January 2019 qresearchrevolution.in/download-journal/January 2019.pdf · Volume - VII, Issue : 3 - 4 December 2018 & January 2019 31 January 2019 Price - INR 60.00 International Journal

31 January 2019Volume - VII, Issue : 3 - 4

Address for CorrespondenceShekhar Chourasiya

“Research Revolution”Regd. Office : 14/2, Rajbada Chowk, Indore 452007 (M.P.) IndiaMobile - +91 98261 90770; Email - [email protected] - www.researchrevolution.in

Tatyana Danylova, Associate Professor, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

Prof. Dr. Mala TandonDeputy Director, Amity Institute of Education, Amity University, Lucknow

Dr. Mitima Sachdeva,Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Education, Amity University, Lucknow

Volume - VII, Issue : 3 - 4

December 2018 & January 201931 January 2019

Price - INR 60.00

International Journal of Social Science & ManagementCirculation in more than 95 countries

All rights reserved

RNI No. : MPMUL/2012/58335Postal Regn. No. : MP/IDC/1481/2017-19

Contents

S.No. Particulars Page No.

1. A Critical Analysis for the Implementation of the GST in India 1 - 5Dr. Ramsundar Bairagya, Birbhum, West Bengal

2. Training and Learning : Why it's important to know the Difference 6 - 9Nicole Barrett, Australia

3. Application of Convexity in Consumer Preference and Production process 10 - 16Tarun Kumar Dey, Birbhum (WB)

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Abstract :

The idea of the application of the GST on tax structure in an economy is not a new one though India has adopted this idea recently. There are several countries in the world have implemented the GST. But in case of India, the Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitly announced GST on July, 2017. It brings the all indirect taxes under one umbrella and the main motto is one nation one tax (except Jammu & Kashmir). It will applicable at every stage of value addition chain and also removes the cascading effects (i.e. tax on taxes) of taxation. VAT is the origin based tax and GST is the destination based tax. In a nutshell it could be a revolutionary change in the Indian Economy in regards to the indirect tax structure of India after independence. After demonetization the implementation of the tax reforms in the form of GST is a brave challenge for the present BJP led government. Implementation of the GST may be the next revolution of growth and prosperity after globalization. Any change is definitely never too easy. Whether the GST implementation has either positive or negative impact on Indian economy is a debatable one and also frequently changing the growth parameters. The running government is trying the best to make a simple road to GST. This paper concentrates on the nature, merits and demerits of GST on Indian economy at the grass root level.

Keywords : Demonetization, Goods and Service Tax, Information Technology, Value Added Tax

Introduction :

The idea of the GST is nothing new. France was the first country to implement GST in 1954. Since then Germany, Italy, the UK, South Korea, Japan, Canada and Australia and many other nations have implemented GST. China implemented GST in 1994 and Russia in 1991 where as Saudi Arabia plans to it in current year. Only Canada has implemented the dual (Centre-State) GST model. At present there are 160 countries around the globe that have implemented GST/VAT. Although in some countries VAT is the substitutes for GST. In India, the Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitly announced GST on July, 2017 and Indian tax reforms adopted the Canadian dual

model of GST. For Indian tax system it is nothing new but the old wine in a new bottle. Any change is definitely never too easy. Whether the GST implementation has either positive or negative impact on Indian economy is a debatable one and also frequently changing the growth parameters. The running government is trying the best to make a simple road to GST and we have to wait for future about its achievements. Prof. Kaushik Basu rightly said, “No country in the world has ever succeeded in providing full employment. The chance of India –with its poor quality of governance and high corruption-being the first is zero. Hence, granting people the right to employment is to devalue the meaning of right.”

In India, the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi announced demonetization on high value currency notes on midnight 8th November, 2016. Currency notes on Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 worth Rs 15.4 trillion (about 86% of the money value in circulation). This was also a bold attempt by the government to reduce cash transaction, to control “black money” to make India a corruption free economy. It was estimated that the Indian black money lies between 23 to 26% of the GDP. It was also estimated that 68% of total transactions in India was cash based. The main objectives of both these issues were to make a digitalized cashless economy. Undoubtedly GST will be the complementary of demonetization to curb black money. The evil effects of demonetization was mainly in rural areas where various problems faced by the common people. The real impact of demonetization on states tax revenue has mixed impact though the final computation is yet to be made.

What is GST ?

GST stands for “Goods and Service Tax” which aimed at creating a single and unified market that will benefit both the corporate and the economy. It brings the all indirect taxes under one umbrella and the main motto is one nation one tax. It is simply an indirect tax that leads to the abolition of other taxes like central sales tax, state level sales tax, excise duty, service tax and so called VAT. It is basically a single destination based tax on final consumption. It will applicable at every stage of

A Critical Analysis for the Implementation of the GST in IndiaDr. Ramsundar Bairagya, Asst. Prof., (Economics), SambhuNath College, Birbhum, West Bengal

value addition chain and also removes the cascading effects of taxation. VAT is the origin based tax and GST is the destination based tax. In a nutshell it could be a revolutionary change in the Indian Economy in regards to the indirect tax structure of India after independence. GST offers benefits for the government, industry as well as the common and it is expected that the price of the products reduce and internationally competitive.

The concept of Supply of IGST :

The nature of supply of IGST covers inter-state supply and intra-state supply. To determine which tax will be impose the i.e. CGST, SGST or IGST the location and place of supply is very important. The various states, UT and the coastal border are also considered and follow the section 15 of the IGST Act 2017. The location of the supplier and the place of supply together determine the nature of transactions. The place of supply of goods at the time of delivery to the recipient is very important for the export-import goods. For movements of goods on board a conveyance such as aircraft, vessel, and motor-cycle the place of supply shall be the location at which such goods are taken on board. In case of imported into India the location of the importer and exported from India shall be the location outside India. The place of supply includes the billing address of the final recipient. The place of final destination of goods is also very important for mail or courier services of the products.

GST will have two components namely Central GST (CGST) which is levied and collected by the central Government and State GST (SGST) is levied and collected by the state Government. There are some cases where dual taxation is applicable. For inter-state supply of goods and services the centre would levy and collect the Integrated GST (IGST). All goods and services likely to be covered under GST except :

(a) Alcohol for human consumption-State Excise plus VAT.

(b) Electricity-Electricity Bill.

(c) Real-Estate-Stamp Duty plus Property Taxes.

(d) Five Petroleum products.

The concept of Supply of IGST :

The nature of supply of IGST covers inter-state supply and intra-state supply. To determine

which tax will be impose the i.e. CGST, SGST or IGST the location and place of supply is very important. The various states, UT and the coastal border are also considered and follow the section 15 of the IGST Act 2017. The location of the supplier and the place of supply together determine the nature of transactions. The place of supply of goods at the time of delivery to the recipient is very important for the export-import goods. For movements of goods on board a conveyance such as aircraft, vessel, and motor-cycle the place of supply shall be the location at which such goods are taken on board. In case of imported into India the location of the importer and exported from India shall be the location outside India. The place of supply includes the billing address of the final recipient. The place of final destination of goods is also very important for mail or courier services of the products.

Different Slabs of the GST :

For the common man :

Cheaper items - Movie tickets, dining in restaurant, two-wheeler, television, washing machines, stoves, small cars etc.

Costlier items - Mobile bills, premium for LICI, residential rent, health-care, courier services, cigarettes and tobacco products, school fees, metro or rail fare etc.

There are several slabs for the implementation of the GST-

No Tax :

Goods – No taxes will be levied on mainly necessary goods like sanitary napkins, deities made of stone, marbles or wood, gold, silver, raw material used in brooms, saal leaves and fortified milk, fruits, vegetables, bread, salt, bindi, curd, sindoor, natural honey, bangles, handloom, besan, flour, eggs, stamps, printed books, judicial papers, and newspapers.

Services – All hotels and lodges who carry a tariff below Rs.1,000 are exempted from taxes under GST.

GST Tax Slab on 5%

Goods – The goods which will attract a taxation of 5% under GST include skimmed milk powder, fish fillet, frozen vegetables, coffee, coal, fertilizers, tea, spices, pizza bread, kerosene, ayurvedic medicines, agarbatti, sliced dry

mango, braids, insulin, cashew nuts, lifeboats, handmade carpets and other textile floor coverings etc.

Services – Small restaurants along with transport services like railways and airways, Standalone ACs non-ACs Restaurants and those which serve liquor, Takeaway Food, Restaurants in hotels with a room tariff less than Rs.7,500 will come under this category.

GST Tax Slab on 12% :

Goods – Items coming are the tax slab of 12% include frozen meat products, butter, cheese, ghee, pickles, sausage, fruit juices, tooth powder, medicine, umbrella, instant food mix, cell phones, sewing machine, man-made yarn, handbags, jewellery box, wooden frames for painting, photographs, mirrors etc.

Services – Business class air tickets will attract a tax of 12% under GST.

GST Tax Slab on 18% :

Goods – Some of the items are flavoured refined sugar, cornflakes, pasta, pastries and cakes, detergents, washing and cleaning preparations, safety glass, mirror, glassware, sheets, pumps, compressors, fans, light fitting, chocolate, preserved vegetables, tractors, ice cream, sauces, soups, mineral water, deodorants, suitcase, brief case, vanity case, oil powder, chewing gum, hair shampoo, preparation for facial make-up, shaving and after-shave items, washing powder, refrigerators, water heaters, washing machines, televisions (up to 68 cm), vacuum cleaners, paints, hair shavers, curlers, dryers, scent sprays, lithium-ion batteries, detergent, stones used in flooring, marble & granite, sanitary ware, leather clothing, wrist watches, cookers, stoves, cutlery, telescope, goggles, binoculars, oil powder, cocoa butter, fat, artificial fruits, artificial flowers, follage, physical exercise equipment, musical instruments and their parts, stationery items like clips, some diesel engine parts, some parts of pumps, electrical boards, panels, wires, razor and razor blades, furniture, mattress, cartridges, multi-functional printers, door, windows, aluminium frames etc.

Services – Restaurants located inside hotels with tariffs of ?7,500 and above, outdoor catering (input tax credit to be available), actual bill of hotel stay below ? 7,500, IT and telecom services and financial services along with branded

garments will be part of this tax slab.

GST Tax Slab on 28% :

Goods – Over 200 goods will be taxes at a rate of 28%. The goods which will be part of this category under GST are sunscreen, pan masala, dishwasher, weighing machine, paint, cement, vacuum cleaner. Other i tems include automobiles, hair clippers, and motorcycles.

Services – Five-star hotels, whose actual bill of hotel stay above ?7,500, racing, movie tickets and betting on casinos and racing will come under this category.

For export the GST is 0% because it earns foreign currency to boost up the economy. In case of imported products the GST depends upon the nature of the commodities. GST returns compromises of two types of returns-periodic and annual return. Periodic returns are monthly or quarterly basis for reporting transactions on month or quarter while annual return is for reporting the summary of periodic returns filled up at the end of the financial year and thus it has special significance and there is no provision for revise i.e. once it is filed cannot be revised latter.

Merits & Demerits of the GST :

Any government reform bound to have certain merits and demerits. Though GST is considered to be a historical tax reforms in India but the implementation of the GST has some advantages and disadvantages.

Merits :

i) After the implementation of the GST the revenue collection is increasing slowly for the month wise collected data and it shows a positive trend.

ii) By means of GST both the small scale and large scale industries expand as well as both the regional and foreign trade boost up.

iii) For inter-state supply the online registration must be required.

iv) For the government taxation is the main source of revenue collection. Through GST revenue collection must be raised and also enhance the GDP growth.

v) GST eliminates the cascading effects of taxation (i.e. tax on tax) as the whole supply chain will get an-inclusive input tax credit

mechanism.

vi) GST is a transparent and corruption free tax administration and there will be no hidden taxes. It brings in one standard rate for all products across states means transparency to the taxpayers.

vii) Inflation rate did not rise but the recent spike in consumer inflation due to high food and fuel price and is unrelated to GST.

viii) It is a transparent tax system which does not require registration fees.

ix) It is backed by the GSTN which is fully an integrated tax platform to deal with all aspects of GST.

x) It is easy to collect and reduce the manpower.

xi) On-line registration must be applied if yearly turn-over is above ? 20 lakhs except Jammu and Kashmir and Chandigarh the same limit is ? 10 lakhs.

xii) The process is simple and uniform for refund, payment and registration through e-commerce taxation. Since technologies are used to drive GST taxpayers will have common portal (GSTN) also the on-line process is automated and simplified.

xiii) Through the operation of GST the cost of production and hence price will be lower which finally increased consumption. The common people are benefitted as they get their essential baskets at lower price due to fair competition among the various manufacturers. It also creates more job opportunities for the unemployed youth.

Demerits :

i) After the implementation of the GST some products are expensive which create burden for the common people.

ii) Agricultural growth is also lower from 4.9% in the previous year to 2.1% in the current financial year. There is a policy logjam or policy paralysis for the present government.

iii) For the up gradation of business software will require skilled and professional trained employees which create an extra burden for the small scale industries.

iv) GDP growth is decreasing to a four year low of 6.5% in 2017-18 against 7.1% in 2016-17.

