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JAG Research Allocation Workshop Synthesis Notes February 1-2, 2010
KEYTHEMES&TAKE-HOMEMESSAGES(EXECUTIVESUMMARY)
TheconvenedexpertsbroadlyagreedthattheLandscapeAllocationfora“World-Class”ResearchandDemonstrationForestshouldbeconstructedusingaHypothesis-OrientedFrameworkthatdefinesanorganizationalstructurefortestingandimprovingforestpoliciesandpracticesthroughouttheRedwoodregion.Suchaframeworkcouldbeorganizedaroundmodels,rangingfromsimpleconceptualmodelstomoredetailedquantitativemodels,thatwouldprovidesomeorganizationalrigorandcouldeventuallyimprovetheabilitytopredictpotentialimpactsassociatedwithmanagementpractices.Thistypeofframeworkwouldprovidestakeholderswithreliableinformationforhowtomanageforestsinasustainablemanner.ItwouldallowtheentireforestrycommunitytoleverageknowledgegainedatJDSFthroughouttheRedwoodregion(andbeyond),whilealsoensuringthatmanagementwithinJDSFmeetsthegoalsandobjectivesdefinedwithinthemanagementplan.EmbeddedwithinthisHypothesis-Orientedapproachshouldbe:
• AnAdaptiveManagementFrameworkthatrigorouslyteststheassumptionsaroundexistingpoliciesandpracticesthatoccurwithintheRedwoodregion.integratesmonitoring,research,anddemonstrationinwaysthatimprovepracticesandpoliciesofinteresttotheforestrycommunity
• Sufficientdiversityofstructuralconditionsexists(andismaintainedovertime)acrossthelandscapesuchthatcurrentandfutureresearcherswillhaveacomplementofvariedconditionsuponwhichtoconductresearch
AprimarygoalofthisHypothesis-OrientedFrameworkwouldbetotestandrefineForestrypoliciesandpracticeswithintheRedwoodRegion(andperhapsbeyond)thatcansupportcontinuedextractionofresourcesinasustainablemannerwithoutunravelingourwatershedsandnegativelyimpactingsensitiveresources.Suchagoalshouldmoreeffectivelyleadto:
1. Therecoveryofendangeredspecies,and
2. Restorationofold-growthredwoodforestecosystems
Therewasalsobroadagreementthatthelandscapeallocationshouldreflectafocusonstrategic“CentersofExcellence”thatdefineasomewhatnarrow,yetmulti-disciplinary
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researchfocusfortheforestthathelpstoresolvecriticalissuesfacingforestmanagementwithinandbeyondtheRedwoodregion.TwosuggestedCentersofExcellencearousedasubstantialdegreeofinterestbyalltheworkshopparticipants:
1. SeektoUnderstandingthedynamicsbetweenhabitatandstructuralrelationshipswithRedwoodEcosystems–specificallyfocusedarounduplandspecies,amongwhichwouldperhapsincludingasub-focusofhowtomanageforolderforests.Usemodelsasthebasisforourexistingunderstanding.Formulatethemodelsonexistingstructureofthelandscape.Aimtobepredictivesothatthedatacanbevalidatedthroughexperiments.
2. SeektounderstandhowtoachievetherecoveryofwatershedsbywayofafocusedapproachtoCohosalmonidrecovery-drivetorestorationofcohohabitat/riparianhabitats/watershedsasfastaspossible.Getreallygoodaboutrecoveringfish.Testnewrules.Investheavilyinrestorationtoseeifwecanrecoverthespecies.Constructmorecompletemanagementsystem,sothatwecanexportprinciples,policiesandpracticestootherlands.
Thesetwocentersshouldfollowparallelresearchpathwaysthatcouldprovideanalyticalandmethodologicalreferencesandthussupporttheirmutualdevelopment.
IndevelopingtheLandscapeAllocation,JAGshouldthinkmoreabouthowJDSFcanintegrateopportunitiesacrosstheentireRedwoodlandscape.Alandscape-based,cooperativeapproachincreasestherelevanceofJDSFtomanystakeholders.Also,theabilitytomanageatlandscape-scalesisgreatlyimprovedbycollaboratingwithotherlandownersthroughouttheRedwoodregion(sincethereisprobablylimitedopportunitywithinJDSFtoaddresslandscape-scaleissuesgivenitssize,limitedrangeofvariability,andothermanagementconstraints.BuildingaResearchCooperativewould:
• Leveragefundingresourcesfromabroaderarrayofcooperators,agenciesandgrantingentities
• EstablishJDSFasacenterofresearchthatprovidesthestaff,moneyandsupportforthecooperative
• Providecollaboratorsthatcanalsosupportadaptivemanagementeffortsbyengaginginevaluationsofpoliciesandpracticesthroughouttheregion
• LeveragetheuniquecapacitiesofJDSFtodomanipulativestudiesthatcannotbeeasilyreplicatedbyotherland-uses,recognizingthatgenerally,
o ParksandConservationblockscanprovidereferences
o Industriallandownerstypicallyoffermoreactiveproduction-orientedforestry
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o USFSlandshavedifferentmanagementconstraintsthantypicallyapplytolandsoperatingunderForestPracticesregulations
o HabitatConservationLandsofferothermanagementmodels
o Descriptivestudiescanbeconductedanywhere
TheExpertsbrieflyreviewedexistinglandscapeallocationproposalsunderconsiderationbyJAGandgenerallyfoundthatwhilecontainingsomegoodideasandconcepts,generally:
• TheManagementPlanproposalistoofocusedaroundsilvicultureandlacksanydefininghypotheses
• TheNaturalForestrydefaultistoorigidandlack’ssufficientdiversity
• TheworkingResearchCommittee’sapproachistoonebulous(initscurrentform).NeedsmorethoughtfulframeworkbuiltaroundCentersofExcellence.
Asaninterimapproach,theallocationbalanceasexpressedintheManagementPlanisprettyclosetowhereitneedstobeintheshort-term.ItissimilartoBlodgett’sallocationinitsdistribution,anditofferssufficientflexibilitytorespondtoopportunities.Asaninterimallocationpriortodevelopingamoredefinitivehypothesis-basedapproach,thisisprobablyenough.
