I I I I I I I . I I I I I I .I l I .I • • • • • PARRAMATTA PARK, PARRAMATTA Archaeological Zoning Plan Report prepared for Parramatta City Council August 1995 • •
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PARRAMATTA PARK, PARRAMATTA Archaeological Zoning Plan
Report prepared for Parramatta City Council
August 1995
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GODDEN MACKAY
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Author Identification 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Acknowledgments
2.0 EUROPEAN HISTORY AT PARRAMATTA PARK 2.1 1788-1858 Initial European Settlement And Farming 2.2 1858-1917 - Public Recreation 2.3 1917-1975 2.4 1975 - Present 2.5 End Notes
3.0 MAPS AND PLANS 3.1 General
4.0 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Previous Archaeological Work 4.3 Site Inspection 4.4 End Notes
5.0 SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT 5.1 Archaeological Significance 5.2 Statement Of Archaeological Significance 5.3 End Notes
6.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVIlY 6.1 Previous Work 6.2 Archaeological Management 6.4 Ust Of Identified Items 6.5 EndNotes
7.0 ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS 7.1 Obligations Arising From Significance 7.2 Statutory Controls 7.3 Parramatta City Council Requirements 7.4 Proposed Action
8.0 BIBUOGRAPHY
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CONTENTS
9.0 APPENDICES
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Appendix A: Evaluation Criteria For Judging Excavation Permit Applications
Appendix B: Statement Of Significance For Parramatta Park (From Mcdonald And Burton, 1987)
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREAMBbE
GODDEN MACKAY
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Parramatta Park encloses a large portion of the original Governor's Domain from the first years of European occupation of Parramatta. It has been associated, in the past, with a wide range of activities including agricultural/pastoral uses, pleasure grounds, recreation,
• manufacturing, scientific observation and experimentation and of course the Governor's private use.
Parramatta City Council has appointed Godden Mackay Pty Ltd to undertake production of a Plan Of Management for the Park in association with Manidis Roberts.
This archaeological assessment has been prepared to review issues specifically associated with the archaeological potential of the park as a whole , and of specific items as identified, and the recommendations will be incorporated into the Management Plan for the park.
1.2 AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION
This archaeological assessment has been written by Matthew Kelly and Richard Mackay . All contemporary photographs were taken by the authors. Historical plans were digitised by Christina Kanellakis.
1~ METHODOLOGY
The starting point for the archaeological assessment of the park has been Higginbotham's "The Future of Parramatta's Past An Archaeological Zoning Plan 1788 to 1844". The broad scale approach required for Higginbotham's report on the whole city did not provide the detail necessary for adequate management of the archaeological resource of more defined area of Parramatta Park. Furthermore the report limited itself to the historical period 1788 to 1844, and as a result ignored many later features of the park, especially associated with its use as a recreation facility. Consequently further historical research and review of available reports was conducted in conjunction with digitisation of historical plans to assist in production of the archaeological zoning plan for the park. In addition several site inspections were carried out.
1.4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Glen Wehrman Dinah Fisher Kylie Winkworth
Parramatta City Council Parramatta City Council Consultant
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Figure 1.1 Location of Parramatta Park
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Figure 1.2 Site Plan ofParramatta Park
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2.0 EUROPEAN IDSTORY AT PARRAMATTA PARK
2.1 1788-1858 INITIAL EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT AND FARMING
When the first fleet arrived in 1788 one of their first tasks was to try to find decent land for establishing some agricultural industries to feed the Colony. Whin three months of the arrival of this fleet, Phillip and a party of men had investigated the extent of Port Jackson and determined that the area around Rose Hill was an ideal place to establish some farming. I
Collins reports in his early account of the English Colony in NSW:
The month of November commenced with the establishment of a settlement at the head of the harbour. On the end, his excellency the governor went up to the crescen~ with the surveyor general, and two officers, and a small party of marines, to choose the spot, and to mark out the ground for a redoubt and other necessary buildings; and two days after a party of ten convicts, being chiefly people who understood the business of cultivation, were sent up to him, and a spot upon a rising ground, which his excellency named Rose Hill, in compliment to G. Rose Esq. one of the secretaries of the treasury, was ordered to be cleared for the first habitations. The soil at this spot was of a stiff clayey nature, free from that rock which every where covered the surface at Sydney Cove, well clothed with timber, and unobstructed by Underwood. 2
By 1790 one hundred convicts under the supervision of Superintendent Dodd were clearing and cultivating the land. A small house was built for Phillip which replaced the original redoubt structure. The year also saw help from the ill fated 2nd Fleet arrive and convicts
f. were engaged as well as fan iling, in constructing the town of Parramatta. 3 Superintendent '7 Dodd was to die in lat(i87q and was replaced by Thomas Clarke.
' The following year, 1791, the first four settlers of NSW were granted land in the Parramatta area:
Former Convict superintendent Mr Schaffer -140 acres on the south side of the creek leading to Rose Hill.
On the same side of the creek but nearer to Rose Hill - two allotments of 60 acres each marked out for two settlers from the Sirius.
On the opposite side for the creek a convict, Charles Wilco - 30 acres.
James Ruse received 30 acres at Ropes Hill.4
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Farming continued in the area under a succession of Governors. It is unclear whether Hunter enlarged or demolished Phillips original residence to create an improved Government House in 1799. It :was later extended in 1815 by Governor Macquarie.
The Dairly cottage also belongs to the earliest period of agricultural endeavour in the area having been originally built by George Salter sometime between 1796 and 1800. Salter was granted 30 acres in 1796 by Hunter. The farm was later purchased in 1813 for Government use and became the Government dairy.5
Under Macquarie ~overnment lands were consolidated1Mld,.~ applied this philosophy to the Governor's Domain to provide more area for farming activities for the Government Stores and also to provide a Gentleman's Park. Macquarie enlarged Government House, acquired the Dairy buildings and constructed numerous cottages, fencing etc in the Domain, traces of which exist today. The present park boundaries encompass land which made up part of Macquarie's Domain.6
Brisbane replaced Macquarie as Governor in 1822 and in the same year ordered th~ construction of the observatory. A residence for the astronomer was built in 1832 on the eastern side of the Observatory. The building was dilapidated by 1845. Brisbane also constructed a Bathhouse in 1823.
