Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK - insteps.or.id Kebijakan dan Regulasi ICT/Sessi 2... · pendidikan dan pemerintahan, ... •2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000 ... -

11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 1

Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi


The Origin of Public Policy• Kebijakan = Policy,

berasal dari bahasaYunani, Sansekerta danLatin

• Polis (negara kota),menjadi politia (negara),policie (menanganimasalah-masalahpublik) = administrasipemerintahan, politics,policy.

• Kode Hammurabi (abad 18SM)

• Arthashastra (Kautilya,300SM)

• Plato (427-327SM)• Aristoteles (384-322 SM),

Politics, dan Ethics• Machiavelli (1469-1527).• Max Weber• Dll.


Kebijakan Publik???

• Aktivitas menciptakan pengetahuan tentangdan dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan(Bauer & Gergen, 1968).

• Meneliti sebab, akibat, dan kinerja kebijakandan program publik.

• Membuat perubahan, membentukmasyarakat (publik) yang berkualitas.

• Promote public interest


Alternatif Kebijakan

• Dipengaruhi oleh konteks institusional, value,persepsi, perilaku, dan kepentingan mereka yangterlibat

• Pendekatan analisis:– Class Analytic, sumber kebijakan publik berasal dari power

dan dominasi di antara klas sosial (Marxist).– Pluralist, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari konflik, tawar-

menawar, dan koalisi di antara kelompok sosial gunamelindungi kepentingan masing-masing.

– Public Choice, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari pemahamanmasyarakat (rasional) atas kepentingan yang berbeda.


Sasaran Umum

Antara Lain:• pertumbuhan ekonomi dan daya saing

(economic growth andcompetitiveness).

• peningkatan kualitas hidup (quality oflife).

• stabilitas pertahanan dan ketahanannasional (national defense).


KebijakanPublik

StabilitasHankamnas

Investasi

Siklus pengaruh kebijakan publik

DemokratisasiPertumbuhanEkonomi Kualitas Hidup


Strategi implementasi tingkatoperasional

• Meningkatkan manfaat dari TIK,• Membantu masyarakat dan organisasi untuk menyesuaikan

perkembangan terbaru dan memberikan perangkat serta modeluntuk merespon secara rasional tantangan yang muncul seiringdengan perkembangan TIK,

• Memfasilitasi tersedianya infrastruktur komunikasai dan informasiyang terjangkau oleh segenap anggota masyarakat,

• Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan produk - produk telematika,• Mendorong inovasi dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan

teknologi,• Mendorong terjadinya penyebar-luasan informasi, transparansi,

dan akuntabilitas serta mengurangi birokrasi intra dan antarorganisasi,


Strategi implementasi tingkatoperasional

• Identifikasi prioritas dalam pembangunan TIK,• Memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat

untuk lebih mudah mengakses informasi,• Menyediakan sumber daya TIK bagi institusi

pendidikan dan pemerintahan,• Mendukung konsep belajar seumur hidup,• Melatih individu dan organisasi agar memiliki

pengetahuan dan ketrampilan di bidang TIK.


Elemen - elemen Kebijakan TIK

• Pembangunan Infrastruktur• Pengembangan pengetahuan dan

ketrampian (skills)• Legislasi dan regulasi• Koordinasi dan pengembangan institusi• Akses TIK• Pemantauan Kinerja


Realitas versus Ideal

• kebijakan yang baru saja diterbitkan oleh pemerintahseringkali menjadi tidak sesuai dengan realita yangsedang terjadi di masyarakat

• ukuran keberhasilan kebijakan tetap saja ditentukanpada tahap implementasi yang disesuaikan dengankondisi nyata di lapangan


Faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhikebijakan TIK nasional

• Infrastruktur• Produk dan pelayanan• Monopoli Telekomunikasi• Keberagaman kesiapan instansi pemerintah dalam

memanfaatkan TIK• Gaya dan Struktur Manajemen pemerintahan• Ketersediaan anggaran• Teledensity dan penetrasi Internet• Sumber daya manusia yang menguasai TIK


Infrastructure

Application Content

FinancialLaws

& Regulation

HRD

Reformasi Pemerintahan

Perubahan Manajemen Publik

“USED of ICT” GOODGOV.