ConstructingtheHypothesis-Orientedapproachtoallocationshouldstartby:
1. Synthesizeinformationfortheexistinglandscape
• Beginbydevelopingsimplified(cartoon)conceptualmodels
• Usetheconceptualmodelstobeginconstructingmorequantitativemodelsusingexistinginventoriesanddatatotestwhatwethinkweknowanddon’tknowaboutthekeyrelationshipsineachCenterofExcellence
• Startsimply,andincreasethelevelofsophisticationasknowledgedevelops
• Notethatmanyexistingmodelscanbefoundwithintheexistingscientificliterature(andotherforestmanagementexperiences).ThekeyforJDSFistorefineandintegratethesetoolssothattheresultsarerelevant.LooktoWatershedAnalysisandsimilartools.
2. ForWatersheds:beginactiverestorationofcohoassoonaspossible(recoveryisurgentlyneeded!)
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• Activerestorationfocusedonwoodplacement,fishpassageandotherhabitatimprovements(e.g.reconnectfloodplains,etc)
• Intensivelymonitortodocumentwhatworks(andwhatdoesn’t)
• Applyexperimentalmethodsusingtestablehypotheses
3. Developlimitingfactorsmodelsandbegindocumenting
4. Formulateandtestvariousworkinghypotheses(includingpeer-reviewfromcooperators)
5. Defineuplandunitsonwildlife/ecosystemsneeds(watershedsnotubiquitouslyusefulunitstructureforuplands,e.g.,firescapes)
6. Defineriparianunitsusinggeomorphicreaches
7. Begintodefineadesiredfutureconditiontrajectoryforallstands(ormanagementunits).Everymanipulationsisbasedontestinghypotheses.
InadditiontotheaboveactivitiesassociatedwithdevelopingthescientificbasisfortheHypothesis-Orientedallocation,severalrelevanttasksinclude:
• Formcooperativesandadaptivemanagementframeworksthatcanbeusedbythosecooperatives(possiblyintegratingwiththeMonitoringStudyGroupandothers)
• Holdasymposiumofland/oceanrecoveryofsalmonids(looktoNSFasaresourcehere)
• DevelopJDSFexpertisecenter(staffing,partners,resources,etc)
Overaperiodofyears,thiseffortshouldtargetthedevelopmentofformalmanagementsystems(combinationsofregulations,policies,practicesandAdaptiveManagement)thatwouldmakemodelsavailabletootherland-owners.Startusingthecontextoftheexistingregulatoryframework,andactivelyrefineasinformationevolves.
Fromastructuralperspective,theExpertssuggestedthatthebuildingblocksshouldbeunitsthatintegratea)existingconditions,b)desiredfutureconditions,andc)data-drivenmodelsthatdefineresearchobjectives(hypotheses).
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Theconceptofshiftingmosaicswerenotconsideredappropriate,astheycancomplicatestudiesbyintroducinggreatercomplexityinlegacyconditions(e.g.seedbanks,etc).Instead,strongsupportwasvoicedforstableunitsthatpersistovertimesoastoprovidethatstabilityrequiredforlong-termstudies.Specificrecommendationsfordataandinfrastructureneedsareprovided.
Withregardtomeasuring(andthusensuring)anadequatediversityofstructuralconditionsontheforest,theexpertsadvisedJAGtokeepitrelativelysimple,byusingexistingsilviculturalclassificationsystems(e.g.modifiedOliverandLarsenasdiscussedinapaperbyDr.KevinO’Hara’s)asthebase.Additionaldetail(silviculturalsystems,habitatrelationships,etc)canbeintegratedasourcollectivesophisticationoftheselandscape-scaleprocessesandfunctionsnaturallyevolves(andasthelanguagedevelopstobetterdescribethesevariations).Identifyunits(primarilyaroundsub-watersheds(sizedatapproximately500acres)orsimilareco-systemunits)andkeepthoseunitsstable.UnitsmightconsiderdefiningclassesoftreatmenttypesinamannersimilartoBlodgettForest(subjecttovariabilitywithintheunits).Overtime,asmodelsevolve,
MOVETOWARDDEFININGMEASURESOFDIVERSITYANSWERSTOJAG’SKEYQUESTIONS:LANDSCAPEALLOCATION
TheallocationbalanceasexpressedintheManagementPlanisprettyclosetowhereitneedstobeintheshort-term.ItissimilartoBlodgett’sallocationinitsdistribution,anditofferssufficientflexibilitytorespondtoopportunities.Asaninterimallocationpriortodevelopingamoredefinitivehypothesis-basedapproach,thisisprobablyenough.
Providespecificideasforlandscapeallocationthatwouldunderpinastronglong-termresearchanddemonstrationprogram.Theseideasmaybepresentedintheformofspecificcriteria,generalobjectives,and/orapproachesthatwoulddeliverapreferredallocation.
JAGshouldthinkmoreabouthowJDSFcanintegrateopportunitiesacrosstheRedwoodlandscape.SuchanapproachincreasestherelevanceofJDSFtomanystakeholders.Also,theabilitytomanageatlandscape-scalesisgreatlyimprovedbycollaboratingwithotherlandownersthroughouttheRedwoodregion.ThusbuildingaResearchCooperativewould:
• EstablishJDSFasacenterofresearchthatprovidesthestaff,moneyandsupportforthecooperative
• Providecollaboratorsthatcanalsosupportadaptivemanagement,dynamic
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policyinteraction,etc
• OneoftheuniquecapacitiesofJDSFisitsabilitytodomanipulativestudiesthatcannotbeeasilyreplicatedbyotherland-uses
o Parksandasreferences
o Conservationblocksas‘lighttouch,somereference
o Industriallandownersasmoreactiveproduction-orientedforestry
o USFSlandsthathavedifferentmanagementconstraintsthantypicallyapplytolandsoperatingunderForestPracticesregulations
Criteria,ApproachesandGeneralObjectivesforLandscapeAllocation
• Landscapeallocationshouldreflectafocusonstrategic“CentersofExcellence”thatdefineanarrowresearchfocusfortheforestthatintegratesmultipleissues.Restrainfromtryingtobeallthingstoallpeople.
