ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani XVII STUDIES IN HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY Tbilisi _ 2015 TBILISI _ 2015
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY
istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani
XVII
STUDIES IN HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY
Tbilisi _ 2015 TBILISI _ 2015
UDC 39 (=353.1)+94(479.22) (082) i885 ISSN 1512-2727
istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XVII nomeri, wina gamocemebis msgavsad, eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis. redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori saredaqcio kolegia: avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori recenzentebi: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori manana xidaSeli istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori Editor in chief: Doctor of History
Khatuna Ioseliani
Editorial board: Doctor of History Avtandil Songulashvili
Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History Manana Khidasheli Doctor of History krebuli gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT © avtorTa jgufi, 2015
2
redaqtorisgan
Cveni krebulis winasityvaoba, bolo wlebis
manZilze, samecniero sferoSi mimdinare movlenebisa
da ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis samecniero saqmianobis garkveul anga-
riSsac moicavs, am tradicias vagrZelebT da mokled
mimovixilavT arsebul viTarebas.
umTavres problemad isev rCeba samecniero-kvle-
viTi institutebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba da
statusi. axali kanonis mixedviT, samecniero-kvleviT
institutebs garkveuli avtonomia eZlevaT, risi rea-
lurad ganxorcielebac, isev Sesabamis universite-
tebTan molaparakebazea damokidebuli.
amasTanave, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-
logiis institutis mTavar problemas, ukve ramdeni
welia _ meliqiSvilis q. #10-Si mdebare Senobis Se-
narCunebis sakiTxi warmoadgens. miuxedavad insti-
tutis mcdelobisa, kuTvnili Senoba (romelic
saqarTvelos kompartiis ck biuros 1980 wlis 4
martis dadgenilebiT (oqmi #159), saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituts
gansaTavseblad gadaeca) davkargeT. saqarTvelosa da
kavkasiis masStabiT, erT-erTi yvelaze didi tradi-
ciis mqone instituti, Tsu biblioTekis Senobis (e.
w. maRlivi korpusis win mdebare) Ria, ximinjebs
Soris arsebul sivrceSi unda ganTavsdes.
unda iTqvas, rom es faqti, samwuxarod, arasaxel-
mwifoebrivi damokidebulebis Sedegia. ar movyvebiT
axsna-ganmartebas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania es
instituti da misi ganviTareba qveynisTvis, arc im
3
mdidar sabiblioTeko fondze da eTnologiur, Tu
istoriul saarqivo masalebze gavamaxvilebT yurad-
Rebas, rac aq aris daunjebuli; mxolod SevniSnavT,
rom aseTi damokidebuleba sakuTari samecniero kere-
bisa da saganZuris mimarT, qveynis ganviTarebas ver
waadgeba.
istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis XVII nomeric,
wina gamocemebis msgavsad, sainteresoa, rogorc Tema-
turi, aseve monawile avtorebis TvalsazrisiT.
A
4
xaTuna ioseliani
eTnosocialuri procesebis zogierTi
aspeqti qvemo qarTlSi (marneulis municipalitetis magaliTze)
qvemo qarTli saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelo-
vanesi mxarea. mZime istoriuli warsulis Sedegad, is
polieTnikur kuTxed Camoyalibda. aq wamyvan eTnoss
qarTvelebTan erTad, azerbaijanlebi warmoadgenen da
umravlesobis saxiT gvevlinebian.
qvemo qarTli, administraciuli centriT q. rus-
Tavi, moicavs 7 qalaqs (rusTavi, gardabani, marneuli,
bolnisi, dmanisi, TeTriwyaro, walka), 8 dabas (didi
lilo, kojori, kazreTi, manglisi, Tamarisi, Saumiani,
bediani, TrialeTi) da 338 sofels.
mosaxleoba Seadgens 51, 2 aTass (saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis 11 %). aqedan, 45,1% azerbaijanelia,
44,7% _ qarTveli, 6,4% _ somexi. danarCeni 3% _
berZeni, rusi da sxva.
azerbaijanelebis raodenoba qvemo qarTlSi sxva-
dasxvanairadaa ganawilebuli. eqvsi municipalite-
tidan isini samSi (marneuli, bolnisi, dmanisi),
umravlesobas warmoadgenen.
marneulis municipaliteti qvemo qarTlis mniSvne-
lovani centria, rogorc geografiuli, ise ekonomi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT. marneuli 1947 wlidan xdeba
raioni, 2005 wlidan _ municipaliteti. misi mTliani
mosaxleoba 2012 wlis monacemebiT 128 000 kacs
Seadgens. aqedan 87% azerbaijanelia, 7,8% _
qarTveli, 5,2% _ somexi. farTobi 935,2 km.2 mas
samxreTiT azerbaijanisa da somxeTis respublikebi
5
esazRvreba. municipalitetis teritoriaze ori
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis avto da erTi sarkinigzo
magistrali gadis: sadaxlo-marneuli, wiTeli xidi-
marneuli da saqarTvelo-somxeTis damakavSirebeli
rkinigza [marneulis municipalitetis oficialuri
monacemebi].
dRevandeli geopolitikuri viTarebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, imTaviTve cxadi xdeba, raoden mniSvne-
lovania qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisTvis
marneulis municipalitetSi arsebuli viTareba. sa-
qarTvelosTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sasaz-
Rvro regionSi qarTvelebi, faqtobrivad umcireso-
baSi arian, sazRvarTan mdebareobis gamo, is somxeTisa
da azerbaijanis jvaredini interesebis qveS xvdeba;
orive qveyanas aq garkveuli dasayrdeni gaaCnia eTni-
kuri azerbaijanlebisa da somxebis saxiT. am mosax-
leobasTan urTierTobas, rac dro gadis, ufro metad
intensiuri xasiaTi eZleva, rac pirobiTad, kul-
turuli, ekonomikuri da religiuri kavSirebiT gamo-
ixateba.
polieTnikuri mxare, arastabilur regionSi, gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs saxelmwifosgan. aq
problemebi bunebrivad iCens Tavs, vinaidan araqar-
Tuli mosaxleobis orive ZiriTad warmomadgenels
sazRvris gadaRma mSobliuri qveyana emezobleba. dama-
tebiTi sarisko faqtoria is, rom es respublikebi
erTmaneTTan konfliqtur viTarebaSi imyofebian. am-
denad, samoqalaqo adaptaciis Tanmxleb bunebriv
problemebs gare risk-faqtorebi emateba.
samecniero literaturis, statistikuri monace-
mebisa da Cvens mier velze mopovebuli masalis urTi-
6
erTSejerebis Sedegad, marneulis municipalitetSi
arsebuli eTnikurjgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis Se-
saxeb garkveuli suraTi Seiqmna. am kvlevam saSualeba
mogvca gavcnobodiT dRevandel viTarebas, Segve-
darebina is gasul uaxloes periodebTan da mi-
axloebiT dagvedgina is procesebi da tendenciebi,
rasac adgili aqvs am regionSi. gamovyofT ramdenime
maTgans.
religiuri viTareba. postsabWoTa periodSi
saqarTvelosTvis erTgvari `religiuri bumi~ iyo da-
maxasiaTebeli, rac gasakviri ar aris. komunisturi
wnexisgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, adamianebis umrav-
lesoba gansakuTrebiT morwmune gaxda. xalxma ekle-
siebSi masobrivad daiwyo siaruli, aseve masobrivad
da gulmodgined icavdnen religiur wesebs, mona-
wileobdnen sxvadasxva religiur dResaswaulebsa Tu
RonisZiebebSi. garkveuli periodis Semdeg, Tbilissa
da regionebSi, eiforiam gaira da mdgomareoba sta-
biluri gaxda: eklesias, ZiriTadad, morwmune mrevli
SemorCa, droebiTi mimdevrebi ki nel-nela Camo-
cildnen.
mcireodeni sxvaobiT, analogiur procesebs hqonda
adgili saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva eTnikur jgu-
febSic, magaliTad: azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis is
Taoba, romelic komunistur reJims moeswro, iseve,
rogorc maTi Taobis qristianebis umetesoba, naklebi
morwmunoebiT gamoirCeva. maTi umetesoba ar inaxavs
ramazans, iSviaTad dadis meCeTebSi; sxva aRmsareblo-
bis adamianebTan urTierTobis gamo, xSirad arRvevs
islamis ZiriTad principebs: svamen Rvinos, miirTmeven
Roris xorcs, zogjer dadian qristianul eklesi-
7
ebSi, anTeben sanTlebs; Svilebis naTliebad xSirad
moyavT qristianebi (megobrebi an TanamSromlebi).
azerbaijanelTa did nawils gaSenebuli aqvs yurZeni
da ojaxSi wuravs Rvinos. Cveni masalis mixedviT,
aseTi mdgomareobaa marneulisa da gardabnis munici-
palitetebSi [4;3].
rac Seexeba axal Taobas, aq gansxvavebuli vi-
Tarebaa. axalgazrdobis umetesoba bevrad metad
morwmune da religiuri wesebis erTguli mimdevaria.
isini intensiurad dadian meCeTebSi, mkacrad inaxaven
ramazans, sistematurad asruleben namazs. maTi damo-
kidebuleba wina Taobis mimarT kritikulia da
sayveduroben naklebad morwmunoebis gamo. analogiuri
mdgomareobaa marneulSi aWaridan gadmosaxlebul qar-
Tvel muslimebSic. qarTveli axalgazrdebi mtkiced
misdeven islamis sjulis kanonebs, roca maTi mamebi
da babuebi didi morwmuneobiT ar gamoirCevian. isla-
misadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba 15-20 wlis
TaobaSi SeimCneva, romelnic Zlieri religiurobiT
xasiaTdebian. am faqts gakvirvebiT aRniSnaven TviTon
ufrosi Taobis warmomadgeneli azerbaijanlebi [4].
erTi SexedviT, aq gasakviri araferia, Tumca, yu-
radRebis miqceva am sakiTxisTvis aucilebelia. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare
movlenebs, fundamentalizmis safrTxeebs, axalgazrda
Taobis xelovnurad, sxvadasxva saSualebiT gavlenis
qveS moqcevis saerTaSoriso praqtikas, aSkara xdeba,
rom am procesebisadmi yuradRebis gamoCena aucile-
belia.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
azerbaijanlebis umetesoba Siitia, nawili suniti.
8
`meCeTi, rogorc sarwmunoebis religiuri sayrdeni
baqos `rezidencias~ eqvemdebareba [3,46]. saqarTve-
loSi daaxloebiT 283 meCeTi da salocavi saxlia,
aqedan marneulis municipalitetSi _ 35, romelTa-
ganac mxolod oTxia Zveli, danarCeni axali agebuli.
urTierTobebi. komunikaciis problema aq mcxov-
reb eTnosebs Soris ar SeimCneva. sakmao drois
manZilze gverdigverd cxovrebam, cxadia, urTier-
Tobis garkveuli formebi Camoayaliba. am regionSi
gvxvdeba rogorc monoeTnikuri, ise Sereuli sof-
lebi. velze muSaobam aCvena, rom Sereul soflebSi
urTierToba ufro Tbilia, aqvT kargi mezobloba,
pativs scemen erTmaneTis Cveulebebs da Wirsa da
lxinSi erTad arian. Tumca, gamoikveTa saintereso
tendencia, romelic ZiriTadad, azerbaijanlebisTvis
da somxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, met-naklebad qar-
TvelebisTvis. es aris sifrTxile sakuTari poziciis
gamoxatvisas eTnikurjgufTaSoris urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebiT. azerbaijanlebi da somxebi gansakuT-
rebuli xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom maT SesaniSnavi
urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan da azerbaijansa da
somxeTs Soris arsebuli konfliqti maT ar exebaT.
cxadia, amis mizezi garkveuli sifrTxilea, isini
kargad acnobiereben arsebul viTarebas da mSvidobian
Tanacxovrebas arCeven, rac ar gamoricxavs imas, rom
garkveulwilad niRbaven TavianT Sexedulebebs. prob-
lemebi ZiriTadad miwebTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSveba,
magaliTad, saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarze mdebare-
obs uZvelesi qarTuli sofeli ofreTi, romelic
berZnebiT da somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. mTxrobelTa
TqmiT, aq daaxloebiT 700 komli cxovrobda. so-
9
felSi rusuli saSualo skola iyo, sadac 500-mde
moswavle dadioda. 1989 wlidan berZnebma nel-nela
daiwyes saberZneTSi gadasvla, somxebma ki, ruseTsa
da sxva qveynebSi. dRes sofeli, faqtobrivad, dac-
lilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnebma ukan
dabruneba daiwyes. dasaxlda ramdenime qarTuli oja-
xic. amJamad, skola qarTulia, Tumca 9 klasad
gadakeTebuli, moswavleTa simciris gamo. daclili
soflis saZovrebisa da saxnav-saTesis, agreTve, sax-
lebis dapatroneba sakmaod Sors mcxovrebma azer-
baijanlebma scades da arcTu uSedegod. maT mito-
vebuli saxlebi boslebad gamoiyenes, saZovrebze
TavianT saqonelsa da cxvars aZoveben, unebarTvod
krefen xilsa da kakals, rasac ramdenimejer Sexla-
Semoxlac mohyva [4].
am uZvelesi qarTuli soflis `samxreT-aRmosav-
leT mxares, Sulavrisxevis zemo welze, marjvena
sanapiroze mdebareobs adre Sua saukuneebis ofreTis
cixe, Zlieri kedlebiT, romelSic mrgvali koSkebia
datanebuli. zRudis SigniT aris nagebobaTa mTeli
kompleqsi. aqvea adre Sua saukuneebis patara eklesia,
naliseburi afsidiT. cixe nagebia saSualo zomis
kvadrebis Tarazuli wyobiT, kirxsnarze. Tavisi
gegmiT, aRnagobiT, es aris namdvili rezidencia, xan-
grZlivad sadgomi aqauri `uflisa~. is ueWvelia,
citadfelSi idga, romelic aSkarad batonobs cixis
sxva nawilebze. cixis gareT nasoflaria xevispirze~
[1,131]. ofreTis cixes pirvelad ixseniebs X saukunis
somexi istorikosi uxtanesi, romlis TqmiTac aq iyo
damwyvdeuli SuSanik dedofali. Semdeg ofreTis
cixes asaxelebs `matiane qarTlisa~ XI saukunis
10
ambebTan dakavSirebiT. ofreTis cixe gzasayarze dgas.
aq ikribeba wofis, Sulaveris, talavris, manxutis
xevebidan amosuli gzebi. maT uerTdeba foladauris
xeobaSi gamavali gzac, Semdeg `mglis karis~ uelte-
xiliT gadaxvalT taSirSi... [1,132]. strategiulad
aseTi mniSvnelovani punqti, romlis fasic Cvenma
winaprebma kargad icodnen, dResac kargad Semo-
naxuli, ulamazesi ofreTis cixiTa da eklesiiT,
amJamad, sazRvars miRmaa darCenili da somxeTis
respublikas ekuTvnis.
polieTnikur regionSi komunikaciis saSualebad
erT-erTi ena iqceva, rogorc wesi, es ZiriTadad,
saxelmwifo enaa. sabWoTa periodSi am funqcias
rusuli ena asrulebda, romelic nawilobriv dResac
inarCunebs aqtualobas. postsabWoTa periodidan
moyolebuli, saxelmwifo _ qarTuli ena nel-nela
imkvidrebs Tavis konstituciur adgilsa da rols.
axalgazrda da mcirewlovani Taoba ukeT flobs
qarTuls. SeiniSneba mozardi TaobisTvis qarTulis
swavlebis gaaqtiurebis tendencia, araqarTuli mosax-
leoba acnobierebs, rom maTi Svilebis momavlisTvis
saxelmwifo enis codna aucilebelia, rac pozitiur
faqtorad unda CaiTvalos. miuxedavad imisa, rom
komunisturi reJimis dros, sakomunikacio enas mxo-
lod rusuli warmoadgenda, mTxrobelTa TqmiT,
mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma (ZiriTadad mamakacebma),
erTmaneTis ena icodnen, azerbaijanlebma _ somxuri,
somxebma _ azerbaijanuli, orive maTganma qarTulic.
Tumca, qarTuli enis codnas ufrosi Taobis warmo-
madgenlebi dResac malaven [4]; es cxadia, urTi-
11
erTobebis garkveul problemaze miuTiTebs, rasac
ZiriTadad, sabWoTa politika aRvivebda.
sabWoTa mmarTvelobis dasrulebis Semdeg, kardina-
lurad Secvlilma politikurma sivrcem samxreT
kavkasiis qveynebSi axali urTierTobebi da damoki-
debulebebi warmoSva. Sida problemebisa da gareSe
Zalis gavlenis Sedegad, kavkasia konfliqtur regi-
onad Camoyalibda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am viTa-
rebaSi samive kavkasiuri qveynis sasazRvro zolSi
arsebuli polieTnikuri regioni, TavisTavad garkve-
uli problemebis matarebelia. rogorc azerbaijani,
ise somxeTi cdilobs aqtiuri kavSiri iqonios Tavis
eTnikur jgufebTan, rac oficialurad kulturul-
ekonomikuri kavSirebiT gamoixateba.
azerbaijani, rogorc ufro mdidari qveyana,
sxvadasxva kompaniebisa (magaliTad, `sokari~) da
organizaciebis moRvaweobis farglebSi axorcielebs
sxvadasxva kulturul programebs da qvelmoqmedebas
eweva, rac azerbaijanuli kulturis, muslimuri
religiis popularizaciasa da ganmtkicebas isaxavs
miznad. adgilobriv mTxrobelTa TqmiT, isini finan-
surad exmarebian ojaxebs, axalgazrdebi saswav-
leblad miyavT baqoSi, saidanac TiTqmis yvela ukan
brundeba. aSeneben meCeTebs. gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiu-
rebulia savaWro urTierTobebi, qvemo qarTlis sau-
keTeso xarisxis sameurneo produqcia, ZiriTadad
baqoSi gaedineba, vinaidan iq misi Rirebuleba bevrad
ufro maRalia. yovelive es, sinamdvileSi, qvemo
qarTlSi mcxovreb azerbaijanlebTan mWidro kon-
taqtis damyarebasa da maTze garkveuli gavlenis mox-
denas gulisxmobs, rasac momavalSi sxva Sedegebic
12
SeiZleba mohyves. amis paralelurad, Cven megobar
saxelmwifosTan SeTanxmebiT ver vaxerxebT Cven
organul kuTxesTan (saingilo) problemebis gareSe
kavSirsac ki, araTu analogiuri proeqtebis ganxor-
cielebas.
rac Seexeba somxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis somxuri
mosaxleobis kavSirebs, Cveni moZiebuli masalis
safuZvelze, iseTi masStabebi ar aqvs, rogorc azer-
baijanTan kontaqtebs, rasac somxuri mosaxleobis
simcire ganapirobebs. ZiriTadad arsebobs savaWro-
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da naTesauri kavSirebi.
somxeTidan moaqvT gargari, aqedan gaaqvT sxva xili
da bostneuli. SedarebiT xSiria saqorwino urTi-
erTobebi: yarabaxidan da sxva regionebidan mohyavT
rZlebi da aTxoveben qalebs. zogadad, qorwineba
qvemo qarTlSi, ZiriTadad monoeTnikur xasiaTs
inarCunebs, Tumca, gvxvdeba Sereuli ojaxebic, rac
arc erTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebisTvis mosawoni ar
aris da mxolod erTeuli SemTxvevebiT Semoifar-
gleba.
qarTvelebTan damokidebuleba azerbaijaneli da
somexi mTxroblebis TqmiT, keTilganwyobili da sta-
biluria.
amdenad, eTnosocialuri procesebi qvemo qarTlSi,
ZiriTadad, normalurad viTardeba, rasac xels
uwyobs SedarebiT myari ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
enobrivi da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo
integracia ufro dinamiuri xdeba. am kuTxiT, auci-
lebelia meti muSaoba: qarTuli enis swavlebis
gaaqtiureba, sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo-kulturuli
proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, rac xels Seuwyobs axal-
13
gazrda Taobis Tanamedrove kulturasTan da Rire-
bulebebTan ziarebas. yvelaze met yuradRebas reli-
giuri sakiTxi moiTxovs. aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba
da tolerantoba ar niSnavs fundamentalizmis
safrTxeebisadmi gulgril damokidebulebas, mi-
Tumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni qveynis geopo-
litikur mdebareobas da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs.
14
wyaroebi da literatura
1. d. berZeniSvili, cixeTa Seswavlis zogierTi sa-
kiTxi, `narkvevebi~, Tb., 2005.
2. g. gociriZe, aRmosavluri dResaswaulebi saqar-
TveloSi, Tb., 2012.
3. x. ioseliani, eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobis kul-
turul-istoriuli problemebi (gardabnis raionis
eTnografiuli monacemebiT), `eTnologiuri kre-
buli~, Tb., 2008.
4. x. ioseliani, eTnografiuli dRiuri, marneulis
municipaliteti, 2015.
15
Khatuna Ioseliani
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ETHNO-SOCIAL PROCESSES IN KVEMO KARTLI
(EXAMPLE OF THE MARNEULI MUNICIPALITY)
Summary
The Marneuli municipality, the administrative region of Kvemo Kartli, is a poliethnical region and as it is unstable region, it requires more attention from the government. Here naturally we meet problems connected with civil integration, because both of the the main representatives of the non-Georgian population (Azerbaijanians and Armenians) have their motherlands beyond the borderline. Additional risk factor is that these republics are in war conflicts with each other. On the basis of the scientific literature, statistic data and the field materials gathered by us we have a certain picture of the interethnic relations in the Marneuli muni-cipality. This study allowed us to get acquainted with the situation of today, compare it with the recent past and ascertain approximately the processes and trends occurring in the region. We distinguish some of them.
Mostly, the situation is stable and ethno-social processes are normal. The religious issue is worth to be paid attention. Great majority of the Azerbaijan youth, mainly 15-20 years old are solidly religious, that is strange even for their fathers’ generation. For the full length civil integration of this popu-lation, the cultural and educational activities are needed.
16
lavrenti janiaSvili
XIX saukuneSi qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-
javaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli somxebis adaptaciis social-politikuri da
kulturuli faqtorebi
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur jgu-
febs Soris, sayuradReboa somxebi, romlebic TiT-
qmis yvela regionSi cxovroben, zogan ki (gansakuT-
rebiT somxeTis saxelmwifos mimdebare raionebSi)
kompaqturadac. mravali saukunis manZilze saqar-
Tvelo iyo erTaderTi qristianuli qveyana, romelic
mfarvelobas uwevda sakuTar saxelmwifoebriobas
moklebul, muslimTa uRelqveS moqceul qristian
somxebs, ifarebda maT da farTod iyenebda mtris
xSiri SemosevebiT gaukacrielebuli provinciebis da-
saxlebisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi.
qarTul feodalur sazogadoebaSi migrantTa integri-
rebisaTvis saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebuli meqa-
nizmebi moqmedebda, ris gamoc xsenebuli procesic
umtkivneulod mimdinareobda [28; 36; 50 da sxva].
viTareba Seicvala XIX saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi
ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg, rodesac caristuli
xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT Semoyvanili migrantebis
(rusi seqtantebi, somxebi, berZnebi, germanelebi da
a.S.) mravalricxovani jgufebi kompaqturad dasax-
ldnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionSi, xolo
somxebi samxreT kavkasiaSi rusuli politikis Ziri-
Tad sayrdenad iqcnen. am droidan mkveTrad Seicvala
erTis mxriv, somexi mesveurebis damokidebuleba
qarTuli saxelmwifos perspeqtivebis mimarT, xolo
17
meores mxriv, qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyoba
migranti somxebisadmi. somxebSi gaCnda XI s-Si gauq-
mebuli saxelmwifoebriobis rusebis daxmarebiT
aRdgenis molodini; aqtualoba SeiZina istoriuli
sazRvrebis sakiTxma; inteleqtualur nawilSi gaCnda
cduneba, istoriul kuTvnilebad gamocxadebuliyo
samxreT kavkasiaSi somxebiT kompaqturad dasax-
lebuli yvela adgili da axali „armenia“ ganfeni-
liyo Zv. w. aR. I saukunis droindel „didi som-
xeTis“ teritoriaze. Sesabamisad, cdilobdnen kavka-
siaSi arsebuli somxuri dasaxlebebis istoria dae-
ZvelebinaT. amgvarad, saqarTvelos samxreTsa da
samxreT-aRmosavleTSi XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi
Semosul migrantebsac avtoqTonebad acxadebdnen. am
mimarTulebiT fsevdosamecniero Tu politikuri saq-
mianoba grZeldeboda sabWoTa da postsabWoTa peri-
odSic, rac saTanadod aisaxa qarTulsa da somxur
istoriografiaSi. xdeba calkeuli problemebis dia-
metralurad gansxvavebuli interpretireba [30,8-23;
29; 15; 33,130-135; 8; 9; 23 da sxv.]. amrigad, somxuri
migraciebis, maTi saqarTveloSi gansaxlebis geogra-
fiis, eTno-kulturuli Taviseburebebis, integraci-
uli Tu dezintegraciuli procesebis kvleva metad
aqtualur da saWirboroto sakiTxs warmoadgens.
rusuli imperiis kavkasiaSi winsvla mimdinareobda
calkeuli eTnosebis, eTnikuri jgufebis, ojaxebis da
calkeuli individebis iZulebiTi, Tu nebayofilebiT
gadaadgilebis, religiur Tu politikur Sexedu-
lebebze zemoqmedebis, erovnuli ideologiebis tran-
sformaciis TanxlebiT. am viTarebam gavlena iqonia
somxebzec. ukve XVIII s-Si, somxuri sazogadoebis
18
winamZRoli eCmiaZinis sapatriarqo, aqtiur mimoweras
awarmoebda saimperatoro karTan, xolo ruseTSi
moRvawe somxuri emigracia _ lazarevi, arRuTinski,
emini da sxva _ cdilobda politikuri zeda fena
iran-TurqeTis batonobidan somxeTis gamoxsniTa da
misgan mokavSire saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideiT daein-
teresebina [51].
ruseTi, am droisaTvis ukve aqtiurad ereoda
samxreT kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebSi. cxadi iyo,
rom imperiisaTvis sasurveli politikuri situaciis
formireba, mxolod saTanado eTnikuri mozaikis
SeqmniT SeiZleboda, amitom, dRis wesrigSi dadga
kavkasiis eTno-kulturuli da geo-ekologiuri viTa-
rebis gamowvlilviT Seswavla. XVIII saukunidan
moyolebuli eTnografiuli, geologiuri, botanikuri
da geografiuli kvlevebis Sedegad moZiebuli
didZali masalis analizma da soliduri samecniero
bazis Camoyalibebam xeli Seuwyo jer carizms, Sem-
dgom ki, sabWoTa kavSirs efeqturi eTnopolitika
ganexorcielebina kavkasiaSi. saqarTveloSi gabato-
nebis droisaTvis, ruseTis xelisufleba regionSi
eTnikuri placdarmis SeqmnaSi strategiul mokav-
Sired moiazrebda ara erTmorwmune qarTvelebs, ara-
med somxebs. es ki, migraciebis gziT somxuri
mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis zrdas ganapirobebda
[34,27]. unda iTqvas, rom amgvari politikis ganxor-
cieleba rusebma jer kidev qarTuli saxelmwifos
dapyrobamde daiwyes. XVIII s-is bolos, somexma
meliqebma jemSidma da fridonma ruseTs mfarvelobaSi
miReba da saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis an ruseTis
teritoriaze Sexizvnis ufleba sTxoves [37,632].
19
ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos samefo kars
somexi meliqebisa da maTi ymebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
SeRavaTian pirobebSi daaTmobina miwebi loreSi
[38,637].
me-19 saukunis pirveli naxevridan, rusuli
mmarTveloba ufro intensiurad Seudga sasurveli
eTnikuri situaciis Sesaqmnelad praqtikuli Ronis-
Ziebebis gatarebas. generali cicianovi propagandas
eweoda ganjisa da erevnis saxanoSi mcxovreb
somxebSi, raTa isini saqarTveloSi gadmosaxle-
buliyvnen [39,590; 40,632]. 1804 w. omis dros,
erevnis saxanodan qvemo qarTlSi 2000 komli gadmo-
sula, aqedan, sul mcire 1 000 komls survili
gamouTqvams saqarTveloSi darCeniliyo. somxebis am-
gvar ganwyobas yvelanairad aqezebda rusuli xeli-
sufleba [40,614-615]. saqarTveloSi mravalricxovani
somexi gadmoasaxles iranidan da TurqeTidan X1X s-
is 20-iani wlebis bolos. iranidan Semoyvanili
somxebi qvemo qarTlSi daasaxles, TurqeTidan ki,
ZiriTadad, samcxe-javaxeTSi. am periodSi, qvemo
qarTlsa (borCalos mazraSi) da samcxe-javaxeTSi Se-
mosuli migrantebis xarjze radikalurad Seicvala am
mxareebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba. unda iTqvas isic,
rom caristuli reJimis ZalisxmeviT, XIX s-is
pirvel naxevarSi gadmosaxlebul migrantTa mraval-
ricxovani jgufebi (somxebi, berZnebi, rusi seqtan-
tebi, germanelebi da sxva) sargeblobdnen SeRa-
vaTebiT, romelic 1819 w. 22 dekembers miRebuli
sagangebo debulebiT mieniWaT [1,94].
1828-29 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis jarebs Soris
saomari moqmedebebis msvlelobisas, daiwyo mesxeTis
20
adgilobrivi muslimebis (ZiriTadad, avtoqToni qar-
Tvelebis gamusulmanebuli STamomavlebis) masobrivi
ayra da TurqeTSi gadasaxleba. maT qristianuli ru-
seTis qveSevrdomoba ar surdaT, radgan SiSobdnen,
rom axali mmarTveloba Seulaxavda religiur ufle-
bebs [22,129]. movlenaTa amgvari ganviTareba savsebiT
Seesabameboda carizmis `derJavuli~ politikis inte-
resebs. rogorc iTqva, rusul samefo kars TurqeTTan
mosazRvre regionSi misadmi ufro loialurad gan-
wyobili eTno-konfesiuri jgufis damkvidreba hqonda
ganzraxuli. aseTad miiCnies maT mier droebiT
okupirebuli aRmosavleT TurqeTis somxuri mosax-
leoba. omis msvlelobisas somxebi aqtiurad exma-
rebodnen ruseTis jars saomar operaciebSi, amitom
Turqebis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi SurisZiebis eSi-
nodaT da ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze Semo-
saxlebas iTxovdnen. xelisuflebaSi fiqrobdnen es
xalxi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, imereTsa da sameg-
reloSi gadaeyvanaT. mogvianebiT, iZulebuli gaxdnen
gaeTvaliswinebinaT, rom TurqeTis mSral havas Segu-
ebul somxebs gauWirdeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos
nestian da ciebian klimatTan Segueba da miiRes ru-
seTis jaris sardlis, paskeviCis winadadeba. pas-
keviCis azriT, somexi moaxalSeneebi imereTisa da
samegrelos nacvlad, samcxe-javaxeTSi, TrialeTsa da
aRmosavleT somxeTSi unda CaesaxlebinaT, radgan
aqauri bunebriv-geografiuli da sameurneo garemo
kargad Seesabameboda somxebis samSobloSi arsebul
pirobebs [42,774; 31,28].
ruseTis imperiaSi gadmosaxlebis xelmZRvaneloba
da organizacia daevala sagangebod Seqmnil „gadmo-
21
saxlebulTa komitets“, romelmac SeimuSava 13
muxliani debuleba gadmosaxlebis mimdinareobisa da
moaxalSeneTa gansaxlebis Taobaze. gadmosaxlebis
msvlelobisas, ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo
adaptaciis perspeqtivaze. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mig-
rantTa tradiciuli dasaxlebis struqtura da ge-
ografia, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo Taviseburebebi
da a.S. ise, rom cdilobdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT
moexvedrebinaT ara marto TurqeTSi mezoblad mcxov-
rebi komlebi, aramed soflebic _ mTis mosaxleoba
daesaxlebinaT mTian regionSi, baris mosaxleoba –
barSi, xolo vaWar-xelosnebi qalaqebSi [1,17; 32,39-
59].
debulebis Tanaxmad, migrantebi unda daemkvid-
rebinaT saxazino, xolo ukidures SemTxvevaSi saek-
lesio an sabatono miwebze [42,832; 31,28]. moaxal-
Seneebs ZiriTadad afuZnebdnen omis msvlelobisas
gaukacrielebul qarTul soflebSi. es soflebi
iafad SeiZines ruseTis xazinam, somxurma eklesiam,
saxelmwifo moxeleebma, Tu kerZo pirebma. magaliTad,
xazinam muTi beg axalqalaqelisagan (falavandiSvi-
li) 3 600 maneTad SeiZina 29 sofeli axalqalaqis
mazraSi; grigorianma episkoposma karapetma ramdenime
sofeli iyida Calis fasad, am soflebisagan akre-
fili gadasaxadis (wliuri 8 000 man.) naxevari Sem-
degSi axalcixeSi gaxsnili somxuri saswavleblis
Senaxvas xmardeboda [44,22].
samcxe-javaxeTSi gadmosaxlebis survili gamoTqves
arzrumis vilaieTSi mcxovrebma somxebma. maT neba
darTes dasasaxlebeli adgilebis SesarCevad windawin
gamoegzavnaT sami deputati. aseve, Camosvlamde miecaT
22
maT TavianTi deputatis axalcixis mmarTvelobaSi
Seyvanis uflebac. am warmomadgenels garkveuli Su-
amavlis roli unda Seesrulebina somxebsa da rusul
mmarTvelobas Soris [1,14].
mesxeTSi somexi migrantebis Semoyvanis organi-
zebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen somxuri sazoga-
doebis warmomadgenlebi. gadmosaxlebis inciatori da
sulis Camdgmeli iyo axalcixis safaSos ufrosi
vasil bebuTovi (erovnebiT somexi). migracias
meTaurobdnen somexi mRvdelTmTavrebi – karapeti da
serofi. gadmosaxlebulebs eniWebodaT SeRavaTebi,
saxazino (6 wliT) da saerobo (3 wliT) gadasaxa-
debze; migrantebs saCuqrad gadaecaT 90 aTasi maneTi.
amasTanave, radgan CamosulTa nawils sWirdeboda
daxmareba sacxovrebeli da sameurneo Senobebis asa-
gebad, miwis dasamuSaveblad da a.S. komitetma mTav-
robisagan moiTxova 500 000 maneTi, romelic mo-
axalSeneebs 6 wlis Semdeg unda daebrunebinaT [3,17].
moaxalSenTa sazogadoebrivi SenobebisaTvis, jer
kidev maT Camosvlamde, 1830 wlis aprilSi daiwyes
zrunva. masalas ezidebodnen qvablianis sanjayidan
xazinisaTvis Zalze xelsayrel fasebSi [4,169].
somexi migrantebis masobrivi Semosvla 1830 wlis
maisSi daiwyo. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi winaswar nava-
raudebi 3 000 ojaxis nacvlad, 5 000 ojaxi e.i. 30-
35 aTasi adamiani Semovida [42,847]. SeRavaTian sesxs
aZlevda saxelmwifo im migrantebs, romelTac axali
saxlebis ageba esaWiroebodaT. magaliTad, awyurSi
Semosuli somxebis 307 ojaxi droebiT awyuris
cixeSi daabinaves. SemdgomSi erTma jgufma xazinis
daxmarebiT SeakeTa adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis mier
23
mitovebuli 174 saxli, danarCenebma 100 saxlis asa-
gebad xazinidan 5000 vercxlis maneTi isesxes. male
migrantTa nawilma sxva adgilebSi gadasaxlebis
survili gamoTqva, 33 komli dvirSi gadavida, 30
komli gumbrSi (somxeTi), zogierTma sakuTari
xarjebiT SeZlo saxlis ageba. ase rom, 1832 wlis
bolosaTvis awyurSi mxolod 50 saxlis ageba iyo
saWiro. rusuli mmarTvelobis gadawyvetilebiT, am
saqmisaTvis gamoyofili darCenili Tanxa qalaq axal-
cixeSi CamosaxlebulTa sacxovrebel nagebobebs mox-
marda [5,209].
xelisufleba migrantebs amaragebda saWiro
sursaT-sanovagiT, saTesle marcvliT, Tu sxva saxis
produqciiT. am saqmeSi farTod iyenebdnen kerZo
pirebsac, magaliTad, me-9 klasis komisioner zuba-
lovs (zubalaSvili, l. j.) awyurSi gadmosaxlebul-
TaTvis 92 500 vercxlis maneTis safasuri mar-
cvleuli gadaucia, rac gadmosaxlebis komitetTan
dadebuli kontraqtiT xazinas unda gadaexada [1,47-
49; 2,3].
kardinalurad gansxvavebuli pozicia eWira rusul
xelisuflebas eTnikurad qarTuli warmomavlobis
pirebis mimarT. rogorc ki rusulma jarma axalcixe
aiRo, general paskeviCTan gamocxaddnen XVI-XVII ss.
mesxeTidan Turqebis batonobas gaqceul qarTvel
sagvareuloTa STamomavlebi, warudgines mas qarTveli
mefeebis mier gacemuli sigelebi da winaparTa mamu-
lebis dabruneba sTxoves. paskeviCma es Txovna sru-
liad usafuZvlod miiCnia da didi guliswyromac
gamoTqva, rom qarTveli Tavad-aznauroba angariSs ar
uwevda rusuli armiis mier aq daRvril sisxls da
24
odesRac gacemuli sigelebiT usircxvilod moiT-
xovda Zveli mamulebis dabrunebas. ufro metic,
rusuli xelisufleba sruliad ar iyo daintere-
sebuli adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi kvlav
qristianobas anu qarTvelobas dabrunebodnen, xels
uSlida amas da cdilobda osmalTa mmarTvelobis
pirobebSi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi dawyebuli Tur-
qizaciis procesi bolomde mieyvana. XIX saukunis Sua
xanebSi mesxeTis didebulebis nawilma, romelic
survils gamoTqvamda, rom TavianTi qveSevrmdomebi-
TurT qristianobaze gadmosuliyo, xelisuflebisagan
sastiki uari miiRo [21,329].
migrantebis saxnav-saTesi miwebiT dakmayofilebis
paralelurad, mcirdeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
savargulebi. umiwobiT Sewuxebuli qarTveloba sxva
regionebSi midioda sacxovreblad [16,9; 18,78].
rusuli politikis ZiriTadi aqcentebi SeumCne-
veli ar darCeniaT carizmis samsaxurSi mdgom som-
xuri warmoSobis Cinovnikebs. maT isargebles arse-
buli tendenciiT da igi saqarTvelos somxebiT
kolonizaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoiyenes. ker-
Zod, qananovma da iv. xatisovma ruseTis xelisuf-
lebas warudgines lixTiqeTi (dasavleTi) saqarTve-
los aTvisebis grZelvadiani programa, romelic ori
etapisagan Sedgeboda. xatisovi slavuri warmoSobis
migrantebis adaptaciisaTvis saWiro ekosistemis
Seqmnis mizniT, xelisuflebas sTavazobda saqarTve-
los SavizRvispireTSi Tavdapirvelad TurqeTidan
Camoyvanili somxebi daesaxlebina, romlebic ufro
advilad Seeguebodnen adgilobriv nestian da ciebian
havas, daaSrobdnen Waobebs da Seqmnidnen rusi
25
kolonistebis CamosaxlebisaTvis Sesaferis pirobebs.
unda iTqvas, rom am programam Tavisi roli Seasrula
XIX s-is II naxevarSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul
eTno-migraciul procesebSi da garkveulwilad gana-
piroba somxuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi wilis mkveTri
zrda. somxebis axali nakadi saqrTveloSi ukve
pirveli msoflio omis msvlelobisas, 1915 wels da
Semdeg xanebSi Semovida [28,9-12; 10,11; 14,99; 17,84-
107; 13].
ukve XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi 1801 wlidan
1832 wlamde somxebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi
orjer (4,7%-dan 9,88%-mde) gaizarda, xolo samcxe-
javaxeTSi, sadac 1828-29 ww. TurqeT-ruseTis omamde,
mosaxleobis umravlesoba qarTveli musulmanebi
iyvnen, 1832 wlis aRweriT, 60-65 aTasi macxov-
reblidan TiTqmis naxevars migranti somxebi Sead-
gendnen. gansakuTrebiT masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan dacarielebuli axalqa-
laqis da misi midamoebis aTvisebas somxebis mier.