During the years 1822 to the 1850s the area supported agriculture whilst also being used as a gentrified residence for successive Governors. The last Governor to occupy the house, Fitzroy, left Government House in 1855. During the 1840s it was debated whether to hand over the Governors Domain to Trustees for public use. This was done in 1858.
2.2 1858-1917- PUBLIC RECREATION
With the appointment of Trustees the park became the venue for picnic fetes, boxing exhibitions and military parades.?
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The park was disrupted in 1860 with the extension of the Western Railway line. The period also saw the construction of Southern and Western Gatehouses (1870-1875), the Rangers Cottage next to the Dairy Cottage (1870-75), the Macquarie Street and George St. Gatehouses and the conversion of the Bathhouse, built by Governor Brisbane in 1823, into a bandstand pavilion (1886). Sporting facilities were added to the Park whilst some land was lost due to the encroachments of the railway line, public roads and the site for a school.8 Plantings and changes suppressed the area's former character or image of a regal domain and established its character as a Park.9
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2.3 1917-1975
GODDEN MACKAY
In 1917 Parramatta Park became the third National Park declared in Australia. Large areas of the Park were taken over by different groups in the community with specialised interests, such as sporting groups, and this further fractured the unity the are originally maintained.
urther alienation between major areas of the Park was erected with the dedication of the Park Parade in 1923.10
2.4 1975 - PRESENT
In 1975 care, control and management of the Park passed from the appointed Trustees tot he Parramatta City Council. The two major impacts to the place were the alteration of the
! Crescent and the decision to built the Cumberland ? stadium. During this period several studies have been made of the historical and landscape features of the park and these represent ealth of information on many sites in the area.
2.5 ENDNOTES
1. Design 5 Architects, The Dairy Precinct Conservation Plan Vol.l, 1994, p.177.
2. D.Collins, Account of the English Colony in N.S.W., p.37 in Design 5 Architects, The Dairy Precinct Conservation Plan Vol.2, 1994, p.l.
3. Design 5 Architects, ibid, Vo12, p 1-5.
4. ibid, p.12.
5. Design 5 Architects, ibid, Vall, pp. 177-182.
6. ibid, p.182:
7. C Burton, Parramatta Park Historic Landscape Study Draft Report, 1987, p.26.
8. ibid, p.102 .
9. C Burton, ibid, Final Report, p.29.
10. ibid, p.40.
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3.0 MAPS AND PLANS
3.1 GENERAL
The research undertaken as part of this project yielded a series of historic maps and plans of varying detail, scale and quality. These were analysed and a number are referred to in Section 4 below, and in the accompanying historic context report. Archival constraints, and problems of accessibility precluded the use of original material. However, in most cases first generation photocopies were used. As the plans are produced from a variety of sources it is possible that there are errors and discrepancies, particularly in the pre-1850 material which relied on chain surveys: these plans are the most likely to be physically distorted. However, it is the accumulation of information which is informative and .no substantive difference is consLd.e~ to occur within the overall findings. and informatiop. accrued:" w.~ _ , - · 1..., -· J\. . · . · · . • . .
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The digitised plans were produced using Auto-CAD 2 and a Summa Sketch graphics tablet.
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4.0 PHl"SICAL EXAMINATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A number of site inspections were conducted during ~the production of this X report. These inspections were carried out with two major tasks in mind. They were; the comparison of current topography and ground levels with historic plans, maps and images to determine the likely position of items identified during research and their · survival; and the direct examination of these positions to determine if of the activities or structures .JNm~~ evident for recording. ~t u.aQ
wtJ'L For comparison a series of reproductions of plans, h~s and images was carried into the ')s(' field for direct RSGR on the ground. u I r "
r Reports of previous archaeological work undertaken within the park and the vicinity of the park were also reviewed to provide further information regarding the physical survival of sulJ..surface remains.
•
4.2 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK
In 1985 Higginbotham conducted the excavation of early buildings associated with the · township of Parramatta. This excavation was on the block bounded by George, Marsden, Macquarie and O'Connell including all but the eastern part of the block 1.
~~Cv::> ~ S\·~~.s\n.J~ Research indicated that this~ ntained structUres) associated with the early occupation of Parramatta , ie. the small timber buildings erected in 1790 intended for accommodation for convicts( see figure 3.14).
The archaeological work uncovered the post hole outline of two structures with associated slots, pits, depressions and "spade marks" 2• The upper 200-300mm of the soil profile was severely disturbed and the features noted in the excavation were apparent only beneath the topsoil itself at the interface with the subsoil sand. It was posited that much of this disturbance was associated with later activity, possibly agricultural (note the "spade marks" on site). However the important point to note is that despite this disturbance the features eventually uncovered were cut sufficiently deep to survive. The bases of the features were between 8.1 and 8.68 AHD and the interface of the topsoil/sub soil between 8.22 and 8.40AHD 3.
iT\-kc~ ?! The important-sttggestmn from this information is that features associated with the convict ' ")(! allotments immediately in front of Government Hous;; now contained within the / · boundary of the par~are liKely to have survived intact to the interface between the topsoil
and sandy subsoil. An addition there is an increased likelihood that due to the relatively; undisturbed nature of this area of the park[relative to sites outside the park boundari~) features and original surfaces associated with The occupation of the allotmentW~ive in tlfe
24
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GODDEN MACKAY
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wl\h v topsoil as well. Comparison of~levelsJn T$ll~ the site in O'Connell Street/" would allow a check to be made i:n=cootinnatift~ this supposition.
