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DHAF'tt SUW·'l\RY. f1IST OF' 1'!0RKS FOR AFTE~ 1988
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Note • •
· The Norfolk Island: ArchaeologicA.l Survey . .
Kingston-Arthur's Vale Region, (January •
1980), by Graham Wilson and Martin Davies
should be consulted in.conjunction with
~this list. •
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Robert V.J. Varman· • •
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Consultant Archaeolo&ist
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28th Hay 1985
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to the Department of
r~using and Construction •
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Introduction
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'rhe following list is comniled to give ·~n indication
of the work which should be done after 1988. It should not ..
be otherwise regarded than as a rough draf.t· pre•pa:r;.ed in
a great hurry. The list is not complete. '
It should be remembered that there are s~veral other
pre-1856 complexes on the Island, notably at Cascade and
Langridge and two major First Settlement sites, those of
Queensborough and Phillipsburgh. The Third Settlement also.
produced an architectural legacy but is now in serious
decline.
In the text, there are three recommendations which
could be regarded as controversial, (see also page 34):
1 • • Roofing, flooring and securing apertures to ruins
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which are intact.
These and others proposed to be totally reconstructed .
are the most contoversial. If a ruin is to be educational,
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the detailing of the mortar outlines, sockets for timbers etc •. , .
must be regarded as the educational elements. Ifuwever, these
elements are also the most vulnerable to weathering. Ma"ny ~
ruins have had their surfaces campo-mortared to protect the~
from weathering, but this covering process effectively
obliterates the 11 educational" elements, (compare the Duplex •
and No 4 Quality Row with the campo-mortared Crank Mill,.
Salt House and Water Mill). The compo-mprtared examples are
no more than romantic outlines, best seen from a distance. ,
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Th~ Duplex, on the other hand, will have had so much stabilization
wo.rk done on it to preserve it from weathering,in a few years
time,·that the surface will nearly all be of recent patch work •
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It should be remembered that the best way to preserve
a structure and its details is to introduce roofing, doors,
windows etc. Many of the original details will be submerged under
new work but at least they will be' securely preserved for
the f~ture. (Rather than slowly wearing away and being - - ' . -
reulaced by patching). Though these structures are just
masonry shells, they are no different to cases where all
the timberwork has been stripped out and work begun anew • •
(Cadman's Cottage in Sydney, buildings at the Old Military
Barracks, Nt~B Officer.s 1 Kitchen, Settlement Guardhouse etc.)·
2. Total'Reconstruction.
This is only recommended when an essential architectural
or structural element is needed to make sence of an architectural '
group or of a historic landscape. •
3- Rebuilding of retaining walls and free-standing walls.
These are needed for practical and landscape purposes. ,
They were intended to have been maintained as t4ey deteriorated
but_ there has been virtually'no maintenance on them .since the . ' •
early 1850s. Some wall~ have disappeared completely because.
they were not given any foundations. The argument here is
that if these walls had been maintained we would have had
them complete today·and thus it would not seem improper to '
catch u~, so to speak, with the maintemance.
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• Area A
Government House Reserve •
The following walls should be restored and reconstructed, •
(in some cases whole lengths have disappeared).
North boundary wall (AlA).
East and south-east boundary walls (AlB).
North boundary wall of stockyard (AlT). Dismantle the piled
stone wall • •
Internal boundary wall to north-east corner.
Protect sites of unidentified Stockyard buildings if locatable
(A1K-N and P). -•
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Milking Yard,_ (see boundary walls.). This should be restored. (A 1 J) •
Piggery and Cattle Stalls (A1Q). Restore and stabilize • •
Structure AlR. Restore and stabilize.
Gatekeeper's Lodge. (AlD). Rebuild to complete the Government . •
House complex o·r outline and protect remaining footings • •
Government House (AlA). A complete archaeological report is
needed. The house should be overhauled and finishings ]resented •
. . as during the Second Settlement. (This will be·a major project).
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Government House grounds landscaping.
Replant pines in the 11ornamen tal garden u· (A 1 Y). These should
be planted where the old ones have been removed, (preferaply •
planted from seed taken from
the nature of the ornamental
the surviving ones). Determine I
garden by test trenching (archaeolog-
ical work).
Define bridges area south-west of Government House (swamp).
Define water courses in the same area and associated remains •
(A4c-e and A5a and c). ' . .
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Define ca 1828 pallisade area ·(A2A).
Protect and define Causeway (A9A) •
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Clear and retain near underground water channel (A3e abd f). ·
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Area B
Golf Club and Cemetery Beach Area. •
Erosion control. Erosion in the direction of the cemetery
is eating into Murderers'' .Hound. A permanent measure must
be taken to avoid.serious damage during a cyclonic storm.
Eroding banks along the coast should be retained in the most
urgent cases. (Pre-European forest deposits eroding away).