It is the lowest growth rate of the BJP-led government due to the adverse impact of the GST and demonetization.

v) GST is not applicable liquor for human consumption which is not socially acceptable.

vi) In the new tax system switching from pen and paper invoice, registration and e-filling might be tough for some small scale industries and hence the SMES are the higher tax burden.

vii) Inflation is common phenomenon for this type of taxation.

viii) Multiple registrations are also a burden for operation of the GST.

ix) Since petroleum products are not included in the GST the states will collect levy without no input credit for the industry and related ones.

x) Suppose a person has Rs. 100 in hands. Now he has to spend this amount of money in the following options. For secure return if he save this amount in saving bank account he can earns Rs. 4 (@ 4% per annum) at the end of the year. Now if he borrows the same amount from a nationalized bank he has to pay Rs. 13 (@ 13% per annum). Again if he purchases various commodities from the market he has to pay Rs. 18 for GST. As a result if he borrows the same amount from the bank and purchase from the market he has to pay the sum of Rs. 31 (i.e. Rs. 13+ Rs. 18). The evil side of the situation is worsen if is a salaried person he has to pay the income tax also. In this case though he has to pay the income tax he has to pay the GST. This simply results that he cannot avoid the negative impact of GST. The situation is more worsen from the welfare point of view if there is negative externality in the economy.

xi) The operational costs are hike.

xii) Though GST has certainly various merits for the taxpayers. But at the same time there are several disadvantages of this type of taxation. GST is imposed in the middle of the year and as consequences this creates a lot of problems to follow the parallel two types of taxation.

Role of IT :

In the present day context, IT solutions for providing doorstep facilities hold the key to enlarging the implementation of the GST. This Pilot projects have been initiated by online registration, billing, tax payments and e-filing returns would be done through online system through the technology upgradation except pen and paper work. The same delivery channel can be used to provide other financial services like low cost remittances and insurance. IT can reduce cost and time in processing of applications, maintaining and reconciliation of accounts and enable taxpayers to use their staffs at branches for making the critical minimum effort in sustaining relationship especially with new account holders. In rural areas customers cannot be expected to come to branches in view of opportunity cost and time and hence banks will have to reach out through a variety of devices such as weekly banking, mobile banking, satellite offices, rural ATMs and use of post offices. In urban and even in rural areas while mobile phones have penetrated, banks could mobile technology for facilitating banking transaction. There are more than one crore mobile users today. The number of mobile phones currently is more than the number of borrowers from the banking system. Mobile phones are used to transfer funds real time from and to bank accounts and to make remittances and payments at very low cost. Once the data base and track record are established, a multiple of financing services can be offered including saving remittance, receipt of salaries, pensions, and payments for utilities, loan insurance and mutual fund products. There are a number of such organizations and delivery channels-including retired bankers and school teachers-who can be used for such credit enhancements in the form of reliable information.

Conclusion :

Any change is definitely never too easy. Whether the GST implementation has either positive or negative impact on Indian economy is a debatable one and also frequently changing the growth parameters. The running government is trying the best to make a simple road to GST. We have to learn about the countries who implemented the GST and how they overcome the difficulties. Though it is a new system for all the tax payers there must be a regular training programme

through radio, television, daily news, through mobile messages and may it be included in the course curriculum. After demonetization the implementation of the tax reforms in the form of GST is a brave challenge for the present government. We have already passed one year of the implementation of the GST. We have certainly got some pros and cons and some positive and negative impacts on Indian economy. From the historical aspects we saw that the countries adopted the GST model definitely gain at least in its growth aspects of the economy. For Indian economy it must require some change in its policy level for the common people living in the rural areas. If we follow the systematic reforms of GST as a strategy for the next FYPs we hope India to shine rather than suffer. For the government it requires capacity building digitalized economy from shifting a pen-and-paper economy. A massive amount of investment is required at the initial stage both from the government and the industry. To “Make in India” initiative the GST has been a long-term impact on the country’s GDP growth, doing business and expansion of trade and industry. For the overall success of the coming plan our states should adopts “National best practice” and not “Global best practice”. There may be some difficulties in its primary stage but we can assume that it will overcome all these difficulties in the near future and make the Indian economy stronger in the long-run and we have to go many miles to reach the ultimate goal.

References :

i. Agarwal S. & Malhotra S. (2018). “Goods and Service Tax Laws, Concepts & Impacts of Selective Industries”, Bloomsbury India.

ii. Datt R. and Sundharam K.P.M. (2018). Indian Economy, S. Chand and Co. New-Delhi.

iii. GST Acts & Rules, (2017). Directorate of Commercial Taxes, Government of West Bengal, 14, Beliaghata Road, Kolkata-700015.

iv. WGST Rules, (2017). GST Policy Planning Unit, Directorate of Commercial Taxes, Government of West Bengal, 14, Beliaghata Road, Kolkata-700015.

At a recent AICD luncheon, I was speaking with a group of people about what we do at Insight to Influence. One individual chimed in and said, "so, you are a training organisation"? My immediate response was unusually defensive, and a tad semantic, yet I felt compelled to differentiate that we are in the business of 'learning' not training.

It later struck me how the distinction between training and learning is incredibly important. Organisations invest buckets of money based on an expectation that training will enable their people to do something new or differently - yet only learning can achieve this.

The dilemma is: training works and learning works, but which is needed to get the right outcomes? By definition, training gives information or knowledge in a manner that instructs the trainee whereas learning is the re-creation of self in terms of our capacity to apply new knowledge, skills and behaviours in a variety

of contexts.

It is important to recognise that training and learning satisfy different business needs and that there are various types of training determined by the learning objectives and participant outcomes that the organisation requires. This then dictates the facilitators role, focus, methods and how actively engaged the participants need to be. However, I can't help wonder...

"Are organisations overly dependent on one-off training events to equip their people with the necessary skills to perform their role?"

When thinking about what is going to meet your organisational need, it is vital to check your expectations, manage any assumptions and get crystal clear on the purpose and desired outcomes so that the learning methods are suitably matched. For example, the following outlines some key distinctions and variation that exists in the field of training.

Training and Learning : Why it's Important to know the Difference

Nicole Barrett (Psychologist), Managing Director Insight to Influence, Australia

Not distinguishing between the various levels of participant engagement and required skill level is a huge risk that organisations unconsciously take, often setting themselves up for failure. For example, when undertaking evaluations on the effectiveness of training as a learning method, we frequently discover less than desirable results in terms of sustainability and the participant's ability to apply their new-found knowledge and skills in the business context. Consider these not so uncommon scenarios:

• The introduction of a new enterprise ICT management system required training of all employees yet the training was deployed months before implementation, the method was instructional and the participants had few opportunities to practice using relevant examples on the computer. On 'go live' day, very few employees reported feeling competent in their ability to use the new system and organisational anxiety and chaos ensued.

• An organisation invested in a training program to develop the capability of their people leaders. The training method was level 2 with some elements of level 3. Self-awareness was raised yet, there were limited opportunities to practice with others and zero links with the immediate day-to-day requirements of their role. On evaluation, it was found that the participants had no real understanding of why they had been selected to attend. Nor did their managers overtly connect the training with the expected c o m p e t e n c i e s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e improvement outcomes. As a result, there was little motivation or accountability to make any substantial changes to their management practices and the program failed to have any meaningful impact on the business.

"Learning is hard - if it is not difficult then you are probably not learning"

The brain and Learning :

Understanding how the brain functions has been extremely influential for adult learning theory

yet, too often, training programs neglect to adhere to the basic principles. Neurologist Donald Hebb pioneered that we learn through repetition and recognition, "when neurons fire together, they wire together" yet we continue to deliver one-off training events and expect a different result. There is also truth in the old cliché "if you don't use it you lose it", highlighting the need for training to be directly linked with the immediate needs of a person's role.

Whilst counter intuitive, unless our lives depend on it (and even then), our brains have habits and a preference to protect the status quo which inhibits learning. When a change, such as a new task or new behaviour is required, the need to shift gears to learning mode increases brain activity and creates stress which we are inherently motivated to move away from. Filling people up with consecutive days of training is exhausting for the brain. The brain filters information and returns to the default mode (i.e. no change) at every opportunity.

There is an art to designing training programs and getting the balance right between being light and engaging, and the need to push people to an uncomfortable learning edge. It can be tricky because, when it starts to feel hard, the brains natural defence mechanism is to resist learning and look for a way out.

What else gets in the way of learning and the ability to change ?

Aside from the quality of the training, matching the type with the desired outcomes and physical environment, other impediments to learning that are often overlooked include:

• Individual capacity - not only can an individual's aptitude for learning be limiting, a motivation to learn must exist. Also, the participant's past experiences and mental models around learning can present as a barrier if the participants hold an expectation that the 'teacher' is going to give them what they need with very little effort on their part.

• Team capacity - returning to a team that has not 'read the same book' can be challenging

for individuals because we humans love to belong. The potential consequences of applying new behaviours in the team presents an unknown risk that could threaten relationships.

• Organisational capacity - the extent to which the organisation's culture, structure, systems and processes enable the practice and application of new skills in a given context is also vital. Learners often return from training with a new set of expectations only to find these are in direct conflict with the general status quo, unwritten rules and the 'way things work around here'.

Another factor that gets in the way of learning to the point where actual change is embedded can be found in poor problem definition and a tendency for organisations to wheel in trainers to address 'symptoms' rather than the root cause. By way of example, an HR department recently asked me to deliver emotional intelligence and conflict resolution training. Fortunately, I had some insight on this team's performance and knew that a one-off level 2 (or even 3) type training event would have little to no lasting impact on the team's system dynamics.

The importance of evaluating training effectiveness :

A final note around learning, and a particular objection of mine, is the lack of formal evaluation processes over and above filling in 'happy sheets'. These are nothing more than a tick-the-box exercise. For example, consider the potential consequences when sending people on emergency response training: the food was fantastic; the facilitator was awesome; and it was great to mix with other people in the organisation. There were relevant and interesting examples, a whole lot of detail about important procedures and the event generally left people feeling energised. 'Happy sheets' collected at the end of the day revealed the participants were happy, happy, happy on all counts - tick. Yet, did they actually learn? Will the participants recall and apply their learning in a real emergency when it matters most ?

Aside from the lack of connection with the persons role and failure to demonstrate that learning has been applied, 'happy sheets' are skewed and misleading. I should think the extent to which learning has occurred is far more important than whether the training event was enjoyable. Heaven forbid that we actually dare to learn and change as a result of a quality evaluation.

"Are organisations undertaking rigorous evaluations to verify that training has been effective or are they simply ticking the box ?"

Granted, establishing the baseline of current state can be time consuming where the business is required to ascertain both hard and soft metrics. Nevertheless, if there is a genuine commitment to l ea rn ing ou tcomes and pe r fo rmance improvements then rigorous evaluations are time well spent.

What can be done to capitalise on the learning cycle ?

A 'tick the box' mindset around training and learning comes with the potential for serious consequences in terms of safety, employee engagement, organisational performance and reputation. Some important considerations when choosing training or learning are:

• One-off training events are problematic for the reasons discussed herein. Learners need small bites and scaffolding to build on so that the learning is embedded. We recommend learning at periodic intervals so that the participants have an opportunity to practice new skills and reflect on their experience back in the learning environment which serves to strengthen and cement their skills.

• The training must be immediately relevant to the learner's role and business context. In this way, learners recognise the 'need' for change. In addition, making specific links between the training initiative and the specific competencies and expected performance improvement ou tcomes inc reases motivation and accountability.

• Experiential learning works best. Use current business and/or role challenges and provide as many opportunities to practice in a safe learning environment as possible.

• Send teams or groups of peers to learn together. Not only does this create ongoing support networks, the participants develop a deep appreciation of themselves, leverage diversity and sharpen inter-relational skills by navigating the group dynamics. A team that learns together grows together with greater levels of accountability and sponsorship.

• Undertake robust evaluations so that the business impact and return on investment can be measured, and the training or learning intervention continuously improved over time.

"A shift from one-off training events and conferences to regular peer learning interventions is a powerful competitive advantage that brings about sustainable improvements and highly valued outcomes.”

Abstract :

Convex functions are closely related to convex sets. Convex functions have many important properties that are very useful in the field of applied mathematics particularly inoptimization techniques in economics. For checking convexity various mathematical techniques are used. With the help of convexity preferences we can derive the consumer’s equilibrium and duality theorem in a linear programming problem. The uses of convex technologies and homothetic production functions have also an important role in optimum resource allocation. The convexity property is the heart of consumer preference theory and in production techniques. The present paper analyses the application of convexity property in consumer preference and in the theory of production regarding the optimum allocation of resources.