OY\ Work conducted in 1994 by.0Thorp in the Dairy precinct provides us with information oJ..o:,ut ~ting ~the survival ~,.&ea&es in this precinct of the park 4• Extensive work was conducted both insidli'h~0Strii~tures in th~precincttMlti en-the extefier:w
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The work uncovered evidence of 1790s and 1822/3 structures, original surfaces associated with the occupation of the farm and dairy, paving, drains and cesspits, garden beds and foundations of several unidentified structures (see figure 4.1 )5.
Site inspection of the area around the dairy precinct also revealed a series of low profile parallel hummocks to the north east of the dairy and directly opposite the dairy across Domain Creek (see figure 4.2 and 6.1) .
•
During the 1980s Powell conducted a series of watching briefs associated with works in the park 6• Much of the reporting for this work is , by today's standards, wholly inadequate.
~ However what is apparent from her reports is that; there is little evidence of substantial /
1 disturbance of soil profiles within the areas she wtSrked in (around the ~itt Street border,
...-f.-/. along the railway line to Domain Creek and around the Bath House)t;u~stantial features remain within the park that are not directly associated with a known si~ and which require archaeological recording and monitoring. All three of Powell's reports indicate extensive drainage features ranging from substantial brick storm water drains to culverts and wooden log drains. It is clear from the site inspection that many of the drainage systems are present and to some extent operational. A large number of culverts and pipes of various periods and construction materials are evident in the park today (see figures 4.9 and 4.10).
A report published in 1931 relates to the mistaken identity of a structure in the vicinity of the Governor's Observatory 7. The surveyor Ebsworth mistook the foundations of the Observatory residence for those of the Observatory itself and surveyed the remains in. It is clear from the historical accounts of this incident that despite the demolition of the Observatory residence during 1876, in 1887 (the year of Ebsworth's survey), the remains of the found!ltions were still present (see figure 4.). This is further evidence of the high survival rate of features within the park due to lack of intensive development within the park precinct.
4.3 SITE INSPECTION
A number of site inspections were conducted during production of this report. These inspections confirmed the impression that the current topography of the park has altered little with development and use of the park over the years. For example the early alignment of Bridge Street (now Pitt) which once ran through the park to the west of Government House is still visible as a break in slope immediately in front of the house (see figure 4.3).
The site inspections also identified a number of items not noted in Higginbotham's Archaeological Zoning Plan. These are listed in Section 6.
25
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GODDEN MACKAY
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Despite this it must be expected that the course of the river has changed somewhat from the early years of the European occupation. It is not possible to quantify this without physical intervention in subsurface areas around the river but it would not be unreasonable to postulate that the river has cut into right bank (from the dairy to the bank west of Government House) and deposited sediment on the opposite side. How much this may have affected the small structures noted by the banks is difficult to know but it is a factor that should be considered in attempting to determine the position of sites relative to the riverbank.
Two major artificial alterations to areas of the park have occurrec\h'oweve~ e ~~nstruction of Parramatta Stadium and playing fields in the late 1980~created a large fill platform on the sites of two of the sports ground~ a11d a pavilion directly across the river to the north of Government House and filling associated. with the construction of the amphitheatre, toilet blocks and River Drive on the site of the old garden or "The Crescent" (see figures 4.3 and 4.5).
Despite the major fill episodes to the north of the river comparison with early images of the farm on this site, the current topography of the site and the digitised plan~the site of the ~ early farms in this area remains relatively undisturbed (see figures 3.15, 4.~, 4.6). Howeve? as has already been noted;the sites of the 19th century playing fields and the pavilion are sealed beneath the fill fof the fields. While there are no remains visiblephe site of the early )' bridge to the farm , only a few metres to the south of the present bridge, potentially contains the remains of piles in the river bed and banks.
The topography of the "Crescent" has altered from that illustrated in the 18th and 19th centuries (see figures 4.5 and 4.8). Clearly the bank has been built up for the creation of River Drive (and also presumably to prevent flooding) along the river. The creation of the amphitheatre and facilities has also altered the slope of the "Crescent" walls and floor. Remains of the garden, vineyard and structures associated with the interior of the ''Crescent" are now probably buried .beneath the fill imported to the site for this work.
The topography of the remainder of the park has apparently altered little over the years and it m~t be expected that where a site is indicated by, a map, plan, painting, sketch or photo the likelihood is that the subsurface remains and/or deposits associated with it remain in situ. Even where physical evidence of a structure may be lostfeposits or features )C
associated with its use may remain (see figure 4.7)
Survival of sub surface remains in this case is dependant upon the date of construction and/or alteration, nature of the structure or activity (that is what were the structures constructed of or is the type of occupation of the site likely to have left tangible remains/residue), pH of the soil, level of animal disturbance. These factors must be taken into consideration on a site by site basis in attempting to determine the potential survival of any individual item. Management strategies for approaching the archaeological resource of the park are discussed in Section 7.
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26
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Figure 4.1 Plan of archaeological features uncovered during salvage programme, Dairy Precinct (from Thorp, W, Governor's Dairy Precinct, Parramatta :Archaeological Report)
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Figure 4.2 Parallel lines of disturbance to the west of the dairy precinct indicating orchard/garden beds . •
Figure 4.3 Old Pitt (Bridge Street) alignment represented as break of slope to west of Government House.
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Figure 4.4 Heath J, 1798, A View of the Governor's House at Rose hill in the Township of Parramatta. In Collins D 1798,AnAccount of the English Colony in New South Wales
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Figure 4.4 Heath J, 1798, A View of the Governor's House at Rose hill in the Township of Parramatta. In Collins D 1798, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales
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Figure 4.5 A View of Government Fann at Rose Hill N. S. Wales 1791. BEM Wattling Coil. 18 in McCormick T, 1987, First Vrews of Australia 1788-1825, Pl12.
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Figure 4.6 Photo of the site of the Government Farm, north of the river. Note fill forming playing field in background. Early bridge to farm would have crossed river to extreme right of photo.
Figure 4. 7 Remains of bridge embankment across Domain Creek.
