2/11/2011 1 1 • Endocrine system regulates metabolic activities Endocrine system regulates metabolic activities help in bring out homeostasis help in bring out homeostasis 3 • Nervous & endocrine systems functions in different Nervous & endocrine systems functions in different way way interact to modulate & coordinate metabolic interact to modulate & coordinate metabolic activities of body activities of body 3 • Secretory products/hormones secreted into: Secretory products/hormones secreted into: 1, 2 1, 2 Blood or lymphatic circulation Blood or lymphatic circulation Directly into intercellular space Directly into intercellular space • Rich in vascular supply, secreting cells Rich in vascular supply, secreting cellsdirect access direct access to cappilllaries to cappilllaries 2 2
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•• Endocrine system regulates metabolic activities Endocrine system regulates metabolic activities ��������
help in bring out homeostasishelp in bring out homeostasis33
•• Nervous & endocrine systems functions in different Nervous & endocrine systems functions in different
way way ��������interact to modulate & coordinate metabolic interact to modulate & coordinate metabolic
•• Rudimentary in humans, only 2% Rudimentary in humans, only 2%
of hypophysisof hypophysis22
•• Consist of :Consist of :2, 32, 3
1.1. Chromophobe cellsChromophobe cells
2.2. Basophil cells Basophil cells �� small granulessmall granules
3.3. ColloidColloid--containing cysts containing cysts ��lined by lined by
chromophobic or basophilic cell chromophobic or basophilic cell
(cuboidal cells)(cuboidal cells)
•• Function of cells is unknownFunction of cells is unknown1, 21, 2
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•• Develops from a downgrowth of Develops from a downgrowth of
hypothalamus hypothalamus
•• Macroscopically Macroscopically �� consist of consist of ::22
1.1. Median EminenceMedian Eminence
2.2. Infudibular StalkInfudibular Stalk
3.3. Infundibular Process (pars nervosa)Infundibular Process (pars nervosa)
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•• TecnicallyTecnically not endocrine glandsnot endocrine glands33
•• Hormones synthesized in Hormones synthesized in perikaryaperikarya of neurons of neurons supraopticsupraoptic& & paraventicularparaventicular nuclei in nuclei in hypothalamus hypothalamus �� pass down pass down axon axon �� stored in nerve stored in nerve terminals that form pars terminals that form pars nervosanervosa22
•• Consist of Consist of unmyelinatedunmyelinated nerve nerve fibers/axons fibers/axons �� forms forms hypothalamohypothalamo--hypophysealhypophyseal tracttract1, 1,
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•• Axon contain Axon contain HERRING BODIES ����accumulation of dense neurosecretory accumulation of dense neurosecretory granulesgranules2, 32, 3
• Pituicytes :1, 2, 3
��Scattered among nerve fibersScattered among nerve fibers
��25% of pars nervosa25% of pars nervosa
��Only nuclei stain well enoughOnly nuclei stain well enough
��Vary in size & shapeVary in size & shape
��Equivalent to neuroglial cells of CNS Equivalent to neuroglial cells of CNS �� supported axons in pars nervosasupported axons in pars nervosa
•• Hormones stored & released from pars Hormones stored & released from pars nervosa :nervosa :22
-- ADH / VasopressinADH / Vasopressin
-- OxytocinOxytocin
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•• A pair of flattened, triangular structA pair of flattened, triangular struct2, 32, 3
•• Surrounded by thick conn. Tissue capsule Surrounded by thick conn. Tissue capsule
�� forms trabeculaeforms trabeculae
•• Consist of adrenal cortex & adrenal Consist of adrenal cortex & adrenal
medullamedulla2, 32, 3
•• A yellow pheripheral layerA yellow pheripheral layer11
•• 8080--90% of organs90% of organs3 3
•• Parenchyma : continous cords of secretory Parenchyma : continous cords of secretory
cells, separated by blood sinusoidscells, separated by blood sinusoids22
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•• Subdivided into 3 layerSubdivided into 3 layer ::1, 21, 2
1. Outer zona glomerulosa1. Outer zona glomerulosa
2. Middle zona Fasciculata2. Middle zona Fasciculata
3. Inner zona reticularis3. Inner zona reticularis
1. Zona glomerulosa :1, 2, 31, 2, 3
�� A narrow band beneath capsule, A narrow band beneath capsule, 15% of organs15% of organs
�� Small Collumnar cells arranged Small Collumnar cells arranged into arcadesinto arcades
�� Spherical, central nuclei & 1 or 2 Spherical, central nuclei & 1 or 2 nucleolinucleoli
�� Acidophilic cytoplasm Acidophilic cytoplasm �� SER >>, SER >>, well develop golgi comp., short well develop golgi comp., short mitochondriamitochondria
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2. Zona Fasciculata :1, 2
�� Widest zone of cortex Widest zone of cortex �������� 6565--80% of 80% of organsorgans