Keywords : convexity; duality; homogenous; homothetic

1. Introduction :

The mathematical property of convexity is commonly used in various fields of economics. The idea of convexity may use for optimum allocation of resources and thereby reduce deprivation. Without this property we cannot reach the consumer’s equilibrium point. Without this property the demand and supply functions are discontinuous and hence we cannot draw the market equilibrium point. We will not be possible to use the mathematical programming and duality in the absence of convexity (K C Roychowdhury 1991).In non-convex preferences the consumer prefers a glass of beer or a glass of champagne alone to any mixture of the two.The convex idea shows that all resources would not use to produce in a single commodity production simply because the one item cannot serve the all human wants. For an individual three basic essential things are required for his survival: food, clothing and shelter. In the primitive community when man lived in jungles he did not have clothing or even shelter. But he needed food to survive. Animals can live without clothing or shelter but also need

food. Plants also need food. While plants can make their own food man and other animals have to produce or collect food. Thus for all living beings food is the most essential component of life. It is necessary for getting energy which man needs for doing different works. Even when a man is sleeping his major organs like heart or lungs remain active. These are functioning from birth to death at a stretch.

2. Convex Set :

A set is called convex if any straight line (joining by two points from the set) entirely lie on the set. Suppose xÎA, y A, then the joining straight line,

(xy) = tx + (1-t) yÎA, tÎ [0, 1]

Now tx + (1-t)y is called the convex combination. When t = 0, yÎA and t = 1 xÎA. An intermediate values of t i.e. 0 < t < 1 gives us the weighted average of x & y.

The solid triangle, circle, square, rectangle etc are the examples of convex set because any straight line drawn from taking any two points lies entirely on the set. A crescent shape or a star, or a hollow circle is not convex set. Straight line like (AB) does not lie entirely on the set.

3. Properties :

Any vector is an extreme point of a convex set if it cannot be expressed as a convex combination of two other vectors in the set i.e. an extreme point does not lie on the line segment between any other two vectors in the set. Any vector is a closed and bounded convex set with a finite number of extreme points can be expressed as a convex combination of the extreme point. The solution space of a set of simultaneous linear equations is a convex set having a finite number of extreme

Î

Application of Convexity in Consumer Preference and Production process

Tarun Kumar Dey, Asst. Prof., (Mathematics),SambhuNath College, Labpur, Birbhum, West Bengal

q2

q1O

P(z)

z

H

q2

q1O

IC

MRS= (-) 5

MRS= (-).5

points (R Bronson and G Naadimuthu 1997).

In consumer preference theory we assume that all consumers are rational and behave in accordance with a systematic consistent set of preference. Moreover in consumer choice theory we assume that each commodity is finely divisible so that any non-negative quantity can be purchased by the consumer. The consumption set can be written as:

C = {x =(x1, x2, x3, x4… xn), xi=0, "i = 1, 2, 3, ……, n.}

Now the set C is a closed, convex set.

Suppose a consumer is indifferent between two commodity bundles x and y in the set C i.e. xIy, x, yÎC. Now any weighted average of x & y always prefer to either alone. Thus if xIy, then

P tx + (1-t) y x or y"t, 0<t<1, x ¹ y

Now strict convexity implies that IC is convex towards the origin but it can contain straight line segments and a weak convex preference allows thick band IC (K C Roychowdhury 1991).

In economics, the commonly used budget set is closed and convex. D OAB is a convex set. Any point on this set is affordable by the consumer. At point O, the consumer does not buy either of any commodities. The other two extreme points i.e. at A, the consumer purchases only q2 and at B the consumer purchases only q1. This is the situation of monomania which is the corner or extreme point solution.

Suppose A & B are two convex sets. Then A intersection B is a convex set but A union B may or may not B a convex sets.

Suppose the consumption bundles of two individuals A & B are :

A = {rice, bread, fish, milk}

B = {rice, bread, meat, pepsi}

Let the equation of IC be U = f (q1, q2).

Along the IC, f1dq1+ f2dq2 = 0 or

dq2/dq1 = -f1/f2<0; f1 ,f2 > 0 Þ IC has negatively sloped.

\ MRS decreases along an IC. MRS decreases in absolute term iff

Preferences are strictly convex.

MRS is not always decreasing as q1 increases when the preferences are non-convex.

Any disjoint pair of convex sets can be separated by a hyper plane.

B q1

O

q2

A

q2

MRS= ( -) 1 MRS= (-) .5

IC

MRS= (-) 2

q1O

Any point in the region to the right of z is preferred.

4. Convex Function :

Convex functions are closely related to convex sets. If f(x) is convex, then for any constant, say k, it can give rise to a convex set, say S (AC Chiang 1984).

If S ={x|f(x) < K}then f(x) is convex.

If S ={x|f(x) > K}then f(x) is concave.

Suppose Y = f(x) be differentiable and second order derivative exist.

Then f(x) will be strictly convex iff f f ” (x) > 0 f (x) has a minimum value.

Then f(x) will be strictly concave iff f f ” (x) < 0 Þ f (x) has a maximum value.

Suppose Y = f(x) be differentiable and strictly convex and it has a minimum at point x = x0.

Then f ’ (x) < 0 for x < x0

f ’ (x) = 0 f or x = x0

f ’ (x) > 0 f or x > x0

f ’ (x) Changes sign from –ve to +ve at point x0

The situation will be reversed if the function is concave.

Let y = f(x) is concave iff any tangent drawn at point P lie entirely above or on the graph (C Birchenhall and P Grout 1987).

t(y) = r + f ’ (x) y. At the tangency point f(x) = t(x) and x = y

f(x) = r + f ’ (x)x ® r = f (x) - f ’ (x) x

\ t (y) = f (x) - f ’ (x) x + f ’ (x) y

Or t (y) = f (x) + f ’ (x) (y-x)

Now if Q lies below R then

Þ

f (y) < t (y) = f (x) + (y-x)

Thus y = f (x) is concave iff f (y) < f ‘ (x) + (y-x)

And y = f (x) is convex iff f (y) > f (x) + f ’ (x)(y-x)

5. Hessian-Determinant to Check Convexity :

Let multivariate function, z=f(x, y).

Then f(x, y) will be convex iff zxx > 0 and zxx.zy> 2

(zxy) .

And f(x, y) will be concave iff zxx < 0 and zxx.zy> 2

(zxy) .

A convenient or sufficient test or second order condition for convexity/concavity is the Hessian Determinant.

zxx zxy |H | =zyx zyy

When |H1| > o and |H2| > 0, the Hessian is called +ve definite and the function are convex and the function has a minimum value. When |H1 | < o and |H2| > 0, the Hessian is called -ve definite and the function are concave and the function has a maximum value (E T Dowling 1986).

The idea of convex sets and convex/concave functions has many important properties that are very useful techniques applied in economics particularly in various optimizing problems. Suppose f(x) is concave then - f(x) will be convex i.e. one is the mirror image of the other. Thus minimization of one will maximize the other and hence it is used in case of duality. As a result if we analyse the properties and applications of convexity the other is automatically done. To find global/local maximum/minimum and in duality the idea of convexity is very much helpful. The convexity property is the heart of consumer preference theory and in production techniques.

6. Convexity Property Under Uncertain Behaviour :

For the sake of simplicity here we assume that function can be measured the return on gambles on monitory terms, is strictly increasing and is continuous with first and second order derivatives exist. In this situation the consumer’s expected utility of a gamble:

E [W] =pW1+(1-p) W2 where Wi, "I = 1, 2 are different wealth levels and p is the probability of outcome of lottery (0<p<1) (J Henderson and R E Quandt 1987).

f ’ (x)

strictly convex and the consumer is risk lover.

7. Convexity and Production :

The convex production set similarly draw the CRS or DRS. In general equilibrium models only allow the non-convex production sets (or economics of scale) or non convex preferences. Production function is a purely technical relation which connects factor inputs and outputs (A Koutsoyiannis 1979). A method of production activity is a combination of factor inputs require for the production of one unit of output.

Suppose the producing firm has the following activity process:

P1 P2 P3

Labour 2 0 3

Capital 2 3 0

In the first process the firm is using a convex technology since here the combination of both the factors are used while in the other two cases only single output is used.

8. Minkowski Addition of Sets :2 2 2

Let Q = [0, 1] ,Q = [1, 2] ,Q = [1, 3]1 2 3

2 2 2Then Q = Q + Q3 1 2

From Minkowski addition of sets we get the sum 2 2of the squares Q and Q is the square of Q + Q 1 2 1 2

2 2 2i.e. Q + Q = (Q + Q )1 2 1 2

Suppose a firm has the following production process:

Lab. Cap. Lab. Cap. Lab. Cap.

Q1 [0, 1] [1, 2] [2, 3]

Q2 [1, 2] [2, 3] [3, 4]

Q3 [1, 3] [3, 5] [5, 7]

Utility

Income

U (W2)

U (W1)

O W1 P W2

A

Q

B

()()()Wr

WrWr

¢

¢¢-=

Now the person is risk neutral if the expected value of the lottery equals the expected utility of value of the lottery i.e.

U (pW1+ (1-p) W2) = p U (W1) + (1-p) U (W2)

In this situation expected utility function will be 450line i.e. he/she has no preference either in gambling or certainty.

Now if the consumer is risk averse then the expected utility function will be concave. If we take any two points A and B on the expected utility function then the chord must lie above the joining line (AB) (as shown in the following figure).

U (pW1+ (1-p) W2) > p U (W1) + (1-p) U (W2)

Thus we can say that concave utility function assured risk aversion. In this situation the consumer acceptance set A (W) must be convex (A (W) be the set of all gambles the consumer would accept at an initial wealth level W).

Now suppose the consumer is risk lover or plunger. Here his/her preference directly follows the Charbak principle i.e. his/her preference are such as that today’s pigeon is greater than tomorrow’s peacock. In this case the expected utility function will be convex. Then the chord must lie below the joining line AB. Here the utility of expected value is less than its expected utility i.e.

U (pW1+ (1-p) W2) < p U (W1) + (1-p) U (W2)

Arrow-Pratt used the following formula to measure the absolute risk aversion:

Now if r (W) < 0 implies the utility function is strictly concave and the consumer is risk averter. And if r (W) > 0 implies the utility function is

Q1

Q1+Q2

Q2

Y

O

X

Activity Q3 is derived from Q1 and Q2 i.e. simply adding Q1 and Q2.

2 2 2In production process Q L+K = QL + QK

Though the cost of productions in Q1 + Q2 is the same in Q3 it is better to use the activity Q3 to get the advantage of large scale production process. Here Q1 may be called small-scale production process, Q2 may be called medium-scale production process Q3 may be called large-scale production process. By means of the combination of Q1 and Q2, Q3 will be a possible and efficient method using increasing returns to scale.

The idea of convexity may be used in resource allocation in production process. Suppose we consider two production functions as :

Q1 = f1 (K1, L1) and Q2= f2 (K2, L2) which are non-decreasing, differentiable and concave.

Then the aggregate production functions can be written as :

Q = Q1 + Q2 = Ø (K, L)

Let aggregate capital= K and aggregate labour = L.

Then K1 + K2 < K & Then L1 + L2 < L

The aggregate production can be obtained as follows:

Ø (K, L) = max. {f1 (K1, L1) + f2 (K2, L2) : K1 + K2

< K, L1 + L2 < L, L, K > 0}

We know that the sum of two convex sets must be convex. Suppose f1 (K1, L1) and f2 (K2, L2) are homogenous and show constant return to scale (CRS). Then their convex combination must be convex and shows CRS.

Let Ø (K, L) = t f1 (K1, L1) + (1-t) f2 (K2, L2) "t, 0 < t < 1.

a b CQ1 = f1 (K1, L1) = K1 L1 and Q2= f2 (K2, L2) = K2

dL2

Now let Q11 = f1 (K1, L1) = log x and Q22 = f2 (K2, L2) = log y

‘Since f 1 (x) = 1 / x > 0 and = 2 1 / y > 0

\ Q11 and Q22 are homothetic function.

Suppose ? = Q11 + Q22 = Ø (K, L) = t x + (1-t) y

It should be noted that Ø (K, L) is not homogenous but homothetic.

‘f (y)

tThus ? = t x + (1-t) y = t log x + (1-t) log y = log x

(1-t)y = log z, say.

1Now? = 1/z > 0 Thus again ? is homothetic.

Result :

The sum of the MPs of each times the level of use of that factor times the level of use of that factor is the convex combination of the share of input elasticities.

tProof : ? = t x + (1-t) y = t log x + (1-t) log y = log x (1-t) a b t C d (1-t)y = log (K1 L ) (K L )

= t log + (1-t) log ( )

\ K1 K1 + L L1 + K K2 + L2 KL2 = t a + t b + (1-t) c + (1-t) d

= t (a + b) + (1-t) (c + d)

Let a + b = r and c + d = ð

= t r + (1-t)

Hence the result QED.

Now we turn to our main objective function :

Ø (K, L) = max.{f1 (K , L ) + f (K , L ): K + K =K, L + L = L, L, K > 0 }

Substituting the values we get,a

Ø = t logK L + (1-t) log (K L ) + µ [L - (L1+ L + s )] + q [K - (K1+ K + s )] , where s & s are 2

dummy variables.

