Kalender Gregorian Sumber materi: http://gemini.utb.edu/
Kalender Gregorian
Sumber materi:http://gemini.utb.edu/
Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII
Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds
Gregorian Calendar Roman Catholic nations of Europe
adopted Gregorian calendar immediately
Even France….But there was a problem
In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1
Even France….But there was a problem
In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1
The April 1 gift exchange
Even France….But there was a problem
In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1.
The April 1 gift exchange When the Gregorian
Calendar was accepted…many refused to honor it
and… Jokers made fun of these
people by sending frivolous gifts and invitations to non-existent parties
and… Jokers made fun of these
people by sending frivolous gifts and invitations to non-existent parties
Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds
Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately
German states adopt by 1700
Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds
Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately
German states adopt by 1700
In 1640, when the first calendar was published for the public.....
Everyone knew that its days were numbered.
March 21 March 22
So why does George Washington have three
birthdays?
And a Third One
George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One
George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
Ten Days Dropped
Gregorian Modification
121
And a Third One
George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
Ten Days Dropped
Gregorian Modification
1One more day
Gregorian Modification
2
Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns
And how about the North Korean Calendar?
Use a variant of the Gregorian Calendar with a Juche (self-reliance) year based on 1912
•the birth date of Kim Il-sung as year 1
•Calendar introduced in 1997 by Kim Jong-il
In Islam, portions of 2008 are 1429 A.H.
French Revolution French invented a new
Revolutionary calendar October 1793 but was made
effective on September 22, 1793 (both the autumnal equinox and the anniversary of the Revolution)
Political of Religious Concerns?
And…12 months and 30 days each…
it was divided into 12 months of 30 days Vendémiaire (vintage month) Brumaire (fog) Frimaire (sleet) Nivôse (snow) Pluviôse (rain) Ventôse (wind) Germinal (seed) Floréal (blossom) Prairial (pasture) Messidor (harvest) Thermidor (heat) Fructidor (fruit) The remaining five days, called sans-culottides, were
feast days There was no week; each month was divided into
three decades of ten days each, with every 10th day (décadi) a day of rest.
Now the Brits… Mocked the French
calendar calling the months Wheezy, Sneezy, and Freezy; Slippy, Drippy and Nippy; Showery, Flowery and Bowery; Wheaty, Heaty and Sweety
Oh yeah… Each day was divided into ten
hours; each hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds
Clocks were manufactured to display decimal time
Didn’t catch on – abandoned in 1795 although some were in use as late as 1801
But…
…instead of getting one day off every seven to pray in church, the peasants were miffed that they got only one day off in ten to attend a “temple of reason”
As a result… Sunday (the
Sabbath) was reintroduced effective Easter, April 18, 1802
Napoleon finally abolished the calendar in 1806
The good news is that the decimal system remained!
Jigsaw II and Calendars Generalization: Calendars are affected not only by agricultural
needs but also by religious and political concerns.
Expert Teams focus on how the generalization holds or does not
hold in the... Hebrew Calendar • Lunar calendar
Islamic Calendar Months (Tishri, Nisan ...) • Portions of 2001/2002 are • Day of Atonement ...
1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of Year 1
• Ramadan…Eid, Haj…• Lunar calendar...
Mayan Calendar
• Two kinds of calendars – Chinese Calendar a sacred one of 260 days • Emperor Huang-Ti invents and another - • Naming of year - year of the ox, ...
a solar calendar • Chinese new year ... • Lucky and unlucky days ...
Home Teams
Lecturing is not always appropriate
The case for…and against Against Discovery1. Takes too much
time2. Kids can’t learn as
much3. They can’t
discover everything
4. What if they discover a wrong answer?
For Discovery1. Kids better remember
and transfer 2. More and better
interest3. Kids learn to discover
Heuristics
When to Use….Direct (Expository) Teaching
• When time is limited
• When there are no readily available or easily understood materials
Indirect Teaching
• When time is available for discovery and higher-order thinking
• When there is an abundance of understandable materials
The Lecture Method is Appropriate When… The objective is to present information Information is not available in accessible
sources A particular organization is required You want to arouse interest An introduction must be made The information is original or must be
integrated from different sources A summary or synthesis is required Alternative points or clarification are required Supplementary explanations are needed
(after Good and Brophy, 1999; Gage and Berliner, 1992; Henson, 1988)
Ausubel Model Characteristics
Interactive Deductive Sequential
Uses Examples Present PresentAdvance SubordinateOrganizer Content
Differentiate Ask for Reconcile Subordinate or provide Differentiated
Material examples of Materialsubordinateconcepts orgeneralizations