Sand Quarry (B8). This must be strictly managed as outlined .. - . before. Deposits of over 900 years have been found relating
to the Island 1 s flora and faun?-. A Polynesian artefact has
been found at a depth of about 1 .5m. The sand available is
limited and the quarry may form a breach between the sea and
the Golf". Course. •
Identify former roads • -
Restore 6auseway (B4) as existed up to about 1942. The ~eight ~
need only be about 2 metres to indicate its former extent • •
The Golf Club would consider this an enhancement but .the
fill would be difficult to obtain. •
Plant native trees in clumps from the same stock as survive·· •
in the area (Pine, Whiteoak, Melky tree1 etc).
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Area. C
Cemeter,y Area
Stabilization of altar graves. The iron pins used to hold
the stones together are cracking the stone as they rust and
expand. One tomb must be reassembled.
Erosion control. A lot of soil has washed away from the slope .
along the northern side of the cemetery. A sea wall or buffer
is needed to the east of the cemetery, (see .B 9).
Removal of buffer composed of stone sills at the east end of
the cemetery. A similar one should be constructed outside the •
boundary of the cemetery. A retaining wall should be built ·
here and extended t6 join the one proposed to protect Murderers'
Mound.
Stabilization of the existirig corner pillars marking the boundary
of the Second Settlement cemetery and the pillars of the main
entrance. Reconstruct the missihg pillar, washed away in •
rec_ent years, at the south-east boundary corner. Hand split -
palings should be used where fencing is desired, (as appear?
along the front of No 11 Quality Row) •
Planting of natives. Clumps of Melky Tree, Whiteoak and
"tear dropping machineel'' ( 1836) should be planted. (The • .
machineel i~ not a native of the Island but had been planted' •
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in the cemetery by 1836). I
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Area D
Quality Row Area
Overseer's Hut~ Pc)~ t Building and ''retaining wall 11 remains.
Cattle should be excluded from the area which will necessitate
fencing. The remains shotlld.be stabilized and defined.
D 20 Area and valley to the north. Behind the Paradise Hotel
there are several undocumented and·unrecorded remains: A
footing of a possibly First Settlement structure at the commence-• •
ment of the east branch of the valley; A stone lined water
course near the pile of stone and earth. Closer to the Hotel
was the site of an Oversee's Hut (D20). These areas should .
be defined and protected from the cattle • •
Duplex. (D2 and 3). This structure should be reconstructed •
un~er the stringest archaeological control~. The constant •
stabilization needed to nrevent further deterioration will •
eventually obliterate the Second Settlement surface treatment,
leaving a visual display of modern patchwork. The Heritage
Commission's recommendations to roof, door and window the
structure is not included in the Restoration Programme up
to 1988. - •
Chief Clerk's Quarters (D4). This ruin is in a~poor state •
of preservation and needs a detailed plan for its preservation
and presentation. The structure is highly important in that •
a large area of original surface treatment survives.
No 5 Quality Row (D5). Maintenance and stabilization of '
boundary walls. I
Reconstruction of drainage chann:i behind Qua tity Row houses.
The water at present runs off the hill and strai. ght onto
these properties. A post and rail fence used to extend along
this area.
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Nos 6 to 9 QOality Row. A lot of work is required on boundary
walls, retaining walls, ruined outbuildings and landscaping.
No 9 needs to be restored when the lease runs out.
No 10 Quality How. 'fhis structure and outbuilding is due
for restoration. Work will be required on the boundary and •
retaining walls.
Old Military Barracks (D12).
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Hain Building (D12A). The roof should be remodelled because at
present the form of the roof has no parallel in its history. If
the 1880s period is decided upon, the stop, or parapet, gable
should be converted to one with overhanging eaves and barge
boards added. If a Second Settlement appearance is desired,
·· the third storey should be added and the roof should be hipped. ' .
As the Public Service grows additional space will be welcome·d.
Ball Court (Dl2M). Redefine by retoring the stonework etc • •
Well (D12N). Remove capping and either build up the wall as
seen at D12H) or cover in a heavy-duty mesh of iron so that
the well can be exnosed without accident.
O~B former major structures. Peg out the four corners and •
provide ground level signs of brass or stone explainini ~
the former structure and its·date of building. •
Parade Ground (D13). Peg out the four corners of the former
All Saints church (1870- l87lf). Provide with explanation . •
of the site in plaque form.
Officers' Bath (D15A). Remov~ the iron pins from the walls •
Remove all dirt from outside the landing area at the base
of the structure. The platform should be filled with crushed
stone. Anti-silt measures should be taken at the northern
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entrance of the vaulted drain to prevent silting within the 11 Bath 11•
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Vaulted Culvert under Parade Ground (D15B). Repair and rebuild
worn and broken sections. (The culvert collansed toward the ,>
northern end some years ago). The north entrance should be
arranged in such a manner so that silt is not carried into
the Officers' Bath, (which must hav~ been the case originally). •
The vaulted drain to the south of Quality Row needs major
rebuilding (See Area F) •
New Military Barracks (D16).
Most 6f the work on the surviving buildings have been completed.