• Watersheds(orsub-watersheds)intherangeof100to500acresareapreferredunitofmanagement,althoughthereisarangeofideasexpressedforhowsuchaunitofmanagementwouldbemanaged
• Harvestactivitiesshouldfinanciallysustainbothmanagementandscientificcosts
• Leverageexisting&historicaldatatoinformresearchactivities
• Amountofacreageinanymanagementunittypeshouldensureenoughlandsforreplicates(notnecessarilyexclusivetoJDSF),butrememberlossofcontrolwhennotonJDSFlands.
• Createopportunitiestoallowflexibilityinresearchtoensureanattractiveplaceforresearchers
• Allocationpatternsshouldbedevelopedbasedonwhattheforestcommunityneedstoknowtounderstandredwoodecosystems
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• Somecoreresearchtopicsshouldbecapableofprovidingusefulanswersindependentofanycooperativeresearchefforts
• Wecanuseconceptualoranalyticalmodelsasorganizingframeworksforhabitat/organismrelationships,andtheinformationneededtoinformbothscienceandmanagement
• Giventhetimeittakestogrowtrees,thereissomeadvantagetousingtheexistingstructuresasaguide,althoughweshouldbeawareofopportunitiestocreatethekindoflandscapeovertimethatisdesirable(e.g.viewtheexistingstructureasanopportunity,notaconstraint)
Expertcommentsonthecurrentlandscapeallocationproposals(TheManagementPlan,LandscapeCommitteeProposalandResearchCommitteePrinciples)toidentifyhowitwouldenhanceand/orimpactresearchanddemonstrationactivitiesandprojectsIncludingthe
TheManagementPlanproposalistoofocusedaroundsilvicultureandlacksanydefininghypotheses[alternateobservationisthatitviewstimberastheprimaryresearchablesubject]
TheNaturalForestrydefaultistoorigidandlack’ssufficientdiversity
TheworkingResearchCommittee’sapproachistoonebulous(initscurrentform).NeedsmorethoughtfulframeworkbuiltaroundCentersofExcellence.
Thisapproachtoallocationshouldstartby:
1. Synthesizinginformationfortheexistinglandscape.Buildscientificmodelsfortheexistingconditionstodemonstratewhatweknow(anddon’tknow)aboutthedynamicsbetweenhabitatandstructuralrelationships(andwatersheds).Usetheinventoryofcritersandstructurestoinformandtestmodels.
2. Defininguplandunitsonwildlife/ecosystemsneeds(watershedsuseastheunitofallocationforuplandresourcescanbeinconsistentwithlandscapeandhabiatformingprocesses,e.g.,firescape)
3. Definingriparianunitsusinggeomorphicreaches
4. Sendingallstands(ormanagementunits)ontoadesiredfutureconditiontrajectory.
5. Everymanipulationsisbasedontestinghypotheses.
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WhatExpertsLikeAboutExistingProposals
• TheResearchCommittee’sapproachthateveryactivityisanexperiment,andthatitshouldbetested
o Notnecessarilyagoodexperiment–requiressomefocus(needtodefinethequestion)someamountofdesignisappropriate
• Goodfocusquestionishowdoyouaccomplishold-growth/late-seralconditions(orrestorationforestry,orecosystemrestoration)whileextractingeconomicallyviableproductions
• NaturalForestryisonereasonablehypothesisworthyofconsideration,butnotassolemanagementpractice
• Theallocationwouldsubstantiallybenefitbyarigorouslydevelopedlandscapemanagementplan
WhatWeMightDoDifferently
NOTE:thesecommentsareincomplete,asweneverformallyrequestedcritiques.Someparticipantsofferedcritiqueanyway(whicharereflectedhere).Thusnotallperspectiveshavebeenproperlycaptured.
• Reallyneedtofocusonamorenarrowmission(s)fortheforest
o Can’teffectivelybeallthingstoallpeople
• NaturalForestryoptionrequiresfutureresearchquestionstobedesignednow,orwerisknothavingthestructuresinplace
o Needmuchgreaterdiversityofconditions
o Kate:can’tjustholdalloptionsopenforthefuture.Therewillbeopportunities.Needtodecideonwhatwewanttoanswer,andmoveforward
• Entirediscussionoflandscapeallocationneedstobehypothesisdriven
• Steve–wedon’tyethavegooddynamichabitatmodels–allbasedonseralclasses.
o Howcouldweseparatelegacyissuesthatallowsformoredynamicmodelingapproaches
o Dan:assemblytheory–
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o Brad–seralclassesbasedondominanttrees.Ignoresmuchofthevaluesimportanttowildlife(likeunderstory,etc)
• Kate:needtomakesilviculturemodelsrelevanttomorestuff(includingwildlife)
• CWHRandsimilarexistingmodelscouldbeastartingpointforlessonsonbuildinghabitatmodels
• ConcernsaboutthelackofvariationassociatedwiththeLandscapeCommittee’sproposal
• ConcernsabouttheabilitytopredictfutureresearchneedstodayintheLandscapeCommittee’sproposal
Identifypotentiallandscape-scaleelements(buildingblocks)thatshouldbeconsideredupontheforesttosupportresearchobjectives.Suchelementsmayincludeshiftingmosaiczones,reserves,intensivelymonitoring(orsensored)areas,specificresearchinstallations(e.g.canopycranes,weirs,etc),orotherelements.
Thebuildingblocksshouldbeunitsthatintegratea)existingconditions,b)desiredfutureconditions,andc)data-drivenmodelsthatdefineresearchobjectives(hypotheses)
Theconceptofshiftingmosaicswerenotconsideredappropriate,astheycancomplicatestudiesbyintroducinggreatercomplexityinlegacyconditions(e.g.seedbanks,etc).Instead,strongsupportwasvoicedforstableunitsthatpersistovertimesoastoprovidethatstabilityrequiredforlong-termstudies.
Specificrecommendationsfordataandinfrastructureneedsarediscussedbelow:
DataRequirements
Thefollowingdatashouldbemadeavailableassoonaspossibletosupportaninitialanalysisofexistingconditions,whichshouldformthebasisfordevelopinghypothesesthatin-turndefinethelandscapeallocation.