Here we apply the Kuhn-Tucker conditions as follows :

¶Ø/?K = bt / L - µ > 0 and L Ø / K = 0

\ L1 (bt/L1 -µ) = 0. But L1 ¹ 0 \ L1=bt / µ

lly, llyK1 = bt/q, L = (1-t)d/µ and K = (1-t) c / q

\ L* = L + L = 1 / µ (b t + (1-t) d)

K* = K + K = 1/q (a t + (1-t) c)

Now the Lagrangian constants ? and µ are shadow prices of that particular resource use in the production process.

Lemma : Optimum amount of a particular resource used is the per unit shadow price of the convex combination of the share of input elasticities.

Proof : We have already got,

1 2 2

a b c dK1 L1 K2 L2

? 1? 2? ?

\ K1 ?K1 + L1?L1 + K2?K2 + L2 ?KL2 ð

1 1 2 2 2 1

2 1 2

b c d1 1 2 2

2 2 1 21

1 1 1 ¶¶1

2 2

1 1

1 1

L^* = 1/µ(b t + (1-t) d) and K^*= 1/?(a t + (1-t) c).

which follows the result directly QED.

Result : Ø is strictly concave :2

Proof : Q = b/L and Q L L = -b / L

2Q = a/K and Q K K = -a/K

Q L = = 0

2 0, Q1 K K = -a/K < 0 and 2 2

Q L L . Q K2K - Q L Q K L > 0.

Here |H | > o and |H | > 0, the Hessian is called +ve definite and the function Ø is strictly convex

lly, lly Q is strictly concave.

Since Ø is derived by homothetic transformation (log transformation) Q & Q are strictly concave, therefore Ø is also strictly concave.

Hence the result QED.

Lemma: Ø is homothetic but not homogeneous.

Proof : By definition f = t x + (1-t) y = t log x + t 1-t

(1 - t) log y = log x y = log z, say.

Now / (z) = 1/z > 0

This directly implies ? is homothetic.

Result : If Q1 & Q2 follow CRS then also follows CRS.

Proof : Suppose f1 (K , L ) and f (K , L ) are homogenous and show constant return to scale (CRS). Then a + b = 1 and c + d =1 and their convex combination Ø (K,L) = t f (K , L ) + (1-t) f (K , L ) t, 0 < t < 1 follows CRS.

K1 + L + K + L = t a + t b + (1-t) c + (1-t) d

= t (a + b) + (1-t) (c + d) =1, substituting the values of (a + b) & (c + d).

Hence the result QED.

9. Conclusion :

The Lagrangian constants ? and µ are shadow prices of that particular resource use in the production process. The firm may take decision regarding optimum amount of a particular resource used is the per unit shadow price of the convex combination of the share of input elasticities. The main cause of deprivation is the over or under consumption and over or under

1 L 1 1 1 1 11

1K 1 1 2 2 11

1 1K1 Q1 K1L1

2\ Q1 L1L1 = b / L1 < 1

1 1 1 1 2 1 1K1 1 1 2

1 2

2

1 2

f

f

1 1 2 2 2

1 1 1

2 2 2 "

fK 1fL 2fK 2fKL1 1 2 2

production of any commodity or a particular resource. By choosing the value of parameters like a, b, c, d, q and µ we can simply allocate the resources for production and distribute the goods according to the common needs. This will lead to a better welfare state and obviously reduce the deprivation, hunger, poverty which is the common phenomena of the rural masses.

References :

i. Birchenhall C, Grout P (1987) Mathematics for Modern Economics. Heritage Publisher, New Delhi, p 132-152

ii. Bronson R, Naadimuthu G (1997) Theory and Problems of Operation Research. 2nd edn.Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, p 21-22

iii. Cairns RD (2007): Exhaustible Resources; N o n - c o n v e x i t y a n d C o m p e t i t i v e Equilibrium, Environment Resource Econ (2008) 40: 177-193, Accessed on 31st July 2007, Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

iv. Chiang AC, (1984) Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, 3rdedn. McGraw-Hill, Singapore, p 348-351, 423-425

v. Danilov VI, Koshevoy GA (2006): Discrete Convexity, Journal of Mathematical Science Vol. 133, No. 4, Accessed on June 2007, Science + Business Media

vi. Dowling ET (1986) Theory and Problems of Mathematics for Economists. International edn.Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, p138-139

vii. Henderson JM, Quandt RE (1984) Microeconomic Theory-A Mathematical Approach .3 rd edn . McGraw-Hi l l , Singapore, p 51-60

viii. Kou t soy iann i s A (1979) Modern M i c r o e c o n o m i c s . 2 n d e d n . E L B S , Macmillan, London, p 67-104

ix. Roychowdhury KC (1991) Micro-economics. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, p 10-47

x. Salvatore D (1983) Theory and Problems of Microeconomic Theory. International edn.Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill,

Singapore, p 175-183

xi. Silberberg E (1990), The Structure of Economics-A Mathematical Analysis, 2ndedn. Tata McGraw-Hill, Singapore, p 52-61, 132-133

xii. Varian HR (1984) Microeconomic Analysis.2ndedn. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, p 111-314

xiii. Yamane T (1988) Mathematics for Economists, 2ndedn. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p 173, 547

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yksduhfr dk Hkfo"; ;k çklafxdrk ds lacaèk esa bls vkykspuk ds nk;js esa yk;k tkrk gSA okLrfod fLFkfr rks yksduhfr ds Hkfo"; ,oa çklafxdrk ds i{k esa gSA è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd mi;qDr çpkj&çlkj ds vHkko esa bldh egÙkk dks de vkadk tkrk gSA blls yksduhfr dh çklafxdrk de ugha gks tkrhA

bu fnuksa ekuo ra= ls tdM+rk tk jgk gSA vius dks og pkjks rjQ ls 'kklura= ds eè; ik jgk gSA ,slh fLFkfr ds fuokj.k ds fy, yksduhfr dk voyac lgk;d fl) gks ldrk gSA ;gh bldh çklafxdrk dk ifjpk;d gSA yksduhfr esa ra= dk lkezkT; ugha] vfirq uSfrdrk ,oa tu dk Lusg&caèku gksrk gSA 'kklu&eqfDr ds lacaèk esa rhu fopkj yksxksa ds lkeus gSa & igyk] vfUre voLFkk esa ljdkj {kh.k gksdj 'kklueqDr O;oLFkk gks tk,xh] ysfdu ogk¡ tkus ds fy, vkt gkFk esa vfèkdre lÙkk gksuh pkfg,A ,slk ekuusokys vkjaHk esa gh vfèkjkT;oknh vkSj vUr esa jkT;foy;oknh dgykrs gSaA 6

nwljk] jkT; 'kklu 'kq: esa Fkk] vkt Hkh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jgsxkA 'kklu 'kklueqDr gks gh ugha ldrkA blfy,] lekt esa ,slh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,] ftlls lcdk Hkyk gksA 'kklu&lÙkk FkksM+s&cgqr lc rjQ c¡Vs] ysfdu egÙo dh O;oLFkk dsUæ esa gh jgsA ,slk fopkj j[kus okys ekurs gSa fd 'kklu ges’kk gksuk pkfg, vkSj lcdk fu;eu djus dh 'kfDr lekt }kjk fu;qDr ljdkj dks feyuh pkfg,A 7

fouksck th dk er gS fd rhljk fopkj gekjk gSA mudk eryc gS fd vfUre gkyr esa lekt 'kklu&eqDr gksxkA ;g i{k çkjafHkd voLFkk esa ,d gn rd 'kklu&O;oLFkk dh t:jr eglwl djrk gS] ysfdu vfUre fLFkfr esa 'kklu dh dksbZ vko’;drk ugha jg tkrh gSA bl O;oLFkk 'kwU; lekt dh vksj c<+us ds fy, og vfèkjkT; dh Hkh vko’;drk ugha ekurk] cfYd O;oLFkk vkSj lÙkk ds fy, fodsUæhdj.k }kjk ml vksj dne c<+k;k tkrk gSA 8 fouksck th dk ,slk ekuuk gS fd vfUre voLFkk esa dksbZ 'kklu ugha jgsxk] dsoy uSfrd fu;eu jgsxkA ,sls vkRefuHkZj lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, loZ= Lo;aiw.kZ {ks= cuuk pkfg,A mRiknu] foHkktu] j{k.k] f’k{k.k tgk¡ dk ogha gksA dsUæ esa de ls de lÙkk jgsA 9 fouksck th dk ;g fopkj fodsUæhdj.k dk |ksrd gS] fodsUædj.k ,oa yksduhfr ,d nwljs ds ijkoyEch gSaA

yksduhfr yksd’kfDr vkSj yksd&Lokra«; dh laokgd gksrh gS] tcfd vU; ra=ksa esa nksuksa dk LFkku xkS.k gksrk gSA tura= esa fgalk dh ukilanxh ds ckn Hkh LFkku gSA ysfdu] tc yksduhfr dh ckr vkrh gS] rc ogk¡ vfgalk dh gh çèkkurk gksrh gSA vfgalk dh 'kfDr yksduhfr dh 'kfDr gS] tks vts; gksrh gSA fouksck ds fopkjuqlkj tc ge nqfu;k ds bfrgkl dh vksj ns[krs gSa tks yM+kb;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gS rks mlesa T;knk le; 'kkfUr dk gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA og yM+kb;ksa ls Hkjk blfy, nh[krk gS fd 'kkfUr ds dke euq"; LoHkko ds vuwdwy gksus ls og mldk T;knk cksyckyk ugha djrkA 10 yksduhfr dk voyEc vfgalk gSA lu~ 1964 esa ekfVZu ywFkj fdax dks] ftUgksaus vejhdk ds ekaVxksejh vyckek esa vfgald mik;ksa ls jaxHksn dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk] ukscsy 'kkfUr iqjLdkj feykA lfefr us iqjLdkj nsrs gq, dgk] ̂ MkWñ fdax if’pe nqfu;k ds ,sls igys vkneh gSa] ftUgksaus ;g fn[kk fn;k gS fd fcuk fgalk dk voyEcu fy;s la?k"kZ esa fot; çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA 11 MkWñ fdax vius xk¡èkh ds vuq;k;h ekurs FksA vr,o] yksduhfr dh çklafxdrk rks orZeku fgald ifjfLFkfr esa vkSj vfèkd c<+ tkrh gSA yksduhfr dk chtkjksi.k xk¡èkh th ds }kjk ,oa fodkl

dk dk;Z fouksck us fd;k gS ftlesa fo’kq) :i ls vfgald lkèkuksa dk gh lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA xk¡èkhth 1942 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh ds oèkkZ&vfèkos’ku esa dgk Fkk& ̂esjs fy, vfgalk ,d èkeZ gS esjs thou dk lkj gS bls jktuhfrd leL;k dks lqy>kus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA* 12 mUgksaus vkxs dgk gS& ̂dksbZ Hkh lPpk Økafrdkjh] pkgs og ekDlZoknh] vjktdrkoknh ;k fdlh Hkh vU; fl)kUr dk ekuus okyk gks] vly esa fgalk dks dHkh I;kj ugha djrkA*13 yksduhfr vfgalk dh vuq;k;h gksrh gSA vr,o] mldh dk;Z’kSyh esa uSfrdrk] 'kq)rk] vuq’kkluc)rk vkfn dks çeq[k LFkku çkIr gS] ftldk mís’; tudY;k.k gksrk gSA

