrd clrhss cjjpncs`s. Yn` gmpclt hb tngs ciigtghocj r`shurl` ho stui`ots‗ prher`ss ct tn` tgm` hb tn` gosp`ltgho wcsjgmgt`i.

      \hm` syst`ms w`r` go pjcl` th mhogthr tn` j`crogoe `xp`rg`ol`s hb stui`ots go tn`gr j`sshos, aut tn`s`w`r` oht subbglg`otjy rhaust th cllurct`jy `vcjuct` tn` qucjgty hb prhvgsgho coi mcd` s`lur` kuie`m`otscahut stui`ots‗ j`crogoe cecgost tn` DNIC i`slrgpthrs.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  13 

      Yn` lhmmgtm`ot coi ̀ otnusgcsm hb tn` \@OI t`cm r`sujt`i go ehhi dohwj`ie` coi uoi`rstcoigoe hb tn`stui`ots wgtn wnhm tn`y whrd`i. \tcbb m`ma`rs nci i`v`jhp`i phsgtgv` r`jctghosngps wgtnpcr`ots. Yn`r` wcs r`eujcr lhmmuoglctgho ay t`j`pnho` coi ̀ -mcgj. Vcr`ots w`r` e`o`rcjjy sctgsbg`i wgtntn` qucjgty hb supphrt hbb`r`i ay tn` slnhhj coi w`r` prhvgi`i wgtn eugicol` ho nhw th supphrt tn`gr

    lngjir`o ct nhm`.

      Mcoy stui`ots a`o`bgt`i brhm tn` us` hb goigvgiucj `iulctghocj coi a`ncvghur pjcos. Nhw`v`r, tn`s`w`r` hbt`o thh bhlus`i upho mhigbg`i lurrglujum cttcgom`ot tcre`ts coi oht subbglg`otjy jgod`i th tn`i`v`jhpm`ot hb sdgjjs coi strct`eg`s th r`iul` acrrg`rs th j`crogoe.

      Yn` ehhi supphrt prhvgi`i ay tn` \@OI sp`lgcjgst t`cm wgtn tn`gr tcre`t`i erhups hb stui`ots wcs ohtlhosgst`otjy r`pjglct`i clrhss tn` slnhhj. Yngs r`sujt`i go stui`ots‗ prher`ss a`goe thh vcrg`i.

    2. J`ci`rsngp coi mcoce`m`ot

    Yn` `bb`ltgv`o`ss hb j`ci`rsngp  Ehhi

      Yn` prgolgpcj j`i tngs goljusgv` slnhhj w`jj ay `xcmpj`. Yn` s`oghr j`ci`rsngp t`cm lhmmuoglct`i ngen`xp`ltctghos coi cmagtgho. Yn` s`os` hb t`cmwhrd coi prgi` go tn` slnhhj wcs strhoe. Vjcos bhrgmprhv`m`ots r`bj`lt`i tn` octghocj prghrgtg`s. Yn` stcbb coi stui`ots uoi`rsthhi tn`gr rhj`s coi thhdr`sphosgagjgty bhr r`cjgsgoe tn` slnhhj's vgsgho.

     

    \tcbb m`ma`rs b`jt vcju`i coi jgst`o`i th coi lhmm`ot`i tnct tn`y w`r` caj` th gobju`ol` tn` slnhhj‗sigr`ltgho. Yn`y r`lheogs`i coi cppr`lgct`i tn` hpphrtuogtg`s bhr trcgogoe coi prhb`ssghocj i`v`jhpm`ot.

      Q`jctghosngps coi lhmmuoglctghos tnrhuenhut tn` slnhhj lhmmuogty w`r` prhb`ssghocj coi prhiultgv`.\tcbb m`ma`rs w`r` cwcr` hb wnct wcs r`qugr`i hb tn`m. Jgo`s hb cllhuotcagjgty w`r` s`lur`.

      \`oghr j`ci`rs nci gmprhv`i tn` qucjgty hb t`clngoe coi stui`ots‗ clng`v`m`ot sgol` tn` pr`vghusgosp`ltgho. Yn` mhogthrgoe hb t`clngoe wcs ̀ bb`ltgv` a`lcus` suak`lt coi pncs` j`ci`rs w`r` w`jj trcgo`igo ectn`rgoe c wgi` rcoe` hb gobhrmctgho cahut goigvgiucj t`cln`rs‗ p`rbhrmcol`. J`ci`rs us`i tn`gobhrmctgho w`jj th gi`otgby i`v`jhpm`ot phgots coi trcgogoe o``is. Yngs i`mhostrct`i tn` slnhhj‗s ehhilcpclgty th lhotgou` th gmprhv`.

      J`ci`rs nci a``o sull`ssbuj go `osurgoe gmprhv`m`ots go d`y csp`lts hb tn` whrd hb tn` slnhhj. \uak`ltcoi pncs` j`ci`rs w`r` golr`csgoejy `bb`ltgv` a`lcus` tn`y w`r` w`jj supphrt`i coi trcgo`i tnrhuen

    r`eujcr m``tgoes. Yn`y w`r` cjsh n`ji cllhuotcaj` bhr tn`gr whrd go gmprhvgoe hutlhm`s bhr stui`ots.\`oghr j`ci`rs nci `osur`i lhmpjgcol` wgtn stctuthry coi r`eujcthry r`qugr`m`ots.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  11 

    \lnhhj s`jb-`vcjuctgho coi gmprhv`m`ot pjcoogoe  Ehhi

     

    J`ci`rs do`w tn` str`oetns coi cr`cs bhr i`v`jhpm`ot w`jj. Nhw`v`r, c b`w clng`v`m`ot kuiem`ots ayj`ci`rs w`r` thh e`o`rhus a`lcus` tn`r` wcs oht ̀ ohuen lhosgi`rctgho hb tn` sjhw prher`ss tnct igbb`r`oterhups hb stui`ots w`r` mcdgoe.