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Figure 4.9 Culvert to south of railway
Figure 4.10 Outlet pipe to west of Government House •
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' Bhebanefs Observatory Rev. W. B. Cle1rke's Plan
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Figure 4.11 Comparative plans of the foundations of Governor Brisbane's Observatory and the nearby Observatory residence. From Goodin, V,E, 1931, Parramatta Observatory: The Story of an Absurdity. JRAHS, Vol27, p173 .
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4.4 ENDNOTES
GODDEN MACKAY
1. Higginbotham, E, 1985, Report on the Archaeological Excavation of Buildings Associated with the Early Township, 1790 to c. 1820s, p.l. Unpublished report for the Comm Dept of Housing and Construction.
2. Ibid pp.8-28
3. Ibid p.13
4. Thorp, W, 1994, Governor's Dairy, Parramatta: Archaeological Report. Unpublished report prepared for Parramatta City Council.
5. Ibid p.29
6. Powell, C nd, Report on Archaeological Watching Brief Conducted at Parramatta Park,; Powell, nd, Report on an Archaeological Watching Brief Conducted During Contract 1 of the State Rail Authority's Granville to Westmead Ql{adruplication Scheme; Powell, nd, Report on an Archaeological Watching Brief, Government Bath House. Unpublished reports for the Heritage Council. ·
7. Goodin, V, W, E, 1931, Parramatta Observatory: The Story of an Absurdity, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society Vol27, pp 173-87
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5.0 SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT
5.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The concept of 'cultural significance' or 'heritage value' embraces the value of a place or item which cannot be expressed in solely financial terms. Assessment of cultural significance endeavours to establish why a place or item is considered important and is valued by the community. Cultural significance is embodied in the fabric of the place (including its setting and relationship to other items), the records associated with the place, and the response that the place evokes in the community.
A Statement of Significance for Parramatta Park has already been formulated 1. The full A\ statement appears as appendix B. ~ 11vv:o \1' aCl.O ~·~ 1.~ ~ L~t'-fr...., Q ~ ~ t>~vvt; o..-~'-"" ?c~o~}"'-.,e,.c.-\~ P
The assessment of cultural significance with respect to archaeological sites is more difficult, in that the extent and nature of the features is sometimes unknown and it becomes necessary for value judgements to be formulated on the basis of expected or potential attributes. The element of judgement can be greatly reduced by historical or other research, as has been carried out in the case of the current study.
Archaeological deposits and features provide important evidence of the history and settlement of New South Wales. Archaeological sites may include stratified deposits of material culture which can be analysed to yield information about the history of the colony and state which is unavailable from documentary sources alone. Archaeological investigations can reveal much about technologies, economic and social conditions, taste and style. The features and artefacts extracted and recorded can provide primary evidence about the way of life of previous generations, through examination of structural features, artefacts and deposits. Archaeological sites that contain these elements therefore have a high scientific value. This value can be further enhanced where there is a substantial body of supporting documentary evidence that enables further inference to be drawn from the archaeological records. It is through this potential for revealing information that the heritage significance of archaeological sites occurs.
This is a matter that has been considered in an influential paper by Bickford and Sullivan, published in 1984.2 Bickford and Sullivan draw attention to the dilemma faced by archaeologists and developers, in connection with sites that are to be destroyed as a result of development and discuss effective means of assessing their heritage value. Archaeological significance has long been accepted in the United States as linked directly to scientific research value:
a site or resource is said to be scientifically significant when its further study may be expected to help answer questions. That is scientific significance is defined as research potentiaU ·
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This is a concept that has been extended by Bickford and Sullivan in the Australian situation and redefined as the following three questions which can be used as a guide for assessing the significance of an archaeological site within a relative framework:
1. Can the site contribute knowledge that no other resource can?
2. Can the site contribute knowledge which no site can?
3. Is this knowledge relevant to general questions about human history or other substantive questions relating to Australian history, or does it contribute to other major research questions ?4
These questions will now be applied to the potential resource within Parramatta Park.
Can the site contribute knowledge that no other resource can?
The archaeological record provides evidence that is different from, and likely to supplement, or contradict documentary sources. The research already undertaken elsewhere for the park has included a comprehensive evaluation of available documentary evidence. Although much has been revealed about the history of the site, much remains untested or unquestioned. In particular, the documentary sources do not tell us about many aspects of . the lives of the occupants and workers in the domain other than the Governor's household lA: tC~rJ and specifics regarding the construction of many of the structures known within the park/ "(~ other than Government House. This information, if available at all, will only be available .J' from the archaeological resources at the site.
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Can the site contribute knowledge which nAite can? 0{~,-)
The wide variety of uses which the land now known as Parramatta Park was put to is unique within Australia. Originally agricultural and pastoral it also included industrial, residential, military, governmental and scientific activities within its boundaries. Later in the century the land was. given wholly over to the use of the Governor and the range of activities shrank.
Its later use as a public recreational park is represented by the remains of Pavilions and sites such as "Little Coogee" .
Its unique character archaeologically is strengthened by the lack of development of the park and the potential survival of features and deposits from all periods of its European occupation.
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Is this knowledge relevant to general questions about human history or other substantive questions relating to Australian history, or does it contribute to other major research questions?
Important aspects of the development of the colony from the development of sustaining and sustainable agriculture and pastoral practices, the operations of government, the use of the site for astronomical observation to the second residence of the Governor and later public grounds are represented within Parramatta Park. J Much of the relationship of European settlement to Australia and its adaptation to the new environment is written in the landscape of the park. In a real sense the park is illustrative ofJ the process of colonisation of the "New World" by European powers. The archaeological evidence represents a unique resource for researching this process.
Archaeological deposits and features, particularly when considered in conjunction with documentary evidence, can provide evidence of material culture that yields information which may be unavailable from documentary sources alone. Parramatta Park is an archaeological resource which may contribute data that could lead to a better understanding of the social, economic and cultural history of Sydney and of the country as a whole.