UrgentData
• Needarobustlong-termdatabaseinfrastructure
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o Existingdatabasemaybegood(nobasisforexpertstojudge).Looktoseewhatismissingorneedstobedone
o State-of-the-artdatabaseGIS(web-based)ORstaffresourcesavailableforinquiries
• LIDARsurveysfortheentireforest
o Valuableindependentofresearchquestions(manyuses)
o Lookforlocalpartnerswhomayhaveunprocesseddata
o CasperCkdata(3-4yrsago)
o Extractallavailabledata(e.g.groundtopography,habitatmodeling,etc)
• ReviewcertificationrequirementsforFSC/SFI,todetermineanyadditionaldataneedsifcertificationoftheforestisdesired
o Maytaketimetodevelop
OtherDataOpportunities
• Weatherstation(meterological),morerepresentative(e.g.beyondCasperCreek)maybeuseful[someareavailable,e.g.,RAWSstationNEofMaquire’sPond.
o Blodgetthasfoundittobethemostrequesteddata
• Low-costcarbonsensorsareunderdevelopmentthatmaybeusefulifCarbonSequestrationischosenasaCenterforExcellence
• Intensivefish&streammonitoring(similartoCDFGpracticesonFreshwaterCreek)throughouttheownership
• Morehydrologystations,distributedthroughouttheforest
o Gowithmorelow-techstations.NoneedforhighlypreciseinstrumentationlikeCasperCk(useCCforhighlyprecisequestions)
InfrastructureSupportRecommendations
• Theforestshouldprovideappropriatehousingfacilitiesforresearchersandtechnicians[ForestLearningCenterisavaialbalbe]
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• Theforestneedsawellmaintainedroadandtrailsystem,thatsupportsall-weather,accessibility
o Researchersdon’tliketowalktoofar(especiallyifcarryingequipment)
§ Distalsitescanalsocompromisedataintegrity(Kate)
o Disconnectroadsfromstreamnetwork(adequatedrainage,etc)
• Theforestshouldhire(orcontract)toprovideapoolofcompetentandtrainedtechnicians,capableofcollectingvariousformsoffielddata
o Includingforestinventory,biologicalsurveys,streamdata,etc
o Reconnaissancesurveysshouldoccuraftermajordisturbancestodocumenteffectsonpertinentresources
o Routinesurveyscanrotate,stratify,etcasperstudydesign
• Challenge:Chasingdatafromresearchersisoftentricky.
• Annualworkshop(symposium)ofresearchers
SuggestionsforalternativelandscapeallocationpatternsthatJAGshouldconsiderinlightofresearchanddemonstrationpriorities.
Thereareatleast2dominantapproachestolandscapeallocationthattheJAGshouldconsider:
1. Research-OrientedFramework-thelandscapeallocationprocesswouldbenefitbyanorganizationalframeworkforhowweapproachthemanagementoftheforest.Suchaframeworkcouldhelpdefinetheallocation,research&monitoringapproaches,andopportunitiesforcollaboration.Note:theallocationinherentlyestablishesaseriesoftestablehypothesesthatweshouldmoreexplicitlyleverage
a. AvariantofthisapproachisusinganAdaptiveManagementFrameworkthatintegratesmonitoring,research,anddemonstrationinwaysthatimprovepracticesandpoliciesofinteresttotheforestrycommunity
2. BuildItandTheyWillCome–defineastructurefortheforestthatcoversarangesofexpectedsilviculturalapproachesandlet
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researchersself-select
ANSWERSTOJAG’SKEYQUESTIONS:RESEARCHAGENDA
Thefollowingareinorderofroughpriority(basedonmulti-votingandinterpretationsofcomments).(thenumbersinparenthesesafterScribedversionistheresultofthemulti-voting)
Apreliminarylistofenduringbig-picture,long-termissuesandquestionsthatshouldbeusedtodirectmanagementofJDSF,sothatJDSFwillbecomeacorecenterforknowledge?Theseideaswillbeusedtoa)informtheResearchAgenda,andb)providearelevantcontextforallocationdiscussions)
The Experts indicated a general degree of excitement around two topics as potential Centers of Excellence:
3. Seek to Understanding Redwood Ecosystems – specifically focused
around the dynamics between habitat & structural relationships, perhaps
including the context of how to manage for older forest. Use models as the basis
for our existing understanding. Formulate the models on existing structure of the
landscape. Aim to be predictive so that the data can be validated through
experiments.
4. Coho (watershed) recovery - Drive to restoration of coho habitat/riparian
habitats/watersheds as fast as possible. Get really good about recovering fish.
Test new rules. Invest heavily in restoration to see if we can recover the species.
Construct more complete management system, so that we can export
principles/policies/practices to other lands. Parallel the work for redwood
ecosystems (stated ) but on separate tracks.
There was also some discussion about the value of the following topic:
CarbonSequestration?–howcanforestssequestercarbonandhowcantheserelatetoclimatechangemanagementpolicies
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TestassumptionsofmanagementpoliciesandpracticesScribed:“Arethecurrentmanagementpolicies/practicestakingustoourgoal”(8policies/13practices)
Scribed:isorshouldtherebemonitoringdatatosupportpriorityresearchand/ormanagementdecisions(5)
• Testtheideathatifwebuildhabitatthatspecieswillcome(e.g.doesprovidinghabitatleadtorecoveryofspecies)
• Arecurrentpolicies&practicesachievingdesiredgoals(e.g.riparianmanagementassumptions,etc)
o CompleteanAdaptiveManagementframework
Howdowecontinuetoextractresourcesinasustainablefashionwithoutunravelingourwatershedsandnegativelyimpactingexistingresources(e.g.fisheries,ecosystems,etc)?
Scribed:howdoforestmanagementsystemsachievesustainablewsorotherfunctionalmanagementgoals(5)
Scribed:arecoastalWS’sunraveling,sustainingorimproving(7)
• Doexisting(oralternative)forestmanagementsystems(includingbutnotlimitedtoFPR)achievesustainable(includingecosystem,watershed,andotherfunctional)managementgoals.
• Aretrajectoriesdeclining,stableorimproving?