;wjksi esa fofy;e isu O;fDrxr vfgalk dk vkpj.k djus okys ,d egkiq#"k Fks muds thou dk ,d lw= Fkk] ̂ ’kfDr ls vki ijkLr dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu çse ls vki çkIr djrs gSaA* nwljs dks vius ikl ykus dk rjhdk çse gS vkSj nwljs dks dCts esa djus dk rjhdk 'kfDr gSA lÙkk vki çkIr dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu çse thrrk gSA 14 xk¡èkh dk vfgald lkèku vkSj çse dh mi;ksfxrk gS rks ;g le>k tk; fd yksduhfr dh gh çklafxdrk dk og çfrfufèkRo dj jgk gS] D;ksafd yksduhfr dk og lkèku gSA

fu"d"kZ %

bl çdkj Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds lok±xh.k fodkl ds fy, yksduhfr dk gksuk vko';d gSA yksduhfr vHkh ckY;dky ikj r#.kkoLFkk esa ços’k gh dj jgh gSA mlds vkèkkj dks lqn`<+ djus rFkk mls lc rjg ls lcy o loZxq.klEiUu cukus dh vko’;drk gSA yksduhfr dh iw.kZrk esa dqN vHkko gSA ysfdu] mu folaxfr;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% yksduhfr dk Hkfo"; fuf’pr :i ls mTToy gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd fo’o esa rsth ls cnyrs gq, ?kVukØe ds fy, vfgalk ijeko’;d gS] ftldk laokgd yksduhfr gSA fgalk dHkh fpjLFkk;h ugha gks ldrh] pkgs og o"kks± ls pyk vk jgk bZjku&bjkd ;q) gks ;k vQxkfuLrku dh leL;kA çR;sd fgald leL;k dk ,dek= lekèkku vfgald ekxZ gSA vr,o] tc rd vfgalk iwT;k jgsxh] yksduhfr ekuoksa ds fy, vkjkè; cuh jgsxhA yksduhfr dh lQyrk ds fy, lg;ksx] lkeatL;] lfg".kqrk] vkRekuq’kklu ,oa fu%LokFkZ lsok vkfn ds Hkkouk dk gksuk ijeko’;d gSA ysfdu vQlksl dh ckr gS fd bu eukoksfpr xq.kksa dk visf{kr fodkl vc rd ugha gks ik;k gSA fQj Hkh ge vk’kkfUor gSa fd Hkkjr esa yksduhfr dk Hkfo"; mTToy gSA ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds }kjk blds ekxZ esa ckèkk vkbZ

gS] mldk 'kuS%&’kuS% lekèkku gksrk tk jgk gSA yksduhfr dk rst laiw.kZ Hkkjr dks vkyksfdr djsxk] ,slk fo’okl gSA yksduhfr ns’k esa gh ugha] oju~ fons’kksa esa Hkh tupsruk dks tkxzr djsxhA bl ns’k esa yksduhfr nh?kZthfo gks] ;gh ge yksxksa ds fy, ije è;s; gksuk pkfg, A

lanHkZ lwph %

1- xk¡èkh] egkRek *esjs liuksa dk Hkkjr*] 2 vDVwcj loZlsok la?k çdk’ku] okjk.klh] 1969] i`"B & 5

2- Hkkos] fouksck yksduhfr] loZlsok la?k çdk'ku] okjk.klh] 1963] i`"B & 13

3- èkekZfèkdkjh nknk % ̂loksZn; n'kZu*] NBk laLdj.k] vkeq[k] loZlsok la?k çdk'ku] okjk.klh] 1979] i`"B & 6

4- Hkkos] fouksck % yksduhfr] iwoksZDr] 1963] i`"B & 101

5- Hkkos] fouksck % yksduhfr] loZ lsok la?k çdk'ku okjk.klh] 1963] i`"B & 7

6- ijke'kZnkrk e.My % ^fouksck O;fDrRo vkSj fopkj*] çFke laLdj.k] lLrk lkfgR; e.My] ubZ fnYyh] 1971] i`"B & 409

7- ijkeZnkrk e.My] iwoksZDr] i`"B & 409

8- iwoksZDr] i`"B & 409

9- iwoksZDr] i`"B & 409&10

10- iwoksZDr] i`"B & 417

11- feJ] Hkokuh çlkn % ^dqN uhfr dqN jktuhfr*] çFke laLdj.k] çHkkr çdk'ku] fnYyh] 1983 i`"B & 14

12- lsBh] t;nso % ^xk¡èkh dh çklafxdrk*] çFke laLdj.k] jkèkkÑ".k çdk'ku] fnYyh] 1979] i`"B & 37]

13- iwoksZDr] i`"B & 37

14- èkekZfèkdkjh] nknk % ekuoh; fu"Bk] loZlsok la?k çdk'ku] okjk.klh] 1964] i`"B & 67

izLrkouk %

ekuo lalk/kuksa ds fodkl dk izeq[k mRizsjd f’k{kk gSA f’k{kk ls vfHkizk; ekuo esa mu lHkh HkkSfrd] ckSf/nd ,oa uSfrd i{kksa ds fodkl gS] tks mlds laiw.kZ lekt rFkk Ik;kZoj.k ds lkFk vuqdwyu ds fy;s vko’;d gSA f’k{kk dk mÌs’; dsoy ekuo dk O;fDrxr fodkl djuk fg ugha gS] CkfYd ekuoh; O;fDrRo dk bl :Ik esa fodkl djuk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij laIkw.kZ lekt dk fodkl gks ldsA tutkfr;k¡ f’k{kk ds {ks= esa fuEu jgha gSA lk{kjrk fdlh Hkh tkfr dh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd izxfr dk |ksrd gSA f’k{kk dk laLÑfr ds lkFk vuwBk laca/k gSA f’k{kk dh izfØ;k esa O;fDr vkSj mldk okrkoj.k o ikjLifjd laca/k vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA f’k{kk laLÑfr Ikj fuHkZj gSA tutkfr lekt dh viuh ,d fof’k"V lkaLÑfrd fo’ks"krk gksrh gSA

e/;inz ’s k dk fNUnokMk+ ftyk e[q ;r% oukPNkfnr ,oa igkMh+ ;Dq r gAS ftys dh tutkfr;ka ikz ;% txa yk]as igkMk+ a s ,oa nxq eZ {k=s ka s ea s fuokl djrh gAS bu tutkrh; vpa yka s ea s fu/kuZ rk] fuEu thou Lrj] thodkis ktuZ ds lk/kuka s ea s deh vkjS ’k{S kf.kd lfq o/kkvka sdk vHkko ik;k tkrk gAS f’k{kk dh deh ds dkj.k ;gk¡ dk vkfnoklh lekt v/a kfo’oklka s ea s tdMk+ gvq k gAS blea s eoklh ykxs Hkh ’kkfey gAS ftys dh eoklh tutkfr f’k{kk dh nf̀"V ls vR;ra fiNMh+ gbq Z gAS buds fiNMis+ u dk egRoi.w kZ dkj.k fu/kuZ rk ,oa lpw d f’k{kk ds ifz r tkx:drk dk vHkko jgk gS A Hkk"kk ls lca fa /kr dfBukbZ Hkh bu {k=s ka s ea s fuj{kjrk dk dkj.k jgh gAS

e/; lriqM+k ds iBkj ij fLFkr HkkSxksfyd fof’k"Vrkvksa ls ;qDr fNUnokM+k ftyk vkfnoklh laLÑfr dks vius eas lesVs gq;s ns’k esa lqfo[;kr gSA ;g e/;izns’k esa tutkfr laLÑfr dk ,d izeq[k dsUæ gSA fNUnokM+k e/;izns’k dk ,d tutkfr ckgqY; ftyk gSA ;gk¡ eq[;r% xksaM] Hkkfj;k] dksjdw] eoklh rFkk ij/kku vkfn tutkfr;ka ik;h tkrh gSA ftys ds lkaLÑfrd ifjn`’; ds laca/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ dh ewy laLÑfr vkfnoklh gSA ;gk¡ ds esys] yksdksRlo rFkk yksd laLÑfr ij tutkfr izHkko Li"V :Ik ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA eoklh e/;izns’k dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa esa ls ,d izeq[k tutkfr lewg gSA eoklh e/;izns’k esa eq[;r% fNUnokM+k] cSrwy] gks’kaxkckn] gjnk vkSj iwoZ fuekM+ ds [k.Mok ftys esa fuokl djrs

gSA eoklh e/;izns’k dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh lwph esa Øekad 31 ij mYYksf[kr gSA fNUnokM+k ftys esa eoklh tutkfr dk fuokl eq[; :Ik ls tqUUkkjnso ,oa fcNqvk fodkl[k.M ds igkM+h ,oa eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa gSA

v/;;u {ks= %

izLrqr v/;;u dk;Z gsrq fNUnokM+k ftys ds tqUUkkjnso ,oa fcNqvk rglhy ds xkaoksa dks v/;;u {ks= ds :Ik esa p;fur fd;k x;k gS A ftlesa eoklh tutkfr cgqrk;r fuokl djrh gS A

v/;;u ds mÌs’; %

leL;kvksa dks dsfUær djrs gq;s ’kks/k dk;Z ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr mÌs’;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS &

1- Ekoklh tutkfr dh ’kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dk v/;;u djukA

2- eoklh tutkfr ij f’k{kk ds izHkko dk v/;;u djukA

’kks/k fof/k %

izLrqr ’kks/k i= esa v/;;u ds mÌs’;ksa dks iw.kZ djus gsrq leadksa dk ladyu izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d L=ksrksa ls izkIr fd;s x;s gSA izkFkfed leadksa ds ladyu ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwph ,oa voyksdu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA losZf{kr xzkeksa ds eoklh ifjokjksa dk p;u nSo fun’kZUk i/nfr dk iz;ksx dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA losZf{kr xzkeksa esa funsZf’kr izkn’kksZa dh la[;k 300 eoklh ifjokj gSA budk voyksdu dj mUgsa lkj.kh] lkaf[;dh ds :Ik ls iznf’kZr fd;k x;k gSA rRi’pkr~ lacaf/kr {ks= ls fo’oluh; leadksa dk izLrqrhdj.k o fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

rkfydk Øekad & 1

mRRkjnkrkvksa dh ’kS{kf.kd fLFkfrØ- fooj.k vko`fRRk izfr’kr

1- fUkj{kj 158 52-672- izkFkfed f’k{kk 74 24-673- Ekk/;fed f’k{kk 39 134- gkbZ Ldwy 08 2-675- gk;j lsds.Mjh 10 3-336- Lukrd 09 037- LukrdksRRkj 02 0-67

;ksx 300 100

Ekoklh tutkfr dh ’kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dk ,d v/;;u¼e/;izns’k ds fNUnokM+k ftys ds fo’ks"k lUnHkZ esa½

lq[kfoUnj flag HkkfV;k] ih,p-Mh- ’kks/kkFkhZ] cjdrmYYkk fo’ofo|ky;] Hkksiky ¼e-iz-½

izLrqr rkfydk Øekad 1 ls izkIRk vkadM+ksa ds fo’ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd v/;;u esa lfEEkfyr dqy mRRkjnkrkvksa esa 52-67 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrk fuj{kj gS] 24-67 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrk izkFkfed Lrj rd f’kf{kr gS] 13 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrk ek/;fed] 3-67 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrk mPPk f’kf{kr] 3-33 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrk mPPkrj ek/;fed ,oa 2-67 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrk ek/;fed Lrj rd f’k{kk xzg.k fd;s gq;s gS A

mDr rkfydk ds v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gS fd eoklh tutkfr esa f’k{kk dk Lrj vis{kkÑr de gSA lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwph esa f’k{kk laca/kh tkudkjh ls Kkr gqvk fd bl tutkfr esa vius cPPkksa dks f’k{kk fnyokus ds izfr tkx:drk c<+ jgh gS tcfd og Lo;a fuj{kj gSA ;s viuh cPPkksa dh f’k{kk ds fy;s xzke rFkk xzke ds fudV ds fLFkr ’kkykvksa eas v/;;u gsrq fu;fer Hkstrs gS fQj Hkh buesa ’kS{kf.kd fodkl dh vko’;drk gS dqy 300 mRRkjnkrkvksa esa ls 158 mRRkjnkrk fuj{kj gSA

Rkkfydk Øekad & 2ckyd ,oa ckfydk dh f’k{kk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

Ø- fooj.k vko`fRRk izfr’kr

1- ckyd 24 8-302- ckyd ,oa ckfydk 276 91-70

;ksx 300 100

izLrqr rkfydk Øekad 2 ds vuqlkj v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd 91-70 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj ckyd ,oa ckfydk nksuksa dks f’k{kk nsuk vko’;d le>rs gSA 8-30 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj dsoy ckyd dks f’k{kk izkIr djus ds fy;s vfuok;Zrk nh tkrh gSA

orZeku le; esa eoklh tutkfr esa f’k{kk ds izfr tkx:drk vk jgh gSA vr% 91-70 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj ckyd ,oa ckfydk ds f’k{kk ds laca/k esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k tkrk gS ftlls ;s nksuksa dks f’k{kk dk leku volj nsdj fo|ky; eas i<+us gsrq Hkstrs gSA mRRkjnkrk yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s Hkh f’k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk dks ekuus yxs gSA ;|fi 8-30 eoklh ifjokjksa esa dsoy ckyd dh f’k{kk dks fg egRo fn;k tkrk gSA bu mRRkjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd xzke ls nwj fLFkr fo|ky; gksus ds dkj.k ckfydkvksa dks v/;;u gsrq ugha Hkstk tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ds ckydksa dks fo|ky; esa i<+us gsrq Hkstrs gSA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd f’k{kk us vius cgqeq[kh vk;keksa ls vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksxksa dks Hkh vkdf"kZr fd;k gS vkSj os yksx Hkh orZeku lkekftd i`"BHkwfe esa f’k{kk dh vksj viuh larkuksa dks vxzlj dj jgs gSaA

rkfydk Øekad & 3CkPPkksa dks fo|ky; Hkstus laca/kh fooj.k

Ø- fooj.k vko`fRRk izfr’kr

1- Hkstrs gS 222 742- Ukgha Hkstrs gS 36 123- fo|ky; ugha 42 14

tkus okys

;ksx 300 100

izLrqr rkfydk Øekad 3 ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ds fo’ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd 74 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa cPPkksa dks i<+us gsrq fo|ky; Hkstk tkrk gSA tcfd 12 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj esa cPPkksa dks i<+us gsrq fo|ky; ugha Hkstk tkrk gSaA 14 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokjksa esa cPPkksa dh de mez gksus ds dkj.k fo|ky; ugha tkrs gSA