Th~ corners of the former hospital (D16G) and other large ~ D1> J '$ i(O V\.... t:> I!> 12- i) (;'; ~ ~€-~
structures (D16H and P). Plaques should be set at ground
level explaining the sites. This whole complex, as with the
Old fJiilitaryBarracks,re1Jresents a unique survival of colonial
architecture. Unfortunately, the structur~D*B~6h balanced the . .
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Officers' Mess was burned down and demolished many years ago •
·It was identical in external ap1Jearance to the Officers Mess •
If this structure were to be rebuilt, it would complete the
precinct as it originally appeared from the entrance. At
present the original layout"can not be fully appreciated in
terms of the comuosition and balance. Extra· accommodation is •• •
. needed for government offices. The rebuilding~of this structure
would create a jewel of architectural composition and serve
a practical need at the same time. ·
Landscaping and interpretation is needed for the com,plex • •
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The old well should be deliniated and the soil pit archaeologically
cleaned -out of rubbish, (mostly dating ~o World War II) •
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Commissariat Store (D17). ' Peg out and· de fine the Commissariat s·heds. 1\t some
stage a range of these simple open skillion roofed sheds
should be'recohstructed, these rna~ be found useful for
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. church and festive functions, (especially at Thanksgiving Day) •
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Quality Row. •
_The original curbing should be restored to the street • •
' It should be of a type as seen at the entrance of the Commissariat •
Store. Repaired sections of upright slabs, seen along .Quality
Row, are quite incorrect. ' •
Large sections, if not all, of the original low walling
along Quality Row should be rebuilt. The ord~r of priority ' should be: Government House; bet~een Pier and Bounty streets;
. . and the Parade Ground from the Officers'·Bath to Rooty Hill
road,(and a section along Rooty Hill road in line to the
north end of ·the Old Military-Barracks complex).
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Area E
'Chis are<-~ of KAVHA is in nrivate hands, some of the -•
land has been in the same family for over one hundred years.
·Any plans or proposals on freehold or leasehold should be
nresented sympathetically to the owriers and with their full
approval. Th.e success of the KAVHA region ·depends on the
goodwill of the Islanders.
Flagstaff Hill (El).
A walk should be constructed along the original Queens~
borough Road (later Langridge Road), (E4). The track should
follow the course of the old road up to the Flagstaff. A track
should be constructed from this point down along the cliff •
back down to the Pier Area. The remains of the 1792 Flaghouse ·
and other remains should be fully protected, demarkated and
stabilized. •
As the area to the east and north are slowly stabilizing ' '
because of the pines and kikuyu grass, a subtle long-term
project to a·d·d to the landscape should be made involving '
the planting of native ~lants other than the pine. A major
soil erosion ~rogramme should be implemented for the south-•
west slone of Flagstaff Hill.
Eucalyptus Plantation (E3).
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This nlantation should never have been established here. . - - - - -
About three native species have invaded this area. The plantation • .
should be thinned out over a long period of time, replacing ·
them with native trees and plants. The rresent plantation
will make an excellent protection against the wind and the ' •
drying out of the soil as young natives are planted. (Note
how the pines growing along the edge of this plantatio~ are
larger an~ealthier in annearance than those further away).
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Chimney Base (E 11). •
This and other features should be indornorated in a defined
walking track which should link all the chimney bases and
remains of buildings. (SeeM). Permission should be humbly
sought from the owners of these areas. It is nossible that . ~
some of these are actually First Settlement farmhouse remains, .
as the area was intensely subdivided then. A guide should be
written explaining the history and significance of the area
(and should also explain that they (visitors) are on private •
property and that they are permitted into strictly defined •
areas only).
a·rain Silos ( E15).
The recently bulldozed area near the silos should be
returned to the original line of ~he slope of the hill and
planted with grass. (The area is beginning to erode). The
silos should be presented in such a way that visitors come
away with a clear understanding as to how the silos operated •
One or two should be opened but protected with a heavy duty wire
grid. A permanent light should be established inside one of -
these to illuminate the interior. A small shelter may need • •
to be erected over the silo to keep out the rain. The grass
in the area should be mowed and trimmed • •
Stockyard Valley (E20- 30).
This is one of the most beautiful valleys on Norfolk '
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Island. It contains remains from the First and Second Settlement
period, durin6 which it was intensively cultivated. Some
small pockets of native vegetation survive which should be
promoted (wi:th the permission of the land owners as it will
mean fencing off these small areas). Permission should be
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negotiated for a walking track to be established along the
creek
Roman Catholic Priest's Garden Hut etc. (E20).
These ruins are fairly comulete. The hut is well preserved
and has had a roof for most of its existance. ~rhe plans and •
elevations still survive and should be used as a basis for
restoration. The owner of this area appears to be quite
willing to co-operate. The roof should be shingled or thatched
and a part of the wall restored. A similar structure existed
further northwards. •
The valley contains numerous First Settlement farm sites,
Second Settlement farm remains and the remains of an extensive
water supply system •
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Area F
Nill Road ( F1 ) •
This road was established about 1788/1789 and must be
.one of the earliest in Australasia. Rebuild the upper and
missing parts of the retaining walls along the full length • •
The road should be restored from the turn-off at Pier street .
to Country road (F2). The frequent bogging at the Country
road end and the movement of cattl~ along this road are
destroying the remnants of its features. The cattle needn't
be excluded if the retaining walls are restored
Country Road (F2).