�� Polyhedral Cells larger than in other Polyhedral Cells larger than in other 2 zone 2 zone �� arrange in radial collumsarrange in radial collums
�� Cytoplasm with many lipid droplets Cytoplasm with many lipid droplets ��lipid eliminated during lipid eliminated during stainningstainning��appear vacuolated appear vacuolated ��cells called cells called SPONGIOCYTESPONGIOCYTE
�� Lipid droplets contain neutral fat, Lipid droplets contain neutral fat, fatty acids, fatty acyl esters of fatty acids, fatty acyl esters of cholesterol cholesterol �� precursor for precursor for synthesize steroid hormones synthesize steroid hormones
�� Spherical mitochondria, extensive Spherical mitochondria, extensive SER, some RER, lysosomesSER, some RER, lysosomes
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3. Zona Reticularis :1, 2, 3
�� 7% of organs 7% of organs
�� A network of irregular A network of irregular
anastomosing cordsanastomosing cords
�� Similar cells to fasciculata Similar cells to fasciculata
�� Nuclei stain more deeplyNuclei stain more deeply
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•• Hormones secreted by Hormones secreted by ::1, 21, 2
1.1. Zona glomerulosa : mineralcorticoids primarily Zona glomerulosa : mineralcorticoids primarily aldosteronealdosterone
2.2. Zona Fasciculata : glucocorticoids cortisone and Zona Fasciculata : glucocorticoids cortisone and cortisolcortisol
3.3. Zona reticularis : glucocorticoids cortisone and Zona reticularis : glucocorticoids cortisone and cortisol (probably)cortisol (probably)
•• Cells of adrenal cortex NOT store secretory Cells of adrenal cortex NOT store secretory products in granules products in granules �� synthesize & secrete synthesize & secrete
steroid hormone only upon demandssteroid hormone only upon demands11
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•• Composed of Composed of Chromaffin cells & sympathetic ganglionic cells33
• CHROMAFFIN CELLS ::1, 21, 2
��A large round or polyhedral cellsA large round or polyhedral cells
��Numerous brown granules Numerous brown granules ��treated with chromium salts treated with chromium salts (chromaffin reaction)(chromaffin reaction)
��Granules may contain epinephrine Granules may contain epinephrine or norepinephrine (20% of or norepinephrine (20% of granules), ATP, chromogranins granules), ATP, chromogranins (binding protein), dopamine beta (binding protein), dopamine beta hidroxylase, enkephalinshidroxylase, enkephalins
��Well develop golgi comp., some Well develop golgi comp., some RER, numerous mitochondriaRER, numerous mitochondria
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•• Enclosed in Conn. Tissue Enclosed in Conn. Tissue
capsulecapsule22
•• Consist of :Consist of :22
A.A. Follicles Follicles
B.B. ColloidColloid �� a gelatinous a gelatinous
material inside folliclematerial inside follicle
• Follicle :2
�� Spherical structure, vary in Spherical structure, vary in
��Mainly form wall of follicleMainly form wall of follicle
��Squamous to cuboidal or collumnar, Squamous to cuboidal or collumnar, depend on activity of thyroiddepend on activity of thyroid
��Round to ovoid nuclei, centrally Round to ovoid nuclei, centrally placed, 2 nucleoliplaced, 2 nucleoli
��Numerous small vesicles contain Numerous small vesicles contain thyroglobulinthyroglobulin
��In great demand of thyroid hormone, In great demand of thyroid hormone, follicular cells extend pseudopods follicular cells extend pseudopods into follicles into follicles �� to envelop & absorb to envelop & absorb colloid colloid
�� Locate near the center of Locate near the center of isletsislets
�� SecretorySecretory granules smaller granules smaller than alpha cells, contain than alpha cells, contain small, dense crystals small, dense crystals
3. Delta & PP cells located periphery of islets2
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CELL TYPES CELL TYPES HORMONAL HORMONAL
SUBSTANCESSUBSTANCES
PRIMARY PRIMARY
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
A (alpha) A (alpha) GlucagonGlucagon Increase blood sugarIncrease blood sugar
B (beta)B (beta) Insulin Insulin Decrease blood Decrease blood
sugarsugar
D (delta)D (delta) SomatostatinSomatostatin Inhibitor of hormone Inhibitor of hormone
secretions secretions
PP PP Pancreatic Pancreatic
PolypeptidePolypeptide
Opposes action of Opposes action of
cholecystokinincholecystokinin
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1.1. Basic Histology Text & Atlas Basic Histology Text & Atlas , , 10th ed. 10th ed. , L. Carlos Junquira , L. Carlos Junquira MD, Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD, MD, Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD, Lange Lange
Medical Books, Mc GrawMedical Books, Mc Graw--Hill Hill , 1995. Pp 403 , 1995. Pp 403 –– 430. 430.
2.2. Essentials of Human Histology, 2Essentials of Human Histology, 2ndnd Edition, William Edition, William J. Krausse PhD, Little Brown & Company (Inc), 1996. J. Krausse PhD, Little Brown & Company (Inc), 1996. Pp 377Pp 377--392392