Tavad axalqalaqSi manamde metwilad qarTvelebi
cxovrobdnen [6,219-250], amieridan ki, somxebi
aRmoCndnen umravlesobaSi. XIX sukunis bolosaTvis,
qalaqis 5 440 macxovreblidan 4 024 somexi da
mxolod 297 qarTveli cxovrobda [35,78; 10,109;
22,132].
unda iTqvas, rom somxuri mosaxleobis ZiriTad
nawils dRemde kargad axsovs, rom gadmosaxlebuli
arian. amaSi eWvi iseT adgilebSic ki ar SeaqvT, sadac
gadmosaxlebis procesze uSualo narativi ar
fiqsirdeba. „me aq nanaxi maqvs sabuTi, miwis nak-
veTebis Sesaxeb, romelic gasanTlul kedelzea
26
dawerili, TariRdeba 1870 wliT da Cans, rom aq
xalxi cxovrobda. sxvebis azriT, aq somxebi 400
welia cxovroben, zemoT ori eklesia aris _ sub
gevorqi da sub sarqisi. gerakin anu sub giorgi igive
wminda giorgia“ (sof. Saumiani).
TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebul migrantebs sacxov-
reblad adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan daclili sof-
lebi gamouyves, sadac mza sacxovrebeli da sameurneo
nagebobebi, damuSavebuli miwebi da gamarTuli meur-
neobebi daxvdaT. rogorc iTqva, maTi gauTvalis-
winebeli ricxvmravlobis gamo, saWiro gaxda axali
nagebobebis aSeneba, risTvisac mTavrobam saxsrebi
gamoZebna, xolo samSeneblo masaliT momarageba adgi-
lobriv mosaxleobas daavala. amasTanave, rusuli
mmarTveloba Seecada waexalisebina moaxalSeneebi,
raTa maT tradiciuli erdoian-gvirgviniani nagebo-
bebis nacvlad, rusuli yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
miwiszeda Senobebi aegoT [4,22-25]. rogorc Cans,
xelisuflebis amgvari miTiTeba ausrulebeli darCa
da jer kidev XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde Senoba-nagebo-
bebis tipiTa da maTi ganlagebis mixedviT, somxuri
soflebi adgilobrivi qarTuli dasaxlebebisagan
TiTqmis ar gamoirCeoda.
TurqTa batonobis periodSi garkveuli cvlileba
ganicada samxreT saqarTvelos tradiciulma meurne-
obam. mesaqonleobis mZlavri aRmavloba, miwaTmoq-
medebisa da Sinamrewvelobis kerebis arseboba am
raionSi dasturdeba jer kidev mtkvar-araqsis epo-
qaSi. mesxeTSi Turqebis xangrZlivi batonobis Se-
degad, XVI-XVIII ss. TandaTanobiT ispoboda qar-
Tuli miwiTsargeblobis wesi da inergeboda osma-
27
luri Timariotuli sistema gamoxatuli e.w. `axCur~
da `Tafus~ wesiT miwis flobaSi [21; 11]. miwaTmflo-
belobis es wesi kargad iyo cnobili osmaleTidan
gadmosuli somxebisaTvis da TiTqmis, XIX s-is bo-
lomde iqna SenarCunebuli. amis miuxedavad, migran-
tebs gauZneldaT axal eTno-ekosistemasTan adaptacia,
ris gamoc, maTma tradiciulma materialurma kultu-
ram mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada. amas adas-
turebs dasaxlebis formebisa da sacxovrebeli na-
gebobebis magaliTi.
samcxe-javaxeTis soflebis umetesoba odnav
Seferdebul adgilebze, mdinareTa xeobebSia gaSene-
buli. am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli dasaxlebis forma Seesabameba adgi-
lobriv bunebriv-geografiul garemos, reliefs da
tradiciul kulturul-sameurneo yofas. Transfor-
macias ganicdida qvemo qarTlis sameurneo yofac,
sadac somxebTan erTad TandaTanobiT (gansakuTrebiT
XVI-XVII saukuneebidan) mravldeboda Turquli mod-
gmis mosaxleoba. aq mimdinare social-ekonomikuri da
politikuri procesebi Tavisebur gavlenas axdenda
mosuli kontingentis adaptaciaze. qarTlis Turqul-
enovani mosaxleoba binadar cxovrebaze gadavida da
meurneobis saxe, dasaxlebis forma da sacxovrebeli
TandaTan Seicvala.
samcxe-javaxeTSi XIX saukuneSi gaCenili somxuri
dasaxlebebi monogenuri ubnebisagan Sedgeboda, dacu-
li iyo gansaxlebis patronimiuli principi, yoveli
ubani ramdenime erdoian-gvirgvinian sacxovrebel da
sameurneo kompleqss aerTianebda. monogenuri sofeli
Sekrul erTeuls warmoadgenda, xolo poligenur
28
soflebSi naTesauri gaerTianebebi, ubnebi, erTmaneTis
axlos ganlagebuli da viwro SukebiT gamoyofili
kvartlebis wyebas qmnida. ubnur-kvartluri dasax-
leba, ZiriTadad, horizontalurad iyo ganfenili,
Tumca zogjer terasuli saxec hqonda ise, rom erTi
saxlis bani meoris ezos warmoadgenda [25,51]. ubans
samcxis mTeli mosaxleoba da maT Soris, somxebic
`maila~-s uwodebda. `mailas~ dasaxeleba SeiZleboda
warmoSobiliyo misi mdebareobis mixedviT _ `veri
maila~ (zeda ubani), `nerkin maila~ (qveda ubani); iq
macxovrebelTa saerTo winapris saxelis mixedviT _
`Sofering maila~; gvaris mixedviT _ `darbenenq
maila~; xelobis mixedviT _ `durgalenq maila~ da
a.S.
soflis ZiriTad orientirs grigorianuli an
kaTolikuri eklesia warmoadgens. rogorc wesi,
eklesiasTanve mdebareobs mcire zomis moedani,
xalxis TavSesayari. xSirad, aqvea milsadeniT gamoy-
vanili wyali – qvis, betonis an xis auzebiT da
Camosajdomi Zel-skamebi. eklesiis moedanze imarTeba
saxalxo Tavyrilobebi, aq ikribebian saeklesio dRe-
saswaulebis dros, soflis saWirboroto saqmeebis
gasarCevad, anda ubralod salaybod.
samcxeSi, somxebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi sasaf-
lao ganapiras mdebareobs, tradiciuli iersaxe aqvs.
micvalebulTa patronimiuli principiT dasaflaveba
am bolo dromdea SemorCenili. qvemo qarTlSi (sof.
SaumianSi) ki, es principi aRar moqmedebs. qvemo qar-
TlSi patronimiuli principi, met-naklebad, dakar-
guli Cans.
29
Senoba-nagebobebis arqiteqturuli ieriT da ganla-
gebiT, somxebiT dasaxlebuli Tanamedrove soflebi
adgilobrivi qarTuli dasaxlebebisagan TiTqmis ar
gansxvavdeba. gasuli saukunis Sua xanebamde samcxe-
javaxeTSi simbiozuri, miwaTmoqmedeba-mesaqonleobiT
warmodgenili meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
kompleqsuri sacxovrebeli da sameurneo, darbazuli
tipis nagebobebi. dasaxlebuli punqtebi erTmaneTTan
saidumlo xvrelebiT dakavSirebuli Senobebisagan
Sedgeboda, ezoebis uqonlobisa da nagebobebis maqsi-
maluri simWidrovis gamo, aseTi dasaxleba TiTqmis
SeumCneveli iyo. sofels mtris Tvalisagan isic
ifaravda, rom sasoflo sameurneo savargulebi
moSorebiT mdebareobda. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT,
mtris Semosevebisas miwur-baniani da sanaxevrod mi-
waSi Cafluli soflebi naklebad zaraldeboda. saa-
miso magaliTad adgilobrivi macxovreblebi sof.
WaWaraqis magaliTs iSvelieben. am soflis mosax-
leobas me-20 saukunis daswyisSi miwur-baniani sax-
lebi e.w. `kriSiani~ saxlebiT SeucvliaT da 1918
wels mesxeTSi ganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebis
dros, yvelaze metadac isini dazaralebulan, Turqebs
maTi saxlebi mTlianad gadauwvavT.
samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi somxebis tradiciuli sacxovrebeli er-
doian-gvirgvinian darbazuli nagebobis tips gane-
kuTvneba. samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli kla-
sifikaciiT, amgvari saxlebi metwilad gzispira da-
saxlebas ukavSirdeba. samxreT da aRmosavleT saqar-
TveloSi gavrcelebuli erdoian-gvirgviniani darba-
zuli nagebobebis lokaluri variantebis Camoya-
30
libeba geografiuli mdebareobisa da ekonomikuri
cxovrebis gansxvavebulobam ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi
erTi saerTo Ziridan aRmocenebuli sami modifici-
rebuli saxeobaa aRwerili: qarTluri, walkuri
(TrialeTuri) da mesxuri [25,62-45; 26].
darbazuli tipis nagebobebi gavrcelebuli iyo
aseve yarsSi, basiansa da mis momijnave olqebSi
arsebul somxur dasaxlebebSic. amitom, samcxe-
javaxeTSi, Tu qvemo qarTlSi Camosaxlebisas, dacari-
elebul soflebSi somxebs sakmaod nacnobi sacxov-
rebeli garemo daxvdaT. sacxovrebeli nageboba erT
WerqveS moTavsebul adamianTa sacxovriss da same-
urneo nagebobaTa kompleqss warmoadgenda. am mxriv,
tradiciuli somxuri da qarTuli saxlebi identu-
ria. maT evoluciis identuri gza ganvles [43,84-89].
somxur-qarTuli tradiciuli nagebobebis SedarebiTi
Seswavlis sakiTxi kidev erTxel dasva gasuli
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi leon meliqseT begma [49].
tradiciul somxur nagebobebSi zogjer gvirgvini
eyrdnoboda ara marto xis boZebs, aramed kedlebsac,
ufro metic, tufis qvisagan nagebi saxlis gvirgvini
mxolod kedlebs eyrdnoboda (aseTi saxlebi seis-
murad metad saSiSia). keria//toniri xSirad marto
torantunSi iyo, sxva oTaxebSi cecxls ar anTebdnen.
gamonakliss warmoadgenda ojaxis ufrosis sacxov-
reblad gankuTvnili oTaxi, romelic SedarebiT mdid-
rulad iyo mowyobili da `buxariki~, patara oTx-
kuTxa formis buxari hqonda. ojaxis ZiriTadi na-
wili torantunSi cxovrobda [45,75-79].
istoriuli somxeTis teritoriaze nagebobebis
formis, samSeneblo masalis, saxuravis mowyobilobisa
31
da keriis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, ori tipis
tradiciul nagebobas e.w. `glxatuns~ gamoyofen
[46,100-104]. saerTo jamSi `glxatuni~ warmoadgenda
daxSul (qarTulTan SedarebiT) nagebobas; qarTu-
lisagan gansxvavebiT, yovelTvis oTxkedliani iyo
saxlis fasadis mxares moTavsebuli karapani (somx.
srax); yaradamis win agebul metwilad, winidan Ria
da ukedlo Cardaxs, rogorc wesi, erT kedelSi Ru-
meli hqonda datanebuli; maRalmTian somxeTSi am
mxareSi gavrcelebuli erdoian-gvirgviniani kompleq-
sisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela ganyofilebis kari
sraxSi gamodioda; tunis gadaxurva mTian somxeTSi
ZiriTadad sakedle svetebs eyrdnoboda da waxnagovan
gvirgvins warmoadgenda, yarabaRSi ki, oTxkuTxovani
wyoba hqonda da oTx dedaboZze iyo dayrdnobili;
somxuri kera (Tuniri), Tixis patara, qvevriseburi
moyvanilobis WurWeli, centridan odnav ganze iyo
gaweuli da miwaSi Cafluli, rac mas wvimisagan
icavda (qarTuli, Cveulebriv centrSi iyo moTav-
sebuli); somxuri hacatuni erTdroulad sakuWnao,
puris sacxobi da zogjer sasadiloc iyo, romelsac
umetesad qvisagan nagebi gumbaTovani gadaxurva hqonda
boloSi datanebuli erdoTi; saqarTveloSi farTod
gavrcelebuli erdoian-gvirgviniani oTaxis farTobi
sruliad ar iyo damokidebuli dedaboZebis, an
saerTod, boZebis raodenobaze, maSin, rodesac som-
xurSi rac meti iyo boZebis ricxvi, miT ufro
izrdeboda farTobi. somxur sacxovrebelSi xuTsafe-
xuriani gvirgvinis mSeneblobis wesi aRwerilia XIX
saukunis samecniero literaturaSi [52,42]. mogvi-
anebiT ki, araerTxel moeqca mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
32
arealSi [48,72-77; 45,75-79; 46; 47]. unda iTqvas,
rom qarTuli tradiciuli nagebobebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, somxuri Senoba-nagebobebi arqiteqturuli da
konstruqciuli erTferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda [46,109].
samcxeSi davafiqsire somxuri tradiciuli saxlis
lokaluri varianti – goRiatuni, romelic qarTuli
(mesxuri) erdoian-gvirgviniani sacxovreblis somxur
variantad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. kera (tenderi) goRia-
tunSi somxuri tradiciisamebr, calke oTaxSia gamo-
tanili. nagebobas aqvs qarTuli sacxovrebelisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Ria aivani (karapani), romelic gan-
sxvavebulia somxuri Cardaxisa da sraxisagan. Toran-
tunis calke gamoyofam da iq ori Tonis (tenderis)
moTavsebam am ganyofilebas somxuri hacatunis ieri
misca. amas, garkveulwilad, erovnuli samzareulos
Taviseburebac ganapirobebda. somxuri lavaSis auci-
lebloba yoveldRiur meniuSi ganapirobebda lavaSis
sacxobi tenderis SenarCunebas somxur mosaxleobaSi,
maSin rodesac qarTvelebi (mesxebi) puris sacxobad
furnis saxls an safurne odas gamoiyenebdnen
[24,150].
eTnikuri iersaxe hqonda SenarCunebuli sacxov-
reblis im elementebs, romlebsac sakulto daniSnu-
leba gaaCndaT. magaliTad, qarTuli kerisagan gan-
sxvavdeboda somxuri `vojax~ (kera); radganac somxe-
bisaTvis dedaboZis kulti damaxasiaTebeli ar unda
iyos da amitom, saxuravis sayrdeni boZebi, dedaboZis
CaTvliT, sadaa da naklebad gaformebuli, xolo qar-
Tul eTnikur garemoSi dedaboZs didi mniSvneloba
hqonda, rac nagebobaSi am elementis mravalferovani
ornamentebiT SemkobiT aisaxeba.
33
xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad
iTvleba xelmisawvdomi masalis (xe-tye, qva, alizi
da a.S.) Sesabamisoba konstruqciasTan [12,59]. unda
iTqvas, rom tyiT Rarib somxeTis raonebSi xis sam-
Seneblo masalad gamoyeneba minimumamde iyo dayva-
nili, maSin, rodesac goRiatunis konstruqciaSi xis
masala igive proporciiT gamoiyeneboda, rogorc
adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis sacxovrebelSi.
tradiciuli nagebobebis intensiuri modifikaciis
process, romelic XX s-is 30-40-ian wlebSi daiwyo,
ganapirobebda eTno-demografiuli da social-ekonomi-
kuri faqtorebi. erdoian-gvirgvinianidan Tanamedrove
sacxovreblze gadasvlis pirvel safexurad, masSi
axali ganyofilebebis damatebas miiCneven, ris Semde-
gac qarTul yofaSi `Takarebiani oda~, xolo som-
xurSi _ `iuriseniaki~ gaCda. axal oTaxebSi buxris
Senebis praqtikam konstruqciuli cvlilebebis auci-
lebloba gamoiwvia. `keriis~, `vojaxis~ adgilsam-
yofelis Secvlam gavlena moaxdina oTaxis inte-
rierze [27,133]. Sesasvleli karis mopirdapired, ke-
delTan buxris agebam da misTvis sagangebo sakvamuris
mowyobam, erdos kvamlis gamtaris funqcia daukarga,
xolo ganaTeba fanjrebs daekisra. mtris Semosevebis
saSiSroebis gaqrobam miwur nagebobebs TavdacviTi
daniSnuleba daukarga [26,55]. kardinalurma sazo-
gadoebrivma cvlilebebma gasuli saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi tradiciuli socialuri erTeulis, sao-
jaxo Temis, daSla gamoiwvia. amdenad, moiSala
erdoian-gvirgviniani nagebobebis socialuri funqciac,
radgan qarTuli darbazi, somxuri glxatuni da
34
azerbaijanuli yaradami swored aRniSnul socialur
safexurs Seesabameboda.
Tavdapirvelad, miwiszeda saxlebs SenarCunebuli
hqonda miwuri gadaxurva gvirgvinisa da erdos ga-
reSe. gaCnda qviTkiris kedlebi, fanjrebi interieris
gasanaTeblad da buxari saWmlis gasakeTeblad da
gasaTbobad. TandaTanobiT gvirgvini da erdo sakva-
muriani saxuraviT Seicvala, saxuravis mzidis
funqcia kedlebma ikisres, adamianTa sacxovrebels
gamoeyo sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebi. Tumca
zogjer, sameurneo daniSnulebis saTavsoebi saxleb-
Sic ganTavsdeboda xolme. magaliTad, sof. SaumianSi,
sadac somxebi adgilobrivi qarTvlebis msgavsad,
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas misdevdnen (nawilobriv asea
amJamadac), marnebs sacxovrebeli saxlis sardafebSi
akeTebdnen. unda iTqvas isic, rom Tanamedrove
sameurneo-ekonomikuri transformaciis pirobebSic
gvxvdeba sacxovrebeli nagebobebis nawilis rekons-
truqciis Sedegad sameurneo funqciis miniWeba.
magaliTad, sof. SaumianSi vnaxeT macivris tipis
oTaxi, romelic mowyobilia calke saTavsoSi, gak-
ruli aqvs kedlebze, iatakze da WerSi e.w. `penop-
lasti~, Selesilia da dayenebuli aqvs kondici-
oneri, raTa temperatura garkveul niSnulze Seinar-
Cunos, es SeiZleba iyos 1-dan 5 gradusamde, imis
mixedviT, rogori saxis produqts (xils, bostneuls
da sxva) inaxaven.
qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis sacxovrebeli
nagebobebis arqiteqturaSi Taviseburi gavlena moax-
dina gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi imereTidan Ca-
saxlebulma mosaxleobam, romelic miwur nagebobebs
35
ver Seegua da imTaviTve, miwiszeda saxlebis agebas
mihyo xeli.
savele-eTnografiuli masalisa da samecniero li-
teraturis analiziT irkveva, rom Camosaxlebidan
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, somexi migrantebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen nasesxobis gziT, gadaeRoT adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobisagan teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi da
Sromis iaraRebi; isini Caebnen adgilobrivi eTno-
geografiuli garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebel samiwaT-
moqmedo da mesaqonleobis struqturaSi; aiTvises
soflis meurneobis warmoebis adgilobrivi xerxebi;
CaerTnen ukve Camoyalibebul sairigacio sistemaSi;
gaiTavises mesaqonleobis tradiciuli mTa-baruli we-
si, ukve arsebuli saialaRo bazebi; gaiTavises sam-
xreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli tradiciuli sacxovrebeli da sameurneo
nagebobebi. somxuri eTnikuri iersaxe hqonda Senar-
Cunebuli sacxovreblis im elementebs, romlebsac
sakulto daniSnuleba gaaCndaT. magaliTad, qarTuli
kerisagan gansxvavdeboda somxuri vojax (kera). saxu-
ravis sayrdeni boZebi, dedaboZis CaTvliT, qarTulTan
SedarebiT, sadaa da naklebad gaformebuli. amasTan,
tradiciul somxuri sacxovreblisagan gansxvavebiT,
farTod gamoiyeneboda xis masala.
eTno-demografiuli da social-ekonomikuri faq-
torebis zegavleniT, intensiuri modifikaciis pro-
cesi XX s-is 30-40-ian wlebSi daiwyo. erdoian-
gvirgvinianidan Tanamedrove sacxovreblze gadasvlis
pirvel safexurad, masSi axali ganyofilebebis dama-
teba iqca, ris Semdegac qarTul yofaSi `Takarebiani
oda~, xolo somxurSi `iuriseniaki~ gaCda. buxris
36
Senebis praqtikam konstruqciuli cvlilebebis auci-
lebloba gamoiwvia. `keriis~, `vojaxis~ adgilsam-
yofelis Secvlam gavlena moaxdina oTaxis inte-
rierze. Sesasvleli karis mopirdapired, kedelTan
buxris agebam da misTvis sagangebo sakvamuris mow-
yobam, erdos kvamlis gamtaris funqcia daukarga,
xolo ganaTeba fanjrebs daekisra. mtris Semosevebis
saSiSroebis gaqrobam miwur nagebobebs TavdacviTi da-
niSnuleba daukarga. kardinalurma sazogadoebrivma
cvlilebebma saojaxo Temis daSla gamoiwvia, moiSala
erdoian-gvirgviniani nagebobebis socialuri funqciac.
am procesebis Sedegad, tradiciuli sacxovrebeli
nagebobebis unifikacia da eTnikuri Taviseburebebis
nivelireba moxda.
amrigad, XIX saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi ruseTis ga-
batonebis Semdeg, somxuri migracia gaaqtiurda, rac
rusuli da somxuri interesebis TanxvedriT SeiZ-
leba aixsnas. ruseTi somxebs iyenebda regionSi eTni-
kuri dasayrdenis Sesaqmnelad, somxebs ki, ruseTis
meSveobiT didi xnis win dakarguli saxelmwifo-
ebriobis aRdgenisa da qarTuli teritoriebis xar-
jze misi ganvrcobis imedi gauCndaT. amis gamo, zogi
avtori dRemde cdilobs kavkasiaSi arsebuli somxuri
dasaxlebebis istoria daaZvelos da saqarTvelos
samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi XIX s-is pirvel
naxevarSi Camosaxlebuli somxebi avtoqTonad gamo-
acxdos, rac negatiurad aisaxeba qarTul saxelmwi-
foSi maT integraciaze. rusul xelisuflebas Semu-
Savebuli hqonda migrantTa adaptaciis sakmaod
efeqturi programa, romelic iTvaliswinebda same-
urneo, ekologiur, eTno-demografiul, kulturul
37
da a.S. aspeqtebs. migraciis marTvisa da Camosax-
lebulTa adaptaciis procesSi aqtiurad monawile-
obdnen imperiis samsaxurSi Camdgari somxuri warmo-
mavlobis moxeleebi da migrantTa religiuri, Tu
saero mesveurebi. gegmis mixedviT gatarebuli Ronis-
Ziebebi materialuri daxmarebis gawevisa da mraval-
mxrivi SeRavaTebis garda, gulisxmobda Camosaxle-
bulTa adaptaciisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli ga-
remos Seqmnas, ekologiuri da geografiuli piro-
bebis, tradiciuli meurneobis warmoebis perspeq-
tivis, dasaxlebis struqturisa da tipis, sacxov-
rebeli da sameurneo konstruqciebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT. am faqtorebma SedarebiT gaaadvila somxebis
adaptaciis procesi.
38
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39
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27. v. Ciqovani, kera aWaruli sameurneo da sacxov-
rebel nagebobebSi, krebuli sasyk, #4, Tb., 1976.
28. iv. javaxiSvili, saqrTvelos sazRvrebi, `istori-
uli raritetebi~, Tb., 1989.
40
29. iv. javaxiSvilis arqividan. gaz. `literaturuli
saqarTvelo~ #39, Tb., 1988.
30. iv. javaxiSvili, demografiuli procesebi da
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxi
ruseT-saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobaSi (XIX-
XX ss.), Tb., 1998.
31. l. janiaSvili, eTnikuri procesebi samcxe-
javaxeTSi, Jur. `politika~, #1-2, Tb., 1997.
32. l. janiaSvili, samcxe-javaxeTis somxuri mosax-
leobis yofa da kultura (disertacia istoriis
mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis
mosapoveblad) Tb., 1999.
33. l. janiaSvili, istoriis gayalbebis nacadi gza,
Jur. `mnaTobi~, #1-2, Tb., 2003.
34. l. janiaSvili, samcxe-javaxeTis eTnodemografi-
uli transformaciis istoriul-politikuri da
eTnologiuri aspeqtebi XIX saukuneSi, `analebi~
#1, Tb., 2003.
35. v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVII-XX
ss. Tb., 1984. 36. Агаян Ц., Вековая дружба народов Закавказья,
Ереван, 1970. 37. АКАК (Акты собранные Кавказской археографи-
ческой комиссией), т. 1, Письмо армянских меликов Джимшида Варадинского и Фридона Гулистанского к Е. И. В., Тф., 1866.
38. АКАК , т. 1, Тф., 1866. 39. АКАК, т. 2, Обвещение Армянским народам, оби-
тающим в Ганджинской области, от 30-го ноября 1803 года - Шамхор, Тф., 1868.
40. АКАК, т. 2, Камеральное описаеие вищедших из Ганджи Шамшадилскаго владения и Аирумских
41
деревен 2 марта 1804 года Предписание кн. Цицианова к ген. Несветаеву, Тф., 1868.
41. АКАК, т. 2, Отнащения кн. Цицианова к гр. Мусин-Пушкину от 13 юнья 1804 года, Тф., 1868.
42. АКАК, т. 7, Тф., 1878. 43. Джавахов И., Государственный строй древней
Грузии и древней Армении//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1925, т. 3.
44. Загурский Л. П., Поездка в Ахалцихский уезд в 1872 г., Тифлис, 1873.
45. Карапетян Э. Т., Армянская семейная община, Ереван, 1958.
46. Лисициан С., Из материалов по изучению жилищъ Армении//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1927, т. 4.
47. Лисициан С. К., Изучению Арменского крестьян-ского жилища (Карабахский кара-дам)//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1925, т. 3.
48. Марутян А. Т., Интерьиер армяанского народного жилища (вторая половина XIX - начало XX в.)//Армянская этнография и фольклор, Ереван, №17, 1989.
49. Меликсед-Беков Л. А., О необходимости сравни-телъного изучения крестянских жилишъ армян и грузин//Известия КИАИ, Ереван, 1925, т. 3.
50. Мурадян М., Армянская эриграфика Грузии (Картли и Кахети), Ереван, 1985.
51. Иоанисян А., Россия и Армянское освобадительная движения в 80-х годах XVIII столетия, Ереван, 1947.
52. Пантюхов И. И., О пешерных и позднейшихъ жи-лищахъ на Кавказе, Тф., 1896.
42
Lavrenti Janiashvili
SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF ADAPTATION OF ARMENIANS MIGRATED IN
KVEMO KARTLI AND SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI IN THE XIX CENTURY
Summary
In the feudal era, Armenians, deprived of its statehood
under the Islamic yoke, settled massively in the Georgian provinces and easily adapted to theirlife. The situation changed in the 19th century, after the Russian domination of Georgia. Trying to get Armenians’ support in the region, Russia evicted them massively from Iran and Turkey to the Caucasus, particularly in Georgia (including Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti). For the adaptation of migrants the Russian authorities had developed a program, considering economic, ecological, etno-demographic, cultural and other aspects.
Being in the Imperial Russian service the officials of Armenian ethnic origin and migrant religious or secular authoritiesactively participated in in the process of migration control and adaptation of the resettled population. Besides material assistance and multiple benefits, the undertaken measures intended creation of a favorable environment for adaptation, referring ecological and geographical conditions, perspective for the development of traditional agriculture, considering the structure and the type of housing, residential and agricultural constructions. These factors comparatively simplified the process of adaptation of Armenians. Mean-while, the Russian support and the emergence of the compact Armenian settlements in the border regions of Georgia adjacent to their historic homeland, changed the attitude of
43
Armenian authorities towards Georgia. There appeared the temptation to restore the statehood they had lost in the 11th century and announce all the territories compactly populated by Armenians in the South Caucasus as their historical domain. For this reason, some authors are still trying to falsify the history of the Armenian settlements in the Caucasus and announce the Armenians migrated in the first half of the 19th century in South and South-East Georgia as autochthonus, which has a negative impact on their integ-ration into the Georgian state.
44
avTandil sonRulaSvili
erovnul umciresobaTa religiuri seqtebi saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi1
yoveli religia gansazRvravs adamianis adgilsa da
daniSnulebas samyaroSi, Tu rogor da risTvis ic-
xovros. es ki, moiTxovs garkveuli zneobrivi nor-
mebis dawesebas, romelTa dacva da Sesruleba ada-
mians miiyvans sasurvel miznamde.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi religia gamoyofilia
saxelmwifosagan. misi aRiareba ar aris savaldebulo.
es pirovnebis piradi saqmea. yovel adamians aqvs
rwmenis Tavisufleba, romlis mixedviT, mas SeuZlia
airCios is religia, romelic yvelaze misaRebad
miaCnia an saerTod uari Tqvas religiaze [14,55]. mag-
ram ra aris religiuri seqta? _ zogierTi poli-
tikosis mosazrebiT, religiuri dajgufeba seqta ar
aris. leqsikonebis didi nawilis mixedviT, `seqta
qveyanaSi moqmedi ZiriTadi konfesiis SedarebiT mci-
rericxovani religiuri dajgufebaa~. es ganmartebac
mTlad srulyofilad ver gadmogvcems terminis Si-
naarss. Tu religia xasiaTdeba RmerTTan kavSirisaken
swrafviT, seqtantur mentalitetSi yvelaferi iwyeba
da mTavrdeba lideriT. seqtaTa umravlesoba amkvid-
rebs brma morCilebas, Tayvaniscemas liderisadmi,
romlebic iyeneben pirovnebaze Zaladobis, hipnozis,
STagonebis specialurad SemuSavebul meTods, raTa
1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi.
45
SeinarCunon liderisa da Temis doqtrinisadmi maTi
morCileba [15,111-112].
seqta (laT. `Secta~ moZRvreba, skola) gagebulia
iseT religiur mimdinareobad, romelic ar scnobs
sakuTari religiis sjulis kanons da aRiarebs mxo-
lod wminda werils, isic mxolod sakuTari inter-
pretaciiT. Uufro sworad, morwmune adamianTa gaer-
Tianebebs, romlebic gamoeyvnen da daupirispirdnen
gabatonebul kaTolikur da marTlmadidebel ekle-
siebs, aqvT warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis TavianTi
istoria, organizaciuli struqtura da SemuSavebuli
religiuri dogmatika, religiuri seqtebi ewodeba
[13,79]. religiuri seqtantoba religiuri ideolo-
giisa da organizaciis erT-erTi formaa. igi damaxa-
siaTebelia yvela, msoflio da erovnuli religi-
isaTvis. iudaizmSi, qristianobaSi, budizmSi, islamSi,
sxvadasxva istoriul pirobebSi, garkveuli social-
luri da politikuri viTarebis gamo, gansxvavebuli
religiuri mimdinareoba, seqta Camoyalibda. amave
dros, morwmune seqtantebi xSirad did Seuracxyofad
iReben maTTvis seqtantis wodebiT moxseniebas. aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi da igive religiuri mimar-
Tuleba erT saxelmwifoSi seqtis saxelwodebiT aris
warmodgenili (magaliTad,Bbaptizmi yofil ssr kav-
SirSi), meore saxelmwifoSi ki, igive religiuri or-
ganizacia gabatonebul religiad aris aRiarebuli
(igive baptizmi, aSS-Si).
saqarTveloSi qristianuli seqtebis mravalsa-
xeobis arseboba obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorTa
erTobliobiT aris gansazRvruli, romelTa Soris
mniSvnelovania qarTveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
46
rjulTSemwynarebloba. CvenTan qristianuli seqtebis
gavrceleba, sxva saxelmwifoebisagan gansavavebiT, gan-
pirobebuli ar yofila socialur-ekonomikuri piro-
bebiT. es movlena, ZiriTadad, gansazRvrulia saqar-
TveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomad-
genlebis sarwmunoebrivi TaviseburebebiT, morwmuneTa
samisionero saqmianobiT [13,80-81]. qristianuli reli-
giis seqtanturi jgufebis mravalsaxeoba dRis wes-
rigSi ayenebs maTi klasifikaciis dazustebis auci-
leblobas. specialur literaturaSi arsebobs reli-
giuri seqtantobis klasifikaciis ramdenime modeli,
magram saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze misaRebia qris-
tianuli seqtebis or ZiriTad jgufad dayofa. pir-
vel jgufSi unda gaerTiandnen is `rusuli war-
moSobis~ seqtebi, romlebic gamoxatavdnen baton-
ymobis, carizmis, rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
kanoniT SeuzRudveli batonobisadmi winaaRmdegobas,
maTi gavlenisagan Tavdaxsnis Ziebas. aseTebia: duxobo-
rebi, malaknebi, staroabriacebi da sxvebi. Mmeore
jgufis qristianuli seqtebi sazRvargareTuli, pro-
testantuli warmoSobis seqtebia. isini kapita-
lizmis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze warmoiSvnen
sazRvargareTis qveynebSi da `importis formiT~ gav-
rceldnen, rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi.
aseTebia: baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, meSvide
dRis adventistebi, ieRovelebi da sxvebi. bolSevi-
kebi, rogorc aTeisturi ideologiis matarebelni,
yvela Rones iyenebdnen religiis winaaRmdeg. ukavSir-
debodnen nebismier Zalas, TviT religiur mimdinare-
obebsac ki, oficialurad RvTismsaxurebis Sesasru-
leblad. SemTxveviT ar iyo, rom ruseTis social-
47
demokratiuli muSaTa partiis programaSi isini
seqtantebis mokavSired gamovidnen. yrilobis mier mi-
Rebul gadawyvetilebebSi aris specialuri rezo-
lucia `seqtantebs Soris muSaobis Sesaxeb~, sadac
naTqvamia: `...seqtantebis moZraoba ruseTSi misi
mravali gamoxatulebiT warmoadgens erT-erT demok-
ratiul mimdinareobas, romelic mimarTulia arse-
buli wesebis winaaRmdeg~. meore yriloba mouwodeb-
da partiis yvela wevrs emuSavaT seqtantebis so-
cial-demokratiasTan mimxrobis mizniT~ [18,64].
bolSevikebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, ro-
desac poziciebi myarad ganimtkices, seqtantebisadmi
damokidebuleba da politikuri Sefasebebic Secvales.