Erosion along the banks is becoming, a problem and recent
rains have caused a number of earth slides. The grass does •
' not get the chanpe to recover, these areas must be stabilized •
Bridge Remains (F2A). .
This was demolished during the 1920s but parts remain •
The remains should be defined and stabilized as road works
in the area often damages the remaining parts.
Watermill, (or Swamp), Creek (F3). •
This creek must be cleared from time to time because o£
weed growth and consequent silting. The earth along the banks
is continually pressed into the creek by cattle. Material
from the late 1700s and even Polynesian material have been \
found in it. Organic deposits at low layers attest t6 various
crons having been grown there and there 1is also evidence of
prolific native flora. .
The creek should be regularly cleared by hand. The use
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of machinery is not recommended except in major work (usually
needed after years of neglec~. The embankments should be
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protected from cattle damage, though retaining walls are
not recommended.
Civil Officers' Gardens. ( F7). •
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Only a fireplace base (F7A) remains of this former hut.
A model garden should be established here or elsewhere to
illustrate the pre 1856 usage of this area.
Swamp Hut ( F12); Got tage ( F13); Chief Constable~ Quarters ( F15) ;
and Post Master's Residence ( F20).
Substantial foundations of.these structures remain,
some of which are significant to the Third Settlement as.
well as the Second Settlement, (for example Aunt Jane's Longhouse . .
( F16) and Post Master's House ( F20 }. These footings should
be fenced off from the cattle, (being favourite haunts). The . .
kikuyu grass should be eliminated.as the roots are damaging
the plaster remains and even the coursing. These areas should
be cl~ared and lightly defined. The well near the east end
of F16 was filled in living memory and should be cleared out
and treated as suggested elsewhere. If possible sand or •
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crushed calcarenite should be sprinlked about the footings
once they are c~eared. The exposed footings, free from ~he
grass, should make quite an impact from a distance. Plaques·· ' ' • should be set at ground level explaining the significance of
these remains.
Vaulted Drain (F19). •
This was cleared in 1984 and it was revealed that the
uncollapsed sections were in danger of ~eing undermined. The
ends of these sections were also found to be crumbling away.
The stone work along the flow of the creek is actually
corroding because of some element in the water •
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The vaulted drain should be restored along its full '
length: collapsed sections s!tould be rebuilt in the same
style a~ _existing, if this is not nossible, large diameter
concrete drain pipes should be used. The undermined sections
should be built up and worn sections mortared. The stream
will need to be diverted duz·ing this work •
• Parterre, or The Boulevards/Sports Oval (F22').
A series of·boards illustrating the former nature of
this area should be erecteq near the present entrance. The
area has been used for sports on and off since the ·early
1840s, though during the mid 1830s it was formed into a
highly ornate garden • •
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Area G
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Blacksmiths' Shop I (02).
'11his .;rea, within the New Gaol comnound, should be acknow
ledged with a plaque at ground level. Some remnants of this
structure may still survive underground. 'fhe site is es.pecially
imnortant as the structure was built out of a First Settlement •
ruin in 1829. The more such sitss are located, the easier it •
will eventually be to overlay a plan of the First Settlement .
township on the nresent terrain. -New Gaol (G4).
This site is one of.the most neglected and one of the
most intriguing to Islanders and visitor alike.
be formulated, creating walks around areas which
of buildings. Cattle have recently been excluded
A plan
were
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area and the kikuyu grass eliminated from over the ruins,
(destructive root system). Some of ·the rubble should be removed '
from the area so that th·rplan of the en tire layout •
can be
perce:Lved.
One or two areas, as have been suggested, should be • •
excavated to the original floor level. This should be dbne •
_with the help of the Restoration Team who have excavated .
numerous sites under archaeological direction. The strictest
of archaeologiacal technique should be used, ( it should not
be regarded as an emergency excavation). '
It has been repeatedly suggested t~at some of the cells
and wings of the pentagonal should be rebuilt. If carefully
excavated, ·this would be the most per feet way of preserving
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-the actual remains from further weathering. Although "purists"
may not agree with such a nroposal, it is believed that in
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an other hundred years, the work would be greatly appreciated,
having been done so recently after the gaol's ruination. (If '
not, the work could always be demolished to the ruin level). ' '
Despite the documentation and' archaeological evidence, it is ' unlikely that the Heritage Commission would approve of such
a olan.
Prisoners 1 Barracks ( G5) • •
This area is used for Bounty Day and sporting and recreat
ional purposes. Not a great deal of the original complex
survives above ground since it W::Js bulldozed during the late
1960s.