’kks/k v/;;u esa ;g ik;k fd mRRkjnkrk f’k{kk dh egRRkk dks tkuus yxs gS ,oa fo|ky;ksa ls feyus okyh lqfo/kkvksa ds dkj.k os vius cPPkksa dks fu;fer :Ik ls fo|ky; Hkh Hkstrs gSA v/;;u {ks= esa loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku ,oa HkrhZ vfHk;ku Hkh pyk;k tk jgk gS blds ckotwn dqN cPPks vHkh Hkh f’k{kk ls oafpr gS 12 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds cPPks i<+us gsrq fo|ky; ugha tkrs gSA D;ksafd mRRkjnkrkvksa ds }kjk cPPkksa dks Ñf"k dk;Z ,oa etnwjh djokus] eosf’k;ksa dks pjkus] ?kj ij NksVs cPPkksa dh ns[kjs[k ds fy;s rFkk cPPkksa dh f’k{kk ds izfr :fp u gksus ds dkj.k Hkh i<+us gsrq fo|ky; ugha tkrs gSaA

rkfydk Øekad & 4f’k{kk ds dkj.k lekt esa ifjorZu

Ø- fooj.k vko`fRRk izfr’kr

1- gk¡ 247 82-332- ugha 53 17-67

;ksx 300 100

izLrqr rkfydk Øekad 4 ls izkIr RkF;ksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd 82-33 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k dh f’k{kk ds izfr cnyko vk jgk gS] tcfd 17-67 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa }kjk f’k{kk ds izHkko ls lekt esa dksbZ cnyko ugha gqvk gSA

rkfydk ds izkIr RkF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd eoklh tutkfr esa f’k{kk ds dkj.k lekt esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA ftlls bl tutkfr esa QSyh ijEijkxr lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk izpyu lekIr gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj ;g tutkfr fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gks jgh gSaA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd eoklh tutkfr dks Hkh vk/kqfud f’k{kk O;oLFkk us dqN

lhek rd izHkkfor fd;k gSaA ftuls buds lkekftd thou esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA f’k{kk ds izHkko ls bl tutkfr lekt esa ,d ubZ psruk dk fodkl Hkh gks jgk gSA ;|fi tutkfr esa dqN eoklh yksxksa dk ;g fopkj gS fd f’k{kk ls bl tutfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA budk ekuuk gS fd gekjh igys Hkh ;g fLFkfr Fkh vkSj orZeku esa Hkh ;g fLFkfr gSA

rkfydk Øekad & 5f’kf{kr yksxksa esa viuh laLÑfr ds izfr :>ku

Ø- fooj.k vko`fRRk izfr’kr

1- :>ku de gqvk gS 115 38-332- :>ku de ugha gqvk gS 185 61-67

;ksx 300 100

mijksDr rkfydk Øekad 5 esa lekfo"V vkadM+ksa dk fo’ys"k.k djus ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 61-67 izfr’kr f’kf{kr mRRkjnkrkvksa dk viuh laLÑfr ds izfr :>ku gS tcfd 38-33 izfr’kr mRRkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj f’kf{kr O;fDr;ksa esa viuh laLÑfr ds izfr :>ku de gqvk gSA

mijksDr rkfydk ds rF;ksa ls Li"V gS fd vf/kdka’k eoklh tutkfr ds O;fDr;ksa }kjk viuh ewy laLÑfr ds izfr yxko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA buesa vf/kdka’k mRRkjnkrkvksa dk er gS fd mudk viuh laLÑfr ,oa ijEijkvksa ds izfr :>ku de ugha gqvk gS os vkt Hkh viuh ewy laLÑfr dks lajf{kr fd;s gq;s gS ,oa lekt esa izpfyr lHkh fu;eksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA bl izdkj eoklh tutkfr;ksa ds O;fDr;ksa esa viuh laLÑfr ds izfr vknj ,oa lEEkku ik;k tkrk gSaA os vkt Hkh viuh ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa ,oa fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA muds rht R;kSgkjksa esa vkt Hkh mudh laLÑfr dh >yd gesa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;|fi dqN f’kf{kr yksxksa }kjk viuh laLÑfr ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfud laLÑfr dks Hkh viukus yxs gSaA

fu"d"kZ %

v/;;u esa mi;qZDr f’k{kk laca/kh vkadM+ksa ds fo’ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ftys dh eoklh tutkfr f’k{kk dh n`f"V ls vR;ar fiNM+h gqbZ gS buds fiNM+siu dk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k fu/kZurk ,oa lwpd f’k{kk ds izfr tkx:drk dk vHkko jgk gSA Hkk"kk ls lacaf/kr dfBukbZ Hkh bu tutkfr {ks=ksa esa fuj{kjrk dk dkj.k jgh gSA fdUrq orZeku esa ’kklu }kjk nh tkus okyh f’k{kk laca/kh fu%’kqYd lqfo/kkvksa dk eoklh tutkfr ds O;fDr;ksa dks ykHk feyk gSA buesa vius cPPkksa dh f’k{kk ds izfr muesa tkx:drk vk;h gSA vf/kdka’k eoklh xkaoksa esa izkFkfed ’kkykvksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA tgka

os Lo;a fuj{kj gksus ds ckotwn vius cPPkksa dks f’k{kk izkIRk djus ds fy;s Hkstrs gSaA v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd mRRkjnkrk f’k{kk ds egRRkk dks le>us yxs gS ,oa ’kkykvksa esa cPPkksa dks i<+us gsrq fu;fer :Ik ls Hkstrs gS mRRkjnkrk yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s Hkh f’k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk dks ekuus yxs gSA e/;izns’k ’kklu ds iz;klksa ,oa dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa tSls& loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku] fu% ’kqYd f’k{kk laca/kh lqfo/kk] Nk=o`fRRk ;kstuk] e/;kUg Hkkstu dk;ZØeksa] vkfn ds dkj.k f’k{kk ds izfr budh vfHk:fp c<+h gS ,oa buds ’kS{kf.kd Lrj esa Hkh lq/kkj gks jgk gSA v/;;u ds nkSjku ik;k x;k gS fd f’kf{kr ifjokj vius cPPkksa dks f’kf{kr djus ds izfr vf/kd tkx:d gSaA cgqr ls xkao ,sls gS tgka ds eoklh uo;qod i<+s fy[ks gS rFkk ’kklu ds fofHkUUk foHkkxkas esa dk;Zjr gSaA f’kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dks eoklh tutkfr esa lEEkku dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA

Lkq>ko %

Lkjdkj bl tutkfr dks fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk ls tksM+us ds fy;s vusd dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu djsa ftlds ek/;e ls buds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsA eoklh tutkfr dh cksyh dks fyfic/n fd;k tk;s vkSj mudh Hkk"kk esa f’k{kk nh tk;s rks mudh f’k{kk dk Lrj Å¡pk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA fo’ks"k izf’kf{kr f’k{kdksa dh eoklh tutkfr {ks=ksa dh ’kkykvksa esa fu;qfDr dh tk;s] tks nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa leUo; djus dh {kerk j[krs gksA

lanHkZ xzaFk %

1- oS".ko] Vh-ds- ¼laik-½ ¼1997½( eoklh tutkfr dk laf{kIr ekuo ‘’kkL=h; v/;;u] vkfne tkfr vuqla/kku dsUæ] Hkksiky ¼e/;izns’k½

2- ’kqDy] iz;kxnRRk ¼1956½( vj.; dh laLÑfr] fonHkZ fgUnh lkfgR; lEEksyu] ukxiqj ¼egkjk"Vª½

3- tks’kh] Jherh ik:Yk ¼twu] 1994½( cqysfVu vkWQ fn Vªk;cy fjlpZ bULkVhV~;wV Hkksiky

4- pkSjs] ukjk;.k ¼1987½( dksjdw tutkfr dk lkaLÑfrd bfrgkl] fo’o Hkkjrh izdk’ku] ukxiqj ¼egkjk"Vª½

5- tks’kh] gfjizlkn ¼1994½( dksjdw tutkfr] e/;izns’k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky ¼e-iz-½

6- frokjh] f’kodqekj ,oa ’kekZ Jh dey ¼2000½( e/;izns’k dh tutkfr;k¡ lekt ,oa O;oLFkk] e/;izns’k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky ¼e/;izns’k½

7- frokjh] f’kodqekj ¼2005½( e/;izns’k dh tutkfr laLÑfr] e/;izns’k fgUnh xazFk vdkneh] Hkksiky ¼e/;izns’k½

'kks/k lkjka'k (Abstract) :

cPpk vkt dh iszsj.kk vkSj dy dh vkdka{kk gSA izR;sd cPpk gj ekuo lekt dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ [kaM gSA mlds fy, I;kj Hkxoku ds izfr d`rKrk ekius dk ,d lk/ku gSA Hkkjr esa cky Je dh leL;k dkQh vf/kd vkSj vlkekU; gSA fofHkUu v/;;uksa ls irk pyk gS fd xjhch ds dkj.k fofHkUu m|ksxksa] gksVyksa] lkbfdy dh nqdkuksa] osfYMax] LdwVj eSdsfud vkSj vU; LFkkuksa esa fofHkUu vk;q lewgksa esa cM+h la[;k esa cPpksa dks fu;ksftr fd;k x;k gS os cPps f'k{kk] mfpr LokLF; vkSj thou dh cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gaSA gekjk lafo/kku cPps dh j{kk djrk gSA cky Je lafo/kku }kjk lajf{kr gS] vkSj fQj Hkh Hkkjr esa yk[kksa cPps [krjukd m|ksxksa esa fu;ksftr gSaA ns'k ds vk/ks ls T;knk cPpkas ds lkFk cky Je] cky nqO;Zogkj vkSj cky rLdjh tkjh gSA blhfy, bl ys[k dk iz;kl cky Je] cky vf/kfu;e cPpksa ds vf/kdkj ,oa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk] lekt dh Hkwfedk] ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ds dqN eqíksa vkSj lHkh lek/kkuksa dks tkuus ds fy, izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

ladsrk{kj (Keywords) : ckyJe] xjhch] ckyJe vf/kdkj] f'k{kk] lekt rFkk ehfM;kA

izLrkouk (Introduction) :

Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gS] tgk¡ ij cPpksa ,oa muds vf/kdkjksa dh fLFkfr dkQh n;uh; gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa 25-96 djksM+ ,sls cPps gSa ftudh vk;q 5&14 o"kZ ds chp gSA buesa ls rdjhcu 10-1 djksM+ cPps cky etnwjh esa layXu gSaA ;s vk¡dM+s rc gSa] tc ns'k esa 14 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa dks LoPNan thou (Free Life) thuk pkfg, rFkk vius eu esa iuius okys liuksa dks ,d u;k vkdkj ,oa Lo:i iznku djuk pkfg,] ml le; os iVk[kksa ,oa fn;klykbZ tSls [krjukd m|ksxksa esa dke djus dks foo'k gksrs gSaA bruk gh ugha dk¡p ds dkj[kkuksa esa