Tumca, mainc gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT samRvde-
loebasTan da eklesiasTan SedarebiT. 1922 wels
gamoica `direqtivebi...seqtebTan da saerTod re-
ligiur jgufebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb~. direqti-
vebis mixedviT, yuradRebiT unda SeeswavlaT arse-
buli seqtanturi dajgufebebi da yovelgvari reli-
giuri organizaciebi. iq, sadac ar atarebdnen mtrul
xasiaTs sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi, rekomendacia mi-
ecaT saTanado organoebs Tavi SeekavebinaT maTi dev-
nisagan. neba eZleodaT dasaxuli mizani ganexorci-
elebinaT arsebuli kanonis farglebSi [18,69].
saqarTvelos gasabWoebisTanave, religiaze mkacri
kontroli sabWoTa mTavrobis politikis erT-erTi
atributi gaxda. amitom, saxelmwifosa da eklesias
Soris urTierTobas 20-30-ian wlebSi sakmaod drama-
tuli xasiaTi hqonda. bolSevikurma reJimma mosaxle-
obis religiisaken ltolvas, misdauneburad, ufro
meti stimuli misca. xelisuflebis antireligiuri
48
pozicia da sakuTrebis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli
reformebi mosaxleobis did nawils aiZulebda ekle-
siasa da seqtantur jgufebSi eZebna Sveba da TavSe-
safari. maT Soris iyo mravali iseTi adamiani, rom-
lebic adre religiurobiT ar gamoirCeodnen. Cveni
azriT, mosaxleobis aseTi nabijebi warmoadgenda,
marTalia pasiur, magram mainc brZolas axali reJimis
winaaRmdeg. meore msoflio omis dros, sabWoTa mTav-
robas ideologiur frontze situaciis gamwvaveba
xels aRar aZlevda da misi politikac moqalaqeTa
sindisis mimarT, erTi SexedviT, ufro loialuri
gaxda [16,349-350].
1944 wels evangelisti qristianebi, xolo 1945
wels ormocdaaTianelTa nawili baptistebTan gaerTi-
anda (Tbiliselma ormocdaaTianelebma uari ganacxa-
des gaerTianebaze) [17,196]. 50-ian wlebSi, miuxedavad
xruSCovis moCvenebiTi pragmatuli politikisa, xeli-
sufleba religiuri konfesiebisa da seqtebis mimarT
mkveTri cvalebadobiT gamoirCeoda. magaliTad, 1954
wels saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 43 religiuri
Senoba. aqedan, 4 eklesia, 2 meCeTi, 2 polonel
kaTolikeTa eklesia da 35 samlocvelo saxli. amave
wels, registrirebuli iqna somxur-grigorianuli ek-
lesiis 8 mRvdeli, 2 mqadagebeli, 1 mahmadiani mola,
1 mueZini, 1 kaTolikeTa mqadagebeli, 1 ebraeli ra-
bini, 25 xaxami, 1 `eqb~ _ ufrosi presviteri. Aaseve,
`eqb~ da molokanTa 11 presviteri [1,9-10]. 1956 wlis
monacemebiT funqcionirebda 200 eklesia da samloc-
velo saxli. aqedan, yoveldRiurad moqmedebda 8,
yovel kviras da religiur sadResaswaulo dReebSi _
30, weliwadSi 2-3-5-jer _ 8. mxolod erTi _ mcxe-
49
TaSi, samTavros wminda ninos saxelobis eklesiaSi ar
mimdinareobda religiuri msaxureba [3,9-10].
1957 wlidan xelisuflebam radikalurad gaam-
kacra religiasTan damokidebuleba da saqarTveloSi
mxolod 43 eklesias da 5 samlocvelo saxls Seu-
narCuna funqcionirebis ufleba [2,23-24]. xelisuf-
lebis aRniSnulma politikam sapirispiro Sedegi
gamoiRo da qristianuli seqtebis ufro metad
gaaqtiureba da mrevlis raodenobis zrda gamoiwvia.
es procesebi SesamCnevi gaxda qalaqebSi moqmed reli-
giur gaerTianebebSi. soflebSi, anda naklebad xal-
xmraval regionebSi seqtantebi TiTqmis ar cxov-
robdnen. aRniSnuli garemoeba, sxva mizezebTan erTad,
imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom qalaqSi adamianis bedisadmi
dainteresebas naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. karCake-
tilobam, adamianTa Soris komunikaciebis SezRudvam,
`erT sadarbazoSi calke cxovrebam~, xeli Seuwyo
imas, rom adamianTa im nawilma, romelmac ver igrZno
sasurveli mxardaWera, adamianuri siTbo, am danak-
lisis kompensirebas seqtant `da-Zmebis~ urTier-
TobaSi dauwyo Zebna. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, es
adamianebi seqtaSi maSin gaerTiandnen, rodesac cxov-
rebaSi droebiTi xasiaTis siZneleebi SeeqmnaT, ver
gadalaxes isini da daendnen seqtant `propagan-
distebis~ naTqvams. am periodSi, baptisturi eklesia
iTvleboda protestantuli tipis umsxviles ekle-
siad mkveTrad gamoxatuli dogmatikiT, kultiT,
misioneruli moRvaweobisa da centralizebuli orga-
nizaciis meTodebiT [19,3,6].
wiTelwyaros raionSi baptistebis umravlesoba
ruseTidan iyo Camosuli. mxolod 8 suli iyo adgi-
50
lobrivi. baptistebi yovel kviras ikribebonen erT-
erTi morwmunis binaSi [4,90].
1955 wels baTumSi mcxovrebma baptistebma gancxa-
debiT mimarTes qalaqis sabWos neba mieca oficia-
lurad, rom wyliT monaTvla CaetarebinaT. gancxa-
debas xels awerda baptistTa Temis 18 wevri. aqedan
12 wevri ukraineli iyo da 6 rusi. maTgan, arc erTs
ar hqonda umaRlesi ganaTleba. isini saqarTveloSi
30-50-ian wlebSi Camovidnen sacxovreblad [5,14,13,18].
saerTod, morwmuneTa sazogadoeba Tu registraciaSi
gatardeboda, xelisuflebasTan unda gaeformebina
xelSekruleba, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ormxrivi
valdebulebani. morwmuneTa sazogadoeba valdebulebas
kisrulobda gafrTxileboda maTTvis gadacemul sam-
locvelo Senobasa da sxva qonebas da gamoeyenebina
mxolod daniSnulebis Sesabamisad. morwmuneebs uf-
leba eZleodaT, rogorc Senoba, aseve iq arsebuli
kultis sagnebi, gadaecaT sargeblobis uflebiT `Ta-
namorwmuneebisaTvis~ mxolod da mxolod religiur
moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad.Aar daeSvaT re-
ligiuri wesis Sesruleba kultis msaxuris mier,
romelic ar iyo gatarebuli registraciaSi sabWoTa
kavSiris ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli religiuri
kultebis saqmeTa sabWos rwmunebulTan [6,19].
1959 wels TbilisSi iyo evangelist-baptistTa
erTi samlocvelo saxli didubeSi, romelic 954
wevrs aerTianebda. maTgan 254 muSaobda warmoebaSi da
dawesebulebebSi, danarCenebi iyvnen diasaxlisebi da
pensionerebi. saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTan arse-
buli religiuri kultebis sabWoSi registrirebuli
iyo mxolo erTi samlocvelo saxli TbilisSi erTi
51
religiuri TemiT. Mmagram, faqtobrivad, samlocvelo
saxlSi moqmedebda sami damoukidebeli Temi: rusuli,
somxuri da qarTuli, romlebic cal-calke ata-
rebdnen religiur ritualebs da hyavdaT Tavisi
xelmZRvanelebi.
Samlocvelo saxls marTavda Temis sabWo, ro-
melSic Sediodnen CamoTvlili erovnebebis religiur
TemTa presviterebi [11,33-34]. TemTan funqcionirebda
sarevizio komisia xuTi wevriT. amasTan erTad, Temis
saqmianobaSi monawileobas iRebda e.w. `oceuli~ 40
kacis SemadgenlobiT. rusul, qarTul da somxur
presviterTa dasaxmareblad, TemebSi airCies 26 mqada-
gebeli, romlebic religiur Sekrebebze gamodiodnen
qadagebiT wminda werilidan.
baptistebis Temi awyobda saRamoebs, sadac kiTxu-
lobdnen religiur leqsebs. samlocvelo saxlSi Se-
iqmna gundi, romelic mReroda musikaluri instru-
mentis TanxlebiT.
Tbilisis samlocvelo saxlis ricxobrivi Semad-
genloba mkveTrad izrdeboda. magaliTad, Tu 1958
wels wyliT monaTvlis dros, evangelist-qristian
baptistTa TemSi miiRes 46 axali wevri, 1959 wels
ukve _ 176 [11,35].
50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tbilisis meSvide dRis
adventistTa Temi 26 kacs iTvlida. or weliwadSi
maTi mimdevrebis ricxvi 60-mde gaizarda. SabaT-kviras
isini asrulebdnen religiur ritualebs. adventistTa
`eklesia~ 1908 wels gaixsna. sabWoTa reJimis peri-
odSi Temi eqvemdebareboda sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul
maT sasuliero centrs, romelic moskovSi funqcio-
nirebda. centri warmoadgenda legalur struqturas
52
[7,27]. radgan maTi eklesiad wodebuli samlocvelo
saxli aRar moqmedebda, amitom ritualebs atarebdnen
SeTanxmebiT, didubis SesaxvevSi #8, baptistTa sam-
locvelo SenobaSi [11,52].
1958 wlis 22 marts, religiuri ritualebis Ses-
rulebis dros, samlocvelo saxlSi SeiWrnen suk-is
TanamSromlebi, romlebmac Seawyvetines RvTismsaxu-
reba, waarTves literatura, rogoric iyo 1927 wels
moskovSi oficialurad dabeWdili krebuli _ sasu-
liero simRerebi `sionis fsalmunebi~ [8,27].
rac Seexeba duxoborebs religiuroba Zveli in-
tensiurobiT 50-ian wlebSi aRar xasiaTdeboda. reli-
giisadmi ltolva ufro metad iyo SemorCenili asa-
kovan adamianebSi. maTTvis `wminda~ adamianis garda-
cvalebis SemTxvevaSi, morwmune qalebi da bavSvebi
religiur ritualebs awyobdnen gardacvlilis saf-
lavTan. uvlidnen garSemo da religiur simRerebs
mRerodnen. duxoborTa yovel sofelSi iyo maTi
religiuri xelmZRvaneli, romelTanac ikribebodnen
morwmuneebi da asrulebdnen religiur ritualebs
[1,18].
50-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze iTvle-
boda daaxloebiT 3 aTasi moloknis ojaxi. TbilisSi
oficialurad moqmedebda moloknebis 4 samlocvelo
saxli, sadac sistematiurad dadioda 1 800-ze meti
morwmune. moloknebis didi nawili mosuli iyo yar-
sisa da ardaganis mxridan (TurqeTi), am mxareSi
mcxovreblebTan maT SemdgomSic hqondaT naTesauri
urTierTobebi. bavSvis dabadebis dros moloknebi ara-
viTar rituals ar awyobdnen. qorwinebis dros ki,
sazogadoebis presviteri morwmunis ojaxSi, saqor-
53
wino ceremonialis Catarebisas, kiTxulobda speci-
alur locvas, raTa axaldaqorwinebulebs ecxovraT
mSvdobianad da siyvaruliT. sikvdilamde erTad yofi-
liyvnen da ar daeviwyebinaT RmerTi. rituali grZel-
deboda 10-15 wuTi. Semdeg, imarTeboda saqorwino
trapezi. alkoholur sasmelebs moloknebi qorwilis
drosac ar iRebdnen. seqtantis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi
sazogadoebis presviteri morwmunis saxlSi gardac-
vlilis sasaflaoze dakrZalvamde kiTxulobda speci-
alur locvas. dakrZalvis Semdeg, sazogadoebis mor-
wmuneTa nawili brundeboda gardacvlilis saxlSi ga-
mosaTxovar sadilze. sadilis xarjebs molokanTa
sazogadoeba ixdida [8,19].
moloknebSi ganqorwineba did winaaRmdegobas aw-
ydeboda. mamakaci meuRlesTan gacilebis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu meore cols SeirTavda, aRar hqodna ufleba yo-
filiyo religiuri sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli sab-
Wos wevri [1,11].
1957 wlidan TbilisSi turistis rangSi xSirad
Camodiodnen moloknebi aSS-dan, romlebic xvdebodnen
Tavis naTesavebsa da nacnobebs da gadascemdnen sa-
Cuqrebs. aseTi kontaqtebi moloknebis aqtivizacias
iwvevda [11,50].
amave periodSi, TbilisSi moqmedebda seqtanturi
jgufi `prigunebi~, romelic iTvlida 100-ze met
morwmunes. isini ZiriTadad, cxovrobdnen Tbilisis
ganapira raionebSi: RrmaReleSi, navTluRSi da avWa-
laSi. mravali maTgani, moloknebis msgavsad, yarsidan
da ardaganidan iyvnen Camosuli. maTac mWidro kavSiri
hqondaT TurqeTSi, aSS-Si da kanadaSi mcxovreb
naTesavebTan.
54
seqtis wevrebi, ritualebis Casatareblad, ikribe-
bodnen yovel kviras calkeul morwmuneTa ojaxebSi.
locvis dros, religiuri simReriT yvela seqtanti
xtunavda. prigunebis seqta akrZaluli iyo da regis-
tracias ar eqvemdebareboda, ramdenadac, maTTan reli-
giuri ritualebis dros, daSvebuli iyo `miuRebeli
formebi...~ [11,52].
CvenTvis saintereso periodSi, TbilisSi da saqar-
Tvelos zogierT raionSi sxva seqtantur mimdi-
nareobaTa msgavsad, SedarebiT aqtiurad moqmedebdnen
`ormocdaaTianelebi~, romelTa rigebi iTvlida 550-
mde wevrs. gansakuTrebuli mistikuri religiuri
moZRvrebis gamo, es seqta sabWoTa kavSirSi akrZa-
luli iyo da registracias ar eqvemdebareboda. seq-
tantebi ritualebis Sesrulebis dros, dasaSvebad
Tvlidnen fizikur TviTgvemas, rac iwvevda nevrozul
daavadebebs [11,36].
XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan TbilisSi moqme-
debda mcirericxovani, magram kargad organizebuli
ieRovelebis jgufi, romlis xelmZRvaneli iyo `ami-
erkavkasiis Zmobis~ lideri mixeil xaCaturiani. is
adre gasamarTlebuli iyo ieRovas moZRvrebis propa-
gandisaTvis. 1959 wlisaTvis TbilisSi ieRovelebis
ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. isini xelisufle-
bisagan devnas ganicdidnen, amitom sxvadasxva Ronis-
ZiebiT cdilobdnen yofiliyvnen axlo urTierTobaSi.
Tbiliseli, Telaveli da tyibuleli ieRovelebi
farul Sexvedrebs awyobdnen [11,49].
50-ian wlebSi aWaris teritoriaze mniSvnelovnad
aqtiurobda `subotnikebis~ seqta. rogorc cnobilia,
maTi moZRvreba, ZiriTadad, Zvel aRTqmas eyrdnoba.
55
uaryofen samebas. qristes acxadeben ubralo winas-
warmetyvelad. icaven winaacveTis Zvel ebraul wess,
SabaTis dResaswauls (aqedan saxelwodeba). uaryofen
qristes moZRvrebas, xatTa Tayvaniscemas, kviradRis
wesebs, bavSvebs arqmevdnen ebraul saxelebs da saer-
Tod, imdenad `ebraelobdnen~, rom mravali maTgani
iTxovda israelSi wasvlas [12,177].
aWaraSi `subotnikebi,~ ZiriTadad cxovrobdnen ba-
TumSi, baTumisa da qobuleTis raionebSi. ritualebis
Sesruleba TviTgvemiT, zneobrivi da fizikuri damci-
rebiT mTavrdeboda. amitom, aRniSnuli seqtis saq-
mianoba akrZaluli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 1958 wels
seqtanti subotnikebis ricxvi 300-mde gaizarda
[9,15].
rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnul periodSi, sagrZnoblad
gamococxlda seqtanturi moZraoba. aseve, iyo mcde-
loba aratradiciuli religiebis Semotanisa. kerZod,
1959 wels sabWoTa kavSiris budistebis sazogadoebam
moiwvia budistTa msoflio Zmobis vice-prezidenti,
romelic, amave dros, iyo nepalis budistTa sa-
zogadoebis _ `dxarmodaias sabxas~ prezidenti _
amirtananda bxikkxu, Tavis qaliSvilTan, vimla de-
visTan erTad. vizitis programaSi Sedioda misi
Camosvla soWSi, soxumSi da baTumSi, rac ganxor-
cielda kidec [10,1]. saqarTvelo SemTxveviT ar yo-
fila SerCeuli. aRniSnul periodSi, religiuri seq-
tebis aqtiuroba mimdinareobda saqarTvelos ekle-
siis SedarebiT pasiuri moRvaweobis fonze, rac
gamowveuli iyo komunisturi mmarTvelobis saeklesio
politikiT. mTavari kontroli marTlmadideblobi-
saken iyo mimarTuli.
56
wyaroebi da literatura
1. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri
saxelmwifo arqivi (SemdegSi suicsa), f. 600, anaw.
16, saq. 262.
2. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi
(SemdegSi (sSssa), f. 14, anaw. 32, saq. 2812
3. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 3, saq. 262. 4. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 4, saq. 4. 5. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 32. 6. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 4, saq. 10. 7. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 23. 8. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 4. 9. suicsa, f. 600, anaw. 18, saq. 231. 10. suicsa, f. 1880, anaw. 1, saq. 36. 11. sSssa, f. 14, anaw. 34, saq. 438. 12. a. gelovani, rwmena, RmerTebi, adamianebi, Tb., 1990.
13. d. gegeSiZe, saubari aTeizmsa da religiaze, Tb.,
1988.
14. v. erqomaiSvili, filosofia, Tb., 2005.
15. l. mRebriSvili, Tanamedrove eTno-religiuri pro-
cesebi mcxeTis raionis soflebSi, `mari broses
dabadebidan 200 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecni-
ero sesia~, Tb., 2000.
16. n. papuaSvili, religiis istoria, Tb., 1996.
17. qse, t. 2, Tb., 1977. 18. Кириченко М. Г., Свобода совести в СССР , М., 1985. 19. Лялина Г. С., Баптизм, М., 1977.
57
Avtandil Songulashvili
MINORITY RELIGIOUS IN GEORGIAN IN THE 50-S OF THE XX CENTURY
Summary
In the 50es of the XX century, despite Khrushchev's
seeming pragmatic policies, the government was marked by sharp fluctuations in the religious confessions and sects. Since 1957, only 43 churches and 5 prayer houses retained the right of function.
During this period, Baptists were especially active. The communities of “Seventh-Day Adventists” were too small. It consisted of 60 believers totally.
The Separate communities were shaped by the “Doukhobors”, “Molokhans”, “Prigunes”, “Subotniks” and “Jehovah's” witnesses. Some of them have not been re-gistered and they werestigmatized by the government. But, besides this they continued to exist illegally.
58
irma kvaSilava
wmida SabaTi qarTvel ebraelTa yofaSi
qarTveli ebraelebi erT-erT uZveles da sain-
tereso eTnolingvistur jgufs ganekuTvnebian.
qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, Zveli
welTaRricxvis VI saukunidan, saqarTvelo mravali
ebraelis samSoblod iqca.
saqarTvelosa da wminda miwas Soris urTierTo-
bebi kidev ufro mWidro xdeba Cv. welTaRricxvis IV
saukuneSi, qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo re-
ligiad aRiarebis Semdeg. calke Temad ganixileba
mcxeTis ebraelebis _ `huriani qarTvelni~ gansakuT-
rebuli wvlili qarTlis gaqristianebis saqmeSi.
saqarTveloSi ebraelebis ekonomikuri da sulieri
aRorZinebis periodad adreuli Sua saukuneebi miiC-
neva, Tumca, aq, sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, ebrae-
lebs mudam iseTive uflebebi hqondaT, rogorc
mkvidr mosaxleobas. gvian Sua saukuneebSi ki, _ ise-
Tive feodalur eqsploatacias ganicdidnen, rogorc
adgilobrivi socialurad dabali fenis warmomad-
genlebi.
gafantulad, patar-patara jgufebad cxovrebam,
qarTveli ebraelebis religiuri ganaTlebis done
daaqveiTa, magram am araxelsayreli sacxovrebeli pi-
robebis miuxedavad, sadac ar unda daedoT axali
kera, isini winaprebis religiur tradicias yvela-
ferze maRla ayenebdnen. saxeldobr, pirvel rigSi,
sazeimod SeabrZanebdnen `sefer-Torebs~ (rjulis
gragnilebs) axal sinagogebSi, vinaidan ebraelTa yo-
vel nabijs locva unda axldes; sinagogebTan erTad,
59
qalaqebsa da axal dasaxlebebSi ixsneboda `xederebi~
_ sagangebo saRvTismsaxuro skolebi, radgan ebrauli
religiis warmateba didad iyo damokidebuli swav-
lebis meTodikasa da organizaciaze.
saqarTveloSi ebraelebisaTvis, im qveynebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, sadac antisemitizmi mZvinvarebda, arasodes
dauSliaT rjulis saTanado msaxureba. amis Sedegad,
unda miviCnioT is, rom `dRes, rodesac qarTveli
ebraelebi brundebian israelSi, aRniSnaven, rom isini
arian yvelaze morwmune adamianebi dabrunebul iude-
velTa Soris~ [7,3].
iudaizmis mimdevroba erTob rTuli saqmea, igi 613
wesis Sesrulebas avalebs morwmunes, romelTagan 365
akrZalvaa, xolo 248 Sewyaleba. saqme imaSia, rom
ebraelisaTvis arseboba iudevelad yofnas niSnavs,
rac rjulis dacvas, anu wes-CveulebaTa ganuxrel
erTgulebas gulisxmobs, romlis mTavari mizani da
daniSnuleba mesiis mosvlis ganuwyveteli molodinia.
iudaizmis mTavari dResaswaulebi, warmoSobis mi-
xedviT, orgvar xasiaTs atareben: isini aRniSnaven,
rogorc weliwadis sezonur cvlilebebs, ise isto-
riul movlenebs, ufro metad, istoriul TariRebs.
sazeimo dReebs cxadia, marxvasa da locvaSi atareben.
israelisaTvis yvelaze gamorCeuli dResaswauli
SabaTi iyo. sxva xalxebi zeimobdnen dReebs, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis
wliur ciklTan da axalmTvarobasTan. mxolod isra-
els hqonda SabaTi dResaswauli, romelic weliwadis
droTa ritmul cvalebadobasTan ar iyo dakavSire-
buli.
60
SabaTs aRiarebs yvela morwmune ebraeli. igi
warmoadgens yovelkvireul sadResaswaulo dRes.
SabaTi mianiSnebs RmerTisa da ebraeli xalxis
maradiul kavSirze, xolo kavSiri pasuxismgeblobaa
da ara privilegia! winaswarmetyvelebma igi daayenes
sarwmunoebis yvela wes-Cveulebaze maRla. meTalmude
RvTismsaxurni amboben, ufalma ase mimarTa moses: Cems
saganZurTagan minda dagasaCuqro israelis saukeTeso
ganZiT, saxeldobr, SabaTiT! SabaTi, Tavisi arsiT
emsaxureba sikeTes, gardacvlilis mogonebas, mouwo-
debs da moagonebs ebraels adidebdes warsulsa da
Senatrodes momavals [3,134]. amis gamo, ebrauli tra-
dicia mas amaRlebs, rogorc `dedofali SabaTi~
[11,560]. mis Sesaxvedrad mzadebas iwyebs paraskevi
dilidan ki ara, ufro adre. sagangebod alagebs da
awesrigebs sacxovrebel binas, emzadeba saritualo
trapezisaTvis, sazeimo tansacmliTa da saTanado gan-
wyobiT. am zeimis mTavari nawili saSabaTo sanTlebis
danTeba da locvaa. SabaTis uqmad ganwesebis mizezi
mTlianad naTeli ar aris, savaraudod miekuTvneba
mosemdel epoqas.
yoveli meSvide dRe gankuTvnili iyo dasvenebi-
saTvis. es iyo SabaTi (ebraulad `SabaTi~ dasvenebas
niSnavs) da igi RmerTs ekuTvnoda. aTi sayovelTao
mcnebis meoTxe muxli gvauwyebs: `moixsene dRe igi
SabaTTa da wminda _ yav igi: equs dRe iqmode da
hqmen yoveli saqme Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide, Sa-
baTi ars uflisa RmerTisa Senisa.~ SabaTis daweseba
`meore sjulTas~ Tanaxmad, emsaxureboda erT mizans
_ monebs eZleodaT sulis moTqmis saSualeba [5,12].
samRvdelo kanonmdebloba ki, sul sxva azrs debs
61
masSi. kerZod, adamiani Tavisi SromiTa da saqmianobiT
baZavs RvTis moRvaweobas, rogorc RmerTma daisvena
Sesaqmis meSvide dRes, adamianebmac aseve unda dais-
venon (gamosv. 31,13; dab. 2,20). RmerTma misca SabaTi
israels imis niSnad, rom akurTxa Tavisi eri (iezek.
20,12) [8,931].
amgvarad, SabaTs adamianebs unda gaexsenebinaT
RvTis yovelgvari saqmianoba da upirveles yovlisa,
israelianTa egviptis tyveobidan gamoxsna. ai, ras
ambobs RmerTi esaia winaswarmetyvelis piriT: `Tu
Seabruneb Sens fexs SabaTisagan, rom daTrguno sur-
vili Cems wminda dRes, Seracxav SabaTs sanetarod da
uflis wmidad mis gansadideblad da pativs miageb
mas, ar moiqcevi Seni CveulebiT, survils ar ais-
ruleb da fuWsityvaobas ar mohyvebi, maSin inetareb
ufalSi~ [2,122].
SabaT dRes, sinagogaSi, ebraul enaze, iseve, ro-
gorc yovel dResaswaulze, ramdenjerme loculoben
Toras. `saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi SabaTs
xvdebian fsalmunebis kiTxviT da `lexa dodis~ ga-
lobiT~ [2,134].
ratom aris Torasa da Talmudis mixedviT cxov-
reba saWiro? Zveli aRTqma, rjuli (kanoni), Zveleb-
raulad Tora, iudaelebma misces Zveli aRTqmis pir-
vel xuT wigns _ dabadebidan meore rjulamde. aq
aris mravali moZRvrebis is umniSvnelovanesi kano-
nebi, anu cxovrebis adaT-wesebi, romlebic RmerTma
Tavis rCeul xalxs misca, romelTa centrSi dgas
cnobili aTi mcneba. Cvenamde moaRwia iudevelTa ko-
deqsma, magram mas Tavisi unikalurobiT ver Seedreba
62
verc erTi dRemde moRweuli Zveli kanonebis kre-
buli.
dabadebis wignSi, samyaros SeqmnasTan erTad, moT-
xrobilia abraamisa da israelianebis mamamTavrebze.
gamosvlis wignidan meore rjulis CaTvliT, egvip-
telTa tyveoba, udabnoSi xetiali da aRTqmul miwaze
israelianTa Sesasvlelad momzadeba aris aRwerili.
rjulis mTavar xuT wignSi _ ToraSi, mocemulia
mcnebebi, romelic israelianebs unda aResrulebinaT,
Tuki maT saRvTo erad yofna undodaT. umTavresi
aris is, rom Semoqmedi RmerTi qmnis ara marto Cvens
wuTisofels, aramed gansakuTrebul xalxsac _ ro-
melsac Tavisi Tavis samsaxurad mouxmobs, jer calke
adamianebs, Semdeg ki mTlianad ers, rom maTi meS-
veobiT mTel qveyanas misces locva-kurTxeva [2,87].
amgvarad, ganumeorebeli wigni, romelic gvaZlevs
ganumeorebeli RmerTis danaxvis SesaZleblobas, dRe-
sac kacobriobis kulturis centrSi dgas, vinaidan
igi istoriasa da kanonze metia! mas mimarTaven axlad
aRmocenebuli erebi, romlebsac sakuTari Tavis Sec-
nobis wyurvili amoZravebT. ecnobian ra bibliur WeS-
maritebas, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da Sexedulebis ada-
mianebi erTiandebian saerTo mowodebiT, _ `gwamdeT
RmerTi!~
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cnobili aTi mcnebidan
erT-erTis, _ yoveli SabaTis wmindad dacva sju-
lismier dakanonebulia da mkacrad isjeba misi Se-
laxva, ikrZaleba nebismier Sroma-saqmianobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli qmedeba, myudroebis darRveva, `qarTvel
ebraelebSi cecxli rom gaCndes SabaTs, qristians
dauZaxeben cecxlis Casaqrobad~ [9,132].
63
l. nodia, abaSis raionis sofel sujunasa da su-
junelebze SeniSnavda, rom SabaTi dRisaTvis ebra-
elTa ojaxebs hyavdaT `mecexlurebi~, romlebic mci-
re gasamrjelosaTvis cecxlis keriebsa da buxrebs
emsaxurebodnen da am ojaxebSi Sinaurebadac iTvle-
bodnen [4,65].
samegreloSi cnobili gamoTqma, Cemi mececxluri _
megrulad _ medaCxire mezobeli, yvelaze did keTi-
lismyofelze mianiSnebs, romelic karis mezobels,
uaxloess, sando adamians gulisxmobs.
qarTveli ebraelebi yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen
rwmenisa da tradiciebisadmi erTgulebiT, moyvasis
siyvaruli da TanagrZnoba aranakleb axasiaTebdaT. sa-
xeldobr, cxinvaleli qarTveli ebraelis mogo-
nebidan irkveva, Tu rogor daarRvia SabaTi dRis uq-
meoba, rom uariT ar gaestumrebina Wirisufali, ro-
melsac saWirisuflod Talxi farTali sWirdeboda.
marTalia, duqnis patronma qarTvelma ebraelma
mxolod gasaRebi gadasca mTxovnels, magram SabaTs
ara Tu raime saqmianoba, saqmiani saubris warmarTvac
ikrZaleba da amitomac igi mTeli dRe fsalmunebs
kiTxulobda da gamCenisgan patiebas, Sendobas iT-
xovda. sabolood, mainc mosveneba ver hpova da Tavisi
saidumlo cxinvalis ebraelTa sazogadoebis rabins _
xvoless gaando da Sendoba iTxova. man Turme Rimi-
liT upasuxa: `tyuilubralod swuxar, me mgoni ar
Semcdarxar, codva ki ara, ufro madli giqniao.~
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom rabini xvolesi, gva-
rad ara ebraelis mier gamomcxvar purs, mis mier
damzadebul mawons Tu karaqs sxva fanatikosi pire-
biviT ar erideboda [5,136].
64
marTalia, ebraelTa RmerTi moiTxovda Tavisi
samarTliani kanonebis dacvas (1 mef. 15:22), magram
rituals marTali cxovrebis gareSe araviTari mniS-
vneloba ara aqvs. sxvaTaSoris, es idea sxva xalxTa
religiebisTvisac ucxo ar yofila.
i. Cornis, romelmac XIX saukunis II naxevarSi
imogzaura ruseTis TiTqmis mTeli samxreTi nawilis
ebraelTa sayofacxovrebo viTarebis Sesaswavlad,
cxadia, mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia raRac darRve-
vebi, romlebsac ufro jamaaTis mesveurni amaxin-
jebdnen. magaliTad, axalcixeSi wesad hqondaT yovel
SabaTs, sanam sefer-Toras gamoabrZanebdnen, Rarib
glexTaTvis `nedavas~ akrefa. mTeli jamaaTi mdidar
pirebs Sescqeroda, isini ar Cqarobdnen qvelmoq-
medebas. amis gamo, iwyeboda Cxubi, dava, yvirili,
dapirispireba fizikuradac. garda Surisa da urTi-
erTsiZulvilisa, Toris wakiTxva ori-sami saaTiT
gviandeboda, vinaidan yvela imas akeTebda, rac azrad
mouvidoda [10,169].
zustad iseve, rogorc yoveli meSvide dRe dasve-
nebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, yoveli meSvide `saSaba-
To~ weli iyo `sauqmo SabaTi miwisaTvis, uflis
SabaTi~. cxadia, am droisaTvis mTel miwa-wyals dau-
muSaveblad ver datovebdnen, magram pirveli mox-
vnidan yovel meSvide wels yanas yamirad tovebdnen.
am wels Rarib-Ratakebs neba eZleodaT yvelaferi,
rac ki yanaSi modioda, dauyovnebliv moekrifaT. es
ki, imas Seaxsenebda adamianebs, rom miwa ar war-
moadgens vinmes sakuTrebas, is `wmindaa~ da mxolod
RmerTs SeiZleba ekuTvnodes.
65
amdenad, glaxakTaTvis zrunva aris rjulismieri
movaleoba. roca moimki yanas, rac dacvideba, an daga-
viwydeba, datove RaribebisTvis. am bibliuri WeS-
maritebis gamoZaxils saqarTveloSic vxvdebiT. mosav-
lis aRebis Semdeg, sofelSi glaxakebsa da qvriv-
oblebs daukiTxavad SeeZloT yanaSi an venaxSi darCe-
nili nawilis daTaviseba.
niSandoblivia isic, rom yovel meSvide wels,
yvela israeliani mona Tavisufldeboda, xolo yovel-
gvari valebi uqmdeboda (lev. 25:1-7; gam. 23;10-11; rj.
15:1-6) [2,122].
iudaizmis monapovari SabaTi dRe, mesiis mosvlis
niSnuladac miiCneva. naTqvamia, mesia maSin mova, Tu
mTeli ebraeli eri or SabaTs erTmaneTis miyolebiT
daicavso [6,90].
dResdReobiT, Serbilda da Seicvala zogierTi
sayofacxovrebo saweso rituali, maTi midevneba
adamianTa keTil neba-survilze gaxda damokidebuli
da ara uzenaesis saRmrTo gangebulebaze. umTavresia
is, rom `ebraelTa istoria, es aris maradiuli
zrunva sakuTari religiisa da zne-CveulebaTa Sesa-
narCuneblad. Zvelia maTi adaT-wesebi da sarwmunoeb-
rivi Sexedulebani, romlebsac ganuxrelad icaven
mTeli bedukuRmarTi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. samagi-
erod ki, miiRes is, rom samyaros kidiT-kidemde
gafantulebma da araerTxel mtris garemocvaSi myo-
febma TavianTi erovnuli meoba SeinarCunes, rwmenis
Tanmimdevrulma erTgulebam da konservatizmma, rac
safuZvelia maTi Cveulebebis simtkicisa, ixsna ebra-
elebi ganadgurebisagan da visac amgvari saSiSroeba
66
emuqreba, valdebulia icnobdes TviTdamkvidrebis aseT
meTods [3,133].
rwmenam gadaarCina da daabruna ebraelebi samSob-
loSi. swored Seuorgulebeli rwmena gaxda qarTve-
lebTan maTi integraciisa da erovnuli TviTmyo-
fadobis safuZveli. amitom, saqarTvelos ebraelTa
dResaswaulebi da wes-Cveulebani, ZiriTadad, emTxve-
oda zogad iudaistur normebs. Zveli da axali
aRTqma Tavisi arsiT erT mTlianobas, warmoadgens,
amitom ieso qristes ar Seucvlia SabaTis kanoni.
Tavdapirvelad, qristes mowafeni icavdnen SabaTs.
qristes amaRlebis Semdegac iyridnen isini Tavs Sa-
baTs, rom emcnoT iudevelTaTvis keTili uwyeba. ieso
qristes aRdgomis Semdeg, am dReze inacvlebs is,
rasac iudevelebi Cveulebriv SabaTs ukavSireben, anu
kviris pirvel dRed iqca iesos aRdgomis dRe [8,931].
e.i. idResaswauleba Svidi dRidan ara ukanaskneli _
SabaTi, aramed yoveli Svideulis pirveli dRe _
kvira. `qristianuli eklesia ar dResaswaulobs Sa-
baTs, magram samyaros Seqmnis xsovnisaTvis da Tavda-
pirveli dResaswaulis gasagrZeleblad, sxva dReebTan
SedarebiT, Semsubuqebulia marxva~ [1,21].
Zveli da axali aRTqmis ganuyoflobis simbolod
iqca qarTveli ebraeli, romelic ise bunebrivad Se-
eTvisa qarTul sinamdviles, rom ar Camoscilebia
maTi _ ebraelebis eTnikuri identurobis mTavar gan-
msazRvrels, _ iudaistur sarwmunoebas. am saqmeSi
qarTvelebisa da ebraelebis TanamSromlobas, Tanag-
rZnobas bibliuri azrovneba asazrdoebs.
67
wyaroebi da literatura
1. aTi mcnebis ganmarteba, saubrebi aTonel berebTan,
Tb., 2006.
2. bibliis enciklopedia, Tb., 2003.
3. e. nadiraZe, msoflios religiebi, Tb., 2005.
4. l. nodia, sujuna da sujuneli ebraelebi, Tb.,
2001.
5. i. papismedovi, nanaxi, mosmenili, gancdili, kavka-
sioni, Tel-avivi, 1986.
6. religiebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008.
7. sapartriarqos qronika, gazeTi `sapatriarqos uw-yebani~, #27, Tb., 2014.
8. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis encik-
lopediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2007.
9. q. SoSiaSvili, qarTvel ebraelTa tradiciuli
saojaxo yofa da sulieri kultura, Tb., 2002
(sadisertacio naSromi).
10. i. Corni da misi cnobebi saqarTvelosa da iq
mcxovrebi ebraelebis Sesaxeb, wig. `icxak daviTi~,
t. 1, Tel-avivi, ieruSalaimi, 1976. 11. Всеобщая история религии мира, М., 2007.
68
Irma Kvashilava
HOLY SUBBAT IN THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF GEORGIAN JEWS
Summary
For a Jew to be of Jewish faith means to exsist. His main
goal and purpous is a permanent wait for messiah. That is why calendar and religiouse days are so important in the every-day life of Georgian Jews.