RecoveryofEndangeredSpeciesScribed:Whatdocommonspeciestellusaboutmanagingforoutcomes(6)
Scribed:canweunderstandhabitatrelationshipstobetterpredictpopulationstrendsinguildsand/orspecies(6)
Scribed:whatorganismsprovideintegrativeknowledgeofconditionofwatershed/forest(3)
Scribed:howdoyoumanageforforestresilianceinlightofccuncertaintiesandconsequences(2)??
• Whatisneededtomaintainviablepopulations(veg,animals,etc)
• Buildittheywillcome(e.g.doesprovidinghabitatleadtorecoveryofspecies)
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• Canendangeredspecies-orientedmanagementinformforestmanagementatamoreholisticscale?
o Howcancommonspeciesinformforestmanagement?
• Whatorganisms(orguilds)provideintegrativeknowledgeoftheconditionofthewatershed/forest?
• Howcanweintegratehabitatneeds(intheformofforeststructure)atthelandscapescalesuchthattheirstatuscouldbepredicted(e.g.usingGIS)inresponsetomanipulations.Suchaquestionwouldinform:
§ Management
§ Monitoring,AM,etc
§ Habitat/landscapemodels
§ Testhypotheses
§ [usingthisasanorganizingframework]
Howtorestoreold-growthcharacteristicsScribed:doesoldgrowthstructure=old-growthforests(e.g.istreestructureenoughtosupportecosystemstructure/function)(4)
Scribed:whatwillweasacommunityofscientists,acceptasourgoalforrestoredecosystems(0)
• doesold-growthstructure=old-growthforest(e.g.istreestructureenoughtosupportecosystemstructure)
o Usingcommonspeciestocharacterizeentireecosystemsmaybenecessarytoaddressthisissue
• Whatistheappropriatemodernreference(targets,objectives,etc)forold-growth(i.e.historicanalogsmaynotbeappropriate)
o Whatbiologicalprocessescanbereferences?
• Isagetherightmetric?
o i.e.cana200-yroldforestprovideallthecriticalecosystemstructures&functionsofanold-growthsystem
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o whatcriticalecosystemprocesses&structuresarerequiredtoprovidethebasicsofanold-growthforestsystem(watershedsystem,etc)
• DP:whatwillweasacommunityofscientistsaccept?asourgoalforrestoredecosystems?
BasicecosystemprocessesScribed:WhatdoesWQlooklikeatthelandscapescale(3)
Scribed:whatcriticalecosystemprocesses&structuresarerequiredtoprovidethefunctions(basics)ofanoldgrowthforestsystem(watershedsystem,etc)(3)
• Understandingwhatisbiologicallyatstakeandhowinter-related
o E.g.mycorrhizaeinfoontreeproductivity
• EnduringBig-PictureQuestions:
o Disturbancedynamics(short&longterm)
§ Howdomodernanalogs(e.g.activemanipulations)mimicthese
§ Whatistheroleoffireintheecosystem
o WhatdoesWQlooklikeattheLSscale(buildoffCasperCk)
§ Whatistheover-archingworkingmodelthatCasperCkdescribesatthelandscapescale?
• limitingfactorsanalysis
• Watershed-analysis-likesynthesis
§ Lookforreferencesitesthatprovidecontext(e.g.old-growthareasforheadwateramphibians)
ClimateChangeIssuesScribed:doesclimatetrajectory=ecologicaltrajectory?Ifso,howtoincorporateintoplanning(3)
• Carbonsequestration
• Doesclimatetrajectory=ecologicaltrajectory
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o Isthesignalstrongenoughtobeadriverbeyondnaturalvariation?
o Howdowemanagetheforesttoberesilientinthecaseofclimatechange(oruncertainties)?
Exoticinvasivespecies&responsetodisturbances(e.g.fire,fog,etc)Scribed:howdowemanageforexoticinvasivespeciessothattheyareincorporatedintomanagementgoals(2)
• Howcanwemanageforthemwithinthecontextofexistingmanagementpractices?
OtherrelevantcommentsregardingtheResearchAgenda
Howtomonitor(measureandreporting)onthefeedbackloop,impacts(benefits)fromJDSF/JAGresearchactivitiestostakeholders(doesJDSFhaveimpact)
• Howdoweknowthatourrecommendationsareconsidered
• Structuredprocessfordatatobeshared
• HowarewedoingAMandhowdoweknow?
• ClosingtheAMloop
• Feedbackisimportant
• Accountabilityatnumerouslevels(management,policy,community,etc)
• Monitoringisanessentialelementofbothresearch&management
• Collecteddatashouldhaveanintendedpurpose(e.g.minimize(eliminate)datafordatasake).Warningw/exampleofweatherstations&climate
• Isthereappropriatemonitoringdatatosupportallkeyresearchquestions?
Basicinventorydataisessentialtointegrateinformationtomakeitavailabletoresearchandthecommunityatlarge
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• Whatresearchopportunitiesexisthere?
o E.g.lidar,remotesensingtechnologies,etc
• Thisseemslikeanimportantearlystep
• ThiscanmakeJDSFafocalpointforadefinitiveresearchforest
• Whatcoreskill-setsdefinethisplace?
o Whatdowereallywanttobegoodat?
o Withwhomcanwepartnertoextendthequalityofpractice
WeneedtoincreasethesenseofurgencyassociatedwithEndangeredSpecies
UseAdaptiveManagementasaeuphemismfortheterm“monitoring”tobypassfundinglimitationson“monitoring.”
• Howdoesdatawecollecthelpusmeetourresearchandmanagementgoals
• AMmorelikelytogetfundedthanmonitoringTruthinadvertising!
Evaluateeffectsofactivemanipulationonresources
• Replicatewatersheds(largersample)
• Needbroaderrepresentationofscale(e.gconsiderlargerwatersheds)
Extendingtolandscape/regionalscalesthroughgreatercoordinationwithotherlandowners
• Extendslandscapes
• ProvidesabroadermixofmanagementpartnerswhocanextendtherangeofpotentialmanagementmanipulationsbeyondwhatmaybepoliticallyviableonJDSF
• Problem:toomanyextrapolationstakenfromsmallsamples,assurancesofaccess,managementcontrol,andQA/QCatoff-JDSFsites.