The corners of the main buildings of the complex should
bri-ndic~ted with ground level rriar~ers and ground level plaques. • •
The Protestant Chapel (G5F), or·Prince Philip Youth •
Centre, is only half the original lengt~ of the structure,
(which is indicated by the south gable end). It is felt that •
the remainder of the structure as it was originally built
should be added. As interest in the historic area escalates, •
a larger hall will be needed for public functions, (films, . ~,
meetings, arts and crafts etc).
First Settlement Hospital (G6) • •
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This was roughly located in the north-west corner of
the compound. A ground level plaque should be installed' to •
commemorate the site. This was the· actual area where W.C • •
Wentworth was born, (not the Surgeon's Kitchen).
Lu'mber Yard and Prisoners I r1ess ( F 7). . .
This was the focus of some of the more interesting side
lights of convict history. It was the headquarters of the
infamous 11 Hing 11 as imortalized by Narcus Clarke. '
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The footings need to be rebuilt to the level of the
platform as some of the de'9osits are eroding awa,y. The
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kikuyu grass obscures even the most obvious remaining feature,
the large stone lined saw ~it. Attempts should be made to
fence off the area and expose some of the footings because
the area has nothing to offeras it is at present. (Even few •
of the locals have any idea that a comrlex existed in this area).
The dressing shed and W.C. (G8) should be shifted to a •
site further eastwards.
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Area H
Pier Area
Surgeon's Quarters (Hl)
This structure, by 1987, will be fully restored. The area, • . .
however, is one of the most important sites on Norfolk and
Australasia, being the sites of the First and Second Government
Houses (1788 and 1782).
Attempts should be made to locate the site of the •
Second Government House and the area marked out, if found.
This area should be the ·focal point for the presentation of
First Settlement Kingston. Work should be done to overlay
maps of the existing terrain with early maps in order to
mark the sites of the First Settlement township.
Surgeon's Kitchen (H1B). •
.Parts of this structure date back to the First Settlement .
and was most likely associated with the Second Government House.
This structure is one of the great favourites among
Islanders and visitors alike because of its rustic charm, (esp
ecially the worn exterior walls and the old shingles). However, • the structure does require restoration. The work should-be
~ . restricted to some careful filling of joints on the exterior
masonry joints and the removal of some of the cement render.
The shingle roof should be repaired and maintained until
it is impossible.to retain it any longer. • •
Hajor work should be done to all apertures ( 1950s/1.960s), I
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the interior walls and the ceiline: and timber floor. The flagging
on the exterior should be exposed.
Special care should be taken to retain as much of the
interior plaster and render when removing the cement render.
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The shed which was formerly located to the west of the
cottage (attached) should be rebuilt. (The exterior oven
and laundry area need protection from the rain and heat). • •
Surgeon's Privy (H1C). •
' This structure is substantially intact. '.ro preserve it
from further deterioration, the broken parts of the wall:,
should be rebuilt to height. A pyramidal roof and. a door
should be installed. The walls should not be rendered but
maintained from time to time and any damaged coursing·carefully
re-filled.
Well (H1D) • .
The deteriorating reinforced cement slab should be
removed and a grid of heavy duty ~ire set over it. A sheer
legs or barrel winch should be erected over it. The sheer legs
or roller should be made functional so that demonstrations may " be arranged. A trapdoor with lock may need to be made in the
grid for this purpose.
The well is but 17 feet de~p but was probably used for
dumping rubbish and fill. During a dry period, it might. be
advisable to clear out as much of the fill as'1possible,
(under archaeological-.)supervision).
Stairs. ( H1 K) • •
This stairway has deteriorated sadly since the Secon~
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Settlement. The stairs should be restored (but no stones should . I
be removed) and the miniature walls restored to protect the
stairs and the small remaining section .of wall.
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Civil Hosuit:~l (!·I6) • •
Parts of the walls or this structure , judging by t'h.e
masonry and blocked fe.'ltures, date back to the early First
Settlement. The walls were fairly intact until the 1940s
or 1950s when part~ were demolished for the sale of the stone.
This ruined structure needs a conservation plan. Plans
and elevations exist for this structure and all rooms may be
identified. Some exploratory excavation work should be
done to determine the extent and nature of the First Settlement
remains. •
:tvlany have expressed a desire to see a roof, doors and
windows etc., installed. If this were the case, the walls
along the western end would have to be built to height and
the outer south wall fully rebuilt. A few original timbers
survive. •
Coxswains' Dunlex ( H1 0). ~ .
•
The foundations of this building may still be observable
from Flagstaff Hill and from close up. The foundations inhibit . •
the long grass (Buffalo and Kikuyu), these outlines in the • •
grass are used as part of the walking tracks. •
• •
The area should be fenced off and the grass treated
with Round-up. A plaque should be set at ground level explaining
the significance of the area. '
Lt Borough'~ Quarters (H14). •
Although all traces have Vo.nished '• the footings probably
still survive under the ground. The structure was rebuilt in
1828/1829 out of the remains of a First Settlement building • •
The site should be determined and the corners marked out • .