The given work is dedicated to a special fist day, holy Subbat, named “Day of God”. Subbat in Jewish language means rest. This day was dedicated and belonged to God. Not only every seventh day of a week was a day of rest, but evry seventh year, Subbat year was a fist, year of rest for soil, Subbat of God. Important nuances and nuances of less importance connected with Subbat are analised in the article.
Georgian Jews firmly and devotedly fallowed Judaic norms and dogmas that became a fundament of thier national identity.
69
giorgi mamardaSvili
Ggivi eliava da misi wvlili samegrelos
eTnografiul SeswavlaSi
givi eliava, wlebis manZilze, dRidan misi daar-
sebisa (1957 weli) 2001 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda
martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeums. givi eliavas
uSualo RvawliT aris moZiebuli muzeumSi daculi
eqsponatebis umravlesoba. muzeumze zrunva mas gasu-
li saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan dauwyia da am
saqmeSi aqtiur daxmarebas uwevdnen giorgi Citaia da
vera bardaveliZe. am ori Rvawlmosili mecnieris
uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT muSaobda givi eliava Tavis
sadisertacio naSromzec.
1964 wels martvilis muzeumSi, Ria cisqveS, akad.
giorgi Citaias konsultaciiT, gaixsna eTnografiuli
gamofena, xolo 1973 wels muzeumis bazaze gamoiyo
da dRemde arsebobs Zvelkolxuri vazis jiSebis
sacdel-sakoleqcio nakveTi, sadac gaSenebulia 30-
mde, amJamad TiTqmis dakarguli, vazis jiSi.
muzeumis eqsponatTa saerTo ricxvi 55 000-s
utoldeba da masSi Tavmoyrilia geologiuri, arqeo-
logiuri, saeklesio nivTebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania eTnografiuli eqspozicia, romelic muzeumis
saerTo saeqspozicio sivrcis TiTqmis naxevars moi-
cavs. masala, umetesad, givi eliavas piradi garjiT
aris Tavmoyrili da samuzeumo TvalsazrisiT damuSa-
vebuli. swored, am masalis eTnografiul Seswavlas
miuZRvna batonma givim sakuTari samecniero moRva-
weoba. Tumca, misi moRvaweoba ar Semoifargleba
mxolod sameurneo iaraRebisa da yofis sxva materi-
70
aluri obieqtebis SeswavliTa da klasificirebiT.
misi naSromebi ZiriTadad eTnografiuli aRwerilo-
biTi xasiaTisaa da mniSvnelovania Tavisi terminolo-
giuri siaxleebis, savele masalis sandoobiT da
sakvlevi regionis yofa-cxovrebis zedmiwevniT kargad
codniT.
givi eliava, Tavis naSromebSi, aRgviwers samegre-
los aRmosavleT nawilis yofa-cxovrebis mraval
mxares. mis mier, kargad aris Seswavlili am mxa-
risaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli kar-midamo,
misi mowyobis tradiciuli saxe da sacxovrebeli
saxlis ganviTarebis etapebi. givi eliavas dafiqsire-
buli aqvs sacxovrebeli saxlis ramdenime tipi: oda
saxli, maqdora (maqindora), pitaficara, jargvali,
facxa, aTabogi, ganiSi yude. sainteresoa misi dakvir-
veba da azri, rom oda saxlis winamorbedi maqdora
saxli iyo. maqdora, ZiriTadad, orTvaliani isliT
gadaxuruli (SemdgomSi yavriT, bolos ki kramitiT)
Senoba iyo. is stumrebisaTvis yofila gankuTvnili.
ojaxi „ganiSi yudeSi“, „pitaficaraSi“ (boyvebSi Cas-
muli patar-patara ficrebiT naSeni saxli), „jar-
gvalSi“ (daumuSavebeli morebiT nagebi saxli), an
facxaSi (mownulSi) cxovrobda. oda maqdorasTvis
oTaxebis damatebis Sedegad warmoiSva. odaSi didi
darbazi misaRebad moewyo. misaRebis ukan sasadilo
oTaxi ganTavsda, gverdebze stumris saZinebelebi.
ojaxis wevrebi, amaT ukan ganTavsebul, SedarebiT
momcro or oTaxs iyenebda saZineblad. arsebobda sa-
megrelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli aTabogis tipis sax-
lebi _ maRal svetebze (5-6 metri) Semdgari fic-
ruli an facxa saxlebi, romelsac ZiriTadad, mwere-
71
bisgan Sewuxebuli mosaxleoba aSenebda [1,7-9]. sain-
teresoa, rom aRmosavleT samegrelos es masala para-
lels poulobs afxazur eTnografiul masalasTan _
maqdoras magvari sastumro saxli tradiciulia afxa-
zeTis mosaxleobisaTvis. sainteresoa isic, rom afxa-
zuri ojaxis samyofels „afsua-vni“ an „agan-vni“ ewo-
deba [8,68]. a-gan didi albaTobiT, igivea, rac meg-
ruli gan, ganiSi. amas isic amtkicebs, rom am sax-
lebis aRweriloba, formebi da daniSnuleba er-
TmaneTs emTxveva.
odis savaraudo winamorbedis saxeli „maqdora“
samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis zedmiwevniT kargad mcod-
ne Tedo saxokiasa da sergi makalaTias ar aqvT
dafiqsirebuli. am terminis ganmarteba „megrul leq-
sikonSia“ mocemuli, romlis mixedviTac maqdora
aivnian, winakarian, parmaRian dabal saxls niSnavs.
saxlis gadmoxuruls, motkepnil winakars, parmaRs,
saxlis mTel sigrZeze dayolebul aivans maqdori
rqmevia [7,394]. amave leqsikonSi dafiqsirebulia
termini godoro yude, rac godora saxlad, pita-
ficarad aris ganmartebuli [7,189]. SesaZloa, go-
doro yude anu godora saxli xmovanebiT maqdoras
(ma-godoro) mivamsgavsoT, Tumca Cveni varaudiT, maq-
doras fuZed SeiZleba miviCnioT „qudi“ _ ma-qud-ura
_ ma-qd-ora. maqdoras saxuravi, marTlac qudiviTaa
gadmofarebuli saxls.
yuradsaRebia, is faqti, rom givi eliavas megruli
eTnografiuli terminologiis mcire leqsikonSi da-
fiqsirebuli aqvs termini „amxara“ da mis ganmar-
tebad axalSeuRlebulTa sacxovrebels iZleva [1,83].
anu, aqac aris analogia afxazur paralelur masa-
72
lasTan. amxara „megruli leqsikonis“ mixedviT,
erTgvari saxli, calke samyofeli, axalSeuRlebulTa
samTioboa [7,37]. leqsikonis avtors, amxaris ganmar-
tebisas, frCxilebSi Casmuli aqvs mcire SeniSvna,
riTic am terminisa da masTan dakavSirebuli Cveule-
bebis afxazurobas miuTiTebs [7,37]. Tumca amxarasa
da masTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, givi
eliavas garda, zemoTnaxsenebi sergi makalaTia [5,339]
da Tedo saxokia [6,103] samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis
Taviseburebebis aRweris drosac saubroben.
givi eliavas mier dafiqsirebuli kar-midamoSi
arsebuli nagebobebis terminologiidan kidev gvaqvs
damTxveva afxazur masalasTan _ aguara. aguara/agvara
samegreloSi saqonlis samyofels ewodeba da qarTu-
li qarTis analogia. agvara SemoRobil adgils
niSnavs afxazurad [7,20]. sainteresoa isic, rom afxa-
zeTis mTebSi qvis Senobebs, romelSic saqonels
amwyvdevdnen xolme, ialaRebze wasuli mwyemsebi
acanguerebi hqviaT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes acanebis
SemozRudul adgilebs. acanebi ki, afxazuri miTolo-
giiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze afsuaTa winaprebis
mosvlamde, mosaxle miTiuri xalxia. meore versiiT,
acanebi sakmaod Zlieri gvaris, canbebis warmomad-
genlebs unda utoldebodes.
aRmosavleT megruli ganiSi yude, givi eliavas
gadmocemiT, orTvliania, SuaSi RiobiT. Riobi keriis
mosawyobadaa gankuTvnili. Riobis orive mxares ZmaTa
ojaxebis cal-calke oTaxebia [1,9]. Riobi saerTo
sivrce da didi, gauyofeli ojaxis simboluri cen-
tria.
73
givi eliavas kargad aqvs Seswavlili naTesaobis
sistema da dafiqsirebuli aqvs terminologiac. misi
ori statia, „samegrelos aRmosavleT nawilis
mosaxleobis istoriul-eTnografiuli Camomavloba da
Sedgeniloba toponimikur masalaTa Suqze“ da „xal-
xuri zepirsityvierebis masalebi „Ti“-s, „Turis“ da
„dinos“ Sesaxeb“ naTesaobis sistemasa da gvarTa
warmoqmna/warmoSobis Temebs exeba. givi eliava gvarTa
istoriis Seswavlaze dayrdnobiT, askvnis, rom sameg-
relos teritoriaze mosaxleobis kulturuli mem-
kvidreobiToba ar wydeba uZvelesi droidan moyole-
buli, Tumca SeiniSneba Sida migraciebi [2]. gadmo-
cemebiT, gvarTa istoriebi iwyeba didi ojaxebidan
„Ti“-ebidan. amgvari didi ojaxis „Ti“-s patriarqi
yofila vinme Wii, romelmac dasabami misca did gvars.
am ojaxis Tanadrouli iyo gabi, romlis ojaxi,
gabi-Ti iyo. maT Soris momxdara omi, ris Sedegadac
Wii-Ti amouwyvetiaT, gadarCenilebi sxvagan, sofel
kiwiaSi gadasaxlebulan da maT samyofels eWi-Si
ewoda. es ori gvari, urTierTomamde sofel kurzuSi,
gverdi-gverd sukebze, anu serebze saxlebulan. Wis
ojaxi, Wis Ti Turme, 16 individualuri ojaxisagan
Sedgeboda, gabis TiSi 24 ojaxi iyo gaerTianebuli.
individualuri, Tis wevri ojaxebis terminad, givi
eliavas melogine aqvs dafiqsirebuli. Wiis Ti gam-
ravlebula da did gvarad qceula. givi eliavas,
toponimikaze dayrdnobiT, Wia-iebis (Wis didi Tis-gan
warmoqmnili dinos) gansaxleba noRelas gayolebiT
saWilaomde SesaZleblad miaCnia. aseve SesaZleblad
miaCnia xor-Ta, ja-Ta da gabiaTa did teritoriaze
gansaxleba. did gvars samegreloSi „Turi“ ewodeba.
74
Turi SigniT, iyofa dinoebad, anu erTi babuis
Svilebad. dinoebs SigniT saZmoebia. dino aris Turis
gamnaryi, TuriSe gimnarTi anu ganayofi, toti. adre
erTi dinos xalxi erTad cxovrobda da samoxios,
saaxloblos erT saWirisuflo alags qmnida. amJamad,
samoxioSi anu saaxlobloSi, samezobloSi sxvadasxva
Turis dinoebis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben. dino
amJamad, samoxios ar ekuTvnis, magram dinos wevrebi
erTmaneTs eZaxian WirSic da lxinSic. dino da
TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi Turic, egzogamiuria.
Tumca, arsebobs TiTo-orola gamonaklisi _ dinoebis
Zalian gamravlebis Sedegad, naTesaobis kvali ikar-
geba da egzogamiis dacva aRar xerxdeba [4].
givi eliavas yuradReba gamaxvilebuli aqvs nasax-
larebze da mis Sesatyvis toponimikaze _ martvilis
raionis teritoriaze bevrgan gvxvdeba adgilebi: gur-
naxori (guli anu bude sacxovrisi, nasaxlari),
nagoxoru (namosaxli), narona (rina _ yofna, arse-
boba, narona-narina), uCanaxori (Savnasaxlari, anu
amowyvetili?), naoxvamu (yofili salocavi), naxori
(nasaxlari), Sua qalaqi. martvilis raionSi axlac
SexvdebiT da zustad miginiSneben alaniebis, alSiba-
iebis, axvlediebis, hunuebis, jiqiebis, damianeTa,
gahaeTa, ToziaTa, kaeTa nasaxlarebs. batoni givi
Tvlis, rom nasaxlaris aRmniSvneli terminebis sim-
ravles kargad Seesatyviseba is faqti, rom aRmo-
savleT samegrelos teriotoriaze 218 aseTi naxoru
arsebobs da yvela maTgans imgvari saxeli ewodeba,
romlebic adre am adgilebSi cxovrobdnen [2].
givi eliavas mosazrebiT, toponimikis gaTvalis-
winebiT, martvilis raionis uZvelesi mosaxleobas,
75
ZiriTadad, is gvarebi warmoadgendnen, romlebsac da-
sabams aZlevs Wii, ja, xora, cana, gui, quTa, quqi,
axa, xafa, zana, dane saxelebis mqone didi Tis,
ojaxis winamZRolebi [2]. Cven SegviZlia davuSvaT,
rom am Ti-ebidan gvaqvs dRes arsebuli gvarebi:
Wilaia, jaiani, jaSi, gabiani, gabliani, xorava, axba
(?), canava, gu(l)ia, quTa-Te/ilaZe, quTelia, xafava,
zanava, zanba-zvanba (?), dane(l)ia.
givi eliava erTgan aRniSnavs, rom megrulisTvis
tipiuri „e“ winsarTi svanuri da afxazuri enebis
gavleniT, „le“ winsarTiT Seicvala. Cven es azri
arasworad migvaCnia, ragdanac megruls dasavleT
saqarTvelos centralur da CrdiloeT nawilSi do-
minanturi pozicia hqonda da piriqiT, mis mezobel
kuTxeebSi (kerZod afxazeTSi) aSkarad igrZnoba meg-
rulis gavlena. garda amisa, martvilelebis saubarSi
SeimCneva „l“-s amovardna, Caylapva. givi eliavas mier
CamoTvlil 218 gvars Soris bevria iseTi, romlebSic
xmovnebs Soris „l“ amovardnilia. gab l ia, gogia-
gogi l a, keke l ia, kvaSi l a, su l aberia, su l
ia, si l aga, fi l ia, fircxa l ia, Ca l iga, Wi l
a, Wi l aia, ka l iandia, baCi l a, kvaSi l a,
mircxu l ia, quTe l ia, Ci l aCa, xurcia-xurci l
a, masxu l ia, farcxa l ia, fete l ia, sose l ia,
e l ia, faruiua - faru l a, xunwe l ia, Woioka –
Wo l oka, gabe l ia (calke gamoyofili „l“
martvilelTa saubarSi amovardnilia. anu martvileli
ambobs quTeias quTe l ias nacvlad). CamoTvlili
218 gvaridan 23 saerTod ar mosaxleobs am terito-
riebze. danarCeni ki, kanti-kuntad saxloben TavianTi
76
gvaris naxorudan met-naklebad moSorebul adgilebze
[2].
givi eliava exeba yofis sxva mxareebsac da sak-
maod saintereso masalebi aqvs dafiqsirebuli. igi
kargad aRwers saZmo marans, paralels poulobs sxva
kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa saZmo marnebTan da uCavebis
saZmo marnis aRwerasTan erTad, Cawerili aqvs „nerCi
patenis“ locvis teqsti, romelsac uCavebis uxuce-
sebi 1950 wlamde asrulebdnen sagvareulo dResas-
waulze, aprilis meore kvira dRes. saZmo maranSi iyo
mcire zomis qvevrebi „iaxutebi“, erTidan xuTi Cafis
moculobisa. iaxutebis Rvino mcire, saojaxo „odu-
die“ dResaswaulebisTvis, xolo did, 10-dan 30 ko-
kian WurebSi saerTo sagvareulo dResaswaulisTvis
gankuTvnili Rvino esxaT [1,33-36].
mniSvnelovani masala aris dafiqsirebuli givi
eliavas im naSromebSi, romlebSic avtori exeba kos-
monimebs, mTvaris cikls, horizontis mxareebsa da
kviris dReebs [1,36-3]. aRsaniSnavia, rom givi eliavas
dafiqsirebuli aqvs manamde dakargulad/miviwyebulad
miCneuli kviris erT-erTi dRis megruli Sesatyvisi.
ivane javaxiSvilma, Tavis droze, safuZvliani kvleva
miuZRvna am sakiTxs, Tumca mis SromebSi ar aris
dafiqsirebuli kviris meSvide dRis _ SabaTis tradi-
ciuli, arqauli forma. SabaTi dRis Sesatyvisad mas
sabatoni aqvs dafiqsirebuli, rac ucxo enis gavle-
niTaa damkvidrebuli. givi eliava, savele masalze
dayrdnobiT gvamcnobs, rom sabatonis, SabaTis arqa-
uli forma SuriSxa (SuridRa _ sulis dRe) unda
yofiliyo. sabatonis aRsaniSnavad, SesaZloa SuriSxas
sinonimebic (Surpatii, Surpatoni, Suri Sina _
77
SuriSi, Sxafa) gamoiyeneboda. givi eliavas mier moce-
muli SviddRiuri sistemis sqematur gamosaxulebaze
datanili ganmartebebi arc imas gamoricxavs, rom
sabatoni, SesaZloa, Surpatonis saxecvlili forma
iyos [3].
givi eliava exeba TviTmmarTvelobis sistemasac da
naTel warmodgenas iZleva mis struqturaze _
saerTo saxalxo yriloba zaris darisxebiT an sayvi-
riT mowodebis Semdeg iwyeboda. soflis moedanze
raime didmniSvnelovani saqmis gadasawyvetad misul
xalxs, saxalxo krebas „jaralua“ an „kaTua“ erqva.
„kaTua/jaralua“ irCevda Tavikacs _ „dudikoCs“,
romelic xalxs TavSeyris mizezs gaacnobda. saWirbo-
roto sakiTxebze Zalian gamocdili xalxi, „mencari“
xalxi msjelobda. am msjelobis Semdeg, kreba gadaw-
yvetilebas miiRebda (gadawyvetilebis aRsaniSnavad,
givi eliavas termini „nakazi“ aqvs dafiqsirebuli,
rac rusuli „ukazanies“ anareklia) da am gadawyveti-
lebis aRsasruleblad axal struqturas qmnida _
„aRmasrulebel organos“ dudikoCi xelmZRvanelobda.
Tu saqme didi masStabebisa iyo, maSin „kaTua/ja-
ralua“ irCevda „sxunus“ (narCevi xalxi), romlebic
Tavisi rigebidan irCevdnen `dudikoCs~. „sxunili
kaTa“ _ narCevi xalxi, meorenairad „dudikoCis alma-
rineebad“, Tavikacis amomdgomebad, gverdSi mdgomebad
iwodebodnen. am rCeulebs sxvadasxva funqcia hqon-
daT. „maxvamuri“ saritualo saqmeebs ganagebda;
„mencari,“ igive „menamuse“ brZenkaci, saxalxo wes-
kanonis kargi mcodne da misi damcveli iyo;
„oSiSduds“ (asisTavi) SeiaraRebuli razmebis marTva
evaleboda; „majine“ ki, mziri, mzveravi iyo; „kaTua-
78
jaraluas“ gadawyvetileba saerTo saTemo valdebu-
leba iyo. aris gadmocemebi, rom saerTo krebis
dadgenilebis moRalates an raime piradi gamorCenis
mizniT, misi Seusruleblobis gamo, xalxi mkacrad
epyroboda da qolavda kidec. amis dasturad, samegre-
loSi mravlad vxvdebiT toponimebs „naqola“, „qoli-
ri“, „qolobani“ [1,41-44].
givi eliavas statiebisa da moxsenebebis ZiriTadi
nawili da dedaazri Tavmoyrilia 1989 wels mar-
tvilSi gamocemul albomSi _ „eTnografiuli sameg-
relo“, romelSic garda zemoT naxsenebi Temebisa,
saubaria samegrelos eTnografiuli yofis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebze (sameurneo iaraRebze tradiciul tran-
sportze, xelosnobis iaraRebze). alboms Tan erTvis
erTgvari leqsikoni _ „megruli socialur-eTnikur
terminTa katalogi anbanuri saZiebliT“. amgvarad,
givi eliavas naSromebi samegrelos eTnografiis mra-
val sakiTxs exeba da mis mier Segrovebuli masala
da warmoebuli kvlevebi saqarTvelos eTnografiis
mkvlevrisaTvis mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi wyaroa.
79
wyaroebi da literatura
1. g. eliava, eTnografiuli albomi samegrelo, mar-
tvili, 1989.
2. g. eliava, samegrelos aRmosavleT nawilis mosax-
leobis istoriul-eTnografiuli warmomavloba da
Sedgeniloba toponimikur masalaTa Suqze, gmm V
samecniero sesiis masalebi, martvili, 1965.
3. g. eliava, qarTuli warmarTuli SviddRiuri sis-
temis erTi wevris Sesaxeb, gmm XXIV samecniero
sesiis masalebi, martvili, 1981.
4. g. eliava, xalxuri zepirsityvierebis masalebi
„Ti“-s, „Turis“ da „dinos“ Sesaxeb, gmm XXVII sa-
mecniero sesiis masalebi, martvili, 1983.
5. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,
Tb., 2006.
6. T. saxokia, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1956.
7. a. qobalia, megruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2010. 8. Аджинджал И. А., Из Этнографии Абхазии, Сухуми,
1969.
80
Giorgi Mamardashvili
GIVI ELIAVA AND HIS CONTRIBUTION IN STUDY OF THE SAMEGRELO ETHNOGRAPHY
Summary
Givi Eliava was a founder and for a long time director of
the Martvili Museum of Local Lore. Besides, being involved in the museum work, he actively carried on ethnographic, field works. He gathered quite a lot of information.
Givi Eliava studied very well peculiarities of everyday life of Samegrelo. These are: tools for agriculture and household manor, residential and auxiliary buildings, sys-tems of self-government and kinship, issues related to the seven-day calendar, the lunar cycle and the sides of the horizon. Many interesting terms are fixed in his writings and descriptions. It is remarkable that Givi Eliava recorded a special type of Megrelian residential house, predecessor of Oda house, “Maqdora”.
He also, found out an archaic form of Saturday (Sabatoni) – Shurishkha (Shuridgha - day of soul). His articles are collected in an album “Ethnographic Samegrelo”, published in Martvili, in 1989. The album is provided with a kind of dictionary – “Catalog of Megrelian Social and Ethnical Terms with Alphabetical Index”.
81
qeTevan quTaTelaZe
zoonimuri warmoSobis toponimebi
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT
toponimebi mraval saintereso informacias Seica-
ven, gansakuTrebiT, zoonimebi _ cxovelTa saxelebTan
dakavSirebuli saxelwodebebi. zoonimebi Seicaven in-
formacias qveynis teritoriaze myofi da gavrcele-
buli cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb, agreTve maT gav-
lenas da gamoyenebas sameurneo da religiuri kuT-
xiT. Sesabamisad, zoonimuri warmoSobis toponimebi
iseT adgilebSi warmoiSveba, sadac aris mesaqonle-
obis ganviTarebis kerebi, sanadiro adgilebi, cal-
keul cxovelTa da frinvelTa gavrcelebisa da sac-
xovrisi adgilebi.
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebul zoonimebSi
dafiqsirebulia rogorc gareuli, aseve, Sinauri Zu-
Zumwovari cxovelebi, agreTve, mtacebeli da Cveu-
lebrivi frinvelebi, Tevzebi. garda amisa, `qarTlis
cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebul zoonimebSi, aseve dafiqsire-
bulia cxovelTa garegnuli niSnebi, informacia maTi
gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb. xSir SemTxvevaSi, zogi-
erTi zoonimi iseT regionSia aRmocenebuli, romelic
Sesabamisi cxovelisTvis bunebrivi garemoa.
Zvel `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ dafiqsirebul zooni-
mebSi xSiria iseTi cxovelebisa da frinvelebis saxe-
lebi, romlebic SemorCenilia qarTul miTologiur
samyaroSi. xSirad isini RvTaebis zoomorful saxes,
an Tanmxleb, wminda da samsxverplo cxovels war-
moadgendnen. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri frinveli sana-
82
dirod gamoiyeneboda, zogierTi cxoveli ki, nadi-
robis obieqti iyo.
Zveli da axali `qarTlis cxovrebis~ redaqciebis
garda, saintereso masalas iZleva vaxuSti bagrati-
onis ukvdavi naSromic, romelic garda imisa, rom
adasturebs manamde arsebul teqstebSi SemorCenil
zoonimebs, aseve, sxvebsac warmoaCens, romlebic ar
aris SemorCenili zemoaRniSnul redaqciebSi.
arsebuli masalidan Cveni yuradReba miipyro Sem-
degma zoonimebma: gavazi, `satredo~ (samtredo),
yoranTa/yornisi/yornisis xevi, sayorne (imereTSi).
orbis cixe/orbeTi/orbeTis Ziri, Zerana/Zerna, saqo-
rias xevi (raWaSi), sabue, sasireTis Wala, CxikuTa,
WivWavi, kalmaxis cixe, kambeCani/kambeCovani/kambeCis
vakeni/kambeCovanis mindori, cxeniswyali, sacxenisi
(mTa da xevi), `cxenis terfi~ (Sdr. viristerfa),
sRoris mTa, najixurevi/ najixurevis mTa, ZaRlis
xevi, sakurdRlia, mgelcixe, focxverianis xevi da
sxva.
bevr toponims mtacebel frinvelTa saxelebi
daedo safuZvlad, rac ganisazRvreboda, rogorc
nadirobis funqciiT, aseve, am kategoriis frinvelTa
gavrcelebis arealiT. magaliTad, aseTi toponimebia:
`orbis cixe“/`orbeTi~. `orbis cixe“ qvemo qarTlis
mniSvnelovani centris, samSvildis kidev erTi saxel-
wodebaa _ `...qarTlos aRaSena cixe orbisa, romelsa
aw hqჳan samSჳlde~ [11,8]. saxelwodeba (`orbebis
sabudari“) SeiZleba gaviazroT, agreTve, rogorc
miuwvdomeli, maRali cixis mniSvnelobiT. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targmani da gviandeli
qarTuli wyaroebi `orbis“ magivrad `orbeTs“ aRniS-
83
naven, romlis fuZed aseve `orbi“ warmoCindeba, `eT“
ki, geografiul saxelTa mawarmoebeli sufiqsia
[19,13]. vaxuSti batoniSvilic aRniSnavs: `...cixe
orbeTi, aw wodebuli samSჳlde. aRaSena qarTlos~
[3,322]. `orbeTs“ moixsenieben, aseve, XII s-is somexi
istorikosebi. `orbeTi~ ewodeba agreTve, algeTis
xeobis erT-erT cixes, romelic birTvis-farcxisis
cixeebTan erTad, algeTis xeobis Sua wels akontro-
lebda. `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, Tbilisis
amirasTan brZolis dros, bagrat IV-m waarTva mas
`cixeni orbeTi da farcxisi~ [11,297]. vaxuSti
batoniSvilis cnobiT, algeTis Senakadis `zbriTis
ჴevzed, maRals kldezed ars eklesia orbeTi. xolo
sad erTvis algeTs Ãჴevi ese, mun ars cixe farcxisi~ [3,327]. bunebrivia, eklesiasTan erTad, cixec igu-
lisxmeba, rasac zemoaRniSnuli faqti cxadyofs. gvian
periodSi, rogorc Cans, igi ar funqcionirebda.
istorikosi farcxiss uwodebs `fari birTvisis
cixisa~ [3,327].
,,orbis~ saxelwodebiT, Zvel teqstebSi moixseni-
ebdnen `SavardnisnairTa~ mtacebel frinvelTa jgufs.
orbi1 zogjer, arwivTanac aris gaigivebuli. mag.:
,,viTarca orbman raÁ daifara budeni Tჳsni~//,,viTarca arwivman daifara budeni Tჳsni~ [1,333]. qarTveluri
enebidan svanurad arwivs `verb~ hqvia, rac saxel-
wodeba `orbis“ dialeqturi forma unda iyos.
1 orbi (Gyps) didi zomis mZoris mWameli frinvelia (16,559). `zomiT
odnav Camouvardeba svavs... binadrobs dablobSic da mTaSic, sadac
budobisTvis gamosadeqi kldeebia. Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel
wignSi~ (2,36). magram ufro xSirad, Zvel teqstebSi igi arwivTan aris gaigivebuli.
84
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT: ,,orbi – romeli
frinveli asakiTa did arian; advil aRmavali haerTa
simaRlesa, yovelTa mZorTa mWamelTa ewodebis, xolo
fsalmunisa Targmani ara orbisa ganaxlebasa ityvis,
aramed arwivisasa, romeli ars bolo TeTri da
wylis pirs mebudrobs Tevzis(a) WamisaTvis. xolo
nemesios yovelTa WangianTa da ჴorcTa mWamelTa
frinvelTa ityvis orbad~ [1,604-605]. Zvel teqstebSi
orbis gaigiveba unda momxdariyo TeTrkuda arwivTan
(`TeTrkuda fsovi~), romelsac sulxan-saba orbe-
liani fsovs uwodebs _ `ese ars, romelsa aw msof-
lioni arwivs uwoden; romelsa bolos wervali Savi
aqvs da ukana kerZo _ TeTri, romeli kusa aRitacebs
da haeriT gamo kldesa dascems da, ra ganipeba, Wams~
[9,203]. ioane batoniSvili mas `fsvavi~-s formiT
moixseniebs da ganmartavs: `didi arwivi, fsvavi,
yajir, saxeli ese ewodebis udidessa arwivsa ...
budobs mTianTa adgilsa S(in)a da advilad ga-
iwvrTnebis frinvelTa da mჴecT sanadirod~ [4,33].
TeTrkuda fsovi `CvenSi gavrcelebul arwivebs Soris
yvelaze didia. zrdasruli gamoirCeva didi da
Zlieri yviTeli niskartiT, mokle soliseburi TeTri
Seferilobis kudiTa da ganieri frTebiT... TiTqmis
yovelTvis wylis maxloblad gvxvdeba, vinaidan
ZiriTad sakvebs Tevzi warmoadgens, Tumca uars arc
msxvili ZuZumwovrebis leSze ambobs... uzarmazar
budes wylis maxloblad maRal xeebze ikeTebs~ [2,50].
sulxan-saba orbelianic, orbis saxelwodebis qveS,
arwivis garda, uTiTebs, agreTve, bazs, romelSic
Sevardeni, gavazi, qori, mimino da msgavsi frinvelebi
igulisxmebian, `romelTa nemesios orbad saxel-debs“
85
[8,67; 91]. bazidan momdinareobs `bazieri“, romelsac
saxelovani mecnieri `meqores“ da `meSevardnes“ uwo-
debs [8,91]. igi moixseniebs agreTve, Wangian msgavs
mtacebel frinvelebs: Zera, Zerqori1, romelsac
`TeTr Zeras~ uwodebs, ZerZeruki, romlis ucxo
Sesatyvisad `yajirs“ asaxelebs [9,203; 353,264],
bahri (Sevardenis msgavsi), bora2 (Zeras msgavsi),
borboxi (didi bora), burauli, anu `mwyazari qori,
Sav-wiTel sacilobeli“ [8,121]. mkvlevris azriT,
`mwyazari“ (`sikeTezed meti“) lamazis erT-erTi gan-
martebaa [8,404; 548]. marTlac, wiTeli qori gansa-
kuTrebiT fasobda nadirobis dros3. sulxan-saba
orbeliani aseve asaxelebs focxvs (`focxჳ~), ro-
melsac misi ganmartebiT, `Waros uxmoben glexni~
[9,198]. Waros ki, Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `qorsa
hgavs, xeze jdebis, Tevzs amoitacebs wyliT da
sWams~ [9,398]. samonadireo mtacebeli frinvelebis
Seferilobas TeTri, Savi da wiTeli feriT, garda
realobisa, miTologiuri gagebiT, ferTa simboluri
datvirTvac hqonda. es frinvelebi kldis mSral da
Ria mwvervalebze, xevebsa da mTis borcvebze budoben.
nadirobis erT-erTi saxeoba iyo damWeri, mtace-
beli frinvelebiT nadiroba, romlebic `orbis“
saxelis qveS iyvnen gaerTianebuli. vaxuStis cnobiT,
xramis xeoba marTlac gamoirCeoda frinvelTa, gansa-
1 Sdr. Zerqori/Zelqori. saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebulia Waobis,
mindvris, velisa da mdelos Zelqorebi (2,42; 44). 2 fSaur, xevsurul, moxevur da qarTlur dialqtebze `bora
erTgvari Zeraa” (14,80). 3 sulxan-saba orbeliani asaxelebs, agreTve, bolokarkazs _ mcire
zomis mtacebeli frinveli, arwivis msgavsi niskartiTa da WangiT, romelic mefeebs gasarTobad hyavdaT (8,99; 109; 110).
86
kuTrebiT ki, kakabTa1 simravliT [3,322; 323; 329],
romlebzec, albaT, zemoaRniSnuli gareuli frinve-
lebiT nadirobdnen. aseve, sainteresoa samSvildesTan
mdinare WivWavis saxelwodeba, romelsac sulxan-saba
orbeliani ganmartavs, rogorc beRuras. misi for-
mebia _ `WivWavi/WivWivi/WavWavi~ [9,402] da erTgan
ganmartavs, rom `beRura WavWavs hgavs~ [8,102].
vaxuSti batoniSvili `WivWivis~ formiT moixseniebs:
`WivWivis-wyali sdis benderis mTasa da modis
samჴriT~ [3,323]. qcia-xramisa da WivWavis wylis
SeerTebis adgilas, koncxze mdebareobs swored
`orbis cixed~ wodebuli samSvilde. SesaZloa, igi
samSvildeSi myofi sanadirod gawvrTnili gareuli
frinvelebis mTavari sazrdo da maTi dageSvis obi-
eqti iyo. samSvildis uZvelesi saxelwodeba, `orbis
cixe~, albaT, miuTiTebs, rom samSvildis midamoebSi
da konkretulad, samSvildeSi, garda mtacebeli,
samonadireo frinvelebis bunebrivad budobisa,
aSenebdnen am tipis frinvelebs, wvrTnidnen da
patronobdnen. `dasturlamalSi“ specialuri punqtia
`Sevardnis budeebisa“, romelic iTvaliswinebs am
frinvelis movla-patronobisa da gamravlebis sa-
kiTxs. dokumentSi CamoTvlilia is adgilebi, sof-
lebi da pirovnebebi, romelTac Sevardnis budeebi
ebaraT. aRniSnul wyaroSi dasaxelebulia niCbisis,
kavTisxevis, kldekaris, wiTeli kldis, begcixis,
rkonis, abuxalos, gilikis, Trexvis, neZvis, axal-
dabis, satkiuris, zemo gufTis, Rvercevis, koSkas,
sveris SevardenTa budeebi. budeTa movla-patronoba
1 Sdr. toponimi `kakabeTi~. `qarTuli kakab Ziris zusti fonemuri Sesatyvisia megruli `kokob~ (10,261).
87
da SevardenTa gamravleba zogan soflebs hqondaT
Sewerili, zogan ki, calkeul pirovnebebs, magaliTad:
kavTisxevis bude qvaTaxevis monastris winamZRvars
unda Seenaxa [18,279]. im adgilebSi, sadac Sevardeni
budobda ar SeiZleboda tyeSi Sesvla da xis moWra.
budesTvis Soridan unda eTvalTvalaT, ar SeiZleboda
mefis bazieris gareSe budeSi Caxedva, Sevardnis
kvercxis an qulis1 danaxva da xelis Sevleba, amis
ufleba mxolod baziers hqonda. Tu vinme am wess
daarRvevda, mas Svidmagad azRvevinebdnen. Tu Se-
vardnis budes saTanadod ver mouvlidnen da Sevar-
deni ar daibudebda, sofels, an pirovnebas or-or
mTavar Sevardens Seasyidvinebdnen [18,279-280].
bevri mtacebeli konkretuli frinvelis saxel-
wodeba daedo safuZvlad zoonimebs, romlebic `qar-
Tlis cxovrebam~ Semogvinaxa. erT-erTi aseTia _
`gavazi~. `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, arabi sardali
xalili, meored Semosevis dros, gardabnelebma gavazs
daamarcxes [11,254]. imave istorikosis cnobiT, gavazi
hereTis samefoSi Sedioda, romelic hereTis mefe
adarnase patrikma afxazTa mefe konstantines dauTmo
[11,264]. Tumca, vaxuSti gardabnelTa mTavars samuel
donaurs asaxelebs, romelic gavazs Seeba xalil
iezidis Zes [3,558]. istorikosis cnobiT, gvian Sua
saukuneebSi gavazi kaxeTis sxva cixe-simagreebis
msgavsad, rbeva-TareSis obieqti iyo [3,618; 625]
vaxuSti batoniSvili alaznis erT-erT Senakadad asa-
xelebs aseve `gavazis wyals~ [3,545]. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ gagrZelebis II teqstSic moixsenieba gava-
1 sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `bazTa marTveTa ewodebis qula~ (8,440).
88
zi, romelic qsnis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. sulxan-saba
orbeliani gavazs `bazis~ saxelis qveS gaerTianebul
mtacebel frinvelebTan moixseniebs [8,128], Tumca igi
`gavazis~ kidev erT mniSvnelobas aRniSnavs _ `irmis
rqis Ziri~ [8,129]. kvlevis sxva sferoa, Tu romeli
mniSvneloba daedo safuZvlad toponim `gavazs~. Cveni
azriT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gavazis garda, bazis
saxelis qveS sxva mtacebeli frinvelebis saxel-
wodebis (qori, Zera, orbi) safuZvelze warmoSobil
toponimebs, maSin SesaZloa, gavazis toponims
safuZvlad swored mtacebeli frinvel gavazis gav-
rcelebis, an moSenebis areali dasdeboda safuZvlad.