5.2 STATEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Parramatta Park is a site of highest archaeological/research significance. The varied uses to which the park was put over the years of European occupation and its significance to local Aboriginal people both before and during the early contact periods represent an unsurpassed potential resource both in terms of its quality and range.
The archaeological resource at Parramatta Park is potentially largely intact owing to lack of intensive development of the precinct. Part of the site's significance lies in the undisturbed nature of the archaeological resource. It has the potential to illustrate a wide variety of cultural activities representative of both the indigen~us and European occupants of the park.
As a site which contains such a unique physical resource documenting the period prior to and immediately after European settlement farramatta Park is an archaeological resource of national and possibly international significahce.
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5.3 END NOTES
GODDEN MACKAY
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1. McDonald, Band Burton, CParramattaParkHistoricLandscapeStudy. p. 64
2. Bickford A. and Sullivan m1984, "Assessing the Research Significance of Historic Sites" in S. Sullivan and S. Bowdler ( eds) Site Surveys and Significance Assessment in Australian Archaeology,. (Proceeding of the 1981 Springwood Conference on Australian Prehistory), Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra.
3. Schiffer M.B and Gunerman, G.J. 1977, Conservation Archaeology, Academic Press, New York, p. 239. ·
4. Bickford and Sullivan, op.cit., pp 23-24.
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6.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSTI1VTI'Y
6.1 PREVIOUS Wr
Parramatta wa~jecy)R(an archaeological zoning plan in 1991 part of which included Parramatta Pa& 1 (see figure 6.1). This zoning plan was only concerned with identifying items pre 1844 and so neglected a variety of structures associated with the later use of the park. Despite this it identified 41 items within the park itself.
While much of the identified resource was no longer visible this zoning plan took as its basic assumption that the lack of disturbance and development of the park has preserved many of the subsurface features associated with structures and activities within the park.
Higginbotham divided the identified items into four groups. They were;
1. underground archaeological remains that should be subject to archaeological investigations prior to development and once this was completed, based on the survival of remains, research potential and cultural significance there may be a case for in situ conservation,
2. Similar to .the above but present evidence, already available, (prior to archaeological investigation) suggests in situ conservation may be appropriate,
3. Standing structures (pre 1844) which requirJ a Conservation Plan addressing standing structures and sub surface remains, J
4. Archaeological sites requiring assessment and inclusion in the Conservation Plan for Parramatta Park.
All such sites would receive automatic statutory protection under the NSW Heritage Act, 1977, relics provisions. .
A number of Aboriginal sites and isolated items were identified by a survey conducted by Attenbrow (see figure 6.3). The items identified as scarred trees are possibly too young to be associated with aboriginal occupation of the area. However they illustrate the concept of marking of elements of the landscape as a cultural practice by the indigenous peoples and should be retained.
The remaining scatters and items illustrate the importance of the ridge line running from the rear of Government House, around "The Crescent'' to the Dairy precinct to the pre European occupants of the area. They presumably represent seasonal camps taking advantage of the resource of the river. Many Aboriginal sites have the potential to survive, undisturbed, in areas within the park not subject to intensive agriculture, building works or road works .
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All identified items are protected under the National Parks and Wildlife Act.
6.2 (o• ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT J.
For the purposes of this study it has also b_ s ed that the potential for survival of most sites within the park is high. Figu 6.2 ig ntifies. individual items and areas of extreme archaeological sensitivity within the afk:""" . ,
Many of the individual items are expected to have features associated with them that are not immediately obvious or are obscured. Many of 'the structures may have exterior surfaces,(paving etc) yards or drainage lines not recorded on plans or maps. Many linear features may not be immediately associated with an identified item. The bridges across the river or Domain Creek, while not standing, may have piles in the river bed, abutment supports and approach roadways still intact.
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Development work in the vicinity of individual items must take into account the item itself and the potential for associated features. Disturbance work in the vicinity of any item must be directed by specific research of the structure(s) and activjJies associated with the item and assessment of the impact of the disturbance undertaken by an archaeologist. Consideration may have to be given, based upon the archaeologist's recommendations that archaeological investigations may have to recede the deY'elopment work.
Areas of extreme sensitivity are the resu t of close proximity of a number of items, not necessarily contemporary, to each other. Q!§!urbrutce wit~n areas of extreme sensitivity _ must be directed by specific historical research on the item(s) to be disturbed and an assessment of tli:e· impacf of 'tlie aisturbance. . Consideration may have to be given, based
..,..iipmithe=archa:eolug:lst's · recornmendations}=tllli+ archaeological inve_~ations may b,ave to precede the development work. 1-e::> <>- 'f'Vv--.cef- 0\...::. s~ 0 .S
All other work conducted within the park, not in the vicinity of an identified item or within an area of extreme sensitivity, should be subject to monitoring by an archaeologist. •The monitoring should provide for recording of any significant features uncovered during work.
In all cases an excavation permit issued under 60 f the NSW Heritage Act should be sought for work which disturbs sub surface area o park. .J" k.~ ~~j CA.. ~~~ ~ S? ~ ~NfvV.S hl CAho ~ ~\)'~ ..
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1 • ·scarred tree 45-5-277; 2 • artefact scatter 45-5-762· ' 3 • artefact scatter 45-5-864; 4 • artefact scatter near Faller Bridge•
5 • possible scarred trees along western bank of Parramatta River· ' . ' 6 • Isolated find 1; 7 • isolated find 2; 8 • isolated find 3
(base plan by Design 5 Architects)
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• Fiaure 6.2 Identified Aboriginal aite• within the park. and Interpretation of Aboriginal Sites. Stage 1).