A plaque should be set at ground level to commemorate the site • •
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Original Landing Place ( 11H17 11 ) •
This was the site of the First and eo.rly Second Settlement
landing place, '(located a little further west of the present '
Slipway).
This also anpears to be the site of the. initial landing
in· 1788. The Philip Gidley King monument (H55) was erected ..
in 1970. It is a plaque mounted on a basalt boulder from
Gannet Point. The stone is.totally out of character with the
area and is· nowhere near the original landing place. It .would
be more appropriate to shift it to this area and re-erect .
it against the natural looking backdrop of the shrubs planted
against Flagstaff Hill. A plaquE? should be mounted on the
retaining wall explaining the significance of the area. ·
Sea Wall (H19). . .
The retaining walls are of recent origin. The present
masonry wall should be extended along the full length
because deposits. from the First Settlement are eroding out .
of the exposed and eroding bank. •
Pier ( H18) • • .
The masonry of the Pier is fairly sound but in several
places it is being undermined and parts are ~earing away.
The Slipway, in particular is broken at the sea end
and is of no use. This end should be reconstructed with
care as it appears that the remains of an earlier landing'
place survives underneath. Nearly all"the masonry needs I
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stabilization work. 'fhe sur face should be treated so that
peonle cannot slip on it, (several ha~e had some nasty
accidents here).
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The banks to the north and north-west need to be entirely
rebuilt (modern) wh~re they exist. A prouer retaining wall
should be built extending from the slir;way to the existing
masonry retaining wall along the bank west of the Pier.
Beach Store (H23). • ' . Several very visual mistakes were made when it was
recently restored. It has already .been acknowledged by all
concerned-that these elements should be corrected.
1,. Parapets were built to the gable ends which never
existed before. The shingled roof overhung the gables originally.
2 ''. The large masonry pilla:rs at the top of the stairs
should be removed and r~placed with square sectioned pillars
of timber. Pyramidal cappings should be restored to the · ' ' .
same area when the masonry pillars are removed. . '
• 3. The recessed panels on the· side of t~e walls of the
porch are not correct, (see historic photographs). . '
'The basement wa~ used during the Second Settlement
and could be turned into a valuable area for setting up
tanks etc., for the _stabilization of historic artefacts, -
(many need soaking in solutions for up to twelve to eighteen ~ .
• months): The loose rubble should be removed under archaeological
supervision. Locks should be placed on the door. The asbestos
slates should be replaced with timber shingles. ' •
Crank Mill ( H28) • l
. This ruin,(or rather shell), was ear-marked for restoration
and preparations were made up to about· 1979 when it was decided • .
not to proceed. Ttie structure had been reroofed and refloored
several times throughout its history, (once or twice during
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the Third Settlement, when it was used as a boat store and
for boatbuilding). '
The com-co-mortared surface has obscured all the accessible
details (1962 and 1979) which rather. defeated its purpose
of being an educational ruin.
It is believed that it would be better to roof the
structure and provide floors, doors and windows. Some original • .
timbers survive in doors and window openings but are deteriorat-
ing due to the exposure.to weathering. The interior campo-mortar .
should be very carefully removed by hand with fine instruments •
(Time should be allocated so that this may be done with
great care). One floor, at least; should be used to display
the remains of the Crank .Hill (now in the Museum) and perhaps '
contain a small working model. Hand mills etc.,· stiould also
be displayed
Carpenters' Shop (H29). ' .
This demolished structure (1848) was built out of the .
remains of a First Settlement structure. A ground level plaque .
should be arranged to the north of the Royal Engineer 1 s Office. ·
Royal Engin~er's Office and Stables (H30A abd B).
Replace the asbestos slates with hand split timber
shingles. A more correct .:painting scheme should be implem13nted • .
Flaghouse and Privies (H35) I
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Repla6e the asbestos slates with shingles and remove
fascia boards. , •
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Old Gaol ( ri37).
The exact site of this imnorta.nt and interesting building
should be located. The gaol \'Tas added to at the beginning • •
of the Second Settlement from the remains of the First Settlement '
gaol. It was demolished in 1848. The.gallows associated with '
this structure would have been located to the north of the
remaining section of H38. ' •
The corners, when located should be pegged out and a
ground level plaque should provide an outline "history of
the site.
•
Constables' Quarters (H38). ~ .
Th-is was once a terrace of six units. Only one remains
which comprised the eastern· end of t4e. structure, (now knowri •
as Munna's). The last section to be demolished was in 1962,
•
to improve the view out to sea. By .the demolishion of this
range, the feeling of the 11square 11 to the north was destroyed •
This range was .built as/Part of. a rationaliza tiqn of the area; -structures were demolished and the area levelled. Several
• •
structures dating·back to the First Settlement were demolished •
The range should be rebuilt, as proposed in the Bicentannial '
Suggestions (R.V.J. Varman). Accommodation is sorely needed '
• for a refreshment area and other facilities in order to make·
the Pier Area a place. where one can spev.d the day .in comfort.