01800C ds rkieku dh HkfÍ;ksa ds lkeus muds liuksa dks >qylrs gq, Hkh c[kwch ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd ljdkj us u flQZ 14 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks dke djus ls jksdus dk dkuwu cuk;k gS] cfYd 14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dh fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dk Hkh izko/kku fd;k gS fdUrq oLrqfLFkfr blds foijhr gSA vkt Hkh 10-1 djksM+ cPps etnwjh djus dks foo'k gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g

vkdyu djuk dfBu ugha gS fd cPps viuh xjhch ,oa foo'krk ds dkj.k gh etnwjh djus dks foo'k gSaA gky gh esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ckyJe dkuwu esa la'kks/ku djus dh eatwjh iznku dh xbZA

bl la'kks/ku ds i'pkr~ 14 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPps vius ikfjokfjd m|eksa rFkk [ksydwn ,oa euksjatu xfrfof/k;ksa ls lacaf/kr dk;ksZa esa dqN 'krksZa ds lkFk dke dj ldsaxsA ljdkj ds bl fu.kZ; dks tgk¡ lekt dk ,d oxZ mfpr eku jgk gS] ogha nwljh vksj cky vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, dk;Z djus okys dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dk ekuuk gS fd blls ns'k esa ckyJe dh leL;k vkSj c<+sxhA

mÙkj izns'k ds fetkZiqj ftys esa dkyhu vkSj xyhps ds m|ksx esa dke djus okys cPpksa esa ,d yk[k cPpksa dk ;wuhlsQ (UNICEF) }kjk fd;s x, v/;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd 71 izfr'kr ckyJfed Hkkxus dh dksf'k'k esa ihVs tkrs gSa buesa ls vf/kdka'k 5&12 vk;q oxZ ds cPps gSaA ;gk¡ gtkjksa cPPkksa dks rhu&rhu o"kksZa rd osru ugha fn;k x;k FkkA vf/kdka'k cPps Vh-oh- [kwu dh deh vkSj vk¡[kksa dh chekjh ls ihfM+r ik, x;s gSaA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd cPpksa dk fdlh u fdlh rjhds ls 'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj ckyJe leL;k fodV :i /kkj.k dj pqdh gSA ckyJe ls m|ksxksa dks ykHk gksrk gS] tSls mÙkj izns'k ds xyhps dk m|ksx ftlesa ,d yk[k cPps dke djrs gSaA

ckyJe % Hkkjr ds fy, ,d pqukSrh ds :i esaChild Labour : One of India's Tough Challenge

ckyJe gekjs ns'k dh ,d xaHkhj leL;k gSA vuqla/kkuksa ls ;gh Li"V gksrk gS fd cky Je ds eq[; dkj.k fu/kZurk] vf'k{kk o csjkstxkjh gSA fo}kuksa] cqf)thfo;ksa] fopkjdksa dk er gS fd ckyJe dk laiw.kZ mUewyu ,d dfBu dk;Z gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO) ds vuqlkj fo'o esa gj pkSFks ckyd cky Jfed ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gS ,oa bl lnh ds var rd ns'k esa 10 djksM+ cPpksa dks vius ifjtuksa dk isV ikyus gsrq dke djuk gksxkA

ckyJe fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij cks>] ekuork ij dyad rFkk cPpksa ds fy, vfHk'kki gSA cqf)thfo;ksa] fpardksa] Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa] lekt lsodksa

ckyJe vkSj Hkkjrh; lkekt % pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa lek/kku(Child labour and Indian Society : Challenges and Solutions)

t; izrki flag] lhfu;j fjlpZ Qsyks ¼vkbZ-lh-,l-,l-vkj-½fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

o ljdkjh e'khujh dks lkFkZd fparu djus dh vko';drk gS] rHkh gksxk gekjk funksZ"k vkSj eklwe cpiu lqjf{krA

cPpksa dks ckyJe ds pØO;wg ls fudkyuk gh gksxkA fuf'pr :i esa bl leL;k dks ,d fnu esa lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl leL;k dks nwj djuk gS rks flQZ vf/kfu;e cukus ls dqN ugha gksxk vko';drk gS ,sls lkFkZd iz;klksa dh tks mu djksM+ksa eklweksa ds fuLrst (Languourus) psgjs dks mTToy cuk ldsaA

la;qDr jk"Vªª la?k ds varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu ds losZ{k.k ls izkIr vk¡dM+sa crkrs gSa fd iwjh nqfu;k ftlesa vesfjdk] fczVsu] Ýkal] tkiku tSls fodflr jk"Vªª Hkh 'kkfey gSaA bl le; 6 ls 16 Ok"kZ vk;q ds 25 djksM+ cPps cky Jfedksa dh lwph esaa gSa o nqfu;k Hkj ds lHkh fodflr] fodkl'khy] vfodflr ns'kksa esa 7 djksM+ ls Hkh T;knk cPps ,sls gSa tks 10 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds gSaA

ekuokf/kdkjksa dh n`f"V ls lekt dh lcls det+ksj dM+h ds :i esa cky Jfedksa ds vf/kdkj utj vkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vusd dkuwuksa dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gS tks fuEu izdkj gS %

dkj[kkuk dkuwu 1948] /kkjk 67 ds vuqlkj 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds ckyd o ckfydkvksa dks fdlh dkj[kkus ;k fey esa dke ij ugha yxk;k tk;sxkA

& cky Je vf/kfu;e] 1933

& cPpksa dks dke ij u yxk;s tkus dk vf/kfu;e 1938

& cky vf/kfu;e 1960

& ckyJe fu"ks/k o fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e 1986

& ca/kqvk etnwjh o ckyJfedksa ds 'kks"k.k jksdus gsrq Je futhdj.k vf/kfu;e 1993

& 2006 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk ckyJfedksa] ?kjsyw dk;ksZa o <+kcs esa Hkh dk;Z djus ij izfrca/k yxk;k ftldks 10 vDVwCkj 2006 ls ykxw fd;k x;k]

& [kku vf/kfu;e (Mines Act)] 1952

& The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection and Children) Act, of 2000.

& The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009.

ckyJe dh fLFkfr %Status of Child Labour :

la;qDr jk"Vªª la?k dh igy ij 1954 ls vc rd yxHkx

165 ns'kksa }kjk izfro"kZ fnlacj ekg esa varjkZ"Vªh; cky fnol eukuk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO) }kjk ikfjr dbZ egRoiw.kZ lEesyu (Convention) fo'o lekt }kjk fd, x, FksA ;s lkjs ,sfrgkfld iz;kl cky lekt ds izfr budh izfrc)rk ,oa opuc)rk dks n'kkZrk gS A

;g fo"k; ,d ;k nks ugha cfYd 152 djksM+ cPpksa ds thou dh xq.koÙkk] buds fodkl ,oa Hkfo"; ls tqM+k gSA fo'o dh xjhch] tula[;k foLQksV] vf'k{kk] vkfFkZd fo"kerk] Hkz"Vkpkj] nks"kiw.kZ lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd lajpuk] HkkSxksfyd cukoV] larks"k dh txg Hkksx dh laLÑfr] eagxkbZ bl leL;k dks vkSj c<+k nsrh gSA bl tfVy] xaHkhj ,oa Toyar lkekftd leL;k ij izLrqr isij ds ek/;e ls u, <ax ls jks'kuh Mkyus ,oa blds lek/kku dh okLrfodrk ls cqf)thfo;ksa ,oa tulkekU; dks ifjfpr djkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu ¼1981½ la;qDr jk"Vªª la?k ,oa ;wfulsQ ds vuqlkj cPps ls rkRi;Z 18 o"kZ ls de mez ds izR;sd euq"; ls gS] c'krsZ cPps ij ykxw gksus okys dkuwu ds rgr] cPpk bl mez o;Ldrk dks izkIr ugha dj ysaA

ckyJfed dk laca/k mu cPpksa ls ugha gS tks ikfjokfjd t+ehu ij [ksrh esa enn djrs gSa ;k ?kjsyw dk;Z djrs gSaA cfYd ckyJfed esa os cPps 'kkfey gSa tks&

& LFkk;h :i ls O;Ld ds vuq:i ftanxh xqtj&clj dj jgs gSaA

& oSlh fLFkfr esa dk;Zjr gSa tks muds LokLFk] 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fLFkfr ,oa lajpuk dks gkfu igq¡pk jgh gSaA

& de etnwjh ij yacs le; ds fy, dk;Zjr gSaA

& ,sls cPps tks yxkrkj cqfu;knh f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k ds volj ls oafpr jgrs gSa rFkk vius csgrj Hkfo"; dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus ds fy, dHkh&dHkh vius ifjokjksa ls vyx gksdj jgrs gSaA

oh-oh- fxjh ds vuqlkj % (According to V.V. Giri)

ckyJfed 'kCn dh O;k[;k nks vFkksZa esa dh tkrh gS

vkfFkZd O;ogkj ds :i esa cPpksa lkekftd cqjkbZ ds :i esa ds ykHkizn O;ogkj ds fu;kstu esa ckyJe dk O;kid iz;ksx

cPpksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z dkSu lk 'kks"k.k ewyd dk;Z gS vkSj dkSu lk xSj 'kks"k.k ewyd] ;g ckr dk;Z ij ugha cfYd ml i;kZoj.k o ifjfLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gS ftlesa cPpksa dks dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA izR;sd cPpk tks fo|ky; ugha tk jgk gS mls ;k okLrfod ;k

laHkkfor ckyJfed ekuuk pkfg,A dk;Z rc 'kks"k.k dk :i vf[r;kj dj ysrk gS tc cPps %

& dPph mez esa dk;Z djus esa yx tkrs gSaA

& dk;Z ?kaVs dk varjky yack gksA

& dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa cgqr FkksM+k gh Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA

& [krjukd dk;Z fLFkfr;k¡ gksaA

& fdlh laca/k ds rgr ca/kqvk :i esa dk;Z djuk iM+sA

xjhc ifjokj ds yxHkx 'kr&izfr'kr cPps vkfFkZd raxh ls la?k"kZ djus ds Øe esa ca/kqvk Je ds f'kdkj gksrs gSa ysfdu vius uUgsa iz;kl ls dbZ ckj vius ifjokj dh vkfFkZd raxh dh fLFkfr;ksa esa cPps vius ifjokj dh vi;kZIr vk; esa o`f) ds fy, dke esa Lo;a yx tkrs gSa ;k yxk fn, tkrs gSaA ckyJe vius vki esa leL;k ugha gS tcfd leL;k ckydksa dh mfpr ns[k&Hkky ls lacaf/kr gSA ifjokj ds o;Ld lnL;ksa dh de vk; ds dkj.k ifjokj ds ,d mfpr thou Lrj ij thou;kiu ds fy, ckydksa dh leqfpr ns[k&js[k gsrq /ku ds vfrfjDRk lk/ku ds :i esa bu ifjokjksa ds ckydksa dks cky Jfedksa ds :i esa dk;Zjr gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA

fQjkstkckn ds dk¡p m+|ksx esa cPps viuh xjhch dh otg ls 1400°C ds rkieku okys LFkku ij utnhd ls dke djus dks foo'k gSA isV dh vkx mUgsa 1400°C ds rkieku dks Hkh lgus dks ck/; dj nsrh gSA xjhch ckyJe dks 'kk'or (Eternal) ,oa LFkk;h leL;k cukrh gSA fQjkstkckn] HknksbZ] cukjl] fetkZiqj] [kqtkZ] vyhx<+] eqjknkckn] tcyiqj] t;iqj] eanlkSj] lgjlk] Hkkxyiqj] eqaxsj] dfVgkj] Nijk] xksikyxat] gkthiqj vkfn LFkkuksa ds ifjokjksa ds cPps etnwjh ij u yxs rks dsoy cPpksa ds lkeus gh ugha cfYd ekrk&firk ds lkeus Hkh Hkw[ks ejus dh ukScr vk tk,xhA

rkfydk & 1Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 2001 rFkk 2011

tux.kuk ds vuqlkj cky Jfedksa dk çfr'kr

o"kZ cky Jfedksa ¼5 ls cky Jfedksa ¼5 ls 14 14 rd ds vk;q okys½ rd ds vk;q okys½ dhdk çfr'kr dqy la[;k ¼yk[kksa esa½

xzkeh.k 'kgjh dqy xzkeh.k 'kgjh dqy

2001 5-9 2-1 5-0 114 13 1272011 4-3 2-9 3-9 81 20 101

lzksr & tux.kuk 2001 vkSj 2011

rkfydk & 2 lokZfèkd cky Jfed okys jkT;ksa ds uke

mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj] jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] e/; çns'k]A

jkT;ksa ds uke çfr'kr la[;k ¼yk[kksa esa ½

mÙkj çns'k 21-5 21-8fcgkj 10-7 10-9jktLFkku 8-4 8-5egkjk"Vª 7-2 7-3eè; çns'k 6-+9 7-0

lzksr & Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011

ns'k ds dqy cky Jfedksa dk yxHkx 55 çfr'kr mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj] jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] vkSj eè; çns'k jkT;ksa esa gSaA

ckyJe esa ljdkj] lekt ,oa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk%Role of Governmnet, Society and Media in Child Labour

ljdkj dh Hkwfedk (Role of Government) % Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh dkQh {ks=ksa esa cPpksa ls etnwjh djokbZ tkrh gS rFkk mUgsa i<+kbZ ls oafpr dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl leL;k dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj us blesa viuh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk viuk;h gS rFkk bl ij dk;Z Hkh dj jgh gSA ckyJe dks jksdus gsrq dbZ lkjs fu;e ,oa dkuwu cuk, gSa ftlds rgr 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds cPpksa dks fdlh Hkh QSDVªh] dkj[kkus ij j[kus o dk;Z djkus ij jksd yxkbZ gS A

cPps jk"Vªª dh /kjksgj gSa] os gekjh iw¡th gSaA ;fn ;g dFku lR; gS rks gesa viuh /kjksgj vkSj Hkfo"; dks lqjf{kr j[kus dh Hkh vko';drk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd ,d vjc ls vf/kd vkcknh okys Hkkjr ns'k esa gj feuV esa gtkjksa cPps tUe ysrs gSa] buesa vf/kdka'k cPps tUe ysrs gh e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrs gSa vFkok tUe ls gh 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk ;k vU; xaHkhj chekfj;ksa ds f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA cky vf/kdkj 1992 ds rgr cPps dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og jgu&lgu dk vPNk Lrj izkIr djsa vkSj vius fgr ds fy, mÙke LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk f'k{kk izkIr djsaA cPpks dks vius ekrk&firk] ifjokj rFkk lekt esa mfpr ns[kHkky] ekxZn'kZu o laj{k.k ikus dk vf/kdkj Hkh gSA