(from Attenbrow, V Parramatta Park: Management
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&OOO~N MACKAY PfY ~fO GODDEN 76 &~OR&~ S1R~~f R~O~~RN NSW 2016
~ PARRAMA1fA PARK P~AN 0~ MANA&~M~N1 ~OR fH~ PARRAMAffA CI1Y COUNCI~ MACKAY
Figure 6.3 Archaeological Zoning Plan for Jlarramatta Park. 44
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ARCHA~O~O&ICA~ ZONIN& P~AN
Ol&lfiS~O BY C. KAN~~~AKIS
MAY> 1995
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6.4 LIST OF IDENTIFIED ITEMS
The following items are noted on the Archaeological Zoning Plan( refer to figure 6.2)
I 1. Government House and outbuildings
2. Redoubt and associated buildings
I 3. Early Bridge across Parramatta River 4. Current Bridge 5. Site of Government Farm 6. Unidentified Building (Agricultural?)
I 7. Lime Kiln 8. Late 19th Century Pavilion 9. Line of Bridge Street
I 10. Line of George Street
• 11 . Guard House(s) for Got. House 12. Pavilion
I 13. Granary/Brewery 14. Unidentified Building 15. Gate house
I 16. Convict Huts and allotments (nine) 17. Unidentified structure 18. Convict Huts and allotments
I 19. Lumberyard and associated buildings 20. Gate Keeper's Lodge 21. Unidentified Building
I 22. Unidentified Building 23. Unidentified Building 24. Tollbar 25. Gate House
I 26. Pavilion 27. Observatory 28. Observatory Residence
I 29. Governor's Bathhouse 30 . Stables .
, 31. Boer War Memorial
I 32. Cattle Overseer's residence 33. Pavilion
• 34. Boundary stone 35. Unidentified Buildings (Govt. Huts?) 36. Quarry 37. Footbridge 38. Footbridge (Abutment) 39. Lodge 40. Garden/Orchard .--.I
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41. Dairy Precinct 42. Dairy Garden 43. "Little Coogee" 44. Mill and Millrace
6.5 END NOTES
GODDEN MACKAY
1. Higginbotham, E, 1991, The Future of Parramatta's Past. An Archaeological Zoning Plan 1788 to 1844. Department of Planning.
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7.0
GODDEN MACKAY
ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS
7•1 OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM SIGNIFICANCE
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Section 5 discusses the research significance of Parramatta Park especially in relation to the archaeological resource. This significance is strongly linked to but is not dependant upon the archaeological or scientific research potential of the site. However, the evaluation also recognises the potential importance of the place as a historic site that is representative of broader themes in Australian history.
Irrespective of any statutory controls that apply to the site, the significance of such a site warrants archaeological investigation, recording and hypothesis testing of the highest calibre.
The significance of the site is such that it should be subject to specific site research and if necessary archaeological investigation prior to any disturbance or redevelopment of a particular area of the park.
However, in light of the value of the site, as a historic place, with social, aesthetic and technological attributes, any investigations undertaken should be predicated upon the option of future in situ conservation .
7.2 STATUTORY CONTROLS
The site is subject to a range of statutory controls under the NSW Heritage Act, 1977and the National Parks and Wildlife Act. The main implications of the various statutory controls are as follows:
NSW Heritage Act • •
A permit is required for archaeological excavation alteration or site disturbance.
Under normal circumstances a permit for an archaeological excavation of areas within the park would only be issued to a qualified archaeologist.
Preparation of a research design must accompany any permit application.
Additional requirements or conditions can be imposed as part of the permit issue. Such conditions usually require completion of a comprehensive report, responding to the questions of the research design .
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National Parks and Wildlife Act
GODDEN MACKAY
Similarly a permit is required for archaeological excavation alteration or site disturbance.
Under normal circumstances a permit for an archaeological excavation of areas within the park would only be issued to a qualified archaeologist
7.3 PARRAMATIA CITY COUNCIL REQUIREMENTS
The Parramatta City Council in commissioning this archaeological zoning plan of Parramatta Park have a number of specific requirements. These are broadly summarised as future use of the site as a recreational and interpretive facility by the public and development of facilities and infrastructure to accommodate that use. As part of the formulation of a Management Plan to guide this process Parramatta City Council recognises the need for a comprehensive investigation of the site's archaeological resource, provision of information on the nature, extent and significance of the resource for management purposes and identification of management options.
7.4 PROPOSED ACTION . C ~ '\)~ Having regard to the significance of the site, the statutory controls that apply and the wishes
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of Parramatta City Council, and bearing in mind the conclusions reached as a result of
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historical research and this archaeological assessment,jt ii proposed that any disturbans_e of~ subsurf_ace ar~as of the park be subject to further site s~cific .. archaeological investigation as_ tfie need arises .. ___ --- ·
While this assessment has evaluated the whole park as archaeologically sensitive so nature of archaeological involvement will differ dependent upon the nature of the roposed disturbance and the site to be disturbed. Previous monitoring work undertaken between 1980 and 1994 has highlighted the nee~ for continuous archaeological invoLv:ement in . . / develoQ..m~nLwi:thin. the Eark.__ The significance of the ~ite as a whole warrants a v comprehensiv~ approach to.~resource thatremains.st\h.\.-;.. re..q V"~ 'OAC...O\~ S~V\.~? u\-'#H~u-\ito • ¥ U _) It IS recommended that historical themes identified in interpretive work on the park be used as a general basis for large scale research questions for future archaeological work within the park. While individual items or areas will have site specific questions pertaining to their own history the creation of an overall framework of research themes or questions will provide consistent direction in realizing the significant resource available in the ark.
Rr \\ w-u . · ~,cuJ_ \f\N'"k- v-r\.~ v\ w ~ ~t'~ \~·lj'JL~ ~
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8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
GODDEN MACKAY
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Bickford A. and Sullivan m1984, "Assessing the Research Significance of Historic Sites" in S. Sullivan and S. Bowdler (eds) Site Surveys and Significance Assessment in Australian Archaeology,. (Proceeding of the 1981 Springwood Conference on Australian Prehistory), Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra.
Collins,D, Account of the English Colony in N.S.W., p.37 in Design 5 Architects, The Dairy Precinct Conservation Plan Vol.2, 1994, p.1.