The structure was very sim~le, a mere repetition of the
surviving elements. There is also amnle visual documentation
which will assist to make the reconstruction an authentic
one. •
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Captain '.Vake field 1 s rtuarters ( H39) •
fhis structure should be indicated by marking out its . .
corners. It was probably built out of the remains of a
First Settlement stru.cture, ca 1826-1828. IJ.'he remains,
however, may have been ~amoved ~uring the 1848 levelling '·'
of the area.
Bakehouse (H40).
This was built out of a First Settlement structure •
ca 1826-1828. As it was located on the brow of a ridge,
extending from the Civil Hospital, no remains can be expected
to be found, (the area was completely excavated away in
1848). •
B=!-acksmiths' Shop ( Htf4). ·
The compound wall and workshops for the blacksmiths
and nailers were built. soon after 1846. Shops for painters and
whe~lwrights were added soon ifter. The compound is now used
as a worJmhop ·and store by the Restoration Team. This.·use is
compatible with its Second Settlement u'se • •
The internai arrangement of sheds need an overhaul. The ' •
pillars at the fron't gate should have their capping stones
restored to them and new doors provided. The Restoration Team •
should be consulted about the internal arrangement for thei~ '
long-term functional needs. '
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Structures eust of the Blacksmiths 1 Con,:oound ( Hl~5-Hlr9).
These remains have been sadly neglected and even mislabelled.
The individual sites need protection from cars and suitable
plaques should be provided to commemorate the sites.
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Old Langridge Road ( H50) •
This is one of the oldest roads on the Island (by 1794,).
;_walking track sHould be constructed along its course to
the ton of Flagstaff Hill. (Trees should not be removed
from it as erosion is a g~eat nroblem in this area). A
walking track should link with the latter track down along
the side of the cliff, but making sure that no further erosion
can result from the track or that archaeological remains are
not disturbed, (the remains of the 1792 and later flaghouses) • •
Commemorative Boulder ( H55).
This should be relocated to the area west of the Pier •
where the actual landing occurred • •
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Area J
This area is in 5reat need of stabilizing walls, some '
of which are urgently needed. Some new retaining walls will
require a good deal of ingenuity, such as the kiln waste sea
road.
Sea Wall (J1 ).
· ·This wall"has 'been patched but still requires attention • • . .
The wall once had several stone ramps, one may still survive
in an area where the sand has built up.
Limekiln .Police Hut. ( Jlt-). ·
This ruin has never received any attention. The south .
end is eroding away and cantil~vering. Careful stabilization
work is needed. The masonry walls were fairly complete until .. . .
the World War II period. The sea has made great inroads into
this area • .
Kiln Waste Sea Road.
A retaining wall is urgently needed to keep the remains
of this perfectly smooth convict road.from disappearing
completely. The retaining wall will be difficult to construct - •
because its foundations will largely be on sand. • •
• •
The whole bank from J4 to the Limekiln should be
retained.
Outlet Channel (J7).
Both si~es of this channel were formerly retained by'
masonry walls. The recent erosion and undermining of the I
remains and the bank are alarming. Deposits from pre- First
Settlement times and later are eroding out of the bank. The
banks are often scaled by visitors and children like to dig
holes into the banks. I have witnessed a remarkable change
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in .the area over the last four years.
·The walls should be totally reconstructed from Emily
Bay to the convict bridge. It is also urgent that this wall
project be continued from the bridge to the underground .
channel. (The most substantial sections of the original .
wall survive here but have been seriously undermined during
the recent ~eavy rains, one section has already collapsed) • .
The remains should be very carefully incorporated into the
new work •
Bridge or Steps (J7C).
This bridge or steps remains has declined dramatically
over the last two years, about half of the visible remains
have been washed into the channel. •
Concrete Lined Open Channel (J7A~. .
The south-east end' needs to have retaining walls between ' ' - .
. the rock outcrops. Pre-First Settlement material are eroding
. out of these places, (and at .the north-western end the
remains of charcoal burning activities).
Pine Plantation ( J9).
The banks have been eroding seriously since the mid· •
1930s. The area was part of ·the First Settlement cemetery
and stone work shons. • •
The pines are ranidly declin.ing, perhaps topping may •
helu to extend their life snan. ' A o
First Settlement Cemetery. •
This site should be aclmoledged b/ a sui table cairn,
perhaps in the shape of the Second Settlement pillars in the
present cemetery). Efforts should be made to retain the
erodi.hg banks near J9. Human remains have washed out · .
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• of this area since at lenst the mid 1930s. ·
Causeway Branch (J11).
This was sadly diminished when the nresent road was
ungraded and during the unsunervised quarrying of sand • .
The south end is now eroding in section and should be •
stabilized.
Area K •
Former Dump Area, 11 Park11, ( K1 ) •
• ' . This area should be extensively planted with natives .
which.can survive near the sea. At uresent the area is little . .
used as a park because of its barren appearance and lack . •
of wind shelter.