TeTri wyaros raionSi (romelic samSvildis
saerisTavos istoriul teritoriaze mdebareobs),
sainteresoa toponimebi _ `yornibudis klde“, rome-
lic sofel vaneTTan (orbeTis s/sabWo) kldis saxel-
wodebaa (Camweri, q. goderZiSvili, informatori, s.
kobaiZe), aseve, sofel didi kldeisis (kldeisis
s/sabWo) midamoebSi `Zeri budes klde“ (Camweri, q.
goderZiSvili, informatori, i. gogiCaSvili, i. miqe-
laZe), sadac Zeras bude gaekeTebina. msgavsi mniS-
vnelobis toponimebi SemorCenilia `qarTlis cxov-
rebaSi~ _ `yoranTa/yornisi/yornis xevi/sayorne~,
`Zerana/Zerna~. dmanisis xeobis aRwerisas vaxuSti
asaxelebs `yoranTas ars eklesia, sasueni atocis
wmidis giorgis juarisa~ [3,316]1. msgavsi mniSvne-
lobis toponimi `yornisi~ fiqsirdeba Sida qarTlSi
1 am jvarTan dakavSirebiT,HvaxuSti ufro akonkretebs da aRniSnavs,
rom q. CxarSi `ars aqa eklesia ugumbaTo, romelsa Sina asuenia
juari did-friad. mdebarebs mas Sina beWi mTavarmowamisa wmidis
giorgisa, maradis saswaulTmoqmedi. es juari pirvel iyo yoranTas, Semdgomad samcxes, merme atocs da aw aqa~ (3,756).
89
dvanis wylis xeobaSi. yornisis xevi gamosdis Zaris
mTas. `yorniss ars quabni kldisani da koSkovani~
[3,375]. vaxuSti batoniSvili aseve, asaxelebs yoran-
Tan1 dakavSirebul toponims `sayornes~-s imereTis
aRweris dros [3,762].
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi samSvildesTan er-
Tad asaxelebs Zernas: qarTvelebma `odes samSჳlde da
Zerna aiRes qoronikoni iyo samas ocdaaTi~ (1110)
[11,332]. vaxuSti batoniSvili `samSჳldesa da Zera-
nas~ moixseniebs [3,157]. Zerna Zeranas SekumSuli
formaa da igi ukavSirdeba mtacebel frinvel Zeras,
romelic, SesaZloa, aseve, moiazreboda `orbis~
saxelwodebis qveS Wangian, moRunul niskartian, mta-
cebel xorcis mWamel frinvelTa Soris. konkre-
tulad, sad iyo Zernas cixe ucnobia, Tumca SeiZleba
gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom igi `orbis cixed~ cnobili
samSvildis Semogarenis erT-erTi cixe yofiliyo.
swored maT erTad aRebaze saubroben istorikosebic.
qarTvelur enaTa etimoligiur leqsikonSi aRniSnu-
lia, rom `qarTul Zer fuZes Seesatyviseba lazuri
mjaj. megruli eqvivalenti daculi aqvs guruls~
[10,624]. marTlac, gurul dialeqtze `jaja~ aris
`Zera, qori, mtacebeli frinveli~ [14,777]. SesaZ-
leblad migvaCnia, rom mas Seefardeba `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ Zvel somxur TargmanSi moxseniebuli
toponimi `bznuni~, romelic `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~
ar ixsenieba. Targmanis mixedviT, herakle keisarma
1 aRwerilobiT yorani `sagrZnoblad didia yvavze... Zlieri xma aqvs,
romelic did mnaZilze ismis. ZiriTad sakvebs mZori warmoadgens.
metad frTxili frinvelia. budobs kldovan flateebze, upiratesad mTaSi, Tumca gvxvdeba dablobSic~ (2,130).
90
`gza somxeTze daidva, movida bznunis da iqedan
gadavida tfiliss~ [13,189], `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki
aRniSnavs: `da movida pirvelad qarTls... movida
erakle mefe da moadga tfilissa~ [11,224]. `bznuns
SesaZloa Seesabameba somexi istorikosis vardanis
mier moxseniebuli `bazunik _ igive bazkerti taSiris
qveyanaSi~ [24,114]. bazkerti igive bazis cixea, bazi
ki, Zvel somxurad Sevardens niSnavs [25,197]. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT sulxan-saba orbelianis zemoaRniS-
nul ganmartebas, rom `bazis~ saxelwodebis qveS
gaerTianebuli mtacebeli frinvelebi `orbis~ saxel-
wodebiTac moixsenieba [8,91], sadac Zerac unda vigu-
lisxmoT, aRniSnuli mosazreba safuZvels ar unda
iyos moklebuli.
rogorc Cans, samSvilde da misi Semogareni mxa-
reebi mtacebeli frinvelebis bunebrivi budobisTvis
xelsayrel adgilebs warmoadgenda. ioane batoniSvili
CamoTvlis mtacebeli, nadirobisTvis dageSili frin-
velebis 13 saxeobas: mimino, qori, Savardeni, bari,
(bora? _ q. q.), arwivi, sonRuli, TonRruli, alali,
marjani, SavTvali, sirkaWkaWi da jinxva (xaJo)
[19,28]1.
1 qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, romelsac zogjer miTosuri elferi
dahkravs, mravali siuJetia SemorCenili, rodesac monadire exmareba
zRaprul da sanadiro frinvelebs _ arwivs, faskunjs, TeTr qors,
Sevardens (TeTri, wiTeli da Savi). daixsnis maT gvelis an gveleSapis Tavdasxmisagan. frinvelebi TavianT bumbuls iZrobdnen da
daxmarebis mizniT gadascemdnen monadires. am ukanasknels, gansac-
delis Jams mxolod unda moewva bumbulis bolo. grZneuli
frinvelebi maSinve monadiresTan Cndebodnen da exmarebodnen mas
gaWirvebis dros. yovelive es miuTiTebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda
monadirisTvis, samonadireo frinvelebs, maT frTas isrisTvis, romlis gareSe nadirobis procesi wamoudgeneli iyo. qarTuli
91
ra kavSiri unda yofiliyo `orbis cixesa~ da
,,samSvilde~-s, Soris, romelic, bunebrivia, dakavSi-
rebulia mSvild-isarTan. igi `sa-e~ afiqsiT gafor-
mebuli saxelia. saxelwodeba `samSvilde,~ amave
dros, `saisre qalaqs~ da `mSvild-isris qalaqs~
niSnavs da igi mSvild-isris damzadebisa da Senaxvis
kera unda yofiliyo samxreT kavkasiaSi. aqve davZenT,
rom mSvild-isari, SesaZlebelia, romelime RvTaebis
atributic yofiliyo da mas magiuri mniSvnelobac
hqonoda im sazogadoebisTvis, romlis gaerTianebis
centrsac samSvilde warmoadgenda. sainteresoa, hqon-
da Tu ara kavSiri saxelwodeba `orbis cixes“ isar-
Tan, romelic qalaqis saxelwodebis _ samSvildis
ganmsazRvrelia. `gareul frinvelebze, garda nadiro-
bis procesSi gamoyenebisa, yovelTvis iyo didi moT-
xovna, radgan maTi frTa, romelic gansazRvravda
gatyorcnili isris mimarTulebis siswores, isris
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi detali iyo. igi isris
xis boloze magrdeboda~ [19,29]. ZiriTadad, gamoi-
yeneboda arwivis frTebi1 xalxur poeziaSi isari
miTosis mixedviT, orbi, an am rigis frinveli RvTaebrivi, monadire
lekvis, yurSas dedaa, yurSas povnas yvela monadire eSureba, radgan
igi warmatebuli nadirobis momtania. nadirobisTvis gawvrTnili
mtacebeli frinvelis dakavSireba ZaRlTan ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi.
ZaRli, romelic nadirobis qalRmerTis wminda cxovels warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT Sveloda monadires nadirobis dros.
`orbisfrTian“ yurSasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze sainteresoa qarTuli
xalxuri zRapari `yurSa da ivane qvacixiseli~. zRapris teqsti
Sedgenilia e. virsalaZis mier, raWis 1960 wlis eqspediciis
masalebis mixedviT (22,288). 1 isrisTvis gamoiyenebdnen, agreTve, sxva mtacebeli frinvelis
frTasac. magaliTad: mucoel TorRvas fSavelebisTvis TiTo
cxvarTan erTad Tovliani gzis asamSraleblad TiTo tomara nacari da isrisaTvis boras frTa mouTxovia _ `Tqvenc unda mamceT
92
`orbis frTianis~1 saxelwodebiT moixsenieba [19,30].
`zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelwodeba `orbis
cixe~ logikurad dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo
`samSvildesTan~, romelic mSvild-isris warmoebis
erT-erT keras warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. SesaZloa,
samSvildeSi amzadebdnen konkretulad nadirobisTvis
gankuTvnil isrebs (maT Soris, msxvili nadirisTvis),
romlebsac orbis saxelis qveS gaerTianebuli gare-
uli, mtacebeli frinvelis frTiTac amkobdnen~
[19,30].
samSvildis mimdebare teritoria, garda imisa, rom
`orbis cixis~ saxelwodebidan gamomdinare mtace-
beli, sanadirod dageSili frinvelebis gavrcelebis
da moSenebis areali iyo, amave dros, im koleqtivis
centrs warmoadgenda, romlis arsebobis safuZvels
religiuri da sameurneo-ekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT
nadiroba Seadgenda. Tavad saxelwodeba samSvilde
dakavSirebuli iyo mSvildTan da isarTan, romelic
nadirobis procesSi mTavari iaraRia. saTanado kvle-
vaSi Cven davasabuTeT, rom samSvildis saerisTavos
centris erT-erTi saxelwodeba `sanadiro qalaqi~
isris qalaqs, an saisre qalaqs niSnavs [19,36-48].
isris erT-erT mTavar atributad ki, swored zemoaR-
niSnul mtacebel frinvelTa frTa miiCneva. xramis
xeobaSi sanadiro adgilebi mravlad yofila.
vaxuStis cnobiT, gansakuTrebiT frinvelTa simravle,
fSavlebo, TiTo SiSaqi cxvario, TiTo tomara nacari, TiTo borais mxario~ (19,30). 1 isari xalxur poeziaSi moixsenieba, agreTve, rogorc `kilo-
wiTeli~, `kabdowiTeli~, `Tbewvrili~, `yiawiTeli~,, `Tbe-Savi~
(19,30).
93
kerZod kakabTa SeimCneoda [3,322; 323; 329]. sanadiro
arealebi gansakuTrebiT samSvildis garSemo da mis
midamoebSi unda yofiliyo. am mxriv, sainteresoa to-
ponimi `garisi“. samSvildidan 4-5 km-ze arsebuli
istoriuli punqts `garisi~ ewodeboda, romelzec
Semdeg dRevandeli raionuli centri, TeTri wyaro
gaSenda. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `garisi/
garisa~ velurs, gareuls niSnavs [8,149]. misgan unda
iyos nawarmoebi sityvebi: `garieli~ (frinveli), `ga-
risaTa~ (gareulisaTa), `gareTxa~, romlis saxelwo-
debis qveS sulxan-saba orbeliani aerTianebs qurciks,
Svels, niamors, arCvs, jixvs [8,149; 148]. TiTqmis
igive cxovelebs CamoTvlis nadirobis dros SoTa
rusTavelic: `movida jogi nadirTa angariSmiuwvdo-
meli: iremi, Txa da kanjari1, qurciki maRlad mxto-
meli“ [21,30]. amrigad, aq yvela is gareuli cxoveli
da frinveli igulisxmeba, romelic mTavar sanadiro
obieqts warmoadgens nadirobis dros. sakuTriv
toponimi `garisi,~ samSvildis gareT erT-erT mniS-
vnelovan sanadiro arealze miuTiTebs [5]. ar gamov-
ricxavT, rom nadirobis win mowyobil jelgs garisis
teritoriazec awyobdnen. aseve, igulisxmeba, rom
toponimi `garisi“ TavisTavad dakavSirebuli iyo sam-
SvildeSi mimdinare mSvild-isris damzadebis
procesTan. kerZod, SesaZloa, axali isrebi garisis
teritoriazec gamoicdeboda.
amrigad, samSvildis uZvelesi saxelwodeba `orbis
cixe~ ukavSirdeba arwivisa da msgavsi Wangiani mtace-
beli, monadire frinvelebis saxes (maT Soris,
1 sulxan-saba orbeliani kanjars velur virs uwodebs (8,351). igi rTul da saxifaTo sanadiro cxovelad miiCneoda.
94
miTologiursac). maT frTas didi mniSvneloba hqonda
xarisxiani isris damzadebisTvis, romelmac `orbis
cixis~ Semdgomi saxelwodebebi, _ `samSvilde~ da
`sanadiro qalaqi~ (`saisre qalaqi~) gansazRvra.
garda zemoaRniSnuli frinvelebisa, `qarTlis
cxovrebaSi~ zoonimebi gvxvdeba sxva frinvelTa sa-
xelwodebiTac.
vaxuSti btoniSvili raWis aRweris dros, rionis
erT-erT Senakadad asaxelebs `saqorias xevs~. `am
ჴevis SesarTavTan, rionis kidezed, ars cixe magari friad~ [3,768]. qarTuli `qor~-is Sesatyvisad
miCneulia megruli `qor/qir/qჷr/ qor-i/qir-i/qჷr-i~ da lazuri `qur/mqir/qur-i/mqir-i/mqi-i~ [10,497].
saxelovani mecnieri alaznis erT-erT Senakadad
asaxelebs agreTve `sabue-gremis~ wyals [3,546], ro-
melTagan CvenTvis sainteresoa `sabue~. sulxan-saba
orbelianis ganmartebiT, bu aris `Tavdidi Ramis
frinveli~, misi Sesatyvisebia: `buvi, bukioti,
buknawo, buჲ~ [11,117-118]. aqedan, bukiots `patara
bud~ ganmartavs, aseve, buknawos _ `patara buჲ, igive buჲ, wowola, Woti [8,119]. misi dialeqturi
Sesatyvisia buknaWoti1. marTlac, qarTlur da TuSur
TuSur dialeqtebze `buknaWo, bukioti patara bu~-s
niSnavs [14,91]. aseve, gurul dialeqtze `buknaJa~
niSnavs bus [14,91]. saxelovani mecnieri did bus
`zarnaso/ zar-baSos~2 uwodebs [11,277], aseve,
1 sxva buebisgan gansxvavebiT Wotis naxva `xSirad SeiZleba dRis
ganmavlobaSic~ (2, 86) 2 arasworad aris ganmartebuli es sityva Zveli qarTuli enis
leqsikonSi, sadac `zarnasovi~ axsnilia, rogorc `sovi~, svavi _
vultur: `ara SWamoT zarnasovi da Zerqori~ (1,162). aseve, sa-xelwodeba `vultur~-iT arasworad aris moxseniebuli saxelwodeba
95
moixseniebs ioane batoniSvilic: `zarnaSo, buჲ. mtacebeli frinvelia f(ria)d udidesi buvTa
naTesavisagan, romelica iqmnebis sididiTa Sinaurisa
batisoden~ [4,205].
vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `CxikuTis samჴriT ars eklesia sameba, wmidis giorgisa, maRals gorasa
zeda naSeni, aramed sakurveli~, radgan mas hqonda
uzarmazari lodebiT aSenebuli galavani, rac
adamianis Zalebs aRemateboda. Zuelad iwoda gmirT-
nakueTi, da iyo cixe, xolo aw eklesia~ [3,326].
Cxikvs Zvel qarTulad Seesabameba `Cxiku~, megrulad
_ `Cxikv~-i da lazurad `Cxvik~-i [10,573].
vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `satredos1, maSa-
verze, Seni ars Ãჴidi quitkirisa z*-Tuali, wyaldi-
dobisaTჳs. aqa ars Wala~ [3,316]. qarTul `treds~
Seesabameba megruli `toronji~ da lazuri `toroji/
tooji~. megrul-lazurisTvis amosaval formad miCne-
ulia `trod~. `o ganviTarda tr- kompleqsis gasa-
TiSad... i xmovnis win megrulsa da lazurSi~ d j-Si
gadadis. qarTul-zanuri erTobisTvis amosavali unda
yofiliyo `trad~ arqetipi [10,441]. `satredo~ igive
samtredea, ar gamovricxavT, rom es adgili
`yanC~-i (1,465), romelic laklakisebrTa frinvelTa rigs gane-
kuTvneba. ioane batoniSvili `vultur~ saxelwodebiT ganixilavs `vultur gryphus~ da `vultur perenopterus~. `vultur gryphus~-Si gulisxmobs Zeris
msgavs frinvels zRapruli faskinjiviT da aRniSnavs: `aramed saR-
mrTo werilsa Sina frinveli ese igulisxmebisa, anu yoveli guaris ZeraTa~. mas 40 dRe SimSilic SeuZlia da `memarxulesac~ uwodeben
(4,55). `vultur perenopterus~-Si ki, ganmartavs `ZerTa mefes~. `Zeris
guari frinvelia, romelic sididiTa gardaematebis TჳT arwivsa...
izrdebis mZorebiTa da nadirobs mindvris virTaguTa~ (4,183). 1 `satredo~/samtredo (Sdr. samtredia)
96
samonadireo mtacebeli frinvelebis mtredze dageSvis
erT-erTi adgilic yofiliyo.
qsnis xeobis aRwerisas, vaxuSti batoniSvili
moixseniebs yanCaeTs `yanCieTi~-s formiT [3,359],
romelic `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebis meore
teqstis mixedviT, Salva qvenifnevelis samflobeloSi
Sedioda [12,444]. sulxan-saba orbeliani `yanC~-s
oyars uwodebs [9,262]1. ioane batoniSvili oyars
(Ardea) laklaks, yaryatsa da irodis2 uwodebs.
`saxelisa amis quჱSe igulisxmebian frinvelni,
romelTaca aqusT niskarti grZeli, swore mwvetiani...
feჴebi aqus grZelni... kiserica aqusT grZeli
f(ria)d~ [4,208-209]. sulxan-saba orbeliani aRniS-
navs, rom `erodios~ yaryatis berZnuli saxelwo-
debaa3. misive ganmartebiT, `Savi ars, tyeTa Sina
damalviT mkvidri, wvimaTa Sina velTa gamovals
mianobiTa da ra gardaiwvima, munve Sevals~ [9,263].
saxelovani mecnieri Sav laklaks `iSxvars~ uwodebs
[8,341]4.
1 vfiqrobT, igi araswor ganmartebas iZleva, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom
`miminos umciresia, haerSi myofi, ganusveneblad mfrinav(i) qve-daujdomel. haerisa da buzTa WamiTa gamoizrdebis, leSis mWameli
frinvelia~ (9,262). 2 ioane batoniSvili `irodia~-s sxva variantad asaxelebs `asidas~-s
(4,26). 3 igi mas `yaryantis~ formiTac moixseniebs (9,263). Sdr. yaryadi/
yaryati (4,465). 4 yanCisebrni frinvelTa ojaxia laklakisnairTa, igive yaryatisnairTa
rigisa. yanCisebrTa garda, masSi Sedis navniskartasebrni, veSapTava
yanCisebrni, TavCaquCa yanCisebrni, laklakisebrni da ibisisebrni
frinvelebi. amJamad, wiTel wignSia Setanili Savi yaryati anu
iSxvari. es frinvelebi tenian adgilebSi cxovroben. laklakebi da
yaryatebi binadroben velze, tyeebsa da mdinaris xeobebSi, budes ikeTeben maRal xeebze. dResdReobiT, yaryatisnairTa magivrad, lak-
97
saintereso toponimia `sasireTi~. sulxan-saba
orbelianis ganmartebiT, `siri~ Cits niSnavs [9,93]
(Sdr. siraqlema, siraxoxa, sirkaWkaWi, sar-a-sir-
i/RobemZvrala). mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom
qarTul `sir~-s Seesatyviseba megruli `sinj/sind/
sinj-i/sind-i~, rac ixvs niSnavs. megruli `wyar-i-
sind-i~ `gareul ixvs~ aRniSnavs. am formidan momdi-
nareobs svanuri enis balsqvemour kiloSi ixvis sa-
xelwodeba `wyarSid~. sakuTriv svanurSi `sir/mჷ-sir~ roWos niSnavs [10,403-404]. rogorc Cans, es sityva
saerTo qarTveluri warmoSobis aris da igi zogadad,
frinvelis aRmniSvnelia. sulxan-saba orbeliani `sa-
sire~-s uwodebs frinvelTa dasaWer bades: `ars
Sesapyrobeli frinvelTa: aSriali, ojiji, sasire,
Citbade, tredbade~ [9,89]. sulxan-saba orbelianis
TqmiT, `ojiji~ aris `bade megrulad. mrgvali badea,
qorT (qoris) Tav(s) dasacemeli~ [8,612], aseve,
ganmartavs `aSrial~-sac, rogorc `saqore bade~, an
`qoris bade~ [8,82] gurul dialeqtze SemorCenilia
sityva `sirenCqa~, rac Citis maxes niSnavs [14,494].
toponimi `sasireTis Wala~ samonadireo terminic un-
da iyos, sadac sxvadasxva frinvelTa dasaWerad
mowyobili maxeebi igulisxmeba. `ojij~-Tan dakavSi-
rebiT, saintereso unda iyos Zveli qarTuli sityva
`jijR/jijR-i~, rac `SaSvisebur frinvels~ niSnavs.
mas Seesatyviseba megruli `JRirjR/jRirjR/
jRorjR~, rac SaSvs niSnavs [10,729]. sasireTis
WalaSi moxda erT-erTi Setakeba liparit baRvaSsa da
bagrat IV Soris _ `da Seibnes Tavsa sasireTis
lakisebrni ixmareba (17,622; 630). (Sdr. sof. laklaki zemo aWaraSi; gvari laklakiZeebi).
98
Walisasa~ [11,301]. vaxuSti ki, aRniSnavs, rom `Seibnen
sasireTis Walasa Sina~ [3,147]. sasireTs vaxuSti
Sida qarTlSi moixseniebs. Tumca, ar gamovricxavT,
rom aseTi adgilebi saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSic
yofiliyo. imereTis aRweris dros, romelsac
frinvelTa simravliT gamoarCevs, igi aRniSnavs:
`aramed sirni, Citni da tredni eseoden, romel
ipyrobs kaci erTi wamosakravis badiT f~ erTgzis, da
sxჳTa maxeebiTa _ sirTa da CitTa, da sZes begrad glexTa t~, u~ da ufrosnica~ [3,745]. rogorc
vxedavT, glexs begaris saxiT unda mietana daWerili
frinveli, amitom maT Sesapyrobad maxeebi bevr ad-
gilas iqneboda mowyobili, zoonimis saxiT ki,
saxelwodeba `sasireTi~ mxolod Sida qarTlSi Se-
mogvrCa.
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ SemorCenilia agreTve zoo-
nimebi, romelTac safuZveli daedo cxovelTa saxel-
wodebebi, maTi garegnuli saxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi. yovelive es miuTiTebs mecxoveleobis gav-
rcelebis arealze qarTvelTa sacxovrisSi. vaxuStis
cnobiT, civis mTas gamosdis Weremis wyali, romel-
zec mdebareobs amave saxelwodebis qalaqi, sadac
gorgasalma erT-erTi saepiskoposo daaarsa _ `iyo
qalaqi, sadaca aRaSena gorgasal eklesia didSeni,
gumbaTiani da qalaqi magari da dasua episkopozi,
mwyemsi SigniT-kaxeTisa da, zis dResca~ [3,546]. Were-
mis wyalze mdebareobs velis cixe. civis mTis ZirSi
(bediyris xeoba) mdebareobs agreTve, vejinis cixe _
`am wylis (bediyris wyali – q. q.) SesarTavis
alaznis dasavliT, civis mTis Zirs ars vejini. mas
zeiT, mTis kalTas, kldesa zeda, ars cixe Seni
99
magari da did-gebuli, Sig gamomdinare wyaroTi da
eklesiiT~ [3,545]. marTalia, saxelwodeba `Weramis~
formiTac gvxdeba, magram ZiriTadad Weremia, aseve,
moixseniebs vaxuSti, amitom Werami Weremis
fonetikuri forma unda yofiliyo. TuSur da mTiu-
lur dialeqtze `Werema~ niSnavs: vefxviviT Wreli
saqoneli _ veJana, tigura, Wromaxi, Wreli Zroxa
[14,719]. Sinaarsobrivad, am sityvas unda miesadage-
bodes moxevur dialeqtze sityva `Wroli~/ Tov-
lWreli – gazafxulze damdnari da darCenili Tov-
liT aWrelebul zedapirs niSnavs [14,730]. Zvel
qarTul teqstebSi `Wreli~ niSnavs sxvadsaxva fers,
mravalfers. misi Sestyvisebia `Wrelebuli~1, `Wre-
loba~ [1,558]. rogorc vxedavT, Weremis erT-erTi
Sesatyvisia veJan/veJen/veJin/vejini. marTlac, mTiu-
lur dialeqtze `veJena~ niSnavs: `daveJnili, Wreli
saqoneli~ [14,224]. leCxumur dialeqtze ki, veJena
yavisferisa da wiTeli feris Senarevs niSnavs
[14,225]. marTlac, sulxan-saba orbeliani veJanas
uwodebs wiTel-Savs. Tumca, ruxis ganmartebisas, ve-
Janas lomisfers uwodebs.
vaxxuSti batoniSvili asaxelebs `Wotoris xevs~
[3,538]. Wotori adgilis saxelwodebaa martyofis
zemoT, [3,412]. qiziyur da kaxur dialeqtebze `Wota~
koxtad rqebaweul saqonels hqvia, romelsac swori
da wvrili rqebi aqvs. SesaZloa, aRniSnul toponims
es saxelwodeba daedo safuZvlad [14, 729].
`kambeCani/kambeCovani/kambeCanis vakeni/kambeCovanis
mindori~ _ sulxan-saba orbeliani kameCs moixseniebs
1 Sdr. sulxan-saba orbelianTan `Wrelebuli/naWrelebi~ - `Wrelad qmnili~ da `Wreli~ _ `sxvadsxva feri~ (9,407; 8,586).
100
kambeSis, gameSis, gameCis formiT, romlis fonetikuri
saxea kameCi. saxelovani mecnieris ganmartebiT, `ama-
sac mamalsa Ãჴari da dedalsa furi da Svilsa maTsa
RoRo ewodebis da gamozamTrulsa _ zaqi da weli-
wadze metsa _ SiSagi~ [8,350]. kambeSis fonetikuri
formaa aseve, kambeCi [1,191]. `kambeCs~ moixseniebs
ioane batoniSvilic [4,38]. kameCs kambeCi ewodeba fSa-
vur da gurul dialeqtze, qiziyurad ki, `kameCoba~
kameCis naxirs niSnavs [14,269]. `istoriani da azmani
SaravandeTTani~-s cnobiT, ajanyebuli giorgi rusi
`movida queyanasa kambeCanisasa da SigniT mindori
moarbia~ [12,61]. am cnobas vaxuStic imeorebs da
`kambeCovanis mindors~ axsenebs [3,181]1. JamTaaRmwer-
lis cnobiT, `kambeCis vakeni mooჴrebul iyo ga-
mosvlasa mas TaTarTasa, odes gamovida yaeni didi
berqa~ [12,274]. qiziyis aRweris dros, vaxuSti bato-
niSvili aRniSnavs, rom `amas ewoda pirvel kambe-
Covani, kambeCTa simravlisaTჳs~ [3,543]. saintereso toponimia `bolnisi~, romelic SesaZ-
loa, `bol~ Ziridan momdinareobdes da siuxvesTan da
dovlaTianobasTan aris dagavSirebuli [14,79]. igi
simravlis, krebiTobis gamomxatvel saxelwodebaTa
aRmniSvneli sityvebis Ziri unda iyos. aRniSnul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso masalas iZleva
qarTuli enis mTis kilo-kavebi.M`bol~-isgan unda
momdinareobdes sityvebi _ `boliq~-i, rac fSaur ki-
loze jogs, an faras niSnavs (`...hdis jogi irmisa da
boliqebi Svilebisa~). misi msgavsi unda iyos agreTve,
sityva `bolqv~-i (`bolqvi Svilebis da arCvebis
1 vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, giorgi rusi xornabujis erisTavma saRir maxatlis Zem Tavganwiruli brZoliT ukuaqcia (3,181).
101
irmebs kvaldakval hyveboda~), romelic aseve fSaur
da TuSur kilo-TqmebiT grovas, jgufs aRniSnavs
[14,80]. zemoaRniSnuls, erTgvarad esadageba qiziyur
dialeqtze sityva `buina~, rac qiziyur dialeqtze
wvril cxovelTa faras, an frinvelTa gunds niSnavs,
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki bevrs, ulevs [14,91].
sainteresoa is faqti, rom raWul kiloze `boliar~
(Sdr. boriali) oTxfexTa yials niSnavs. sulxan-saba
orbeliani, Tavis leqsikonSi moixseniebs `boligs”,
romelic aris `metvirTuli viri~ da iqve dasZens,
rom `nigalis xevSi mozidars virebs eZaxiano~ [8,108-
109]. rogorc Cans, am ZiriT nawarmoebi sityvebi
wvrilfexa Cliqosan cxovelTa Svilebis jogis, an
faris aRmniSvnelia, moxevur kiloze `bora~-Á meri-
nosis grZelbewviani cxvris jiSis aRmniSvnelia
[14,81], xolo `boRiCa~ _ erTi wlis mozvers niSnavs.
Sainteresoa is faqti, rom TuSur da fSaur dia-
leqtze `boiki~ mozvers da patara jixvs niSnavs
[14,79]. sulxan-saba orbeliani `boiks~ ori wlis
xars uwodebs [8,108]1. imerul dialeqtze ki, `boiki~
upatieb xbos da gamxdar saqonels niSnavs2.
qarTlSi toponimi `bolic“ aris, romelic axal-
goris raionis soflebis zemo da qvemo bolis aR-
mniSvneli Zveli saxelwodebaa [20,47]. vaxuSti bato-
niSvili asaxelebs `bololis mTas”, keCuTis mTasTan
erTad, romlebic yofilan utyeoni... balaxovanni,
Sambnarianni, yuavilivanni da wyaroianni” [3,314].
qarTlur dialeqtze `bolola~ umcros, bolos
(nabolaras) niSnavs. SesaZloa, `boliq/bolqvi~ Cli-
1 Sdr. gurul dialeqtze `boiki~ _ mozrdili, wamozrdili (14,79). 2 Sdr. boseli _ `saxli sazroxe~ (8,111).
102
qosnebis patara naSieris jogis, an faris aR-
mniSvneli, saxelwodebad, moviazroT. vaxuSti bato-
niSvili ramdenjerme asaxelebs `bolnisebs~, rodesac
lekebi arbevdnen mas. sigel-gujrebSic xSirad moix-
senieba zemo, Sua da qvemo bolnisebi. qvemo qarTlis
`somxiTis~ aRwerisas, sadac Sedioda, aseve, bolnisi,
vaxuSti batoniSvili pirutyvTa simravles aRniSnavs.
kerZod, somxiTSi yofila `mrowleni, arveni, kolti
RorTa, jogni mravalni,... nadirni uricxuni~ [3,312].
nairbalaxovani saZovrebisa da saTibebis arseboba aq
Turquli tomebis intensiuri Camosaxlebisa da maTi
damkvidrebis erT-erTi mizezi xdeboda, romelTa
parpaSs daviT aRmaSenebelma dausva wertili. `yove-
live zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba viva-
raudoT, rom saxelwodeba `bolnisi~ `bolidan~
momdinareobs, mis mravlobiT formas warmoadgens
(`boli~/`bolni~), rac iqneb am mxareSi cxvris, an
sxva, gareuli Cliqosnebis sadgomebze, an maTi
Svilebis jogebisa da farebis gadasvlis gzebze miu-
TiTebdes~ [20,47-48].
moqcevai qarTlisai asaxelebs crolis mTas,
romelic azos samflobelos sazRvrebSi Sedioda:
`hereTi da egris wyali da somxiTi da mTai cro-
lisai~ [7,81]. qarTlis cxovrebaSi leonti mroveli
am toponims ar asaxelebs1. azos samflobelos
aRniSnuli sazRvrebi ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, emTxveva
leonti mrovelis mier moxseniebul qarTlosis saz-
Rvrebs. aRmosavleTiT hereTi da berdujis mdinare, 1 azos samflobelos sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT, leonti mroveli
aRniSnavs: `da daipyrna yovelni sazRvarni qarTlisani hereTiTgan da
berdujis mdinariTgan vidre zRuadmde sperisa da daipyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (11,19).
103
dasavleTiT zRua pontosi, samxreTiT wyalgamyofi
mTa, romlidan gamosuli mdinareebi CrdiloeTidan
uerTdeba mtkvars, aseve, klarjeTisa da taos Soris
mTa zRvamde. CrdiloeTiT ki, `sazRvari Rado~, mTa
mcire. vaxuSti batoniSvili TrialeTis aRwerisas
asaxelebs `cxurisis xevs~, romelic gamosdis Toris
mTas da uerTdeba qcias [3,320]. garda amisa, Tri-
aleTis qedze aris mTa, romelsac `sabatkne~ hqvia,
qcias zemo dinebis marcxena ferdobze, romlis
simaRle 2 280 metria. fSaur dialeqtze `creva~
niSnavs `dro cxvris mowvelisa~ [14,678]. moxevur,
mTiulur dialeqtebze `cxori~ aris cxvari, cxvris
fara, cxora guda-mayrulad – cxvari kninobiTi for-
miT. `cxurisis xevSi~ da `crolis mTaSi~ unda
igulisxmebodes cxvris gadmosasvlelebi, an cxvris
sadgomebi. TrialeTi iyo kidevac istoriuli `cxvris
gzis~ erT-erTi rgoli.
saintereso toponimia agreTve, `sajogis Wala~,
romelsac vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavs: `nagebis1
Crdilod, mtkuris kidezed, ars Wala yaraRajisa,
egreTve nadiriani da ჴoჴob-frinveliTa savse. idga
jogi mefeTa da uwodebdnen sajogis Walas~ [3,332].
sulxan-saba orbeliani sajoges ganmartavs, rogorc
`jogTa adgili~ [9,80]. saxelovani mecnieri jogis
sxvadasxva saxeobebsac CamoTvlis, rogoricaa: cxenTa
rema, ZroxaTa mrowle, an naxiri, cxvarTa da TxaTa
arve, RorTa kolti, nadirTa fara, mxecTa xro,
frinvelTa gundi [9,460]. rogorc Cans, zemoaRniS-
nuli veli, gareuli nadiriTa da frinveliT ga-
morCeuli, sanadiro da mefeTa TavSesaqcevi adgilic
1 rusTavis erT-erTi saxelwodeba.
104
iyo, rom araferi vTqvaT mefeTa pirad sakuTar
pirutyvTa jogebze, romlebic am adgiliT sazrdo-
obdnen.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ re-
daqciebma Semogvinaxa iseTi zoonimebi, rogoricaa:
focxverianis xevi _ vaxuSti bagrationis TqmiT,
fitareTis monastris qvemoT qcias uerdeba focxve-
rianis xevi [3,322]. zemoaWarul dialeqtze focxvers
`forcoxi~ ewodeba [14,547].
kalmaxis cixe _ sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmar-
tebiT, `kalmaxa~ aris `kalmaxi mcire, xolo kalmaxi
_ didi kalmaxi~ [8,349]1. juanSeris cnobiT, arCil
mefis dros, `pitiaxSni vinme ara SeuSves klarjeTs,
sxuad warvides naxevarni maTganni, da Seipyres klde
erTi taos, romelsa erqua kalmaxi da aRaSenes ci-
xed~ [11,244]. am faqts vaxuStic imeorebs [3,126].
vaxuSti batoniSvili ganmartavs: `Woroxs moerTvis
TorTomis mTidam gamomdinare wyali romeli modis
aRmosavleTad. am Ãჴevzed ars cixe kalmaxisa, romeli
aRaSenes pitiaxSTa, did-Seni, magari da Seuvali. iyo
saerisTao taosi~ [3,683].
ZaRlis xevi _ qarTuli `ZaRl~-is megrul-lazuri
Sesatyvisia `joRor~ (saerTo zanuri `joRr~) da
svanuri `JaR/JeR~ (`jaRl~) [10,621]. vaxuSti bato-
niSvili palakacios `ZaRlis xevs~ uwodebs, romelic
Turqebs daurbeviaT da isini gamrekel Torels da-
umarcxebia [3,173]. `matiane qarTlisaჲs~ wyaros Cama-tebul teqstSi, romelic mcxeTis saydrisadmi
melqisedekis dawerilidan momdinareobs, moixsenieba
`ZaRlis xevi~: `ZaRlis –Ãჴevs iyida oroTa samiTa 1 gurul dialeqtze `kalmaxuri Zveli xalxuri cekvaa~ (14,268).