DIGITALDIVIDE

2004 2020

VISION

Facing NewEconomy

Environment

“Building up aknowledge-based

IndonesiaTelematika societyin the year 2020”

Visi Pemanfaatan Telematika


The Nature of Government :Citizen as Stakeholder

The Business ofGovernment :

Citizen as Customer


ICT for Education

E-Governm

ent forG

ood Governance

E-business to Support SMEs

E-Dem

ocracy

Com

munity-based IC

T

VISION“Building up a knowledge-based

Indonesia Telematika society in theyear 2020”

ICT Supporting StructureInfrastructure: ICT and Telecommunication (ICT) infrastructure, Human Resources, ICT industryInfrastructureRegulatory : Telematika LawOrganization : National ICT Coordinating AgencyFinancial : A new paradigm in funding mechanism

National Information Technology Framework


E-Democracy

E-Government forGood Governance

E-BusinessTo Support

SMEs

ICT forEducation

Community-basedICT

BASICFRAMEWORK

INFRASTRUCTUREFRAMEWORK

REGULATORYFRAMEWORK

ORGANIZATIONFRAMEWORK

FINANCIALFRAMEWORK

National Information Technology Framework


“Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematikasociety in the year 2020”

VISION MISSION POLICYSTRATEGYOBJECTIVE

VISION

MISSION

• Providing universal information equally access to the entiresociety thoroughly

• Enhancing coordination and making optimal and efficient use ofinformation

• Enhancing efficiency and productivity• Enhancing quality and quantity of human resources• Enhancing the utilization of information technology infrastructure

including the implementation of the required regulations• Motivating the economic growth by the ICT development and

utilization.


The achievement of 'E-Government for GoodGovernance'

The achievement of 'E-Business to Support Smalland Medium Enterprises (SME)'

The achievement of 'Community-based ICT' The achievement of 'ICT for Education' The achievement of 'E-Democracy'

OBJECTIVE



“E-Government for Good Governance” To apply transparency and accountability in public

resources management

To enhance efficiency, productivity, and effectivenessin governmental administration

To apply the on-line government

STRATEGY (1)

VISION MISSION POLICYOBJECTIVE

“E-Business to Support SME” To provide a virtual market for market players

To empower, elucidate, and train SMEs to enhancetheir capabilities in utilizing ICT and E-Businessparticularly

To develop a strong local ICT industry

STRATEGY


'Community-based ICT' To provide information access infrastructure and

information application for public society at the entirecapital city of regency and at sub district area

To provide fund and government investment program tosupport the community empowerment in utilizing ICT

To facilitate the acculturation process to become asociety that able to utilize ICT

To promote and enhance the ICT research, which hasan orientation to the market needs and ICT activities.

STRATEGY (2)

VISION MISSION POLICYOBJECTIVE STRATEGY


'ICT for Education' To provide access for distance learning dedicated to the entire

communities that need it

To utilize ICT on training process in both government andprivate sectors

To enhance teaching quality with ICT supported


STRATEGY (3)

'E-Democracy' To apply a frictionless interaction between the society

and their representatives in the governmentadministration

To apply transparency in the legislative institutionactivities

To utilize ICT on democracy process



A. Applying the Funding Mechanismwith a New Paradigm

B. Strengthening the ICT Support andBase

C. Establish the Central CoordinatingAgency (CCA) for National ICTDevelopment

D. Motivate the ICT IndustryDevelopment

GENERAL POLICY


Strategy of E-government for GoodGovernance (1)

The achievement of transparency and accountability in the public resourcesmanagement is reflected by :

The availability of information in the matter of resourcesmanagement in the government bureaucracy units for public(procurement, financial reports, assets, etc)

Access availability for public to perform social control

Availability of widely spread information (land use, governmentpolicy, statistics, etc)

The increment of efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in thegovernment is reflected by :

Coordination that occurs among business units

Information and ICT resources sharing

Interoperable and secured inter organization systems

Information utilization as a commodity to increase thegovernment income

The achievement of on-line government is reflected by availability ofe-Public Service Infrastructure


e- Public InfrastructureCommercial Services

(National Payment System Infrastructure, Credit Checking, Rating, Personnel/Company Credit Conduit, Credit/Loan Information, etc)

Value Added Public Service(e-government, e-procurement, e-employment,

e-fulfillment, access control)Basic Public Service

(National Identity (KTP), Passport, Health Information,Tax Number, Election Card, Student Card Identity)

Public Service InfrastructureNational ID + Public Key Infrastructure

Back-end system – application-front-ends smart-card

Existing Physical Network(PSTN - Mobile - Fixed Wireless

Private NetworkInternet - Cable TV)


Indonesia Country Gateway

In the coming years Indonesia will initiate a number of actionprograms to accelerate the utilization of ICT in various sectors.In the initial stage, efforts will be given to set up informationlinks among institutional clusters (domestic and foreign)facilitate by an e-link network.