Windmill Area (K2A). •
Although there could be heritage and financial problems
connected with a proposal to reconstruct the former simple
windmill,· it would rather add to this fairly uninteresting
area. The windmill would only need to appear to be functional ~ . '
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with moving fans and rotating mill housing. The horizon eff~ct as
seen from any part of Kingston would greatly enhance this area. The •
surviving stabilizing base is mostly mistaken for a water
tank at present • •
The miller's cottage remains is under a golf green and
is at least safe from any further deterioration.
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The surviving whole limekiln (14) has been com~o-mortared . . ll.S. M'IV"I.- .SI O.lo.l I~ \C. ... ~C.E- •
realize. The arching area /1.
needs in excess and few visitors
some attention • .
A well defined walk should be constructed on Chimney Hill
because casual visitors io the area are ciusing unintentional •
erosion to sensitive archaeological remains. Some of the
most beautiful scenes may be seen ·from here. •
Quarry (17).
The sea has formed a hole under the rock into the limekiln • •
quarry. The hole shouldn't be blocked but ·the base and sides • . .
retaihed with stout masonry work. Heavy seas have already •
broken through this hole and into the quarry area.
Salt House Area
'There are several exposed banks which should be provided
with retaining walls to protect the point. Along several sides
material from the 1830s and 1840s are eroding out of the • •
bank, (regimental buttons, domestic goods etc). . ' •
Salt House (15). •
This building should be provided with a roof, windows and
doors. The campo-mortar has obscured any.points of interest
in the masonry and it would be better to protect the '
structure in the way it was originally intended,(ie roof etc).
Regulation and Concentration Tanks (L6Atand B).
Prov~de with explanatory plaques. Some minor stabilization . .
work may be required in the area .
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Arthur's Vale/ '1-/atermitl Valley '
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This has been one of the most neglected areas of the
KAVHA region and deserves a management nlan on its own
merits. Only the most basic st~bilization measures have
taken place here, (mostly unfortunately ineffectual). It
is envisaged that the area could be brought to life·with
the establishment of walking tracks and the .enhancement
of some of the remains. 'some of the interesting sites are
on freehold and leasehold and l;)ermj_ssion should be sought
from some of the owners to allow visitor access along specifically '
defined routes. (It is esse~tial that the good will of the
owners is maintained at all times).
The following is a rough outline:
The area has been intensively farmed since 1788, or eien '
before that as Polynesians appeared· to have cultivated bananas
there before the arrival of Europeans. The dam and some of
the above ground remains date back to the First Settlement
Walking tracks would not be suitable for the valley area -
but would be a great success along the east side of th~ valley, • • •
linking the ruins
The conservation of these ruins, especially the basalt •
ones is a great ~roblem as large chunks break off from time to '
time, (fresh breaks are constantly seen). For the substantial
ruins, it seems that the only l.ong-term .solution would be to
build up the collapsed walls and roof the structure.
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Watermill (M13A). •
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• The campo-mortaring and urovision of concrete sills
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and heads_ have suoiled this structure when· viewed closely
but from a distance it appears as a splendid ruin. A long
term policy should be formulated for this structure.
Watermill Dam.
This dam, dating from the First Settlement, has been
leaking seriously for some time. It will be necessary to
empty the dam once more and thoroughly repair the walls • •
Because of its functional aspects, the original fabric has
been poorly treated. I
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'fhe. mill race s·hould be opened again and the outlet
r.ebuilt ( 1960s reconstruction). The walls of the watercourse c c
should be rebuilt and the water allowed once again to fl.ow
through it. Nany of the older Islanders have expressed a
·desire to see it flow again • •
Cottage M21.
This stone cottage is complete as far as the masonry
is concerned. It was continually occupied until the late 1 •
1930s when it was allowed to fall into ruin. Since that time
the wear, especially on .the interior has been.remarkable. It '
survived only because it had been lived in and maintained • •
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The structure, as with Cottage M29, should be roofed· an~· •
provided with doors and windows I
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Field Boundaries ( H38).
These are still discernable but have declined over the •
last one hundred years. If they are not to disappear completely,
they should be added to along their full length. This will
not only Dreserve what remains of them by giving them a protective
covering but will ensure that such a rare agricultural visual
characteristic does not disanpear for ever. . . •
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Post Scriut •
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It may alarm some that so much reconstruction is proposed.
I would argue.that if we are looking toward long-term preservation . -
of all these_remains for a period of one hundred or two hundred
years, reconstruction on a massive scale will b~ necessary • •
•
The survival of most of Europe's ancient castles, houses,
churches etc., is due to those· structures having been maintained,
rebuilt when fired or fallen into ruin~ It is one of the
fascinations of Europe's architectural history to spot the •
H various nhases in historic monuments. Our successors will bless -~
our efforts in a century or two for ensuring the preservation
of so many early features. Careful reconstruction around a
ruin should be done so that the process can be reversed if
desired. Patching and proping over a period of a century can •
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only lead to substantial losses, leavink a heritage of obscuring
patchwork, if anything at all.
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Robert V.J. Varman, Consultant Archaeologist.
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