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ANSWERSTOJAG’SKEYQUESTIONS:STAND&STRUCTURALDIVERSITY
TheExpertsappearedtobesomewhatfrustratedbythisdiscussion,asitappearedlargelyirrelevantafterthediscussionofamodel-basedapproachfocusedaroundCentersofExcellence.OnlyafewoftheExpertsactivelyparticipatedinthisdiscussion,thusthestrengthofthesepositionsisuncertain.
Provideasenseforthedesirableextentofdiversityofstandconditionand/orseralconditionsneededtosupportastrongresearchanddemonstrationprogramIdeasforhowshouldthesebeachieved?
Keepitrelativelysimple.Useexistingsilviculturalclassificationsystems(e.g.modifiedOliverandLarsen-seeKevin’spaper)asthebase.Integrateadditionaldetail(silviculturalsystems,habitatrelationships,etc)assophisticationsnaturallyevolves(andaslanguagedevelopstobetterdescribethesevariations).
Identifyunits(primarilyaroundsub-watershedsorsimilareco-systemunits)andkeepthoseunitsstable.Unitsshoulddefineclassesoftreatmenttypes(subjecttovariabilitywithintheunits).
Movetowarddefiningmeasuresofdiversityusinghypothesis-basedapproachdescribedabove.
Otherconsiderationsinclude:
• Researchquestionsshoulddriveboththeselectionofdiversitymeasuresandtheappropriatescaleofmeasurement
• Useexistingmeasurestodefinediversity
• Definewhatistherefirst,thensub-dividetoallocation
• Keepingbinslargeisagoodidea(i.e.provideflexibility)
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Provideasensefortheextenttowhichlandallocationanddiversityshouldbeblocked-upordispersed,toenhanceopportunitiesforlandscape-levelresearchanddemonstration.Ideasforhowsuchblockingshouldbeestablished,andhowdiversityshouldbemeasuredandmanaged.
MLInterpretation(pleaseverify):TherewerevariedopinionsrepresentedbytheExperts,withacommonrecommendationforsub-watershedgroupings.However,whenpressedtoexplainwhy,mostanswerswerelessthancompelling(andneverquiteanswereddirectly).100–500acres,withthelatermostcommonlystated.Groupnotedthatscaleaffectswhatlandscapequestionscanorcannotberesearched,andthattherearelandscapescalequestionsforwhichJDSFis,initsself,toosmall.
Ideasforwhatscientificinfrastructureisneededtosupportthisagenda(e.g.keymeasures,instrumentation,access,staffing,etc)?
SeeaboveunderLandscapeAllocationQuestions
JohnHelmsadd-Whatkindsandlevelsofstandstructureanddiversityareneededtobemaintainedovertimetostimulateandenablelong-term,mission-orientedresearchthatisachievedthroughincrementalorcomplementarypiecesofresearchdonebydiversecollaboratorsthat,overdecades,cumulativelybuildsabodyofinterdisciplinaryinformation?
Thisquestionwasnotspecificallyaddressed.Answerstothiscanbeinferredfromabove.
OTHERPROCESSDISCUSSIONIDEAS
WHATARETHECOMPONENTSOFAWORLD-CLASSRESEARCHFOREST?
JAGshouldidentifymorespecificallywhatitwantstobeknownfor.These“CentersofExcellence”shouldbecompelling,integrative,andexciting.
OtherConsiderations:
• InmostResearchForests,researchdrivesmanagementactivities
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• BroadlyconsistentstylesofManagementonthegroundthatpersistovertime(e.g.predictable&adaptiveconditions)\
o Outcomeoriented?
• ActiveIntegrationofresearch/demonstrationwithmanagementobjectives
o Activemanagementisfocusedon
o Researchhistoricallyopportunisticandpassive
o Researchinformsmanagement
• Integratessciencefromotherlands(“meta-analysis”)
o ResearchstafflookbeyondJDSFtointegratestudiesandlessonsfromotherrelevantforestlands
o Whatarethequalitiesofmanagingherethatarerelevantoutsideredwoodregionaswell
§ Oneopportunity:endproductthatresultsinasuccessfulrestorationofcommunity&ecologyinnativeforests
• Cleargoal(s)thatarewell-definedandintegratedintomanagementpracticesandpolicies
• Resultsarepublishedwidely,inabreadthofjournals(subjectmatterandstature),andcitedwidelyandoften.
• Mostinterestingthingweexportishowwemanage(techniquesofmanagement)
o Practices,policiesandknowledgeofecosystemprocessthataretransportabletootherlandscapes
§ E.g.how
• ManagementExperiments
• Data,database,&historyistrackedandwell-maintained(includingbothmanagementeventsandsubstantialnaturalevents)
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o Accessible
o Re-measuredovertimeataunitthatisdefinable
§ Caretakenifmeasurementprotocolschange(cross-walk)
• Researchpartnerships(universitiesorotherresearchinstitutions)
• Kate:notethat50Kacresisnotalotforlandscape-scalequestions–howtoleveragetheforest
• 100%oftheforestinventoriedwithalevelofinformationmuchmoreprecisethannormallyappliedbyprivateforests(shouldmixremotesensingwithgrounddata)
o E.g.Blodgettmeasures4%ofthelandscape(atwhatfrequency?),enoughtoprovideestimatesat+/-5%ofvolume
StaffComments
• Substantialbudgetthatcanfundtargetedresearchgrants(Mission-OrientedandResearchAgenda)
• Robustlong-termmonitoringdatatoprovidebaselineforresearchers
• Broadrangeofforestconditionstosupportabroadrangeofresearchactivities
• Demo&outreachtobroadrangeofaudiences
• Complimentarymixoflong-term&short-termresearch
• Researchonlandscapes,controls&undisturbedareas
Indicators(fromKathy/Brad/John)
• Createcontext(conditions,clearmission,interaction)forattractingresearchers
• Strongdatabasedesignandeffectivemaintenance
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• Multi-disciplinary
• Externalfunding
• Researchdirector(PhDscientist)
Vince:howdoesallthishappenwithinthe“military-like”(e.g.commandandcontrol)structureofCALFIRE
Helge:howdowemaintainaworld-classstatusinaworldoflimitedfunding.
WHATISJDSFUNIQUELYSUITEDFOR?ONLYOPENNESS, ACCESSIBILITYANDR&DFOCUS.