105
agara[ჲ]Ta. ese ornive sofelni maTiTa agara[ჲ]Ta TჳsTa ZmaTa ganZiTa iyida~ [11,290]1.
mgel cixe _ vaxuSti aspinZis xevSi, aspinZis ze-
moT, CrdiloeT mxares asaxelebs: `mgel-cixe, magari,
didSeni~ [3,666]. qarTlis cxovrebis gagrZelebis
teqstis da vaxuStis cnobiT, jayelebsa da mesxeTis
mTavrebs Soris warmoebuli Setakebebis dros, mgel
cixe iyo aTabagTa Zalebis TavSeyris centri. mgel
cixesTan mosulma mustafa lala faSam cixe ver aiRo
[3,721].
sakurdRlia – vaxuSti batoniSvili imereTis aR-
weris dros asaxelebs am zoonims [3,745; 751], rome-
lic kurdRelTa simravlesTan unda iyos dakav-
Sirebuli.
saRoris/velev-saRoris/saRore-najixvrevis mTa _
qarTvelur enaTa etimoligiur leqsikonis mixedviT,
qarTul `Ror~-s Seesatyviseba megrul-lazuri `Rej~
[10,515]. vaxuSti batoniSvili asasxelebs `saRoris
mTas~ raWaSi [3,769]. misive cnobiT, am mTas gamosdis
md. Zevri da tyibulis xevi [3,755]. vaxuStis cnobiT,
aseve, saRoris, najixvrevisa da sawalikis mTas ga-
mosdis md. krixula [3,763]. vaxuSti aseve, asaxelebs
`velev-saRoris~ mTis formiT, romelic aRmosavle-
Tidan sazRvravs okribas [3,774]. saRoris mTa Ror-
Tan, an gareul taxTan dakavSirebuli toponimia. to-
ponimi `najixvrevic~ jixvTa gavrcelebis arealze mi-
uTiTebs. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es cxovelebi
sanadiro daniSnulebis yofiliyvnen.
1 `melqisedekis dawerilis~ mixedviT _ `da Z(a)Rlisa Ãჴevs viyide s(o)feli orTai samiTa agaraჲTa. ese ornive s(o)felni maTiTa
agaraჲTa ZmaTa CemTa g(a)nZiTa viyiden~ (15,26).
106
cxeniswyali/sacxenisi _ juanSeris cnobiT, murvan
yrus laSqrobis dros, mdinares, romelmac `wariRo
cxeni ocdaTxutmeti aTasi~ ewoda cxeniswyali
[11,238]. mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom qarTul
`cxen~-s savsebiT Seesabameba megrul-lazuri `cxen~-i.
megrul-lazurisTvis ki, amosavlad miiCneven cxan-
cxan-umlautis gziT [10,886]. vaxuSti batoniSvili
qarTlSi asaxelebs `sacxenisis mTas~, romelsac
gamosdis tana, Rius-xevi, xvedureTis xeoba [3,342;
343; 344]. vaxuSti batoniSvili `sacxenisis xevs~
asaxelebs martyofis aRwerisas [3,538].
sakamaToa iseTi toponimebi, romlebic SeiZleba
mcenareuli warmoSobis iyos, radgan dialeqtebSi
xSiria cxovelTa saxelTan dakavSirebuli mcenareTa
saxelwodebebi. magaliTad: aseT toponimebad SeiZleba
miviCniod `cxenis terfi~. vaxuSti batoniSvilis
cnobiT, `tfilisis CrdiloT ars mindori didubisa,
romelsa pirvel ewoda cxenis-terfi~ [3,338]. botani-
kur leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rom xevsurul dia-
leqtze `cxenisterfa~ hqvia mcenare viristerfas
(Tussilago farfara/Мать и мачеха), romlis qarTluri
paraleluri Sesatyvisia `jorisqusla~, fSavurad
`terfabuera~, okribul dialeqtze _ `jorisfexa~,
leCxumur dialeqtze `jortofa/jortofila~, raWu-
lad `joristerfa~, megrulad _ `jortofaჲ~ [6,28]. rogorc Cans, didubis mindors cxenis terfi imitom
ewoda, rom masze aRniSnuli mcenare iyo gavrce-
lebuli.
107
wyaroebi da literatura
1. il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.
2. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos frinvelebi, Tb., 2004.
3. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mi-
er, t. IV, Tb., 1973.
4. ioane bagrationi, sabunebismetyvelo ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamok-
vleva da saZieblebi daurTes Tina enuqiZem da nana
kiknaZem, Tb., 1986.
5. zneni samamaconi, qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba,
Tb., 2004.
6. a. mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, Tb. 1991.
7. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisa~, Zveli qarTuli litera-
turis Zeglebi, il. abulaZis gamocemiT, wigni I
(V-X ss.), Tb., 1963.
8. sulxan-saba obeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, Tb.,
1991.
9. sulxan-saba obeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, Tb.,
1993.
10. h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimo-
logiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.
11. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri-
Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mier,
t. I, Tb., 1955.
12. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri-
Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mier,
t. II, Tb., 1959.
108
13. qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targamani, qar-
Tuli teqsti da somxuri Targmani gamokvleviTa
da leqsikoniT gamosca ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1953.
14. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Semdgeneli al.
Rlonti, Tb., 1984.
15. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, Tb., 1984.
16. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 7. Tb., 1984.
17. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 10. Tb., 1986.
18. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1965.
19. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTlis politikur centrTa
istoriul etimologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 2010.
20. q. quTaTelaZe, “Sromebi”, saqarTvelos mecniere-
baTa erovnuli akademiis stamba, Tb., 2012.
21. SoTa rusTaveli, `vefxistyaosani, n. naTaZis gamo-
cema, Tb., 1974.
22. xalxuri sibrZne, III, Tb., 1964.
23. xalxuri sibrZne, IV, Tb., 1965. 24. Всеобщая история Вардана великого, перевёл Н.
Эмин с примечаниями и приложениями, М., 1861. 25. al. xudabaSiani, somxur-rusuli leqsikoni, I, er.,
1986 (somxur enaze).
109
Ketevan Kutateladze
TOPONYMS OF ZOONYMICAL ORIGIN ACCORDING TO “KARTLIS TSKHOVREBA”
Summary
The toponyms contain a lot of interesting information.
Especially are interesting zoonyms - the appellations con-nected with the names of animals. Zoonyms contain the information about animal world living and spread on the territory of the country and their influence and usage in economic and domestic life. In “Kartlis Tskhovreba” are fixed as wild so domestic animals, also birds of prayer and ordinal birds, fish. Besides, in zoonyms mentioned in “Kar-tlis Tskhovreba” is fixed the information about the habits and habitats of animals. In many cases some zoonyms are sprung up in such regions, which is the natural environment for certain animals. In zoonyms mentioned in “Kartlis Tskhov-reba” very often are the names of animals and birds, which are preserved in the Georgian mythological world. Very often they represent the zoomorphical type of deity, or repre-sent sacred or sacrificed animal. Therefore some animals and birds were the objects of hunting. Very often zoonyms were the basis of the names of a mountain, pass, ravine, strong hold. Besides the editorship of old and new “Kartlis Tskhov-reba” the material is taken from Vakhushti`s undying work, which not only confirms the zoonyms preserved in the texts existed before, but shows others, which are not preserved in the editorships mentioned above. From the existing materials are distinguished many zoonyms. Some toponyms are con-nected with stall of domestic animals (“Boli/Bolnisi”), or with the hunting areal of wild animals (“Garisi”).
110
daviT WiTanava
samegrelos toponimiidan (,,sinwa,~ `umpia,~ `ZaRva~)
winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenilia samegrelos
ramodenime toponimis interpretacia, romelic, vfiq-
robT, damatebiT mniSvnelovan masalas mogvcems am
kuTxis uZvelesi eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisas.
T. gvancelaZis mosazrebiT, afxazur-abazuri, ubi-
xuri da Cerqezuli (adiReur-yabardouli) enebi mom-
dinareobs winareiberiul-kavkasiuri enis daSlis Se-
degad. is warmoqmnilia winareafxazur-adiRuri eni-
sagan, romelsac unda earseba Zv. w. II_I aTaswleu-
lebis mijnidan ax. w. dasawyisamde da am dros unda
daSliliyo amJamad arsebul sam enad [1,6]. avtori
aRniSnavs, rom winareafxazur-adiRur enaze Tu Tana-
medrove afxazur-abazur, an Cerqezul enebze mo-
laparakeTa binadroba dasavleT saqarTveloSi ver
mtkicdeba da es midgoma ver uZlebs kritikas [1,7].
avtorisave azriT, Zv. w. II_I aTaswleulebis mijnidan
ax. w. dasawyisamde afxaz-abazTa, ubixTa da CerqezTa
saerTo winaprebi, romlebic jer kidev dauSlel
enobriv-eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen, am epoqaSi binad-
robdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos miwaze, aramed
Crdilo kavkasiaSi, mdinare Tergis marcxena napiridan
mokidebuli mdinare yubanis SesarTavamde, qedis uki-
dures dasavleT nawilamde [1,10]. meore mxriv,
avtori, iziarebs arn. Ciqobavas Teorias iberiul-
kavkasiuri enebis monaTesaobis Sesaxeb, da rom es
gulisxmobs sami aTasi wlis winandel viTarebas, ro-
mel xalxTa Zveli adgil-samyofeli kavkasiis sam-
111
xreTiT mdebare miwa-wyali iyo [1,11]; [5,253]. Tumca,
misive TqmiT, winareafxazur-adiRur dialeqtze (da
ara enaze) molaparakeni ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis
Sua xanebSi dasaxldnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis
teritoriaze Tergidan yubanis SesarTavamde, wina-
renaxur-daRestnur enaze mosaubreni _ Tergidan
darubandamde, winarealbanur dialeqtze molaparakeni
unda darCeniliyvnen amJamindeli azerbaijanis miwaze
(istoriuli hereTis gamoklebiT), xolo axlandeli
somxeTis teritoriaze unda ecxovraT araindoev-
ropul dialeqtze molaparake tomebs, romlebic
emezoblebodnen urartuelebs. winareqarTvelur dia-
leqtze mosaubre mosaxleoba cxovrobda istoriuli
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze da samxreT-dasav-
leTiT emijneboda protoxeTur (xaTur)-xuritul
tomebs [1,11-12].
T. gvancelaZis mier SemoTavazebuli sqema Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi kavkasiis xalxTa gan-
saxlebaze, ZiriTadad misaRebia, Tumca, gaugebaria
avtoris garkveuli winaaRmdegobrivi midgomebi, ker-
Zod, is aRiarebs iberiul-kavkasiur erTobas, Tumca
uaryofs maTi enobriv niadagze axsnadi toponimebis
dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobis kvalsac ki, da
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, misive azriT, amgvari
midgomebi kritikasac ver uZlebs. Mmeore mxriv, ga-
ugebaria isic, Tu ratom iwyebs avtori iberiul-
kavkasiuri erTobis xalxebze saubars Zv. w. II aTas-
wleulis meore naxevridan. Tu am dros es erToba
arsebobs, maSin, miTumetes Cven, ar unda gagvikvirdes
am enobrivi erTobidan momdinare toponimikis kvali
rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
112
mTel rig geografiul saxelwodebebze dakvirvebis
Sedegad, iv. javaxiSvili askvnida, rom SavizRvispi-
reTSi adiReur tomebs unda ecxovraT [8,245]. amave
azrs aviTarebdnen s. janaSia [9,117-123] da enaTmec-
nieri g. rogava [11,129-130]. Cven migvaCnia, rom aseT
vrcel teritoriaze, im uZveles dros, adiReelebis
erTiani eTnikuri masa ki ar unda vigulisxmoT,
aramed iberiul-kavkasiur enebis erTobis kvali. es
aris Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulis epoqa, rodesac Zal-
zed vrcel teritoriaze e. w. mtkvar-araqsis kultu-
raa gavrcelebuli. swored, am tomebis nawils, am
kulturis gaqrobis Semdgom, garkveul dros unda
emoZravaT dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriazec, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT, sadac xde-
ba, rogorc enobrivi gansxvavebebis, ise TviTmyofadi
eTnikur-kulturuli erTobebis Camoyalibeba. swored
am mimarTulebiT, Cveni yuradReba miiqcia samegrelos
samma hidronimma, romlebic erT mikroregionSia Tav-
moyrili daaxloebiT aTiode kilometris radiusSi,
zugdidis raionis sam mosazRvre sofelSi (odiSi,
yuliSkari da Waqvinjis Temis sofeli baRmarani).
sofeli sinwa, romelmac saxelwodeba miiRo iq
Camomavali imave saxelwodebis mdinaris saxelidan,
mdebareobs odiSis TemSi. vfiqrobT, sinwa Sedgeba
ori damoukidebeli sityvisagan -sin da -wa. wa unda
iyos megruli wyar (wyali) sityvis Semoklebuli
forma (Sdr. warCe ,,wyar Ce~ ,,TeTri wyali~ _
afxazeTSi), romelic samegreloSi did mdinareTa
umravlesobas sruli formiT daerTvis (Sdr. wen-
wyari ,,Wanis-wyali~, xob-wyari ,,xobis-wyali~, cxen-
wyari ,,cxenis-wyali~ da sxva). al. qobalias leqsi-
113
konSi, sinwa ganmartebulia rogorc xeviswyali;
wylis ZarRvi. xolo sinsxi niSnavs erTgvar wvril
wvimas, criats [2,593]. imave mniSvnelobisaa simori.
s_(oж-) m. Cuxuas mier saerTo ZiriT aris aRdgenili
da niSnavs ,,dasveleba~-s [7,476]. megrulSi xevis
mniSvnelobiT damoukidebel sityvad is ar SemorCa da
sin-s, vfiqrobT, paralelebi eZebneba adiRurSi.
kerZod, iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, sin-opeSi (sinope)
sin (син) unda gavaigivoT adiRur psin (псын) da
psi-sTan (псы), romelic niSnavs ,,wyaros’’, ,,wyals’’,
mdinares. sayuradReboa, rom pliniusis sityvebiT,
skviTebi mdinare tanaiss uwodebdnen sin-s (син) [8,245]. Cveni azriT, hidronimi sinwa niSnavs ,,wyaros
wyals~, an SesaZloa, ubralod ,,mdinares//wyals~,
romlis pirveli nawili identuria adiRuri sin-is,
xolo megruli wylis aRmniSvneli -wa, anu wyali
daemata SedarebiT gvian.
mdinareUumpia (zogi mas Reles eZaxis) mdebareobs
da saTaves iRebs Waqvinjis Temis sofel baRmaranSi.
umpia-Si, vfiqrobT, gamoiyofa -u prefiqsi, rome-
lic qarTulSi aRniSnavs uqonlobas, e.i. saxelebs,
romlebic aRniSnaven uqonlobas Zireuli fuZiT
aRniSnuli sagnisas [4,127]. igive mniSvnelobis aris
is megrulSi [3,536]. meore komponenti am sityvisa,
gaxlavT -m aso, romelic megrulisTvis zogjer
ufunqcio CanarTis saxiT gvxvdeba (mpuna//puna), xolo
rac Seexeba pi-a-s, is adiRes toponimikaSi mravlad
gvxvdeba sadac -pe//api//ap (пэ//апы//ап) sufiqsi awar-moebs im mdinareTa saxelwodebebs, romlebic zRvas
erTvis. Aam daboloebis sruli saxeobaa ara -pe (пэ), aramed -ape (-апэ); es ukanasknelic yabardouli
114
sityvaa ,,SesarTavis~, ,,mdinaris SesarTavis~, ,,mdi-
naris napiris~ gamosaxatad.Aimave -apes saxesxvaobad
aris miCneuli termini -ope (-опэ), magaliTad sin-
ope-Si da misive eqvivalenturia yabardoulSi damo-
ukidebeli sityvis saxiT SemorCenili -upe (упе), romelic aRniSnavs ,,pirs~ resp. ,,napiri~, ,,bage~,
,,ube~, anu igive ,,SesarTavi~, ,,mdinaris SesarTavi~,
,,mdinaris napiri~ [8,244].
a. qobalias megrul leqsikonSi umpia ganmarte-
bulia, rogorc ,,uWipo’’, ,,usaTavo’’, wvimis wyle-
bisagan, naRvarevebisagan Semdgari Rele; farTokala-
potiani Rele, romelzec caladire ar gaideba [2,612].
maSadame, migvaCnia, rom umpia niSnavs ,,unapiro~,
,,uSesarTavo~ Reles, romelic misi geografiuli mde-
bareobidan da Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, savsebiT
dasaSvebia, ramdenadac, mas ara aqvs napiri da mudmivi
SesarTavi, is gvalvis dros Sreba da zogierT adgi-
las Tu gubdeba, arcTu ise Rrma morevebad.
Rele ZaRva (mas adgilobrivebi zogjer mdinariTac
moixsenieben, ramdenadac, Tevzi icis da iSviaTad
Sreba) Amdebareobs zugdidis raionis sofel yuliS-
karSi. Afxazurad a-Zé(mravlobiTi aZqua) niSnavs
wyals,Aa-ZR ki, Cqarmaval mdinares. a-Zxa niSnavs
wylis midamos, aZxéwra ki, wyaldidobas [10,375].
vfiqrobT, Za-Rva-Si -Za-s kavSiri aqvs afxazur wylis
aRmniSvnel sityvasTan, xolo Rva unda iyos megruli
Ralé (Rele, nakaduli), Wanuri Ral (Rele, mdinare)
da qarTuli Rele-s (xevi mcire _ saba) identuri
[6,183]. Ral//Ral//Rele-s TavisTavad kavSiri aqvs
RvrasTan, siTxesTan, anu wyalTan [6,347], Tumca
masTan erTad, mas sxva mniSvnelobac unda SeeZina.
115
kerZod, is SemorCenilia qarTul zRvarSi da svanur
haRvra-Si [11,80].æamasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom svanu-
rad zRvis aRmniSvnelad gvaqvs ZuRжa, Tumca arn.
Ciqobavas azriT, iqac is nasesxebi sityvaa [6,185].
yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, am hidro-
nimiuli geografiuli saxelwodebebis erT mikrore-
gionSi, daaxloebiT, aTiode kilometris radiusSi
Tavmoyra, romlebic ixsneba iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi
SemorCenili uZvelesi leqsemebiT, ar aris SemTxve-
viTi da es hidronomia miuTiTebs am enaze mosaubre
tomTa odindel erTobaze da naTesaobaze, romelic
Zv. w. IV_III aTaswleulebSi unda moviazroT.
116
wyaroebi da literatura
1. T. gvancelaZe, afxazuri ena, Tb., 2011.
2. a. qobalia, megruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2010.
3. i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994.
4. a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi,
Tb., 1953.
5. arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis
Sesavali, Tb., 1979.
6. arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi
leqsikoni, Tb., 1938.
7. m. Cuxua, iberiul-iCqeriul enaTa SedarebiTi gra-
matika, I, Tb., 2012.
8. iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri
problemebi, Tb., 1950.
9. s. janaSia, Cerqezuli (adiReuri) elementi saqar-
Tvelos toponimikaSi, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1953.
10. b. janaSia, afxazur-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1954. 11. Г. Рогава, К вопросу о структуре именных основ и
категориях грамматических классов в Адыгских (Черкесских) языках, Тб., 1956.
117
David Chitanava
FROM THE TOPONYMS OF SAMEGRELO (“SINTSA”, “UMPIA”, “DZAGHVA”)
Summary
The paper studies three Hydronyms of Samegrelo, which
give important material, in regard to ancient history of the tribes of Iberian-Caucasian unity times residing in the territory in the ancient times and strengthens the opinion about the existence of this unity (IV-III AD millennia, during Kura-Araxes culture).
All the three of the reviewed Hydronyms (“sintsa”, “umpia”, “dzaghva”) are concentrated in one micro region, in about ten kilometers radius, in three neighboring villages in the Zugdidi district (Odishi, Kulishkari and Tchakvinji community village Baghmarani).
Name of the river Sintsa means “Spring Water”, or perhaps simply “river//water”, which’s first part is identical to the Adyghian “sin-”, while part “-tsa” in Mengrelian meaning water has been added later on.
River Umpia means creek “without banks”, “without the confluence”. Excreted in the word is the Kabardian word “-upe” (упе), which means “mouth”, resp. “bank”, “lips”, “bay” or aka “confluence”, river confluence”, “riverbank”. In the name of stream Dzaghva appears the Abkhazian word a-dz meaning water, while ghva must beidentical to Mengrelian Ghele (stream, brook).
118
xaTuna ioseliani
svaneTis `mTiuleTis~ saeklesio saganZuri, eklesiebi da cixe-simagreebi XV saukunis
erTi dokumentis mixedviT
XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze Sedgenili (TariRTan
dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa) `wigni aleqsandre
mefisa svanTa mier jafariZeTa sasisxlos gadaxdaze,~
mniSvnelovani da informaciulad datvirTuli doku-
mentia.
am sabuTis mixedviT, fiqsirdeba, rom svaneTs Ca-
moeWra Tavisi teritoriis sakmaod didi da stra-
tegiulad mniSvnelovani teritoria, rionisa da cxe-
niswylis saTaveebSi mdebare mTiuleTi, Tavisi mosax-
leobiT, eklesia-monastrebiT, maTSi arsebuli sagan-
ZuriT, cixe-simagreebiT da raWas gadaeca. misi saz-
Rvrebi, aRniSnul sabuTSi asea Camoyalibebuli: `awi
moguixsenebia glolas zedaT, cenas iqiT, oseTs aqaT,
srulad mTiuleTis Temi, maTiT samarTlianiTa mTiTa,
bariTa, saydrebiTa, wyliTa, wisquiliTa, saTevzoiTa,
sanadiroiTa, veliTa, saTibiTa, misiTa mimdgomiTa ....
WidroTas zedaTi da glolas zedaTi, suaneTs iqiT,
oseTs aqaTi, srulad mTiuleTi, oTxasi kuamli
aznaur-Svilianad, glexianad...~ [2,115].
Cveni interesis sagans, amjerad, ar warmoadgens
sakiTxis politikuri mxare da mxolod kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan informacias ganvixilavT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabuTis mixedviT, am terito-
riaze cxovrobda 400 komli, rac maSindeli viTa-
rebis Sesabamisad, 4 000 suls udrida (beraZe). es
mxare sakmaod mdidari yofila eklesiebiTa da cixe-
119
simagreebiT, aseve, eklesiebSi daunjebuli Zvirfasi
xatebiTa da jvrebiT, saeklesio wignebiT da sxva
simdidriT.
dokumentSi Tavidan zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili ek-
lesia-monastrebis raodenoba, aseve, CamoTvlilia maT-
Si daculi Zvirfasi xatebi da jvrebi, saxarebebi da
sxva saeklesio wignebi. Semdgom, mxolod eklesiebia
miTiTebuli `Tavisi juar-xatebiTa da rac saydars
ekadrebis, imisTana wignebiT sruliad gaTa-ebuli~ an
`sruliad Semkobili~. sabuTis bolos, CamonaTvalic
ar aris mocemuli da aRniSnulia mxolod `Sesavali
soflebi~ (sadac, cxadia, aucileblad iqneboda ekle-
siebic da cixe-simagreebic).
zusti CamonaTvalis mixedviT, garda imisa, rac
zogadad aris miTiTebuli, am teritoriaze mdgara 11
cixe-simagre, 7 eklesia. mxolod detaluri CamonaT-
valis mixedviT, eklesiebSi daunjebuli saganZuri ase
gamoiyureba: 103 Zvirfasi, mooqrouli xati da
jvari, 12 oqrosa da vercxlis kandeli; 2 oTxTavi;
didi gulani; daviTni; sawinaswarmetyveloni; mar-
xuani; samociqulo; metafrasi; oTxTavis da daviTis
Targmanebi; (am samonastro wignebis raodenobis gan-
sazRvra SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ZiriTadad, miTiTe-
bulia `rac samonastro wigni aris, misiT sruliad
gaTavebuli~); `moTvalmargalitebuli omfori~.
maS ase, gavyveT konkretulad, sabuTis monacemebs,
rac, amave dros, ganmartebuli iqneba T. beraZis
kvlevis SedegebiT:
1. `oseTis pirad mTiuleTs xiduras oci glexi,
erTi kargi cixe, ori monasteri: erTi didi
gumbaTiani mTavarangelozT monasteri oriT
120
didiT oqros xatiTa, ocdaTvrametiTa sxua
didiT xatiTa, TormetiT oqroisa da vercxlis
kandliTa, misiT samonastro wignebiTa – didiT
gulaniTa, oTxTaviTa, samociquloTa, sawinas-
warmetyueloiTa, marxuaniTa, metafrasiTa, davi-
TiTa, daviTis TargmaniTa, oTxTavis TargmaniTa,
enqerosniT winamZRuriTa, meore wmidis giorgis
sajanis didi sioni monasteri, ocdaTormetiT
juar-xatiTa da rac samonastro wigni aris,
miT sruliad gaTavebuli...~ [2,114].
T. beraZis ganmartebiT, sofeli xidura dRes aRar
aris, igi mdebareobda xiduras zemo welSi. aq vrcel
mindvrebs `xidris mindvrebs~ uwodeben. `didi gum-
baTiani monastridan, dRes mxolod saZirkvelia
darCenili. daaxloebiT 70 wlis winaT, eklesia daar-
Rvies da misi qvebi fermis asaSeneblad gamoiyenes. am
nangrevebidan daaxloebiT 1 km-is daSorebiT, sagan-
gebod dacul xSir xeebs Soris nangrevebi SeimCneva,
SesaZlebelia, rom aq mdgariyo `sajanis didi sionis
monasteri~ [1,56].
amrigad, `didi gumbaTiani mTavarangelozT monas-
teri~, sakmaod mdidari yofila. aq daunjebuli Cans
2 didi oqros xati; 38 sxva didi xati; 12 oqrosa
da vercxlis kandeli; eklesia mdidaria samonastro
wignebiT: 1. didi gulani (saeklesio wignebis kre-
buli, originaluri qarTuli krebulia da arc erT
sxva eklesias ar aqvs); 2. oTxTavi; 3. samociqulo
(saeklesio wigni, romelSic Sesulia saqme moci-
qulTa, pavles 14 epistole da 7 kaTolike epis-
tole. ikiTxeba yovel wirvaze); 4. sawinaswarmet-
yvelo (RvTismsaxurebis wigni, RvTismsaxurebis dros
121
sakiTxavi winaswarmetyvelebebi); 5. marxuani (saRvTis-
msaxurebo wigni, romelic Seicavs didmarxvisTvis
dawesebul sagaloblebs); 6. metafrasi (Sesworebuli
da Sevsebuli saeklesio literaturuli nawarmoebi,
upiratesad, hagiografiuli Janrisa); 7. daviTni (da-
viT mefis fsalmunTa krebuli); 8. daviTis Targmani
(fsalmunebis ganmarteba); 9. oTxTavis Targmani (oT-
xTavis ganmartebebi).
aranakleb mdidaria `wm. giorgis sajanis didi
sioni monasteri~, romelSic 32 jvar-xatia dabrZa-
nebuli da `sruliad samonastro wignebiTaa~ Semko-
bili.
2. `xiduras erTi aznaur-Svili sosagiZe misiTa
cixiTa, Tormeti kuamli kaciTa~ [2,114].
T. beraZis azriT, aznaur sosagiZis cixe sof. Zes-
xoSi SemorCenili cixe-darbazi unda iyos [1,56-57].
3. `sxua – mTiuleTs cixe da sofeli brili,
ocdaoTxi kuamli kaci, erTi eklesia TxuT-
metiT patiosniT xatiTa da misiT wignebiTa
srulobiT Semkobili~ [2,114].
brili, rogorc mogvexseneba, uZvelesi brinjaos
kulturis erT-erTi cnobili da uZvelesi keraa,
brilis ganZi ki, gamorCeviT mniSvnelovani. am punqtis
daTmobac mouwia svaneTs; rac mTavaria, svaneTma Sem-
dgom, am kulturaze mepatroneobac dakarga, romlis
Semqmnelic TviTon iyo.
`dRes brili nasoflaria, sigelSi naxseneb cixis
nangrevebs g. gobejiSvili ramdenjerme axsenebs Tavis
gaTxrebis angariSebSi. eklesiidan mxolod erTi ke-
delia SemorCenili~ [1,57].
122
4. `TevareSos – Tequsmeti kuamli kaci da cixe
sxua, da ariSiZe lomi misiT cixiTa, ormoci
kuamliT kaciTa~ [2,115].
`brilis mezoblad mozrdili sofeli TevrSo iyo
ganlagebuli; ori cixidan erTis nangrevebi dResac
aris SemorCenili, gasul saukuneSi aq Zveli ekle-
siis nangrevebic iyo~ [1,57].
5. `zed-qalaqsa kargi sabatio gumbaTiani saydari
juarcmisa saepiskofozo misiT moTualmarga-
lituliT omforiTa Semkobili, rac efisko-
pozsa da imisTanas saydars ekadrebis, imisTanas
wignebiT srulad gaTavebuli asis kuamliT
kaciTa~ [2,115].
`TevreSos Semdeg, rionis gayolebiT XV saukunis
mTiuleTis ori sofeli zedqalaqi da Rebi iyo
ganlagebuli.... zedqalaqis `kargi sabatio gumbaTiani
saydari~ dRes ar arsebobs. misi aRweriloba diubua
de monperem Semogvinaxa...~ [1,58].
6. `da Rebs _ ori aznauriSvili gigaSvilebi mi-
siT cixiTa da samocdaTormeti kuamliT kaci-
Ta... sxua _ Rebis Sesavali soflebi~ [2,115].
`Rebi dRes raWis erT-erTi udidesi sofelia,
romelic rionis orive napirzea ganlagebuli... misi
saxelwodeba svanuri warmoSobis unda iyos; sigelSi
moxseniebuli gigaSvilebis cixe, koSki unda iyos,
romelic dRes gormanSi, anu patara RebSi dgas, igi
oTxkuTxaa, samsarTuliani, mis gverdiT Zveli ekle-
siac mdgara, romelic RvmTismSoblis anu `deda-
RvTisas~ saxelobaze yofila agebuli~ [1,58-59].
7. `Sodas – wmidis giorgis eklesia da sofeli,
ocdaxuTi kuamli kaci da cixe~ [2,115].
123
`dRes Soda nasoflaria, igi mdebareobs Rebis
samxreT-dasavleTiT 4-5 km-is daSorebiT, Soda-
kedelas mTis ZirSi... nasoflarze dgas Sirimis qvis-
gan agebuli IX-X saukunis eklesia... rogorc irkveva,
is, Tavis droze, qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovan
Zegls warmoadgenda....~ [1,60].
8. `CueSos _ cixe da Suidi glexi~ [2,115].
`CveSuras xeobaSi mTiuleTis patara sofeli
`CueSo~ iyo, is dRes gonas erT nawils warmoadgens
CveSuras marcxena napirze. sakuTriv, gonaSi mTavar-
angelozis eklesia dgas. igi 1880-ian wlebSi gada-
akeTes da garegnulad XIX saukuneSi aSenebuli ekle-
siis STabeWdilebas tovebs. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc
am Senobis dawvrilebiTma arqiteqturulma analizma
aCvena, eklesia IX an X saukuneSi unda iyos agebu-
li~ [1,59].
9. `Wioras – cixe da sofeli, Tequsmeti kuamli
glexi~ [2,115].
miuxedavad imisa, rom Wioras Sesaxeb bevri xal-
xuri gadmocema aris Semonaxuli, konkretuli viTa-
rebis dadgena ver xerxdeba; aseve, ver moiZia Wioras
cixis nangrevebi T. beraZem. misive TqmiT, JamTa siaves
`Wiorasa da Rebis feodaluri Zeglebi ver gadaurCa~
[vrclad ix. 1,60].
10. `bubas – kargi eklesia, cixe da sofeli;
eklesia kargis juar-xatiTa, ocdaxuTi glexi”
[2,115].
T. beraZe gamorCeviT aRniSnavs am soflis Sesaxeb,
rom sof. buba rionis xeobaSi ki ara, aramed glolas
anu WanWaxis xeobaSi mdebareobda [1,61]. Tumca, ga-
sakviri aq araferia, sabuTidan garkveviT Cans, rom
124
`glolas zedaT~, sofel bubas CaTvliT, WanWaxis
(glolas wyali) zeviT, svaneTis Semadgeneli da
kuTvnili teritoria iyo.
`sofeli buba dRes aRar aris, magram am saxel-
wodebis nasoflari glolas midamoebSia, kurort So-
vis Tavze, bubas mTis kalTebze. aq dResac gairCeva
sacxovrebeli saxlebis da koSkebis naSTi... aqve ga-
movlinda IX-X saukuneebSi aSenebuli eklesia, metad
mdidari arqeologiuri eqsponatebiT~ [1,61].
svaneTis saerisTavos teritoriebis Seviwroebas,
rogorc Cans, manamdec hqonda adgili (vinaidan am
statiaSi Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod es dokumenti
warmoadgens, yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT msgavs faq-
tebze). rogorc T. beraZe, werilobiTi wyaroebisa da
toponimikuri masalis safuZvelze miuTiTebs: `Sem-
degdroindeli raWis saerisTavos teritoria or
qarTul provinciaSi, TakuerSi da svaneTSi iyo gana-
wilebuli. `mTiuleTi~ svaneTs ekuTvnoda, X
saukunis dasasrulamde svaneTSi glola da uwerac
Sedioda. uweras samxreTiT, rionis marjvena mxridan
`muSuani~ SeerTvis. es saxeli saxeSecvlili `muSu-
anWalai~ _ svaneTis mdinarea, romelic raWis saeris-
Tavos Seqmnamde, sasazRvro xazs warmoadgenda Ta-
kuersa da svaneTs Soris~ [1,74].
mniSvnelovania, ra bedi ewia svaneTisTvis Camor-
Tmeul `mTiuleTs~, romlis mosaxleobis raodenoba,
aRniSnuli sabuTis mixedviT: `jumlad (anu mTlianad)
– oTxasi kuamli kacia~ miTiTebuli [2,115].
T. beraZe `mTiuleTis~ mosaxleobas am monacemebis
mixedviT, 400 komli gamravlebuli 10 sulze iT-
vlida [1,62], anu 4 000 suls varaudobda. aqve gan-
125
martavs, rom mosaxleobis aseTi simWidrove gasakviri
ar aris. Semdgom, es mxare, faqtobrivad, daicala da
gaveranda. T. beraZe amis ZiriTad mizezad Semdgom
periodSi, Crdilo kavkasielebis Semosevebs miiCnevs.
Cveni varaudiT, aRniSnuli teritoriebis mosaxle-
obisgan dacla mxolod Crdilo kavkasielTa Semose-
vebiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli. umTavresi safuZveli,
swored im kabaluri xelSekrulebis Sedegebi unda
yofiliyo, romlis safuZvelzec, svaneTis es kuTxe
raWas gadaeca. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi
nawili iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi sacxov-
rebeli da sxva kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebuliyo. amas isev
mSvenivrad gadmoscems mTxrobeli: `mosaxleoba iZu-
lebuli gamxdara daetovebina Tavisi sacxovrebeli da
svaneTis sxva kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebula... im adgi-
lebSi axlac blomadaa naeklesiarebi da namosax-
larebi~ [3,191]. amasTanave, CamorTmeul teritorias
ver an ar icavs svaneTi da Crdilo kavkasielebsac
xeli exsnebaT ufro intensiurad daarbion es regi-
oni.
aqve unda vikiTxoT, rogor moxda, rom svanuri
kuTxe, svanurenovani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli, Sem-
dgom sruliad kargavs svanurs da calsaxad qar-
Tulenovani xdeba. marTalia, raWul metyvelebaSi
sakmaod aris warmodgenili svanizmebi, SenarCunebulia
svanuri toponimebi, magram svanuri dakargulia. Cveni
azriT, es mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis Secvlam ga-
moiwvia. umetesma nawilma datova sacxovrebeli, bev-
ri sofeli daicala da gaveranda. sxva soflebSi ki,
Cans, moxda mosaxleobis migracia, ris Sedegadac
126
darCenili adgilobrivi mosaxleobac qarTulenovani
gaxda.
amdenad, svaneTis es nawili, XV saukuneSi, mWid-
rod dasaxlebul da sakmaod SeZlebul kuTxed gvev-
lineba. raWisTvis gadacemis Semdeg, es mxare, TiTqmis
dacarielda, daingra da gaveranda eklesiebi, cixeebi.
xolo, ra bedi ewia eklesiebSi dacul saganZurs,
gaurkvevelia. gamoricxuli ar aris, mosaxleobas,
romelmac datova Tavisi sofeli, Tan waeRo salo-
cavi xatebi. amisi gamokvleva SesaZlebelia; Tumca,
savaraudoa, rom umetesi nawili am saganZurisa, ga-
fantuli an dakargulia.
sabolood, svaneTis teritoriuli danakargi ase
gamoiyureba: mas CamoeWra aRmosavleTi nawili da
umniSvnelod samxreTi punqtebi, romelic Semdgom
daibruna _ rionis da cxeniswylis saTaveebis teri-
toriebi; jvris (svanurad staruin) gadasasvleli,
masze mdebare, Semdgom, dangreuli wm. giorgis ekle-
siiTurT da sofeli xeria.
127
wyaroebi da literatura
1. T. beraZe, raWa, Tb., 2004.
2. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, I, teqstebi gamo-
sacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero-
sacnobaro aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb,.
1986.
3. svanuri prozauli teqstebi, IV, laSxuri kilo,
teqstebi Sekribes arsena onianma, maqsime qaldanma
da aleqsandre onianma, Tb., 1979.
128
Khatuna Ioseliani
CHURCH TREASURES, CHURCHES AND CASTLES OF SVANETI “HIGHLAND” ACCORDING TO ONE
DOCUMENT OF THE XV CENTURY
Summary
A book of King Alexander about paying vital debt (for bloodshed) to the clan of Japaridzes by Svans” compiled at the verge of the 15th -16th centuries (opinions differ about dating) is rather interesting document that can throw light on many issues.
According to this document it is fixed that Svaneti was deprived of its rather big and strategically significant part, mountain region located at the sources of the rivers Rioni and Tskhenistskali and it was transferred to Racha. This time we are not interested in the political aspect of the issue and we will consider only significant information with the cultural point of view.
According to the document, 400 families lived on the above stated territory, which, according to the situation of that period implied approximately 4 000 persons (T. Beradze). This part apparently was rather rich with churches and castles, with precious crosses and icons, church books and other wealth kept in churches.