     

    \`oghr j`ci`rs r`eujcrjy has`rv`i t`clngoe, r`vg`w`i tn` qucjgty hb whrd go stui`ots‗ ahhds coi jhhd`ict tn` prher`ss tnct tn` mckhrgty hb stui`ots w`r` mcdgoe. Nhw`v`r, tn`y igi oht pjcl` ̀ ohuen ̀ mpncsgsho nhw t`cln`rs lct`r`i bhr tn` o``is hb cjj stui`ots go j`sshos4 tn` `mpncsgs wcs rctn`r mhr` ho tn`grpjcoogoe tnco `x`lutgho. Yrcgogoe, supphrt, coi lhclngoe w`r` prhvgi`i bhr t`clngoe tnct wcs oht up thtn` r`qugr`i stcoicri.

     

    Yn` slnhhj gmprhv`m`ot pjco nci cpprhprgct` prghrgtg`s coi wcs uoi`rpgoo`i ay tn` cllurct` cocjysgs hbcss`ssm`ot gobhrmctgho coi mhogthrgoe hb tn` slnhhj‗s whrd. Yn` pjco goljui`i c lj`cr coi sp`lgbgl

    tgm`tcaj` hb cltghos th tcldj` tn` cr`cs bhr i`v`jhpm`ot. Yn` cltgho pjco prhmht`i tn` slnhhj‗s rcpgigmprhv`m`ot coi gi`otgbg`i j`ci`rs r`sphosgaj` bhr ̀ cln cltgho. Yn` prhvgsgho bhr ln`ldgoe coi ̀ vcjuctgoetn` igbb`r`ol` tnct cltghos nci mci` w`r` j`ss lj`cr.

     

    Yn` slnhhj nci sull`ssbujjy ciir`ss`i tn` mckhrgty hb tn` r`lhmm`oictghos brhm tn` pr`vghus gosp`ltghor`phrt. Nhw`v`r, j`ci`rs nci oht clng`v`i c lj`cr bhlus ho gmprhvgoe tn` hutlhm`s bhr stui`ots j`crogoeCrcagl cs co ciigtghocj jcoeuce`.

    Vcrto`rsngps wgtn pcr`ots coi tn` lhmmuogty  R`ry ehhi

      Vcr`ots go tn` dgoi`recrt`o w`r` caj` th lhosujt wgtn t`cln`rs gb tn`y nci coy qu`rg`s. Vcr`ots lhuji cjshcll`ss tn`gr lngjir`o's r`lhris ho tn` E@M\ J`crogoe Ect`wcy (My J`crogoe). Yn` slnhhj‗s w`asgt``olhurce`i pcr`ots th n`jp lngjir`o wgtn tn` `crjy sdgjjs hb jgt`rcly coi oum`rcly.

      Yn` slnhhj nci i`v`jhp`i c wgi` rcoe` hb jgods wgtn htn`r slnhhjs coi jhlcj ausgo`ss tnct w`r` us`i`bb`ltgv`jy th wgi`o stui`ots' `xp`rg`ol`s. Yn`s` n`jp`i tn`m th put j`crogoe goth r`cj jgb` lhot`xts, bhr`xcmpj` tnrhuen got`r-slnhhj mctln`s coi vgsgts th jhlcj snhps coi r`stcurcots.

      Vcr`ots w`r` v`ry supphrtgv` hb tn` slnhhj. Yn`y lhosgi`r`i tnct tn`gr lngjir`o w`r` ncppy coi `okhy`ij`crogoe. Yn`y b`jt tnct t`cln`rs w`r` v`ry cpprhclncaj` coi qugldjy r`shjv`i coy gssu`s. Yn` pcr`ot-slnhhj lhmmgtt`` wcs c vcjucaj` lncoo`j bhr ectn`rgoe vg`ws coi suee`stghos. Vcr`ots scgi tnct tn`yw`r` cltgv` pcrtglgpcots hb tn` slnhhj‗s i`lgsgho-mcdgoe prhl`ss`s.

      Yn` vcst mckhrgty hb pcr`ots a`jg`v`i lhmmuoglctghos w`r` v`ry strhoe coi ngenjy `bb`ltgv` a`lcus`tn`r` w`r` w`jj `stcajgsn`i syst`ms go pjcl`. Bhr `xcmpj`, pcr`ots r`l`gv`i t`rmjy r`phrts ho tn`grlngjir`o's prher`ss, go ciigtgho th m``tgoes th igsluss r`phrts wgtn t`cln`rs.

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    E@M\ Hur Hwo Goigco \lnhhj - Gosp`ltgho Q`phrt 1630-1632  1

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    Yn` vg`ws hb tn` pcr`ots, t`cln`rs coi stui`ots

    A`bhr` tn` gosp`ltgho, tn` vg`ws hb tn` pcr`ots, t`cln`rs coi s`oghr s`lhoicry stui`ots w`r` surv`y`i. D`ym`ssce`s brhm `cln erhup w`r` lhosgi`r`i iurgoe tn` gosp`ltgho coi tn`s` n`jp`i th bhrm gosp`ltgho kuie`m`ots. C summcry hb tn` surv`y stctgstgls coi lhmm`ots brhm tnhs` wnh r`sphoi`i th tn` surv`y bhjjhws;

    Q`sphos`s th tn` surv`ys 

    Q`sphos`s r`l`gv`i Ouma`r

    Vcr`ots*

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