JDSFoffersanexcellentopportunityforactive,manipulativeexperimentalresearchthattakesapproachesthataredifficulttoconductonotherlands
• Descriptivestudiesareavailableanywhere–fewopportunitiesforactivemanipulationofthelandscape
• Otherlandsaremoretightlyboundby
o a)stateForestPracticeRegulations,
o b)HabitatConservationPlans,
o c)Federalconstraints,or
o d)conservationeasementconstraints
OtherConsiderations
• Hartwell:CALFIRERulesareinadequate–linksto(old)aquaticrules
• JDSFoffersstabilityinlandscapestructure:abilityforconfidencethatinstallationsandstudiescanpersistoverthelong-term(i.e.lesssubjecttoeconomicdriversorownershipchanges,etc)
• JDSFoffersstabilityingoalsandmanagementpractices:
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o E.g.ecologicalrecovery(restoration)
o Researchcompatiblewithgoals
• Kate:Tobemoreinteresting:focusonhowwearemorelikeotherplacesratherthanhowweareunique.ThisencouragesotherstobemoreinterestedinwhatJDSFisdoing(ensuresgreaterinfluence)
• Kim:JAGandJDSFcanplayavitalroleinlinkingresearcherswithmanagersandthepublic
• JDSFoffersvariousgradients(e.g.east/west;RW/DF;etc)thatallowstudiesalongrangesofcontinuums[note–limitedlatitudinalgradients]
• AmoreclearlydefinedmissioncouldprovidethecontextfortheroleofJDSF.
o Doingtoomuchreducesourimpact
• JDSFisprobablyNOTsuitedtolandscape-scalestudiesintheabsenceofcooperationwithotherlandowners
o Toofewreplicates
o Toofewsub-watersheds
o Toolittlevariation
LANDSCAPEALLOCATIONDISCUSSION
WhatisthepurposeforLandscapeAllocation
• Establishestheframeworkforinventory??andmanagement
• Kevin:let’sdesignalandscapebasedonwhatwewant,notjustwhatisthere
• LearnfromNWFP–potentialrisks(AMA’shostagetowildliferules)
o Useittoidentify/exploretrade-off’s(priorities)specifically…?
• Tomeettheobjectivesoftheforest…
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• Frieder:Allocationshouldbestaticspatiallybymanagementstyle?
o Providesstabilitynecessarytoprovidelong-termresponses
o Isthereascalebetweenlandscape&standscale
• Kate:Allocationdefinestheexperiment
o ImpliesStandstructure=ecologicalhealth
§ Establishes/definesassumptionsandhypotheses
o Stateshypothesis:standstructuretakescareofecosystemfunctions
o Probablycan’taddresstheseassumptionsatJDSFalone(needscoordinationwithothers)
o Canaddresssomequestionsatstandscale.
o Whatcanyoudowiththatapproach?
• Combiningstructurewithwatershedscreateschallenges
• Kevin:setsthecontextforfutureexperiments
o Suchfutureexperimentswouldaddto(andthusmodify)thelandscape-scaleexperiment
• Kate:World-class=howcarefulandthoughtful(andrigorouslytested)ourworkinghypothesesandassumptionsarecraftedanddocumented
o E.g.modelsarereasonablypredictive
• Kim:wholeforestshouldbeallocatedtoresearch–oratleastclearlydefined
Whatisanappropriatebasisforallocation?
• Sub-basinsthatcapturestructuralcharacteristics
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o Loggedbywatershedsearlyinhistory
• Capturethemostcompleteassemblageoforganisms
Whatisleftbehindinusingsub-basinapproach?
• Potentialforfireissues
• Certainwildlifebioissues
EVENINGEXERCISEREADOUTS
Group3:• Informationdesires
o 2nd-orderwatershedsbuiltupto“unit”sizes(~500-1000acunitstreatedsimilarly)
§ Unitstreatedinsamemanner,butnotnecessarilyatthesametime
o Focus–sub-basintreatments
o Couldsmallerunitsprovidemoreopportunities(e.g.500units?)
o Whatiskeyresearchquestionsandtheappropriatescalesneeded
• Takehomeprinciple:
o Harvestiseconomicallyself-sustainingharvestactivities
o Leverageexisting&historicaldatatoinformresearch
o Potentialresearcharea:howtoframeresearcharoundthesilvicultureofrestorationforestry(paraphrased)
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• Opinion:settheresearchcontext,researcherswillcometoparticipateintheopportunities
Group2:• Splitforestinto5majorunitswith3managementareas
o Specialareas–reserves
o Oldforestrestoration–experimental,withnoproductiongoals(short-termallowablecut)10%
o Managedlong(~200yrs)rotation–includingmulti-agedstands.Extractingtimber40%(includingriparianareas)
o Multi-aged–selectionsilviculturedesignedtocreatenewcohorts25%
o Even-aged(~100yrrotation)–25%
• Eachareawouldhavesimilardistributionoftheabove
o Accountsforsitequalityandvegetativeconditions
o Featuresincludedconnectingcorridorofoldforestrestorationandmanagedlongrotation
• Sub-watershedsusedtoallocateindividualtreatments
• Principles:
o Amountofacreageinanymanagementunittypeistoensureenoughlandsforreplicates
o 25%ofeven-agedwouldresultinverysmallproportionoflandscapeinclearcutconditionatanygiventime
o Createopportunitiestoallowflexibilityinresearch(builditandtheywillcome).Doesn’tbuildallocationonanyspecificresearchquestionsorapproach.
• Even-agedstandsallowgreatercontrolofvariablesthatcansupportresearchatanumberofredwoodecologyissues
o Blodgettexperience:newesteven-agedcutsarethemostin-demandobjectives
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• Multi-agedresearchisverylimitedinlandscape
Group1:• Gotstuckinneedforclearlydefinedresearchquestionsbefore
theycoulddelineatepolygonsonthemap
o Whatwouldweneedtoknowtounderstandredwoodecosystems,including
§ Watershedsizes
§ Naturalvariability
§ ExpandingscopebeyondJDSFbysettingupasacooperative
• Conservationseasements
• Privatelands
• USFSlands
• Expandsspacefortimeandvariabilityintreatments
o WantedcoreanswersthatcouldbeprovidedbyJDSFexclusiveofthecooperative.