Present e-access to :• Various Government• Private Existing Homepage• E-Mail Contact

(Under Construction)

http://www.searchindonesia.com (mostly bahasa Indonesia)http://indonesia.elga.net.id (mostly English)


Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia

• 1970-1986, tidak ada kebijakan yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagipengembangan teknologi informasi,

• 1985-1990, wacana kebijakan yang mengatur standar profesi TIdi instansi pemerintah,

• 1993-1994, Inpres 16, penggunaan Personal Komputer produkdalam negeri,

• 1994-1996, Badan Koordinasi Otomatisasi Administrasi Negara(Bakotan)

• 1997, Keppres Nomor 30 tentang pembentukan Tim KoordinasiTelematika Indonesia (TKTI)

• 1997, Undang - Undang Nomor 24/97, tentang Penyiaran


Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia• 1998, Presiden Habibie melanjutkan TKTI dan memperbaharui

mandat yang diberikan kepada tim,• 1999, Undang – Undang 36/1999 tentang Telekomunikasi,• 1999, Undang – Undang 40/1999 tentang Pers• 2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000

menunjuk Wakil Presiden sebagai Ketua TKTI,• 2001, Inpres Nomor 1 tentang Kemayoran sebagai wilayah

pengembangan Telematika,• 2001, Inpres Nomor 2 tentang penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia

dalam aplikasi komputer,• 2001, Inpres Nomor 6, tentang Kerangka Kebijakan

Pengembangan dan Pendayagunaan Teknologi Telematika diIndonesia,


Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia• PP 52/2000, penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi• PP 53/2000, spektrum frekuensi dan orbit satelit• KepmenHub 20/2001, jaringan telekomunikasi• KepmenHub 21/2001, jasa telekomunikasi• KepmenKominfo 2005, DetikNas• Dll.


Inpres 6/2001

• Teknologi Telematika untuk mempersatukan bangsa danmemberdayakan masyarakat;

• Teknologi Telematika dalam masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat;• Pengembangan infrastruktur nasional;• Peran sektor swasta dan iklim usaha;• Peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi Telematika;• Pengembangan E-Government atau Government On-line; dan• Peningkatan dan penguatan Tim Koordinasi Telematika

Indonesia (TKTI).


Permasalahan di sekitar kebijakan TIK(Indonesia)

• kepemimpinan nasional dan daerah (e-leadership),• kebijakan pada setiap jenjang pemerintahan yang

dapat menjadi petunjuk operasional,• anggaran pembangunan yang mencukupi untuk

dialokasikan di sektor TIK,• kemampuan dan kesediaan koordinasi antar-instansi

pemerintah,• apresiasi terhadap profesi di bidang TIK.


Hubungan TIK Dengan Sektor Lain

Ekonomi

Pendidikan Hukum

Pertanian

Teknologi InformasiDan Komunikasi

Kes

ehat

anSo

sial

Polit

ik

Aplikasi TIK Untuk BidangTerkait.

Contoh:Sistem Informasi PertanianSistem Informasi PendidikanSisminbakume-Healthe-Governmente-Commercee-EducationDll.

Kajian Bidang tertentu yang berhubungan dengan dampak TIK

Contoh:- Kajian Ekonomi TIK (Economic of ICT)- Hukum TIK

- Dampak Sosial TIK- Kebijakan Pendidikan TIK- Politik TIK


Dampak kebijakan TIK

• Implikasi Ekonomi+ Kontribusi terhadap GNP,

• Implikasi Sosial– hubungan antara kebijakan di bidang TIK dengan pengurangan

angka kemiskinan,– kontribusi bagi peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat, yang sifatnya

phisik dan nonphisik,– dampak negatif dari Internet seperti penyimpangan perilaku

sosial,– munculnya kasus - kasus kriminal di bidang TIK.+ makin banyak tenaga kerja trampil di bidang TIK,+ pemerataan dan penyebaran informasi lebih efisien.