Goodin, V, W, E, 1931, Parramatta Observatory: The Story of an Absurdity, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society Vol27, pp 173-87
Higginbotham, E, 1985, Report on the Archaeological Excavation of Buildings Associated with the Early Township, 1790 to c. 1820s, p.l. Unpublished report for the Comrn Dept of Housing and Construction.
Higginbotham, E, 1991, The Future of Parramatta's Past. An Archaeological Zoning Plan 1788 to 1844. Department of Planning.
McCormick T, 1987, First Views of Australia 1788-1825,
McDonald,B and Burton, C 1987, Parramatta Park Historic Landscape Study. Draft Report,
Powell, C nd, Report on Archaeological Watching Brief Conducted at Parramatta Park,;
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Powell, nd, Report on an Archaeological Watching Brief Conducted During Contract 1 of the State Rail Authority's Granville to Westmead Quadruplication Scheme;
Powell, nd, Report on an Archaeological Watching Brief, Government Bath House. Unpublished reports for the Heritage Council. . .
Powell, C nd, Report on Archaeological Watching Brief Conducted at Parramatta Park,; Powell, nd, Report on an Archaeological Watching Brief Conducted During Contract 1 of the State Rail Authority's Granville to Westmead Quadruplication Scheme; Powell, nd, Report on an Archaeological Watching Brief, Government Bath House. Unpublished reports for the Heritage Council.
Schiffer M.B and Gunerman, G.J. 1977, Conservation Archaeology, Academic Press, New York, p. 239.Design 5 Architects, The Dairy Precinct Conservation Plan Vol.l, 1994, p.177.
Thorp, W, 1994, Governor's Dairy, Parramatta: Archaeological Report. Unpublished report prepared for Parramatta City Council.
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9.0 APPENDICES
GODDEN MACKAY
Appendix A Evaluation Criteria for Judging Excavation Permit Applications
Appendix B Statement of Significance for Parramatta Park (From McDonald and Burton, 1987)
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Appendix A Evaluation Criteria for Judging Excavation Permit Applications
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PROCEDURES FOR THE EVALUATION OF I EXCAVATION PERMIT APPLICATIONS UNDER THE HERITAGE ACT 1977
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~OTE: For the purpose of these procedures:
(i) ·relic' is defined in the Heritage Act 1977. as amended in 1987. a::; any deposit. object or material evidence relating to the settlement of -the areu that comprises New South Wales. not being Aboriginal settlement: and which is 50 - -or more years old.
(ii) ·excavation· means the disturbance of land to reveal. extract. expose. discover or move a relic. It also includes land clearance if this involves disturbance of surface deposits .
(iii) ·salvage· means the investigation of ·evidence - -to be lost or made inaccessible through ...
. -unavoidable action ... ·
The Heritage Act. as amended. states that a person shall not move a relic protected by a conservation instrument without approval from the Heritage Council. Further. no-one may disturb or excavate any land in New South Wales (except Commonwealth owned land) to discover. expose or move a relic without an Excavation Permit issued by the Heritage Council of New South Wales (see clauses 138-145) and 57 (l)(c), 58-65). This is without prejudice to permits required by any other body.
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During the excavation, exposed features are recorded using scale diagrams, phowgraphs and wrinen descriptions.
Applying for a Permit To obwm :1n Excavation Pe.rmit. applicams must complete two .( 21 copies of the appropriate application fom1. :\n
apptk:uion under section I -J.O is required to excavate. di:-.turb. move or discover relics on anv land in New South
• Wales not subject to a conservation order under the Heritage Act 1977. An application under Section 60 is required to undertake similar work involving a relic or land
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covered by an interim or permanent conservation ordec .-\pplic::uions must include details of the proposed
Excavation Director's professional experience and payment of the requisite fee. As the Heritage Council meets on the first Thursday of each month. apptic:uions being made under Section 60 of the Act must be received at least fourteen working days in advance of the ne:~t Heritage ~ouncil meeting. In some emergencies it may be possible to arrange the issue of a permit at short notice. Applications being made under Section 140 can be approved by the Director, Department of Planning. under delegated authority from the Heritage CounciL if necessary.
Assessment of Applications Applications are assessed by the specialist staff of the Heritage Branch of the Department of Planning who then prepare a report for consideration by the Heritage CounciL Assessment is made according to the attached ouidelines.
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The area proposed for archaeological investigation is checked against current permits. Only one permit for a site is normally issued at any one time. If there is another current archaeological permit applying to the same site. the applicant is advised of the position and told the name of the ocher permit holder. The applicant may be asked to liaise with any other permit holder before the Council considers the application.
When the Heritage Council con:;iders the report it may recommend that no permit be i:;sued .. that a permit be issued :,ubjen to special conditions or that the permit be npproved Jnd issued.
The conditions of the permit are printed on the reverse of the upptic:ltion form but can be altered by the Council at any time before the permit ha::; been issued.
The Heritage Council may also refer the uppticatlon to the A.rchaeolo~ical Advisorv Panel for advice.
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Renewal of a Permit Satisfactor;. interim report::; on work undertaken at a site are essential for a permit renewal. e.x.cept under special circumstances.
There is no additional fee to renew an application for • • • an extsttn~ perm1t.
~ . Issue of a Permit A successful :1pplicanc is forwarded one of the two application forms which will have been signed and dated bv the Secretarv of the Heritage Council. This form
"' ~ -become:; the Excavation Permit. lt is then the responsibility of the permit holder to ensure all excavation worl-:. including the treatment of :me fact:;. fulfils the conditions -of the permit.
Guidelines on the Issue of Excavation Permits The fragile nature and variety of the imporcanc archaeological resources of NSW are recognised (as
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amended) through the protection provided by the Heritage Act 1977. -~"
It is through the system of issuing excavation permits that the conservation of these resources can be managed
. . . -:1nd controlled. However the co-operation ofall
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archaeologists is necessary if this important aspect of the ~
state's heritage is to be adequately protected. Factors considered in assessing each application for an
excavation permit include: (a) the reason for excavation:
(i) salvage: (ii) research:
(iii) preliminary site e:<plorarion: (iv) training:
(b) the research design: (c) the significance and nature of the sire: (d) the qualifications and/or experience of the
Excavation Director: (e) the standard of project work and reporrs: (f) the ownership and storage of excavated materiaL
(i) salvage Where possible this should be preceded by historical research and the preparation of an archaeological research proposal outlining the background research and reasons for the excavation of the parricular sire.