cky vf/kdkj ds rgr izR;sd 14 o"kZ ;k mlls de vk;q ds cPpksa dks mfpr laoS/kkfud] iz'kklfud] lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd lk/kuksa }kjk gj rjg ds 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld d"V] 'kks"k.k] mis{kk ;k frjLdkj] nqO;Zogkj ;k mRihM+u ds fo#) lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj Hkh izkIr gSA Hkkjr esa blh vf/kdkj ds rgr~ cPpksa ds foØ;] O;kikj ,oa ;kSu 'kks"k.k ij ikcanh

yxkbZ xbZ gSA

lekt dh Hkwfedk (Role of Society) % ckyJe dks jksdus ds fy, lekt dh viuh ,d vyx Hkwfedk gS tks fd ,d vyx lanHkZ esa ckyJe dks [kRe djus ds fy, dk;Z djrh gS A

vfHkHkkod cPps v/;kid

ckyJe esa vfHkHkkod] cPps rFkk v/;kid bu rhuksa dh Hkwfedk ckyJe ds lekiu djus gsrq ljkguh; gSA cPpksa ds LokLF; ij xjhch dk vR;ar fouk'kdkjh vlj gksrk gSA xjhch esa th jgs cPpksa dks dqiks"k.k vkSj ?kkrd fcekfj;ksa dk vf/kd tksf[ke gksrk gS lkFk gh ;s Je] 'kks"k.k] 'kkjhfjd O;kikj] ySafxd nqO;Zogkj vkSj eknd inkFkksZa ds lsou ds f'kdkj gks tkrss gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds le{k lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh bl ckr dks Lohdkj djus dh gS fd cPps Hkfo"; ds cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ lalk/ku gSaA vr% ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk, fd izR;sd cPpk okafNr cPpk gSA

cPps pkgs og xjhch ls ihfM+r mis{kk ds f'kdkj] fujkfJr gksa] vipkjh vFkok vlaxr O;ogkj djus okys gkas] ;g gekjs lkekftd i;kZoj.k nksukas dks vyx&vyx u dj cPpksa dks lkekftd i;kZoj.k dk vax le>uk pkfg,A lkekftd i;kZoj.k ds varxZr ekrk&firk] ifjokj] fe=] leqnk; ls ysdj 'kklu&iz'kklu rd lfEefyr gSA cPpksa ds csgrj 'kkjhfjd] ekufld fodkl gsrq izksVhu] foVkfeu vkSj ykSg rÙo lfgr 300 dSyksjh Hkkstu izfrfnu feyuk vko';d gS vkSj blh dh miyC/krk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k Þ,dhÑr cky fodkl dk;ZØeß (Integrated Child Development

Services) gekjs ns'k esa py jgk gS A

varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu dk vuqeku gS fd nqfu;k Hkj eas 14 o"kZ ls NksVs 25 djksM+ ls vf/kd cPps dke djrs gSa buesa vf/kdka'k cPps fnu Hkj esa 10 ?kaVs rd dke djrs gSaA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 14 o"kZ ls NksVs 10 djksM+ ls vf/kd cPps 'kks"kd etnwjh dk;Z esa layXu gSaA dqN xSj ljdkjh lxBuksa ds eqrkfcd etnwjh djrs cPpksa dh ;g la[;k nl djksM+ ls Hkh T;knk gS tcfd ljdkjh vkadM+ksa ds fglkc ls ;g la[;k nks djksM+ vLlh yk[k ds vklikl gSA cPpksa dks etnwjh djus gsrq ck/; fd;k tkuk vkeckr gS vkSj fdlh Hkh lekt ds cPps rHkh viuk pgqeq[kh fodkl dj ldrs gSa tc os vius ge mez ds cPpksa ds chp [ksyus vkSj lh[kus ds fy, vktkn gksaA ILO ds vuqlkj bl le; yxHkx ,d

djksM+ ls vf/kd cPps xqykeh ds f'kdkj gSaA

ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk (Role of Media) % vR;f/kd xfr'khy ,oa ifjorZu ds bl nkSj esa lapkj ds vk/kqfud ek/;eks]a lSVsykbV] Vsyhfotu] baVjusV] eksckby Qksu vkfn dh miyC/krk ls tgk¡ ,d vksj fo'o xzke (Global Village) dk liuk lkdkj gksrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ogha nwljh vksj thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa c<+rh izfrLi/kkZ ls balkuksa ds chp nwjh c<+h gS] balkfu;r dks xaHkhj Bsl Hkh igq¡prh gSA cPpksa dk psgjk thou esa rst mRiUu djrk gS cPpksa dk Hkksykiu] eklwfe;r vkSj I;kj dh pkgr] papyrk e/kqjrk vkSj I;kj Hkjh eqLdku ikus ds txg foKkiu ckt+kj dh oLrq cudj O;olkf;;ksa dh tscsa xje djus dk ek/;e cu x;k gSaA

xjhch] nq#i;ksx ;k VwVs ifjokjksa ds dkj.k lM+dksa ij thus dks etcwj vlgk; cPpksa] i{kikr ds f'kdkj ;k fcekfj;ksa ls i;kZIr laj{k.k ls oafpr cPpksa] 'kkjhfjd ;kSu ,oa O;kikfjd 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj cPpksa vFkok vU; fdlh rjg ds HksnHkko ds f'kdkj cPpksa ls lacaf/kr [kcjsa ;k dgkfu;k¡ vDlj i=&if=dkvksa esa izdkf'kr gksrh jgrh gS A

la;qDr jk"Vªª cky vf/kdkj le>kSrs esa vuqeksnd ns'kksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og cPpksa dks ekufld] 'kkjhfjd ;k vU; fdlh izdkj ls gkfudkjd] ,oa gj izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls laj{k.k iznku djsa rFkk ehfM;k ml ekgkSy dh Nkuchu djsa ftlesa cPps thrs gSa] lh[krs vkSj [ksyrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa ckyJe % leL;k ,oa lek/kkuChild Labour in India: Problems and Solution

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 24] vuqPNsn 23] vuqPNsn 45 ds vfrfjDr fczfV'k dky ls cky Jfedksa dks gj rjg dk laj{k.k nsus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls vusd dkuwu cuk, x, gSaA ftuesa fuEu izeq[k gS %• Employment of Children Act, 1938

• Factory Act 1948

• Minimum Wages Act, 1948

• Plartation Labour Act, 1951

• Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

• Motor Transport Warkers Act, 1961

• Bidi and Cigar Warkers Act, 1966

• The Child labour (Prohibitaion and Regulation) Act, 1986

ckyJfed cuus ds dkj.k %(Causes of Child Labour)

&• vR;f/kd xjhch dk gksukA

& ifjokj dk dyg iw.kZ (Discordfull) okrkoj.k gksukA

& O;kogkfjd f'k{kk i)fr dk vHkkoA

& ijaijkxr m|ksx /kU/kksa dk gksukA

& vkS|ksfxdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k esa o`f) gksukA

& csjkstxkjh dk gksukA

& la;qDr ifjokj (Joint Family)

ckyJfedksa dh leL;k,¡ %Problems of Child Labour

fofHkUUk m|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr Jfedksa ds le{k vusd leL;k,¡ gSa ftuds pyrs mudk thou ujdh; gks tkrk gSA cky Jfedksa ls 12 ls 16 ?kaVs izfrfnu dke fy;k tkrk gS vkSj eghus ds ckn dsoy 500 ls 1500 etnwjh nh tkrh gS tcfd dqN cky etnwjksa dks rks dsoy Hkkstu ij gh eghus Hkj dke djuk iM+rk gS A

cky Jfed ftu m|ksxksa eas dke djrs gSa muesa ls dksbZ Hkh m|ksx ,slk ugha gS tgk¡ dke djus ij bu cPpksa dks Hk;adj jksx tSls & Vh-oh- dSalj] lk¡l dh chekjh] peZ jksx] dsusÝksfll ¼psgjk foÑr gksuk½] QksVksfc;k] nek vkfnA ;fn cPps chekjh ls fdlh rjg cp Hkh tk;s arks ftu m|ksxksa esa ;s cPps dk;Z djrs gSa ogk¡ chekjh ls cpus ds fy, fdlh rjg dh dksbZ fpfdRldh; O;oLFkk Hkh ugha gksrh gSA

Hkkjr esa ckyJe ds fujkdj.k ds fy, lq>ko % Suggestion to Stop Child Labour in India

ckyJe dks lekIr djus ds fy, ;|fi ns'k esas vusd dkuwu gSa ijUrq ckyJfedksa dk vlaxfBr {ks=ksa esa vR;f/kd gksuk vkSj mudh igpku djuk dfBu gSA ;g leL;k lkoZHkkSfed gSA fiNys nks n'kdksa esa cky Jfedksa dh ftanxh vksj budh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN fy[kk x;k gSA ekfpl dkj[kkuksa] rkyk m|ksx] ihry dss crZu m|ksx] ghjk rjk'kus ds dke] jRuksa dh ikWfy'k] dkyhu] cukus dk dke] dj?kksa ij dke djus] chM+h cukus tSls tksf[ke Hkjs dkeksa ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k :i ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

& ckyJfed mUewyu dkuwuksa dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu ,oa fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus okys dks dBksj ltkA

& ckyJe {ks=ksa esa ,oa dk;ZLFkyksa ij 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k ds fodkl rFkk O;kogkfjd lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; esa lq/kkj djukA

& Hkfo"; esa cPpksa dk dk;Z {ks= esa izos'k u gks] bl gsrq lkFkZd iz;kl ,oa jksdFkke djukA

& cPpksa ds dke dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fu;eu rFkk lq/kkjA

& cPpksa ds dY;k.k rFkk lsok lqfo/kkvksaa dk foLrkj rFkk 'kS{kf.kd lqfo/kkvksa dk foLrkjA

& fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ckyJfedksa dh la[;k ds vuq:i mls iw.kZ :i ls lekIr djus gsrq le;c) y{; dk fu/kkZj.k djukA

& fu;ksDrk etnwj laxBuksa ,oa Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa }kjk cky dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa dks izksRlkguA

& ckyJe dk mi;ksx djus okys O;olk;ksa dh igpkuA

& ckyJe ij tkudkfj;ksa dk izpkj&izlkj djukA

& tu psruk gsrq dk;Z'kkykvksa] xksf"B;ksa ,oa lEesyuksa dk vk;kstuA

& v[kckj] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- uqDdM+ ukVd ds ek/;e ls cky etnwjh ij jksd yxkukA

& dkedkth cPpksa dh la[;k irk yxkus ds fy, fu;fer :i ls losZ{k.k rFkk tkudkjh izkIr dj mlds jksdFkke dk iz;kl djukA

& cPpksa dh jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh vfuok;Z vko';drk;sa ljdkj ;k lektlsoh laxBuksa }kjk iw.kZ dh tk;sA

& ckyJe ds fojks/k esa tutkx:drk iSnk dh tk;s] mlds fy, lekpkj i=] nwjn'kZu vkfn lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx vkSj csgrj fd;k tk;s A

fu"d"kZ Conclusion :

ckyJe Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ,oa le`)'kkyh ns'k ds fy, ,d fodV ,oa xaHkhj leL;k gS ftldk lek/kku djuk vR;ar vko';d gS rFkk mijksDr fcanqvksa esa ckyJe ds dkj.k ,oa leL;k dh igpku dj ckyJe dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh cPpksa ds fy, izkFkfed f'k{kk vfuok;Z djuk bl leL;k dk lcls vPNk lek/kku gSA bl rjg ls dk;Z djds ge ckyJfedksa dks eqDr dj lds rHkh lgh vFkksZa esa ;g mfDr pfjrkFkZ gksxh fd ÞcPps ns'k dk Hkfo"; gaSÞA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %

1-• frokjh MkW- iadt dqekj (2009), et.al Je ,oa lekt dY;k.k] f'kokxau ifCyds'ku iVuk

2-• vgwtk jke (2006), lkekftd leL;k,¡] jkor ifCyds'ku] fnYyh

3-• lDlsuk ,l-ch (1992), cky Je dh leL;k] jLrksxh izdk'ku] f'kokuh jksM&esjB

4-• ;kstuk] ̂^ckyJe** izdk'ku foHkkx] ebZ 2008

5-• eks- nwj'kkn vyh] ̂ ^ckyJe leL;k ,oa lek/ku** ØkWfudy] flfoy lfoZlst] uoacj &2009

6-• Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2001] 2011

English :

7. Burra Neera (1998), Born Towork Child Labour in India. Oxford press Delhi.

8. Sadhu and Singh (1980), Child labour in India' in The Indian worker, 6 October

9. Singh, J. P., “Child labour as a challenge for urban sustainability: A case study of Azadpur mandi area, Delhi”, International Journal of Academic Research and Development, Vol. 2 (6) Nov. 2017: Pg. 944-949.

10. Singh, J. P., “Child Labour as a Social Problem with reference to India”, in Bal Shram evam Bal Apradh- Mudde evam Chunautiyan, by S.P.L. Srivastava, S. Yadav, S. and Namrata Prasad, Page - 305-314 : New Delhi, 2018 (ISBN: 9789382171690)

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