Dampak kebijakan TIK

• Implikasi Budaya– mengubah sikap budaya menjadi masyarakat yang

bercirikan knowledge based economy,– proses perubahan budaya berjalan sangat pelan dan dalam

jangka panjang cenderung tidak dapat dirasakan bila sudahada pengaruhnya.

• Implikasi Pertahanan dan Keamanan– resiko gangguan pertahanan dan keamanan.


How ICT Eradicate Poverty?1. Government intervention in the form of policy is needed to

facilitate business model.2. Facts show price of ICT services is above the affordability of

poor.3. Little needs/demands from poor to ICT services4. Need subsidy scheme, so that poor can afford price of ICT

services5. Given social condition of poor, the subsidy will be in the form of

cost recovery for supply side rather than direct subsidy to thepoor.

6. The subsidy should consider the sustainability of businessmodel, and eliminate dependency of the poor.


ICT Regulation and Public Policy

Universal servicesPublic facilitiesPublic informationUnrestricted useTechnique to preventhackingAll channel open access

Service to target marketPrivate facilitiesPrivate, proprietaryCopy rightSecurity of recordsScreening information

User / consumer

CompetitionIncreasing bandwidthNo restrictionsLoosening restrictionsFree tradeOpen governmentFreedom of expressionSurveillanceOpen standard

MonopolySpectrum allocationCross-ownershipForeign OwnershipTrade quotasSecrecyCensorshipPrivacyProprietary Standard

Provider / producer

FacilitatingConstrainingFocus of policyand regulation


Tools of Evaluation

• Outcome Parameters:– Common ICT performance

indicators– Government ICT investment– New ICT Patents– ICT contributions to GDP– Perceived benefits by

particular groups


Key Elements of ICT Policy

• Good National ICT Policy shouldconsists of– Future Business Scope Definition– Future Positions– Objectives– Strategic Moves– Change Plan– Commitment Plan

Source: Boar, 1994


ICT and GovernmentBusiness Alignment

Government Business Strategy• Business Scope• Distinctive Competencies• Business Governance

Government ICT Strategy• Technology Scope• Systemic Competencies• ICT Governance

Organizational Infrastructure& Processes• Infrastructure• Processes• Skills

ICT Infrastructure & Processes• Infrastructure• Processes• Skills

FunctionalIntegration

Strategic FitCross-DimensionalAlignments

Source: John Henderson, 1991


ICT Indicators

Information from a wide variety of sources canhelp to measure and inform the impact anddirection of the strategy.

Copyright: Mad7986, http://www.sxc.hu


Teledensity


Telephones

Wartel• 2004: 313,027• 2005: 332,795

TUKK:• 2004: 101,664• 2005: 91,819


Personal Computers and Internet


Internet

Internet Kiosk?

Mobile Internet Users?


ICT Investment By Public Sector


ICT Investment by Private Sector


ICT-products Export


New ICT Patents


ICT Human Resources


12 Obstacles to Policy Execution

1. Inability to manage changeeffectively or to overcomeinternal resistance to change;

2. Trying to execute a policy thatconflict with the existing powerstructure;

3. Poor or inadequate informationsharing between individuals orgovernment institutionsresponsible for policy execution;

4. Unclear communication ofresponsibility and/oraccountability for executiondecisions or actions;

5. Poor or vague policy;6. Lack of feelings of “ownership”

of a policy or execution plansamong key stakeholders;

Source: Hrebiniak, 2005


12 Obstacles to Policy Execution

7. Not having guidelines or a modelto guide policy-execution efforts;

8. Lack of understanding of the roleof organizational structure anddesign in the execution process;

9. Inability to generate “buy in” oragreement on critical executionsteps or actions;

10. Lack of incentives orinappropriate incentives tosupport execution objectives;

11. Insufficient financial resources toexecute the policy; and

12. Lack of upper-managementsupport of policy execution.

Source: Hrebiniak, 2005


Recommendation


Add Quantitative Objectives

• Process approach isgood, but not sufficient

• Numbers are easier tobe understood thanqualitative statement

• Easy for you to claimsuccess


Consider Sustainability

• Policy is not planning,and promoting only, butimplementation as well

• When new regimeinstalled, it does notmean “the policy”become out of fashion


People, not yourself

• What you give, it maybenot what they need

• Thing that mostvaluables to peoplemuch better than manyworth for you only

Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK - insteps.or.id Kebijakan dan Regulasi ICT/Sessi 2... · pendidikan dan pemerintahan, ... •2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000 ... -

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