In the beginning the document accurately describes number of churches and crosses and icons and books kept in those churches, then only churches are listed, “with their crosses and icons and the books deserved by churches or “perfectly decorated”. At the end of the document there is no more such list and only “entering villages” are given (where, of course, there were churches and castles too).
129
According to precise list, alongside with those which are generally referred to, there were 11 castles and 7 churches on this territory. Treasures kept at the churches looked as follows: (while according to detailed list it doesn’t contain generally stated ones): 103 precious gilded crosses and icons, 12 gold and silver icon lamps, 2 the Books of the Old and New testament; “omphor” decorated with pears and gems”. It is impossible to list other church books, there are translations too (V. Silogava).
Thus, this part of Svaneti is presented as densely po-pulated and rather rich region. After it was ceded to Racha, this part was almost completely vacated; churches, castles and houses were abandoned and ruined and it is impossible now to determine where the church treasures went, whether they were lost or shifted to other churches.
130
papuna gabisonia
I_II saukuneebSi aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomTa berZnul-laTinuri zogierTi saxelwodebis
garkvevisaTvis
Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze, dasavleT
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria romis imperiis
gavlenis qveS moeqca. am periodis dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi egrisis saxe-
wodebiT icnoben. amave saxeliT aris cnobili somxur
mwerlobaSic. antikuri xanis berZeni, Tu romaeli
avtorebi I saukunisaTvis, tradiciul termin ,,kol-
xidas~ gverdiT, axal saxelwodebas _ ,,lazikes~ iye-
neben. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerloba
,,kolxidas~ da ,,lazikas~ ar icnobs. es ukanaskneli
termini ,,lazias~ saxeliT, mxolod erTxel aris
gamoyenebuli Tamaris istorikos, basili ezosmoZ-
RvarTan, isic, samxreT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis
erTi monakveTis aRsaniSnavad [1,142]. qarTul istori-
ografiaSi ,,lazike~ lazeTis formiT mimoqcevaSi d.
baqraZem Semoitana.
istoriuli saqarTvelos zRvispireTis terito-
riaze Zveli berZeni, romaeli, Tu Semdeg bizantieli
avtorebi mraval toms asaxeleben, romelTa eTno-
genezis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad mravali gamokvlevisa da
ufro meti mosazrebisa, istoriografiaSi, dRemde
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.
Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis yvelaze avtori-
tetuli avtoris, pontoeli berZeni geografis,
strabonis (Zv.w. 64/63 _ ax.w. 24/23 w.w.) cnobiT,
131
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Semdegi tomebi cxov-
robdnen: aqeelebi, zigebi, henioxebi, kerketebi, makro-
pogonebi, fTeirofagebi, kolxebi, svanebi, makronebi,
sanebi, mosinikebi da sxvebi [2,125,203-204]. aq sain-
teresoa fTeirofagebis tomis vinaobis garkveva.
strabons es esmis, rogorc ,,tilismWamelebi~. tili,
aseve, girCs aRniSnavs. es etimologia isevea ,,gir-
CismWameli~, rogorc ,,tilismWameli~. am gamoTqmaSi,
T. yauxCiSvili raime adgilobriv saxels varaudobda
[2,125]. fteirofagebs axsenebs I saukunis cnobili
romaeli avtori plinius ufrosi: ,,...mdinare fazisi...
mdinare qarienti, saltiebis tomi, romelTac Zvelad
fTeirofagebi ewodebodaT da sxva sannebi~ [3,178-179].
Cveni azriT, antikuri xanis avtorebTan moxseni-
ebuli fTeirofagebi, krebiTi saxeli unda iyos.
strabons erTi Zalian saintereso miniSneba aqvs
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle tomTa
kvebis racionze, rodesac is aRniSnavs, rom es xalxi
ZiriTadad, nadiris xorciTa da xiliT ikvebebao.
xilSi ki, moiazrebs Txils, kakals da rac metad
sainteresoa, wabls. rogorc cnobilia, CvenSi simindi
gvian Sua saukuneebSi Semovida. dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi klimatis gamo, xorbali naklebad mosavliania
da praqtikulad, saTanado moTxovnilebebs ar akmayo-
filebs. endemuri marcvleuli kultura _ Romic
naklebproduqtiulia. amitom, simindma is advilad
Caanacvla da sakvebi racionidan gandevna. TiTqmis,
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnamde, gansakuTrebiT mousav-
lianobis periodSi, marcvleulis Canacvleba wabliT
xdeboda, romlis koromebi dasavleT da istoriul
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi dRemde mravlad
132
gvxdeba. vfiqrobT, rom strabons da sxva avtorebs
,,fTeirofagebis~ anu ,,girCiWamiebis~ qveS is tomebi
hyavdaT mxedvelobaSi, romlebic Tavis racionSi
wabls iyenebdnen. wablis nayofi xeze Taviseburad
girCs Camogavs. ase, rom ,,fTeirofagebis~ qveS kon-
kretul toms ver vigulisxmebT, iseve rogorc ,,mak-
ropogonebis~ anu ,,grZelwverianebis~ SemTxvevaSi. Tu
plinius ufross vendobiT, ,,fTeirofagebi~ Wanebi
(sanebi) unda iyvnen ,,saltiebTan~ erTad.
magram vin arian ,,saltiebi~, romelTac pliniusi
md. xobis auzSi aTavsebs, radgan qarienti, igive qa-
riataa, dRevandeli sofeli xobis municipalitetSi,
am mdinaris gaswvriv. qarienti Zvel berZnulad
mSveniers niSnavs. istoriografiaSi saltiebis qveS,
Cveulebriv, lazebs gulisxmoben, radgan am xanaSi
kolxeTis dablobze ukve lazTa politikuri gaerTi-
anebaa Camoyalibebuli. magram pliniusi, romelic
lazebs aseve ixseniebs Tavis naSromSi, ufro sam-
xreT-dasavleTiT, sainteresoa, sxva saxeliT ratom
gvamcnobs maT gansaxlebas mdinare xobis napiras.
safiqrebelia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs antikuri xanis
mwerlobis erT saintereso tendenciasTan. sayovel-
Taod cnobilia, rom Zveli berZnebi ucxo xalxebs da
qveynebs Zalian xSirad berZnul saxelebs uwodebdnen
(magaliTad: iberia, espaneTi, italia, egvipte da a.S.).
am mxriv, niSandoblivia flavius arianesTan (II s.)
moxseniebuli drilebis eTnonimis sakiTxi, romlebic
arianem sruliad samarTlianad, sanebad anu Wanebad
miiCnia [4,42-43]. Zvel berZnuli ,, Δριλαs~ iTargmneba, rogorc grZeli Wiayela. istoriul samxreT-dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi ki, gvaqvs murRulis mxare, amave
133
saxelwodebis mdinaris gaswvriv (dRevandeli Tur-
qeTis respublika). sityva ,,murRuli~ megrul-
Wanurad swored aseT Wias niSnavs. niSandoblivia,
rom Sua saukuneebSi aqedan iyo WiasZeTa feodaluri
sagvareulo [5,31-32]. murRulis xeobidan aris gamo-
suli gvari murRulia. am orive gvaris etimologia
identuria, magram pirveli gvari, radgan qarTul fe-
odalur samyaros ekuTvnoda, Sesabamisad aris ga-
formebuli.
gamodis, rom antikuri xanis avtorebs istoriuli
saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, iseve, rogorc sxvagan,
adgilobrivi saxelwodebebi uTargmniaT, an Tavise-
burad SeurqmeviaT. vfiqrobT, rom ,,lazi~ da
`lazike~ amave tipis eTnonims unda warmoadgendes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom lazs TurqeTSi mcxovrebi
Wanebi TavianT TviTsaxelwodebad moiazreben, es
sityva megrulSi (aseve WanurSi) TavisTavad arafers
niSnavs. magaliTisTvis, megrulSi megrelis aRmniS-
vneli sityvis ,,margalis~ Ziria ,,rg~, romelic
raRacas mainc, am SemTxvevaSi, sityva ,,hgavs~ aR-
niSnavs. magram Zvel berZnulSi ,, Λασια~ _ xSir
buCqnars, ,, Λασιοσ~ _ Tma aburZgnuls, Tma gaCeCils
niSnavs (Λαζοι _ lazi). amasTan dakavSirebiT, sain-
teresoa pliniusis cnoba md. qarientTan (md. xobi)
saltiebis (Saltiae) tomis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb.
,,Saltus//salti~ _ laTinurad Znelad gasasvlel tyian
adgils niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi, safiqrebelia, rom
pliniusma laTinurad Targmna berZnuli ,, Λαζια~. aseTive Serqmeuli saxeli gvaqvs laz-saltiebTan
dakavSirebiT, tacitusTan dacul cnobaSi, sadac
saubaria I saukunis 70-ian wlebSi trapizonSi ajan-
134
yebul aniketze, romelmac Tavi mdinare xobis auzs
Seafara, sadac mas mfarveloba `Sedochezorum~-Ta
mefem gauwia [7,129]. laTinuri ,,Sedo~ qarTulad
jdomas, an gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _ damkvidrebuls
niSnavs.
pliniusis saltiebis toms unda gulisxmobdes
pasqaluri qronikis cnoba (VII s.): ,,xolo miwa-wyali
egreTwodebuli sallebisa, romlebsac sanitebsac
(Σαλλοι, Σανιται) eZaxian, pontomde aRwevs, sadac
aris banaki afsarosi, sebastopoli, ises navsadguri
da mdinare fazisi~ [6,10]. ra Tqma unda, aq sanitebSi
sanebi anu Wanebi igulisxmeba. mravalricxovani Wanu-
ri gaerTianebebidan, romlebic pontos qedsa da Savi
zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros viwro xeobebiT
daseril, fizikur-geografiulad rTul reliefsa da
sameurneo TvalsazrisiT, naklebad mosavlian adgilas
mosaxleobdnen, samosaxlo arealis gafarToebas es-
wrafvodnen (demografiuli zrdis da sxva faqto-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiT, e.w. ,,mTis Camowola~, p. g.). am
gaerTianebebidan erT-erTs antikuri xanis avtorebma,
sxva Wanebisagan gansasxvavebulad, lazebi Searqves,
xolo qveyanas lazika. saxelis Serqmevisas, kolxeTis
dablobis peizaJis aRweriloba gamoiyenes _ xSir-
buCqnariani, xSirtyiani. amasTan dakavSirebiT werda
Teofilaqte simokata (VII s.), rom mavrike keisris
dros, romanoz strategosi ,,kolxidaSi, rom mivida,
romelsac mdabiurma enam lazike gadaarqva.~ [8,23].
amrigad, Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli
kolxida mdabiurad, anu xalxur metyvelebaSi (Sem-
dgom ukve, mwerlobaSi) ,,laziked~ gadaiqca. swored
mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli normebis gamo, xSirad
135
gvxdeba Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze ter-
mini ,,kolxida~ da ,,kolxi~, romelic im droisTvis,
faqtobrivad dromoWmuli iyo.
analogiuri suraTi unda gvqondes Crdilo-aRmo-
savleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle sanigebis tomTan
dakavSirebiT, romelsac flavius ariane axsenebs 131
wlisTvis [4,43]. Tu davukvirdebiT, berZnulad
dawerili ,, Σαννοι~ da ,, Σαννιγαι~ _ sanigi faq-
tobrivad, erTi da igivea. Tu ,, Σαννοι~ Wans [9,11] aRniSnavs, ,, Σαννιγαι~-s SemTxvevaSi ,, γα~ Zvel ber-
Znulad, zogadad, miwasac aRniSnavs, Sesabamisad,
qarTulad es Wanebis miwas niSnavs. Wanebis gansaxleba
dRevandeli afxazeTis zRvispira Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi sruliad ar aris moulodneli. isini adri-
danve Canan aq dasaxlebulni, radgan am eTnoss Zveli
berZnuli mwerloba henioxebis saxeliT icnobs. Pli-
niusi ki, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi pir-
dapir asaxelebs ,,san-henoixebs~ anu Wan-henioxebs.
sainteresoa aseve, rom pliniusTan da arianesTan
moxseniebuli afsilTa tomis saxelwodebac berZnu-
lidan iTargmneba: ,, Αφιλια~//` Αφιλαι~ umegobros,
araxalxTmoyvares, sxvebis mimarT mtrulad ganwyo-
bils niSnavs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom afxazuri
da rusuli istoriografia afsilebs afsuebis wi-
naprad miiCnevs da maT mTavar arguments afsil//
afsuas saxelwodebaTa msgavseba warmoadgens. magram
bizantieli istorikosis, prokopi kesarielis cnobi-
dan, viciT afsilTa mTavar cixe-simagres ,,Τζιβιλην~ erqva [10,162]. samarTlianad, es simagre webeldis
cixesTan aris gaigivebuli, mdinare kodoris marjvena
mxares. magram toponimi webelda XIX s-is 30-ian
136
wlebSi daamkvidres ruseTis imperiis moxeleebma da
is afxazuri ,,cabalis~ da svanuri dalis (kodoris
xeobis zemo weli) kompozits warmoadgens. bizantiel
avtorTa cnobebis Targmnisas ,,georgikaSi~ `Τζιβιλην~ _ webelis formiT Targmna s. yauxCiSvilma, maSin
rodesac `Τζ~ afrikats bizantielebi Wanebis saxel-
wodebis aRniSvnisas, grafema ,,W”-s gadmosacemad iye-
nebdnen. aman safuZveli misca zog mkvlevars, we-
beldis etimologia xan wifelisTvis, xan wablisTvis
daekavSirebinaT. Tu `Τζιβιλην~ _ webelis magivrad,
,,Wibilad~ wavikiTxavT, am tomis eTnikur vinaoba da
sametyvelo ena cnobili gaxdeba, radgan sityva
,,Wibili~ mxolod megrulSi gvxdeba da is dawebils,
gafisuls, aseve dawnuls, zogadad, mtkiced gake-
Tebuls niSnavs. dRemde SemorCenili am cixis nangre-
vebi md. kodoris marjvena mxares, Tlili qvebiT
mtkiced aris agebuli da saxels amarTlebs. niSan-
doblivia, agaTia sqolastikosis cnoba: ,,misimia-
nelebi... kolxTa mefis qveSevrdomni arian msgavsad
afsilebisa, xolo gansxvavebul enaze laparakoben da
sxva kanonebsac misdeven. isini am afsilTa tomze
ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTi-
saken~ [11,86]. aqedan, mxolod im azris gamotana
SeiZleba, rom ,,afsilebi~ da ,,kolxebi~ (lazebi) erT
enaze laparakoben, xolo misimianelebi sxva enaze,
rac sinamdviles Seesabameba, radgan misimianelebi ko-
doris zemo welze mosaxle svanebi iyvnen. Afsilebi,
albaT, ufro megruli modgmis iyvnen, vidre Wanuri,
radgan lazTa samefoSi maT garkveuli avtonomiu-
robis niSnebi gaaCndaT. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom
lazebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTis dablobze
137
damkvidreba sruliad umtkivneulod ar momxdara da
adgilobrivma megruli Temebis nawilma garkveuli
TavisTavadoba SeinarCuna. afsilebi ,,qarTlis cxov-
rebaSi~ Semaval juanSeris TxzulebaSic aris moxse-
niebuli gaqarTulebuli afSilis formiT. magram am
Txzulebas XI saukunes akuTvneben da termini afsili
avtors bizantieli mwerlis, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis
naSromidan unda hqondes aRebuli. sxvanairad warmo-
udgenelia, cocxal yofaSi, Cvenamde ar moeRwia da-
savleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis saxels.
138
wyaroebi da literatura
1. basili ezosmoZRvari, qarTlis cxovreba, t. II,
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1959.
2. T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1957.
3. pliniusi, Древних писателей Гречиских и Латинских о Скифии и Кавказа, соб. и издалъ с рус. пер. В. В. Латышев, II, вып. I, СПб., 1904.
4. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,
Targ., gamok., kom. da ruka n. keWaRmaZisa, Tb., 1961.
5. korideTis sabuTebi (X-XIII ss.), gamosacemad moam-zada v. silogavam, Tb., 1989.
6. georgika, berZ. teqsti qarTuli Targ. gamosces da
ganm. daurTes a. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, t.
I, Tb., 1961.
7. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, laT.
teqsti qarTuli Targ., Sesavali nark. da koment.
gamosca al. gamyreliZem, Tb., 1973.
8. Teofilaqte simokata, georgika, s. yauxCiSvilis
gamocema, t. IV, I, Tb., 1941.
9. s. janaSia, Tubal-Tabal, tibareni, iberi, Sromebi,
III, Tb., 1959.
10. prokopi kesarieli, georgika, berZnuli teqsti
qarTuli Targman. gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo
s. yauxCiSvilma, II, Tb., 1965.
11. agaTia sqolastikosi, georgika, berZnuli teqsti
qarTuli Targman. gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo
s. yauxCiSvilma, t. III, Tb., 1936.
139
Papuna Gabisonia
THE GREEK-LATIN NAME CLARIFYING OF THE TRIBES LIVING IN THE EASTERN BLACK SEA
(I-II CENTURIES)
Summary
Roman and Byzantine ages authors knew the West Georgia as Lazika. The authors mentioned lots of tribes to the East of the Black Sea. Some of the names are of general importance. For example “Φθευροφαγοι” refers to those tribes, that used chestnut as food. Arrian (II c.) Mentions “Δριλαs” – that means the worm and fits – Murguli, that is Georgian province in the South-East of the Black Sea. La-zika comes from the ancient Greek “Λασια”, which often means the forest. His Latin translation is “saltia” (Pliny). Greco-Roman “Σαννιγαι” means the “Chans land”, while ,,Apsilae” - means unfriendly. Apsils was Mengrelian tribe.
140
daviT merkvilaZe
Walatyel merkvilaZeTa saojaxo-
sagvareulo arqivi
ramdenime wlis win, zestafonis municipalitetis
sof. WalatyeSi vixile imereTis dedofal mariamisa
da efTvimi gaenaTeli mitropolitis mier miwerili
werilebis pirebi am soflis jvarcmis eklesiis de-
kanoz, aznaur basil merkvilaZisadmi.1 Semeqmna STa-
beWdileba, rom saqme mqonda Walatyis jvarcmis ekle-
siis sabuTebTan, romelnic sabWoTa-komunisturi xe-
lisuflebis mier soflis eklesiis daxurvis Sem-
dgom, SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo zemodasaxelebuli
dekanozis, basili merkvilaZis STamomavalTa ojaxSi
[2,178].
Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac meore wels q. zestafonSi
mivakvlie arqivis danarCen nawilsac, sabuTebis mTli-
anobaSi damuSavebis Semdgom, davrwmundi, rom yvela
es sabuTi warmoadgenda dekanoz basil merkvilaZis
STamomavalTa saojaxo-sagvareulo arqivs. am daskvnis
safuZvels iZleoda is garemoeba, rom TiTqmis yvela
sabuTi, pirdapir Tu iribad, uSualod ukavSirdeba
basili merkvilaZis SviliSvilis, timoTe merkvilaZis
ojaxsa da STamomavlobas.
saojaxo-sagvareulo arqivi, mTlianobaSi, Sedgeba
17 sabuTisagan. aqedan, 8 rusul enazea Sedgenili,
cxra _ qarTulad. rusul enazea saxelmwifo uwye-
bebis mier gacemuli dokumentebi, xolo kerZo pirTa
Soris sxvadasxva saxis xelSekrulebebi _ qarTulad.
1 es ukanaskneli ori werili adreve gamovaqveyne (ix. 2,178-185).
141
aseve, qarTul enazea Sedgenili soflis eklesiis
mier gacemuli gardacvalebis mowmoba. sabuTebi
Sedgenilia me-19 saukunis meore naxevarsa da me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi. yvelaze Zveli daTariRebuli
werili 1883 wlis 25 ianvriT TariRdeba. yvelaze
gviandeli _ 1916 wliT. imereTis dedoflis mari-
amisa da gaenaTeli mitropolitis efTvimis werilebi
dauTariRebelia, Tumca cxadia, rom am werilTa
dednebi aRniSnul sabuTebs Soris yvelaze Zvelia.
dasaxelebuli arqivi iZleva warmodgenas basili
merkvilaZis STamomavalTa socialur statusze, qo-
nebriv mdgomareobaze; me-19 saukunisa da me-20 sau-
kunis dasawyisSi sof. WalatyeSi mcxovreb gvarebze
da a.S. am arqivis masalebis safuZvleze, warmovadgenT
dekanoz basil merkvilaZisa da mis STamomavalTa
Sesaxeb arsebul monacemebs.
merkvilaZeTa socialuri statusi. basil merkvi-
laZe mariam dedoflis mier, misTvis gagzavnil
werilSi iwodeba aznaurad. „aznaurs vasils“ _ ase
mimarTavs mas dedofali. basilis SviliSvili timoTe
ki, aznaurobis maZieblad moixsenieba, iseve, rogorc
timoTes vaJi _ iakobi. vladimer iakobis Zis Sesaxeb
ki, am ukanasknelis moTxovniT gacemul dabadebisa da
naTlobis mowmobaSi (gacemulia 1903 wlis 25
ivliss) aRniSnulia, rom mowmoba mieca `Tavis azna-
urad mwodeb (именующему себя Дворянином) vladi-
mer iakobis Ze merkvilaZes~. etyoba, vladimer merkvi-
laZe dabejiTebiT iTxovda Tavis dabadebisa da
naTlobis mowmobaSi aznaurobis miTiTebas. me-18 s-Si
am ojaxis winaparTa mier, aznauris wodebis floba
142
aSkaraa.1 Tumca, rogorc Cans, rusuli mmarTvelobis
damyarebis Semdeg, maT TavianTi statusis dasabuTeba
bolomde ver SeZles.2 amis gamo, oficialur doku-
mentebSi, sadac maTi socialuri statusis moxsenieba
iyo saWiro, ixseniebian rogorc aznaurobis maZi-
ebelni. didi albaTobiT, swored TavianTi aznaurobis
dasamtkiceblad unda moeZiebinaT efTvimi gaenaTelisa
da mariam imereTis dedoflis mier TavianTi babuis,
dekanoz basil (vasil) merkvilaZisaTvis miwerili we-
rilebi maTi oficialurad damowmebuli pirebis
saTanado uwyebebSi warsadgenad.
cxadia, merkvilaZeebi Tavs yvelgan aznaurebad
moixseniebdnen da asec iyvnen kidevac cnobilni sazo-
gadoebaSi. magram vinaidan oficialurad maTi azna-
urad aRiareba rusuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi gar-
Tulda, oficialur dokumentebSi ZiriTadad, „aznau-
robis maZiebelis“ statusi ufiqsirdebaT da ara „me-
sakuTre glexisa“, rogorc mag., erT-erT sabuTSi ix-
senieba galaqtion merkvilaZis SeZlebuli simamri,
sof. sazanos mkvidri ivane saceraZe.
sagvareulo arqivSi merkvilaZeTa Soris moxseni-
ebuli uxucesi piri _ basil, igive vasil merkvilaZe
Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis dekanozi iyo. sasu-
liero piri iyo basilis vaJi andriac. mitropoliti
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom imereTis mefe solomon I erT-erT sasisxlo
saqmeze Tavisi ganCinebis aRsrulebas, avalebs aznaur ivane merkvi-laZes (ix. ganCineba solomon I-isa daviT wereTlisa da beJika
cqitiSvilis sasisxlo saqmeze (3,285). 2 imereTSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, Tavad-aznaurTa
wodebaSi SemavalTa dazustebis saqme rTulad warimarTa. am mizniT,
Seqmnilma droebiTma komisiam 1849 wlis ivnisSi daasrula Sesabamisi
siis Sedgena, romelic sabolood, momdevno wlis bolos iqna damtkicebuli (1,4).
143
dekanoz basils piradi weriliT amcnobs, rom misi
Svili, andria mRvdlad akurTxa da Txovs, raTa mas
aswavlos RvTismsaxureba (`wirva da tipikoni~). Tu
sad msaxurobda mRvdeli andria merkvilaZe, dasaxe-
lebul sabuTebSi zusti miTiTeba ar moipoveba. sama-
gierod, quTaisis saxelmwifo arqivis monacemebis
mixedviT Sedgenil specialur literaturaSi andriac
Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis mRvdlad aris miTiTe-
buli 1812 wlidan. aqve, 1812-1851 wlebSi, amave
eklesiis mRvdlad dasaxelebulia giorgi vasilis Ze
merkvilaZe [1,149]. merkvilaZeTa saojaxo arqivis 1870
wlis sabuTis 1885 wels gacemuli damowmebuli as-
lis mixedviT, mRvdel giorgi merkvilaZes Walatyis
jvarcmis eklesiaSi 1842 wlis 30 ianvars mounaT-
lavs timoTe andrias Ze merkvilaZis vaJi iakobi. Se-
saZloa, mRvdeli giorgi merkvilaZec zemoaRniSnuli
basil, igive vasil merkvilaZis Ze iyos, andrias um-
crosi Zma. andrias Ze timoTec eklesiis msaxuri
yofila, Tumca samRvdelo xarisxi mas ar miuRia,
radgan iwodeba mxolod `priCetnikad~ (umcrosi
RvTismsaxuri, medaviTne) da mRvdlis Svilad. misi
Svilebi ki _ mRvdlis SviliSvilebad. me-19 s-is 80-
90-ian wlebSi Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis umcros
RvTismsaxurad (priCetniki) Cans aseve, tariel mer-
kvilaZe (msaxurobda mRvdel giorgi dalaqiSvilTan).
zemodasaxelebuli sabuTebis monacemebidan Cans,
rom 1893 wlis dokumentSi timoTe merkvilaZis Svi-
lebi moxseniebulni arian, rogorc „STamomavlobiT
sasulieroni“.
merkvilaZeTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba. sagvareulo
arqivis mixedviT, merkvilaZeni sof. Walatyis SeZle-
144
buli mkvidrni Canan. maT sakuTrebaSi aqvT sakmao
raodenobis saxnav-saTesi miwis nakveTebi. am sakuT-
rebas isini flobdnen memkvidreobiT. saojaxo arqivSi
daculi sabuTebiT dgindeba, rom timoTes Zeebs, oTx
Zma merkvilaZes: besarions, simons, pavlesa da iakobs
TxovniT miumarTavT xelisuflebisTvis da warudge-
niaT saTanado sabuTebi, ris safuZvelzec Tbilisis
saxazino palatis Sorapnis mazris ufrosisadmi 1883
wlis 11 ivnisis #3159 miwerilobis Tanaxmad, isini
gamouricxavT sof. Walatyis saxazino miwaze mcxov-
reb dasabegr pirTa ricxvidan.1 rac niSnavs, rom Zmebi
Zmebi gaTavisufldnen Sesabamisi gadasaxadisagan.
saxazino miwaze mcxovrebTa ricxvSi ki, isini
CauweriaT 1873 wlis kameraluri aRweris dros da
Sesabamisad, da-begrilan saxelmwifos sasargeblo
gadasaxadebiT.
1992 wlis 18 dekembris da quTaisis guberniis
1893 wlis 16 ianvris winadadebis ZaliT, dRis
wesrigSi damdgara saxazino miwebis CamorTmevis sa-
kiTxi, magram pavle da iakob merkvilaZeebis (maTi uf-
rosi Zmebi, besarioni da simoni am droisaTvis ukve
gardacvlilebi Canan) SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli
iqna is garemoeba, rom `sazogadoebisgan maT arasdros
ar hqoniaT gadacemuli saxazino miwebi, xolo maT
sargeblobaSi arsebul miwebs isini Tavisi winap-
rebisagan memkvidreobis uflebiT floben~. amitomac,
merkvilaZeebis mflobelobaSi da sargeblobaSi arse-
buli miwebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan 1 saxelmwifo, anu saxazino glexebad XVIII-XIX ss-is ruseTSi iwo-
debodnen iseTi glexebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen saxelmwifo miwaze
da amitom, sagangebo gadasaxads ixdidnen saxelmwifo xazinis sasargeblod.
145
moixsna (aqvea xazgasmuli, rom isini `STamomavlobiT
sasulieroni~ arian).
basili merkvilaZis STamomavalTa qonebriv mdgo-
mareobas, aseve asaxavs saojaxo arqivSi daculi nas-
yidobis sabuTebi, romlebic ZiriTadad, miwebis yidva-
gayidvas exeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yidva-gayidva warmo-
ebda ZiriTadad, merkvilaZeTa gvaris warmomadgenlebs
Soris, xandaxan ki, uSualod timoTe merkvilaZis
STamomavlebs Sorisac.
dekanozi basili merkvilaZisa da misi Stamo-
mavlebis biografiuli cnobebi. saojaxo arqivSi
daculi monacemebis gamokvlevis, Sesabamisi daxaris-
xebisa da Sejamebis Sedegad, basili merkvilaZisa da
misi STamomavlebis garkveuli biografiuli suraTi
iSleba.
basil (vasil) merkvilaZe. aznauri. sof. Walatyis
jvarcmis eklesiis mRvdeli. flobda dekanozis
xarisxs. Cans XVIII saukunis me-2 naxevrisa da XIX
saukunis damdegis moRvawe. sagvareulo arqivSi
daculi gaenaTel mitropolit efTvimisa da imereTis
dedoflis mariamis misadmi miwerili werilebis Sina-
arsidan irkveva, rom igi Zalze dafasebuli da pativ-
debuli pirovneba yofila. amaze metyvelebs: 1. mariam
imereTis dedoflis mier mokrZalebuli mimarTva
dekanozisadmi: „marjvenes geamborebi“ da moridebuli
dabareba TavisTan: „Tu Seni Sesamati saqme aris, To-
rem dasaklisi araferi aris. nu daizareb aq Ca-
mosvlas. Tumc rame erTi mizezi qondes da Sen ver
Camoxvide, Seni biZaSvili rom aris daviTela, is ga-
mogzavne saCqaroT;“ 2. efTvimi gaenaTeli mitropo-
litis werili, sadac mRvdelmTavari dekanozs Txovs,
146
mis mier mRvdlad nakurTx Svils RvTismsaxureba
(„wirva da tipikoni“) Seaswavlos da samagierod, mis
eklesiaze „madlis gawevas“ hpirdeba. amave werilidan
vigebT, rom Tavad basilisaTvisac efTvime mitropo-
lits uswavlebia liturgika: „ravarc SenTvis me
meswavlebinos wirva da tipikoni,“ andriasac ise
aswavleo, _ wers mas mitropoliti.
andria basilis Ze merkvilaZe. daibada mRvdlis
ojaxSi. mRvdlad akurTxa gaenaTelma mitropolitma
efTvimem da mamamiss, dekanoz basil merkvilaZes
sTxova misTvis srulyofilad eswavlebina samRvdelo
wesebi. dabadebuli unda iyos me-18 saukunis bolo
meoTxedSi. mRvdlad Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiaSi
msaxurobda 1812 wlidan.
timoTe andrias Ze merkvilaZe. iwodeba mRvdlis
vaJad. umsaxuria medaviTned (iwodeba `priCetnikad~).
aseve, iwodeba aznaurobis maZieblad. misi meuRle
moixsenieba rogorc rodam belianis (?) (mamis saxeli
cudad ikiTxeba) asuli. sabuTebSi moxseniebulia misi
4 vaJi: besarioni, simoni, pavle da iakobi. misi pir-
veli Ze, besarioni dabadebula 1823/4 wlebSi, um-
crosi, iakobi _ 1842 wels. amitom, timoTe savara-
udod, dabadebuli unda iyos 1800 wlis axlo xa-
nebSi.
besarion timoTes Ze merkvilaZe (1824-1885).
gardaicvala 1885 wlis 25 Tebervals yvavilisagan.
dakrZales 28 Tebervals s. Walatyis jvarcmis ekle-
siis galavanSi. gardaicvala 61 wlisa ucolSvilod.
aRsareba aTqmevina da aziara mRvdelma giorgi dala-
qiSvilma. anderZi augo amave mRvdelma medaviTne
(причетник) tariel merkvilaZesTan erTad. radganac
147
gardaicvala ucol-Svilod, mis memkvidreebad darCnen
misi Zmebi: pavle da iakob merkvilaZeebi. dabadebuli
unda iyos 1824 (an 1823) wels. moxseniebulia coc-
xlad 1883 wlis da 1884 wlis sabuTebSi.
simon timoTes Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da
gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. dabadebuli unda iyos
1824 wlis Semdeg (vinaidan am wels misi ufrosi Zma
besarioni Cans dabadebuli). ixsenieba 1883 da 1884
wlis sabuTebSi cocxlad. 1889 wlis sabuTSi, is
aRar ixsenieba ucol-Svilod gardacvlili ufrosi
Zmis memkvidre Zmebs Soris. ar ixsenieba arc 1893
wlis sabuTSi, sadac is wesiT moxseniebuli unda
iyos (laparakia, rom mis Zmebs pavles da iakobs ar
ekuTvniT saxazino miwis CamorTmeva, radgan maT saxa-
zino miwebi ar miuRiaT da memkvidreobiT floben.
amitom, igi 1889 wlisaTvis ukve gardacvlili Cans.
e.i. unda gardacvliliyo 1884-1889 wlebs Soris.
pavle timoTes Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da
gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. ver daibadeboda 1826
wlamde da verc 1841 wlis Semdeg. didi albaTobiT,
XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSia dabadebuli. 1912 wlis
sabuTiT, is jer kidev cocxalia. misi ojaxis wev-
rTagan sabuTebSi ixsenieba misi vaJi sardioni. ar
scodnia wera-kiTxva, ris gamoc, sabuTebs mis magiv-
rad xels aweren sxvebi (maT Soris, misi Ze sardi-
oni).
iakob timoTes Ze merkvilaZe. umcrosi vaJi timoTe
merkvilaZis ojaxSi. iwodeba aznaurobis maZieblad.
Cans, SinaurobaSi eZaxdnen iakos, radgan ramdenime
oficialur sabuTSi igi iakod moixsenieba. sagvare-
ulo arqivis sabuTebSi yvelaze xSirad iakob merkvi-
148
laZe figurirebs. daibada 1842 wlis 14 ianvars. 30
ianvars igi mounaTlavs Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiis
mRvdels, giorgi merkvilaZes. naTlia yofila
mRvdeli simon feraZe. 1893 wels is cocxalia. 1896
wels ki, misi Zma pavle misi meuRlisagan yidulobs
saxnav miwas, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom iakobi cocxali
aRar aris. e.i. TiTqos, unda gardacvliliyo 1893/6
wlebs Soris. Tumca, 1897 wels mas miumarTavs
Sorapnis sasamarTloSi saCivriT vinme saqareli ora-
xelaSvilis winaaRmdeg (miwa Sinaurulad miveci
dasamuSaveblad da aRar abrunebso). sabuTebSi ixseni-
eba misi meuRle _ kesaria ioseb bazRaZis asuli.
sabuTebSi dasaxelebulia misi xuTi vaJi: vladimer,
sergo, galaqtion, agabo da Salva. misi pirveli vaJi,
vladimeri dabadebula 1880 wlis 1 maiss.
sardion pavles Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da
gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. rogorc Cans, ojaxSi
erTaderTi vaJia. ixsenieba 1909, 1911 da 1912 wlis
sabuTebSi. igi mamasTan erTad, monawileobs uZravi
qonebis gankargvaSi, rogorc sruluflebiani wevri.
sabuTebs wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mamis magierac Tavad
awers xels. aseve, xels awers Tavisi biZaSvilis
(galaqtionis) simamris (ivane saceraZis) magierac.
vladimer iakobis Ze merkvilaZe. vladimer
merkvilaZis TxovniT, 1903 wlis 25 ivliss gacemul
missave dabadebis mowmobaSi aRniSnulia, rom vladi-
meri dabadebula 1880 wlis 1 maiss aznaurobis maZi-
ebel iakob timoTes Ze merkvilaZis ojaxSi. deda
kesaria iosebis asuli (bazRaZe). moinaTla 29 maiss.
monaTlula kacxis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi, vinaidan
misi dabadebisa da naTlobis Sesaxeb monacemebs iZle-
149
va aRniSnuli eklesiis metrikuli wignis Canawerebi.
naTlia gamxdara sof. qvacixis (amJamad, WiaTuris
municipaliteti) mkvidri, aznauri daviT dimitris Ze
JRenti. naTlobis saidumlo aRasrula mRvdelma spi-
ridon modebaZem. sainteresoa, rom TviTon iwodeba
sof. Walatyis mkvidrad, xolo misi mSobelni _ sof.
saqaraSi mcxovrebad. aseve, sagulisxmoa, rom igi
ixsenieba rogorc „Tavis aznaurad mwodebi“. 1909
wels biZisa (pavles) da biZaSvilisagan (sardioni-
sagan) ZmebTan erTad, yidulobs saxnav miwas. xolo,
1912 wels, amave pirebTan iyofs mama-papiseul miwas
aseve, danarCen ZmebTan erTad.
galaqtion iakobis Ze merkvilaZe. dabadebisa da
gardacvalebis wlebi ucnobia. dabadebuli unda iyos
1880 wlis Semdgom. deda kesaria iosebis asuli
(bazRaZe). ixsenieba, rogorc sasuliero piri. 1909
wels biZisa (pavles) da biZaSvilisagan (sardioni-
sagan) ZmebTan erTad, yidulobs saxnav miwas. xolo
1912 wels aseve danarCen ZmebTan erTad, amave pi-
rebTan iyofs mamapapiseul miwas. meuRle, mariam ivane
saceraZis asuli. 1911 wels igi ukve daojaxebulia.
am wliT aris daTariRebuli sabuTi, romliTac misi
simamri, sazanoeli „mesakuTre glexi“ ivane zurabis
Ze saceraZe mas da mis meuRles „samkvidrod da
saSviliSvilod“ aZlevs misadmi kuTvnil mamulebs.