§ Howdostandsgrowinresponsetotreatments
§ Howdoorganismsrespondtothesetreatments
• Usinglandmanagementtoiterativielydevelopandtestmodels(organizationsframeworks)forhabitat/organismrelationships
o Focusedaroundcatchment/sub-watershedsshouldbeafundamentalunitofmanagement
§ Replicatesthataretreatedsimilarly
o 2-3zonationsdefinedbyexistinglandscape(similartoGroup2)
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MORNINGCOMMENTSFROMDAN
(DAN:pleaserefine):
• Monitoring
• Importanceofdatausabilitytopublic,researchers,etc
• Importanceofdataquality
• Needtoincludeunderstoryconditions
• Mission-OrientedPriorities–soundsgreat,butwhatarethey.Bemoreexplicitaboutissues,associatedassumptions.Openlytestourassumptions.
• Arecontinuedtimberharvestactivitiescompatiblewithsustainableecosystemresources?
• HowisinfofromJDSFpackaged,shared&disseminated.Transparenttolocalcommunity,policy,researchers
• Leveragepastworktosetdirectionformovingforward(gapanalysis)
• Whatistheappropriatescaleofresearchontheforest(self-containedorcollaborative)
RECOMMENDEDNEXTSTEPS
MovetowardimplementingsystemsbasedonCentersofExcellence.Asawaytosellthebenefitsofapproachtokeydecision-makersandfunders,we’llneedtoenunciateshort-term,mid-term,long-termapproachesandassociateddeliverables(outcomes)thatwouldarise.
• ShortTerm(fewyears)
o Developsimplified(cartoon)conceptualmodels
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o Usetheconceptualmodelstobeginconstructingmorequantitativemodelsusingexistinginventoriesanddata
o Getrestorationofcohogoingassoonaspossible(recoveryisurgentlyneeded!)
§ Activeinstreamrestorationfocusedonwoodplacement,fishpassageandotherhabitatimprovements
§ Intensivelymonitoredtodocumentwhatworks(anddoesn’twork)
§ Applyexperimentalmethodsusingtestablehypotheses
§ R&Dandallocationimplicationswerenotdelvedinto.
o DevelopLimitingFactorsmodels
o Formcooperatives(seeabove)
o Holdsymposiumofland/oceanrecoveryofsalmon(looktoNSFasaresource)
o DevelopJDSFexpertisecenter(staffing,partners,resources,etc)
o Formulatehypothesesforstablev.dynamiclandscapes
§ NaturalANDmanipulated
§ Looktofindopportunitiesforcollaborationwithotherlandbases
• Medium-Term
o Targetthedevelopmentofformalmanagementsystems(combinationsofregulations,policies,practicesandAdaptiveManagement)thatwouldmakemodelsavailabletootherland-owners.Startusingthecontextoftheexistingregulatoryframework,andactivelyrefineasinformationevolves.
• Longer-term
o Silviculturaloutputs
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FEEDBACKFROMEXPERTS
Whatfinalwordsofwisdomdoyouhavetoofferinsummarizingthisevent.
• Hart:IdeasfromKatehadalotofmerit.Potentialforbringinginalotofpartners(cooperative)andhypothesis-drivenapproachspecifically
• Pete:reallylikescooperative–fitswitheffortsofGentry,etal
o AlwayswantedJDSFtobemorelikeHJAndrews.Appearstobemovinginthatdirection
• Kim:Partnershipsarekey.ExplorepotentialforDirector(PI).
o TheExpertsmighthavebeenmoreeffectivehadtheyseentheplansinadvance
• Ron:cleargoals
o Cooperationwithlocalandbroadercommunity
• Fred:puttingsilviculturesecondarytowildlifeisexcitingpotential.Likelytohavevaluetosmalllandowners.Alsolikestheideaofgrowingold-growth.
• Nick:like’sgoalofCohoascenterforexcellence.AlsouseofJDSFasopportunityforprofessionalinteraction.Moreconcertedeffortforannualfielddays??
• Kate:piecesarethere.Willvolunteertohelp.Ifwecanhitonbiggerideas,itwillhelpforestryinstateoverall.Willprovideveryrichway.
• Tom:Like’sKate’sideas,inventory,forest&aquatic,modelsasorganizationalideas,coho.HopethatcurrentplanwouldhaveminoradjustmentstogaintrustoftheJAG.
o Howdoweaddressbudgets,governmentissues,civilserviceconstraints,etc
• Steve:asscientist,alotoffixationonmoredata.Sometimesmoredataisnothelpful.Modelsaregreatorganizationsframeworkformovingthisforward.Simple,transparent,predictabilitywithchanginginputs,reasonablyaccurate(butnotnecessarilyprecise).Datacollectionneedsacontext.
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• Frieder:keepopenoptionsonthegroundtogenerate$$andkeepthoseproprietarytoforest(rainydayfundtoo).Keep&maintaindatawell.Havemeetingstoshareinsightsandideas.
• Kevin:prefersbuild-it-and-they-will-comeapproach.Theapproachusedhereisinteresting.Careshouldbetaken.
FEEDBACKFROMJAG
Hasthisbeenhelpful?
• Vince:happywithwherethisworkshopbroughtus
• Kathy:informativeandinteresting.ChallengingtoconveythisdiscussiontoremainingJAGmembers.Worthwhile,doable,andlotsofwork.JDSFisworthit.
• Dr.Helms:whateverdirectionwerecommendhastobeexciting,imaginative,engaging.Enjoyedideaofacenterofexcellence.
• Brad:learnedmuch.Veryinteresting.LotsofoverlapwithpriorJAGdiscussions.Fewissuesresolved,butdifferentperspective.Like’stheideaofacenterofexcellence,andasafocalpointforcooperative.
• Pam:thanks
• Russ:thanksabound
• Helge:INSPIRING!!Didn’tsolvetheelephantintheroom.Movingindifferentdirectionthantypicallydone.Willbeinteresting.Goodeffortathighlightingthetradeoffs.
• Dan:innovative,authenticway.
• Rick:pitchednextRedwoodSymposium(SantaCruz,Spring2011).