While there is a need to investi2are sires to be affected . -
by conservation or development works. it is recognised that salvage excavations are generally not representative of a whole site and are often constrained by limited time and by the nature of the threat to the site.
( ii) research A research project designed without such constraints will almost inevitably be of more value in :1cquiring archaeological information. . ~
Where a permit is sought for research purposes this must be preceded by a detailed research design including extensive historical research and an outline of information sought through excavation. justification of the need for such action. proposed methodology. evaluation of the likely threat to the stability of any structures disturbed or revealed in the course of this work and proposed steps to consolidate or conserve essential data.
Permits are not normally issued for sites reserved by statute for their archaeological value where other similar sites are available.
(iii) preliminary site exploration . Permits may be issued for preliminary site exploration to assess the research potential of a site or confirm a site ·s existence.
(iv) training excavations Excavations underraken for teaching purposes only will not generally be supporred by the Heritage CounciL It i-; felt
• • • there is usually suffic1ent opportumty to tram inexperienced field workers in the course of rescue or research excavations.
Retrospective permits Retrospective permits will not be issued.
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Qualifications and/or Experience The qualifications and/or experience of the proposed Excavation Director are assessed for each application. An excavation permit will only be issued to an Excavation Director whose qualifications and/or experience are considered satisfactory in terms of the scope and requirements of the specified investigation. In assessing an Excavation Director's experience. his/her previous site work and exca\';.uion reports will be taken into account.
Where the standard of work or experience of an individual is not known or is questioned. comments of at least one referee will be sought before the application is determined.
In some circumstances a joint permit may be issued to an Excavation Director .. for the ultimate responsibility for the standard of fieldwork and the final excavation report. and to an approved Site Director. to supervise and underrake the actual work on site .. In instances where an Excavation Director will be absent from the site for a substantial rime. details of the experience and qualifications of the Site Director in charge for these periods must be provided.
Ownership and Storage of Excavated Material Permits will not be issued unless the Heritage Council is satisfied with the details of ownership and proposed storage arrangements for the excavated relics. The - - ~
Heritage Act recognises the Museum of Applied Am and Scienc~s or another museum specified by the ;\1inisrer. as suitable repositories for excavated relics .. The details of how the relics are to be cleaned. packaged and labelled can be found on the excavation permit.
Analysis of the excavated material is an imporrant phase of an archaeological project.
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NOTES I, The Australian Chapter of the International
Council of Monuments and Sites {[COMOS) has established principles to be observed during the conservation of historic buildings and sites. These are embodied in the Burra Charter. as revised and adopted by ICOMOS (Australia) on 23 February 1981. Certain articles have particular relevance for archaeological activity: ARTICLE 23. Work on a place must be preceded by professionally prepared studies of the physical. documentarY and other evidence. and the existing . -fabric recorded before any disturbance of the place. ARTICLE 24. Study of a place by any disturbance of the fabric or bv archaeological . -excavation should be undertaken where necessary to provide data essential for decisions on the conservation of the place and/or to secure evidence about to be lost or made inaccessible through necessarv conservation or other - ' unavoidable action. Investigation of a place for any other reason which requires physical disturbance and which adds substantiallY to a
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scientific body of knowledge may be permitted provided that it is consistent with the conservation policy for the place.
·Place· is defined in the Burra Charter as site. area. building or other work. group of buildings or other works together with pertinem contents and surroundings. -
The Heritage Council of New South Wales is an -independem advisory body to the Minister for Planning. The Council makes recommendations to the Minister on the conservation of items in the State considered to have heritage significance. The Department of Planning provides technical and administrative assistance to the Council and produces its publications and exhibitions.
DISCLAIMER
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Any representation, statement, opinion or advice expressed or implied in this publication is made in ggod faith but on the basis that the state of New South Wales, its agents and employees are not liable (whether by reason of negligence, lack of care or otherwise) to any person for any damage or loss whatsoever which has occurred or rna y occur in relation to that person taking or not taking (as the case may be) action in respect of any statement , representation or advice referred to above .
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©Crown Copyright 1989 ISSN 1032-4488 H88/9
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Appendix B Statement of Significance for Parramatta Park (From McDonald and Burton, 1987)
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2.2 STATEMENT Of CULTURAL SIGNifiCANCE
The Park is of great cultural significance as the earliest successful site of ~riculture in Australia and as the site of the first Botanic Gardens for horticultural experimentation in a strug;Jling Colonial settlemenl It is also the second Vice-regal Domain established in the nation. Its evolution by Wf!Y of alienation of land within the Domain and its enhancement as a people's Park is unique and the Park represents one of the oldest and larg;st areas, outside the City of Sydney, set aside and developed for public recreation. It contains items of historical, scientific and aesthetic significance, particularly the wernment House and remains of its associated outbuildings, gardens and individual tree plantings.
From the point of view of the landscape of Parramatta Park the most significant peri005 are considered to be;
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Early settlement and establishment by Governor Phillip of the Government Farm and Botanic Gardens 1789-1800.
Governor MOCQuarie's layout of the Domain as a contrived picturesque landscape c.1820, and Governor Brisbane's scientific contributions.
The legislation in 1857 providing a Bill for the sale of Parramatta Domain as "waste lands" of the Crown and the setting aside of 200 acres for pub 1 ic use.
4. The establishment of a Public Parks Act in 1884 and reco;Jnition of Parramatta Park as a public park, subsequently reflected in expenditure on buildings, substantial fences and landscaping.
5. Reco;Jnition of Parramatta Park as a National park in 1917. Parramatta Park was the third park in NSW to be given this title. ·
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