1916 wels silion merkvilaZisagan yidulobs miwis
nakveTs.
sergo, agabo da Salva iakobis Zeni merkvilaZeebi.
maT Sesaxeb bevri araferia cnobili. deda _ kesaria
iosebis asuli (bazRaZe). monawileoben 1909 da 1912
wlis garigebebSi ZmebTan erTad. amas garda, am dros
150
agabo da Salva arasrulwlovnebi yofilan, ris
gamoc, maT magivradac sabuTebs xels awers maTi sami
ufrosi Zma. rogorc Cans, es sergo da Salva arian,
romelTa mamuli esazRvreboda silion merkvilaZis
mamuls („lipis adgili“) dasavleTidan.
sabuTebSi dasaxelebuli punqtebi Sorapnis mazris
ares, farglebs ar scildeba (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT sagubernio centrebs: quTaisi, Tbilisi).
dasaxelebulia ramdenime sofeli: Walatye, saqara,
sazano, qvacixe, kacxi, yvirila. aq, aseve, am soflebSi
moipoveba mTeli rigi adgilTa saxelwodebani, ro-
melTa didi nawili dRes ukve dakargulia. dasaxele-
bulia ramdenime eklesiac.
Walatye. sabuTebSi am soflis saxeli yvelaze
xSirad gvxvdeba da es logikuria: merkvilaZeebi, ro-
melTa saojaxo arqivsac exeba es gamokvleva, swored
am soflis mkvidrni arian. soflis ZiriTadi nawili
gaSenebulia md. Colaburis marcxena napirze, mdina-
reebis, bujisa da Zusis SesarTavidan (saidanac iwyeba
md. Colaburi) dinebis daRma, municipalur centr
zestafonis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares, am ukanaskne-
lisgan 10-ode km.-Si.
sabuTebSi araerTxel aris moxseniebuli Walatyis
jvarcmis eklesia. macxovris jvarcmis eklesia dRe-
sac dgas am sofelSi, Colaburis marcxena SemaR-
lebul napiras. am eklesiis RvTismsaxurebidan sabu-
Tebis mixedviT, viciT: dekanozi basili merkvilaZe
(XVIII s-is me-2 naxevari), mRvdeli andria merkvilaZe
(XIX s-is dasawyisi), giorgi merkvilaZe (1842 weli),
mRvdeli giorgi dalaqiSvili (1880-iani wlebi).
umcrosi RvTismsaxurebi: timoTe merkvilaZe, tariel
151
merkvilaZe. Walatyel merkvilaZeTa didi nawili am
eklesiaSia monaTluli da mis ezoSia („galavanSi“)
dakrZaluli.
Walatyis mkvidrTa Soris sabuTebSi moxseniebul
pirTagan didi umravlesoba merkvilaZeebi arian, ro-
gorc basili merkvilaZis STamomavlebi (misi CaTvliT
13 pirovneba), ise sxva merkvilaZeebi (15 pirovneba).
kanti-kuntad, magram mainc Cans savaraudod, aq
mcxovrebi sxva gvarebis warmomadgenlebic: yvelaze
didi albaTobiT gabunia da xutaSvili. am sofelSi
mRvdlad namsaxuri giorgi dalaqiSvili adgilobrivi
mkvidri ar unda iyos. es gvari am da axlo-maxlo
soflebSi gavrcelebuli ar aris. garda amisa, ro-
gorc dgindeba, mas Walatyis jvarcmis eklesiaSi
mosvlamde umsaxuria sof. beRlevis wm. giorgis
eklesiaSi [1.50].
sagulisxmoa, rom miwis nasyidobis sabuTebSi mamu-
lebis myidvelebica da gamyidvelebic merkvilaZeebi
arian da sasyid miwasac, yvela mxares, isev merkvi-
laZeTa mamulebi, miwebi emijneba. amitom SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom WalatyeSi XIX saukunis me-2 naxe-
varsa da XX s-is dasawyisSi ZiriTadad merkvilaZe-
ebi mkvidroben. am mcire sofelSi sxva gvarTa Soris,
yvelaze mravlad dResac merkvilaZeTa gvaria gavrce-
lebuli.
soflis toponimikidan dasaxelebulia: lomor-
souli, feraZis souli, lalastye, lipis adgili.
saqara. amJamad arsebobs ori, zeda da qveda saqara.
Cans, sabuTebSi zogadad saqara ixsenieba, romlis
sazogadoebaSi Sedioda sof. Walatye. igi administra-
ciulad dResac saqaris (qveda) TemSi ganixileba.
152
sabuTebSi saqaris xseneba ZiriTadad, swored am
garemoebiT aris ganpirobebuli. garkveuli tipis sa-
buTebs xels awers saqaris mamasaxlisi, an misi
TanaSemwe. samwuxarod, xelmoweraSi garkveva, rig
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebelia. oriod adgilas (1909 da
1912 w. sabuTebSi) ikiTxeba „ipolite svimonis Ze
samxaraZe _ saqaris sazogadoebis mamasaxlisis pomoS-
niki“ (TanaSemwe). saqaraSi mcxovrebTagan, Cans vinme
oraxelaSvilic (misi saxelis amoikiTxva ar xerxde-
ba).
sazano. sof. sazanos Sesaxeb saubaria erTaderT
sabuTSi, romelic warmoadgens mamulebis nusxas,
romelsac aZlevs am soflis mkvidri ivane saceraZe
Tavis siZes _ galaqtion merkvilaZes. vinaidan ivane
sakmaod SeZlebuli glexi Cans („mesakuTre“), aq Ca-
moTvlilia misi kuTvnili 10-ode adgili Tavis
saxelwodebebiT da mosazRvre pirovnebebiT. dokumen-
tSi dadasturebul miwismflobel gvarTagan, Ziri-
Tadad, saceraZeebi arian (sul 11 pirovneba ivanes
CaTvliT). aseve, Canan TiTo-TiTo: martaZe, gograZe,
uriaTmyofeli, alaviZe, davlaZe, guruli, nasraZe,
komaxiZe, samxaraZe. sazanos sazogadoebis warmomad-
genelia porfile qurcaZe.
sazanos toponimikidan naxsenebia: gaRma venaxi, do-
bilos adgili, leJavas seuli, partaxis venaxi,
Txmeluras adgili, winwkalastye, bostnis yana, nasax-
laris adgili, sadarbazos adgili, gaRmayana, naRo-
maras adgili, tye bostnis belo, wyarosseris tye,
naficrulis tye, qoribedis tye.
sabuTebSi, aseve naxsenebia: yvirila (daba, romlis
adgilas aRmocenda Semdgom q. zestafoni), kacxis wm.
153
giorgis eklesia da sof. qvacixe. kacxi da qvacixe
erTmaneTis maxloblad mdebare soflebia (amJamad,
WiaTuris municipalitetSi). kacxis wm. giorgis ek-
lesiaSi 1880 wels naTlobis saidumlo aRasrula
mRvdelma spiridon modebaZem, xolo medaviTneoba gas-
wia simon cercvaZem (1903 w. sabuTi). qvacixis mkvid-
rTagan, dasaxelebulia aznauri daviT dimitris Ze
JRenti.
154
wyaroebi da literatura
1. m. kezevaZe, egzarqosobisdroindeli imereTis ekle-
siebi da mRvdlebi, quT., 2008.
2. g. merkvilaZe, axlad aRmoCenili sabuTebi sof.
Walatyidan, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XIII-XIV,
Tb., 2011/2012.
3. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. V., sasamarTlo
ganCinebani (XVIII s.), teqstebi gamosca da SeniS-
vnebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1974.
4. quTaisis guberniisa da mazris TavadaznaurTa wi-namZRolebi, dokumentebis krebuli, Seadgina da
gamosacemad moamzada m. kezevaZem, quTaisi, 2009.
155
David Merkviladze
THE FAMILY ARCHIVE OF MERKVILADZE FROM THE VILLAGE CHALATKE
Summary
Few years ago, from the village Chalatke of Zestaphoni
district three handwritten document sheets were brought. Among them, there were two copies of letters written by Mariam queen of Imereti and Epthvimi Gaenati Metropolitan to the archpriest of the Crucifixion church of village Cha-latqe, nobleman Basil (Vasili) Merkviladze. Later on the rest of archives documents, which recently had been taken to Zestaphoni, were found.
From the beginning it was obvious the handwritten do-cuments were part of an archive. Getting better the do-cuments and their complex research made it clear that all of these documents in its entirety had been family archive of the archpriest Basil Merkviladze’s descendants. The documents are drawn up in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. The private documents are drawn up in Ge-orgian and official part of archive documents - in Russian.
The archive gives significant information about social and economic status of Basil Merkviladze’s descendants; It also gives interesting data about village Chalatke in the 19th century and the early 20th century: About its inhabitants, church priests, different relationships and etc.
156
oTar gogoliSvili
didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis olqiT
daintereseba pirveli msoflio omis win
1914 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo pirveli msoflio
omi. am omSi erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen erTis mxriv:
germania, avstria, bulgareTi da TurqeTi da meore
mxares ki, inglisi, safrangeTi, ruseTi. am omSi mniS-
vnelovani adgili eWira kavkasiis regions, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki, baTumis olqs. 1914 wlis wina periodis
TiTqmis yvela mimowera imperiis centridan kavkasiaSi
Seexeboda baTumis olqs da iq mimdinare politikur
procesebs. Cven, ruseTis, kerZod, peterburgisa da
moskovis, Tbilisisa da baTumis arqivebSi xangrZlivi
muSaobis Sedegad, gamovavlineT ara erTi oficialuri
dokumenti, romelic Seexeba swored zemoTqmuls. ga-
momdinare aqedan, mizanSewonilad miviCnieT, farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis migvewodebina ara erTi saarqivo
dokumenti, romelic aaSkaravebs mefis ruseTisa da
sulTnis TurqeTis eqspansionistur politikas. es sa-
interesoa imdenad, ramdenadac dRes saqarTvelo imyo-
feba, cota gansxvavebul, magram msgavs situaciaSi.
amitom, sifrTxile yovelTvis iyo is mTavari saSu-
aleba, romelic iZleoda Tavis gadarCenisa da TviT-
myofadobis SenarCunebis udides Sanss. swored rom,
es sifrTxile gvmarTebs dRes.
1913 wlis 27 seqtembers ruseTis imperiis Sinagan
saqmeTa saministrodan saidumlo werili miuvida kav-
kasiis mefisnacvlis kancelarias, sadac ewera: ,,Tur-
qeTSi mimdinareobs aSkara saomari mzadeba da sul ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom gaaxSiron provokaciebi Cvens
157
winaaRmdeg. iq Camoyalibebulma ,,axalgazrda TurqTa~
organizaciebma gaaZlieres panislamisturi propaganda
TurqeTis sazRvrebs gareT. maTi survilia islamis
aRorZineba sxva qveynebSi. am mizniT, maT gansakuT-
rebuli yuraReba miaqcies ruseTis imperias, sadac
cxovrobs mravalricxovani musulmani mosaxleoba da
maTSi islamis aRorZineba SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoC-
ndes TurqeTisaTvis, misi urTierTobis gasamwvaveblad
ruseTTan. am mizniT, Turqebis mier, ruseTSi gag-
zavnili iqna vaWrebisa da xojebis saxiT, ,,axal-
gazrda Turqebis~ momxre xalxi. emisrebi gaigzavna
volgaze, yirimSi, Sua aziasa da kavkasiaSi.G gamomdi-
nare aqedan, miiReT gadamWreli zomebi, raTa kavka-
siaSi, CvenTvis strategiulad am mniSvnelovan mxa-
reSi, mtrebma ver awaarmoon ZirgamomTxreli saqmi-
anoba. amis didi survili maT eqnebaT, radgan isini
didi xania ocneboben Cvens gamoZevebas kavkasiidan da
iq gabatonebas. gevalebaT: 1) daaweseT emisrebze
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba; 2) yuradReba gaamaxvileT
panislamuri ideebis gavrcelebaze da sastikad win
aRudeqiT mas yoveli saSualebebiT; 3) daaweseT
TvalTvali yvela ucxoelze, gansakuTrebiT, mahmadi-
anebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi; 4) gansakuTrebiT kon-
trolze aiyvaneT is xojebi, romlebmac ganaTleba
miiRo ucxoeTis sasuliero centrebSi~ [1]. aseTi
werilebi metropoliidan ara erTi gamoigzavna. Tavis
mxriv ki, kavkasiis mefisnacvali baTumis olqis sam-
xedro gubernators avalebda, gaemkacrebina poli-
tika ucxoelTa mimarT, radgan es olqi gansakuTre-
biT axlos mdebareobda TurqeTTan da centridan
gamogzavnil yvela werilSi ixseneboda. 1913 wlis 30
158
seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariidan wer-
dnen baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators: ,,Seis-
wavleT da warmoadgineT yvela im ucxoelis vinaoba,
romelic baTumSi cxovrobs~. quTaisis JandarmTa sam-
marTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe, baTumis olqSi acno-
bebda samxedro gubernators 1913 wlis 2 oqtom-
bers: ,,gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia meCeTi ,,azizie~,
romelic xdeba baTumis olqis panislamisturi ide-
ebis gavrcelebis centri. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iq
xSirad dadian TurqeTidan emisrebi da iqve, oTaxSi
aqvT raRac saidumlo Sexvedrebi. am meCeTSi xSirad
SeimCnevian ,,axalgazrda TurqTa~ warmomadgenlebi.
rac Seexeba policias, sadac umravlesoba mahmadiani
,,tuzemcebi~ arian, Znelia maTdami ndoba, radgan isini
iolad moeqcevian panislamisturi gavlenis qveS.
mizanSewonilia policiis gaZliereba rusuli elemen-
tebiT~ [2]. mdgomareoba TandaTan iZabeboda. miuxe-
davad mefis ruseTis mxridan gatarebuli mkacri
RonisZiebebisa, 1913 wlidan baTumis olqSi TurqeTi,
germania didi raodenobiT gzavnida agentebs mosax-
leobis asmxedreblad. 1913 wlis 17 oqtombers kav-
kasiis mefisnacvlis kancelaria SeSfoTebiT werda
baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators: ,,miuxedavad
gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, Tqven olqSi SeimCneva
osmaluri sadazvervo saqmianobis gaaqtiureba. Tqven
ver SeZeliT rusuli gavlenis ise gaZliereba, rom
mtrebis veraviTari propaganda ver SegvaSinebda (xaz-
gasma Cvenia, o. g.) am mimarTulebiT Tqveni adminis-
traciis saqmianoba savsebiT aradakmayofilebelia~ [3].
Cveni azriT, uaRresad sainteresoa baTumis olqis
samxedro gubarnatoris 1913 wlis 20 oqtombris
159
sapasuxo werili, sadac gaSiSvlebulia is veraguli
politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am mxareSi:
,,Tqveno udidebulesobav, Cven vcdilobT yoveli Rone
vixmaroT, raTa gavaZlieroT rusuli elementebi
baTumis olqSi. magram sanam amas gavakeTebdiT, Cven
vcdilobdiT erTmaneTisaTvis wagvekidebina qarTveli
qristianebi da mahmadianebi. am mizniT, vecadeT mog-
vesyida ara erTi gavleniani mahmadiani qarTveli, Se-
vaZlieT didZali Tanxa, SevadgineT moqmedebis gegma.
samwuxarod, yvela moqmedeba warumatebeli iyo. pir-
velad vecadeT abaSiZeebis amxedreba, vin ar mi-
vugzavneT maT, magram isini ratomRac yvelafrisagan
Sors iWerdnen Tavs. vcadeT ximSiaSvilebis gamo-
yeneba, magram mizani aqac miuRweveli gaxda. maSin
gadavwyviteT Turqi erovnebis xalxis dapirispireba
qristianebTan, amisaTvis SevqmeniT specialuri ganyo-
fileba sammarTveloSi, aqac xel-fexi SegveboWa. bo-
los, gadavwyviteT somxebisa da musulmanebis dapi-
rispireba, ra ar gavakeTeT amisaTvis, movawyveT aTasi
provokacia, magram Sedegi araferi. rac Seexeba
rusebs, am saqmeSi isini pirdapir ver CavabiT, radgan
saagitacio manqana, am SemTxvevaSi, mtris wisqvilze
asxams wyals. rogorc Cans, dawyevlili mxarea am
mimarTulebiT. saWiroa sxva meTodebis gamoyeneba, Se-
muSaveba iseTi programisa, romelic frTebs Seasxams
Cvens Sorsmimaval amocanebs~ [4]. aq SesaniSnavad aris
naCvenebi is politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am
kuTxeSi. Tavis mxriv, arc TurqeTis mxare udebda
tols veragul ganzraxvaSi mis mowinaaRmdegeebs.
magaliTad, 1913 wlis 29 noembers erT-erT Turq
emisars CamoarTves proklamacia, romelic mas gauv-
160
rcelebia zemo aWaraSi, arTvinSi da cdilobda mis
gavrcelebas baTumis musulman mosaxleobas Soris.
policmeisteris patakidan JandarmTa sammarTvelos
ufrosisadmi vkiTxulobT: ,,ama wlis (1913, o. g.) 21
noembers davakaveT TurqeTis qveSevrdomi, romlis
saxelia axmed yadi oRli. dakavebisas, man wina-
aRmdegoba gagviwia. aRmoaCnda proklamaciebi, sadac
ewera: ,,dReSi xuTjer unda vilocoT TurqeTis
sasargeblod da ruseTis sazianod, unda SevevedroT
RmerTs, raTa ruseTi aRigavos pirisagan miwisa, Seve-
vedroT RmerTs, rom TurqeTma daibrunos yvela is
teritoria, romelic mas ruseTma waarTva... moerideT
qristianebTan TanamSromlobas, isinic gadamwyvet
momentSi rusebs miudgebian... proklamaciebi aucileb-
lad gaacaniT xalxs, gamoakariT sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyris adgilebSi da a.S.~ [5]. aqac Cans is poli-
tika, romlis gatarebasac cdilobda osmaleTis impe-
ria kavkasiaSi da maT Soris, baTumis olqSi.
rac ufro axlovdeboda msoflio omi, miT ufro
iZabeboda urTierToba am or saxelmwifos Soris da
1914 wlis oqtomberSi dapirispireba kidevac gadai-
zarda saomar moqmedebaSi. aseTia mokled, im mimowe-
rebis Sinaarsi, romelic TvalnaTliv aaSkaravebs
orive saxelmwifos saqmianobas kavkasiis mxareSi.
161
wyaroebi da literatura
1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (Semokl.
acsa), f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 21.
2. acsa, f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 35. 3. asca, f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 48-49. 4. acsa, saq. 126, furc. 57. 5. acsa, saq. 126, furc. 69.
162
Otar Gogolishvili
INTERESTS OF THE BIG STATES TO BATUMI DISTRICT BEFORE THE WORLD WAR I
Summary
The World War I started in the August, 1914. The signi-
ficant place in this war had the region of the Caucasus, mainly the Batumi district. Almost all correspondence sent from the center of the empire to the Caucasus was about the Batumi district and the political processes taking place there. Not a single document was revealed by us when, for a long time, we worked in the archives of Russia, mainly Pe-tersburg, Moscow and in Tbilisi and Batumi as well. These documents reflect on going processes of those days. Not a single document reveals the expansionist policy of Tsar’s Russia and Sultan’s policy. It is evident that they were plan-ning to foment religious strife and civil confrontation bet-ween Muslims and Christians. Despite numerous attempts the provocations did not bring results.
These documents are interesting as much as Georgia today is, though now a bit another, but in a similar situation. That is why be cautious has always been the main means to survive and to preserve identity, what we need today as well.
163
nato sonRulaSvili
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi1
qarTveli erisTvis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraoba da misi mniSvneloba ucxo arasdros yofi-
la. saqarTvelos istoria aRniSnulis araerT maga-
liTs mowmobs. sabWoTa ruseTis mier, saqarTvelos
dapyrobis Semdeg, erovnuli moZraoba ganviTarebis
axal etapze gadavida da axali formebiT gamovlinda.
SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis mniSvnelobiT, gansakuT-
rebiT STambeWdavi iyo XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
mimdinare ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli eris is-
toria erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis or mi-
marTulebas mowmobs: 1. SeiaraRebuli gamosvla da 2.
ideologiuri. es ukanaskneli, gansakuTrebiT aqtua-
luri iyo XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli,
rodesac qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-
ta ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis axal etapze gada-
vida. ideologiuri brZola kvlav gagrZelda sabWoTa
ruseTis mier, saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, amJamad
ukve, emigraciaSi. amjerad, yuradRebas swored, erov-
nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologiur mi-
marTulebaze gavamaxvilebT.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam axali aR-
mavloba ganicada XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan, rac
gamomdinareobda meore msoflio omis dawyebiT. qar-
1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (#FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi.
164
Tul erovnul Zalebs imedi gauCndaT, rom sabWoTa
ruseTis omSi damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlebdnen
saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebas. swored amitom, saz-
rRvargareT myofi qarTuli emigracia, yovelmxriv
cdilobda kavSiri daemyarebina dasavleTis qveynebTan,
romlebic sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen da
maTi daxmarebiT aRedginaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-
ebrivi damoukidebloba. 1952 wels Jurnali `mebrZo-
li saqarTvelo~ werda: `sabWoTa ruseTs axasiaTebs
komunisturi totalitarizmi, romelic Tavis bunebiT
ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis da eris uflebaTa ganxorci-
elebas. sanam es reJimi arsebobs moskovSi, Cvens
ganTavisuflebaze (da sxva erebisac) laparaki zedme-
tia. amitom, Cven aucilebel saWiroebad gvidgas win
sakiTxi am reJimis damxobis. amis gverdis avla Tavis
motyuebaa. meore mxriT, Cven vxedavT, rom sabWoTa
komunisturi reJimi autaneli gamxdara, mTeli dasav-
leTis civilizaciis matarebeli kacobriobisaTvis,
romelsac meTauroben: pirvel rigSi, safrangeTi,
inglisi da aSS. Aaq Cven gviCndeba bunebrivi mokav-
Sire _ Zlieri da saimedo, romelsac eris da adami-
anis Tavisufleba Tavis lozungad aqvs gamocxade-
buli~ [4,1-2].
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTveli eris erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ori mimarTulebiT mim-
dinareobda: ideologiuri da SeiaraRebuli gziT. ra
ganapirobebda erovnuli moZraobis ideologiur xa-
siaTs? sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis cnobierebis
amaRleba, gamomdinare iqidan, rom sabWoTa sistemas
sakmaod mZlavri politikuri meqanizmi gaaCnda da
sazogadoebaSi sakuTari ideebis damkvidrebas, reali-
165
zebas cdilobda. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom ro-
gorc arasdros, sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi brZolac
SeuZlebeli iyo, mciredi gamonaklisebis garda.
ra faqtorebma ganapiroba XX saukunis 40-iani
wlebidan moyolebuli erovnuli moZraobis aRmav-
loba?
1. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gan-
viTareba mxolod saqarTvelosTvis ar yofila damaxa-
siaTebeli. aRniSnul movlenas xeli Seuwyo msof-
lioSi da kerZod, dasavleTSi mimdinare faqtorebma.
sabWoTa sistema, met-naklebad, iZulebulia daemor-
Cilos sazRvrebs gareT mimdinare movlenebs.
XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan aSS-is prezidentis,
franklin ruzveltis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelic
stalinis mimarT radikaluri damokidebulebiT ar
gamoirCeoda, xelisuflebaSi modis hari trumeni,
romelic aqtiur politikas atarebs sabWoTa kav-
SirTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan, aSS-ma pirdapir gamoxata
daxmarebis survili II msoflio omis Sedegad dasus-
tebuli evropis qveynebze. ra ganapirobebs am faqts?
faSizmis damarcxebis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso poli-
tikaSi aSkarad gamoikveTa komunizmis gaZlierebis da
aRmavlobis saSiSroeba. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-s,
romelic saerTaSoriso asparezze damkvidrebasa da
liderobaze acxadebda pretenzias, seriozuli saf-
rTxe Seeqmna sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan. aRniSnulis
Tavidan asacileblad, aSS-ma SeimuSava araerTi gegma,
romelic xels Seuwyobda sabWoTa kavSiris dasus-
tebas. es gamoixateboda, rogorc politikuri, aseve
ideologiuri mimarTulebiT. swored, aRniSnulis ga-
moxatuleba iyo dasavleT evropisaTvis finansuri
166
daxmarebis gaweva, raTa dasavleT evropa yofiliyo
Zlieri da komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe Semci-
rebuliyo.
2. qarTuli erovnuli Zalebis mTavari mizani
gaxda am viTarebis gamoyeneba sakuTari gegmebis gansa-
xorcieleblad. es ki, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos Tavi-
suflebis sakiTxs exeboda. qarTuli politikuri, Tu
kulturuli elita naTlad acnobierebda im faqts,
rom mxolod saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena
problemas ver gadaWrida, qveyanas realuri saerTa-
Soriso daxmareba sWirdeboda. 1952 wels, Jurnal
`mebrZol saqarTveloSi~ evgeni gegeWkori werda:
`CvenisTana patara erisTvis ar kmara marto udao
ufleba, Cven es ufleba aramc Tu gvqonda _ is
cxovrebaSidac gavanaRdeT, magram aman qarTvel xalxs
katastrofa ver aacdina. mware gamocdilebam cota
ram mainc unda gvaswavlos. saqarTvelos damoukideb-
lobis aRdgena da misi SenarCuneba moiTxovs Sesa-
feris saerTaSoriso ZalTa ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. Tu
Cveni qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgena TviT qarTveli
xalxis gautexel nebisyofazea umTavresad dayrdno-
bili, misi ganmtkiceba da SenarCuneba damokidebulia
im realur garantiebze, romelsac saqarTvelo SeZ-
lebs moipovos saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi~ [4,4].
Jurnali `Cveni droSa~ aRniSnavda: `eri rom ganTavi-
sufldes sxvisi Cagvrisagan, marto Sinauri Zalebi
ar kmara, miT umetes, dRevandel xanaSi, roca saerTa-
Soriso movlenebi, erTa interesebi metad daxlar-
Tulia, erTi meoreze gadabmulia, adgilobrivi sakiT-
xi erTi rgolia saerTaSoriso politikisa, aseT
viTarebaSi, kiTxvas swyvets ara marto Sinauri Za-
167
lebi, aramed saerTaSorisoc~ [10,3]. rogorc arsebu-
li masala aCvenebs, qarTvelebs arasdros SeuwyvetiaT
brZola saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis, gansakuT-
rebiT gamokveTili iyo qarTuli emigraciis moRva-
weoba am mimarTulebiT. XX saukunis 40-iani wle-
bidan dawyebuli, aqtiuroba sazRvargareT myofi
politikuri elitis mxridan, dakavSirebuli iyo II
msoflio omTan.Bbunebrivia, aRniSnuli moRvaweoba
arc 1921 wlidan moyolebuli iyo mniSvnelobas mok-
lebuli, Tumca II msoflio omma mizani ufro aqti-
uri gaxada. yovelive zemoaRniSnuls, emateba is
faqti, rom saqarTvelo am brZolaSi marto ar aris.
sabWoTa kavSirSi, rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva erebi iyo
gaerTianebuli. qarTveli erovnuli moRvaweni imeds
isaxavdnen, rom es brZola erToblivi iqneboda, Tu
romelime saxelmwifo Tavisufali gaxdeboda. es pro-
cesi saqarTvelozec aisaxeboda. Aamgvari damokidebu-
leba saqarTvelosTvis ucxo ar yofila, magaliTad,
jer kidev mefis ruseTis dros, 1825 wels dekabris-
tebis gamosvlam da 1830 wels poloneTis erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam, saqarTvelos saSua-
leba misca misi brZola ufro qmediTi gaexada da am
yovelives Sedegad mohyva 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, ro-
melic qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis
organizebuli iyo.
magaliTad, SeiZleba ganvixiloT pirveli msoflio
omic, rodesac qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri
elitis nawili germaniis daxmarebiT, imedovnebda da-
moukideblobis aRdgenas. damoukideblobis mopovebis
Semdeg ki, 1918 wlidan saerTaSoriso Zalaze amya-
rebda imeds. Jurnali `Cveni qveyana~ 1948 wels
168
aRniSnavda: `Cveni saerTo mizania Cveni eris, saqar-
Tvelos ganTavisufleba, romelic ager 28 weliwadia
ucxo da sastik uRelSia Sebmuli da tanjva-vaebas,
yovelgvar daCagvras ganicdis: erovnuls, politi-
kurs da socialurs. rogor da ra gziT aris SesaZ-
lebeli am miznis (misi ganTavisuflebis) miRweva?
cxadia, marto Cven aRar varT dRes aseT mdgomare-
obaSi, mTeli rigi erebis, wvrilisa da saSualosi,
imave bedSi arian rogorc Cven. sanaxevrod barbaro-
suli mteri daeufla aRmosavleTisa da saSualo
evropis saxelmwifoebs, ukve miadga dasavleT evropis
karsac da lamobs Sig SeWras da iqac misi saSineli
diqtatura gaamefos xiStiT, Tu misi laqia-amqrebis
saSualebiT. verc exla da verc momavalSi me ar maqvs
warmodgenili iseTi garemoeba, rom mxolod saqar-
Tvelo gaTavisufldes da sxvebi ki, darCnen dapyro-
bili.Aar arsebobs Cveni samSoblosaTvis arc sakmao
Sinagani da arc gareSe, ucxo Zala, romelsac Se-
eZlos misi gamoyvana dRevandeli mdgomareobidan. maS,
unda davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos bedi amJamad mWid-
rod dakavSirebulia da gadabmulia yvela danarCen
tanjul erTa bedze. Tu erTma aiyara aRviri da moi-
pova Tavisufleba, yvela danarCenebi aRsdgebian, vina-
idan maT yavs saerTo mteri. mtris winaaRmdeg brZo-
la unda iyves da iqneba erTi ganuyofeli~ [14,7].
aqve ganvmartavT erT sakiTxs, rogorc aRiniSna,
emigraciaSi myofi qarTuli Zalebi ibrZodnen saqar-
Tvelos Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis.YTumca, brZolis
meTodebSi, maT Soris iyo garkveuli gansxvaveba: Tu
erovnul-demokratebi da socialist-federalistebi
meore msoflio oms did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da
169
maTi mizani socialisturi reJimis damxoba iyo, so-
cial-demokratebi erovnuli Tavisuflebis aRdgenas
socializmis safuZvelze imedovnebdnen. `qarTveli
eris ideali saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis
aRdgena _ aris Cveni mizani, romelsac Cven mTeli
energiiT vemsaxurebiT. vinaidan, Tavisufali arseboba
Cven migvaCnia saukeTeso formaT qarTveli eris kul-
turuli aRorZinebisa da warmatebisaTvis, Cveni mSro-
meli xalxis uflebebis ganmtkicebisa da ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. eris Tavisufleba aris demokratiis udi-
desi principTagani da Cveni moZraobis bunebrivi
gamoxatuleba. xolo, rogorc socialistebi da qar-
Tveli eris interesebis saukeTeso gamomxatvelni _
Cven vukavSirebT saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas demok-
ratiul moZraobas, rogorc mTel msoflioSi, ise
TviT ruseTSi da uarvyofT iseT politikas, rome-
lic imeds amyarebs omze da samxedro-faSistur Za-
lebTan daaxloebaze~ [6,2]. marTalia, maTma ideo-
logiam garkveuli cvlileba ganicada da erovnuli
sakiTxi mniSvnelovani gaxda, Tumca ZiriTadi principi
ucvleli darCa.
3. qarTuli, erovnuli moZraobis dasavluri mimar-
Tuleba. qarTvelTa mizani yovelTvis iyo dasavleTze
orientirebuli politikis warmoeba da es xazi mud-
mivad gasdevda qarTveli politikuri da kulturuli
elitis moRvaweobas saukuneebis manZilze. sabWoTa
reJimis pirobebSi sakmaod rTuli iyo amgvari poli-
tikis realizeba. amas kargad acnobierebda qarTuli,
erovnuli speqtri. Tumca, sazRvrebs gareT myofi
erovnuli Zalebi, am mimarTulebiT, aqtiurad muSa-
obdnen. XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis qarTuli erov-
170
nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis es xazi mniS-
vnelovnad gamokveTili iyo. `qarTveli eri aris ise-
Ti eri, romelsac aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli kul-
turuli da moraluri Rirebuleba, romelsac SeuZ-
lia gverdSi amoudges, rogorc umcrosi moZme, ganaT-
lebul erTa saxelmwifoebs. mis erT istoriul
TvisebaTagans warmoadgens ara mxolod miswrafeba ev-
ropis kulturisa da civilizaciisadmi, aramed kidev
meti, is, rom mas TviTon Tavis istoriuli gzebis
manZilze SemuSavebuli aqvs sruliad damoukideblad
evropisagan iseTi socialuri da politikuri wyobi-
leba, romelic ekuTvnis evropiul sazogadoebriv
urTierTobis tips, rogorc es ukanaskneli gamoixata
umTavresad evropiul saxelmwifoebSi da imave dros
warmoadgens sruliad originalur da Tavisebur saxe-
obas am saerTo tipiuri urTierTobisas~ [5,6].
4. rogorc aRiniSna, sabWoTa reJimis specifikidan
gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideebis ganvi-
Tareba warmoudgeneli iyo. erovnuli moZraobis
ideologiuri brZolis erT-erT mTavar niSans warmo-
adgenda garusebis safrTxis, qarTuli enis, erovnuli
Rirebulebebis dakargvis acileba. bunebrivia, nebis-
mieri qarTvelisTvis da gansakuTrebiT misTvis,
romelic naTlad acnobierebda saukuneebis manZilze
qarTveli eris arsebobis mniSvnelobas da im did
istorias, rac saqarTvelos gaaCnda, rTuli gadasa-
laxi iyo is politikuri, social-ekonomikuri, reli-
giuri, Tu kulturuli cvlilebebi, rasac sabWoTa
sistema axorcielebda. `Cvens mdgomareobaSi myofi
xalxisTvis, rodesac ers politikuri saerTaSoriso
pirovneba warTmeuli aqvs, cxadia, arsebobs saSiS-
171
roeba, rom Cven metnaklebad im erTan gagvaigivon,
romlis saxelmwifo farglebSic vimyofebiT.Dda asec
xdeba. rac unda varwmunoT ucxoelebis farTo wre,
Znelia maTSi Rrmad gamjdari Sexedulebis Seryeva,
romlis mixedviT, Cven marTalia `mTlad rusebi~ ara-
varT, magram Cveni erovneba `provincialuri patri-
otizmia~ da sxva araferi. am mdgomareobasTan brZola
metad Znelia, radgan igi aixsneba Cveni gasvliT
politikur asparezidan. Mmagram Tu saqarTvelos sa-
Sualeba aqvs politikurad gamoCndes, kulturulad
gamoCenis da amgvarad ucxoeTisaTvis Tavisi Tavis
gacnobis saSualeba usaTuod moepoveba~ [2,11].
saqarTveloSi Seqmnili rTuli viTarebidan gamom-
dinare, rodesac yovelgvari erovnuli SezRuduli
iyo, im fonze, rodesac saqarTvelos marTlmadi-
debeli eklesia uflebaSekvecili iyo, erovnuli Za-
lebi imeds mwerlebze, poetebze, mecnierebze amya-
rebdnen, romelTa mTavar movaleobad Tvlidnen iseTi
nawarmoebebis Seqmnas, romelic xels Seuwyobda erov-
nuli Segnebis gaZlierebas. gazeT `qarTul azrSi~
1956 wels S. kalandaZe werda: `saqarTvelos warsu-
lis yovelmxrivi Seswavla dRis wesrigSi daisva.
riT aixsneba qarTveli istorikosebis da ekonomis-
tebis aseTi tendencia? rad mieca daviwyebas aqtua-
luri sakiTxebi? sabWoTa pirobebSi Zalian Znelia
seriozulad muSaoba mimdinare problemebze. erTi pa-
tara lafsusi sakmarisia, rom Tavi amoyo sadme Sors.
sabWoTa sinamdvile saSineli konfliqtebiTaa daRa-
ruli da daserili. msoflio istorias ar axsovs
adamianobis modgmis aseTi krizisi. sadac Camqrala
kacTmoyvareobisa da humanurobis kandeli da sazoga-
172
doebrivi cxovrebis fuZe farisevloba da mliqvne-
lobaa. utopiuri anTebiT Sepyrobili idealebi
miilulnen, revoluciuri fsiqozi da aRmSeneblobis
paTosi Cakvda.Yyvelgan da yvelaferSi gulgrilo-
ba.Ddaibada survili, rac SeiZleba Sors wavides
adamiani sabWoTa aseT uferul da dawyevlil yovel-
dRiurobisagan. ...qarTveli mecnierebis mTavari motivi
sulieri kavSiris aRdgenaa warsulTan, nacionalur
saqarTvelosTan, rom qarTvelma qarTvelad igrZnos
Tavi~ [9,2].
qarTuli kulturis SenarCunebas da ganviTarebas
emsaxureboda aRniSnul periodSi gamocemuli wignebi.
cenzuris pirobebSi, xerxdeboda saqarTvelos isto-
riis calkeuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba da erovnul Te-
maze iqmneboda mxatvruli nawarmoebebi. `Tavisuf-
lebis dasabruneblad, _ ajanyebaTa talRebis azvir-
Teba da mis Semdeg gaveranebul velze daRliloba,
daqanculoba, siCume, nawilobriv ZalTa darazmuloba
Secvala _ kulturul ZalTa darazmulobam... iwyeba
axali brZolis taqtika, _ erovnuli energiis samwer-
lo asparezze gaSliT, qarTveli eris kulturul
frontze gadasxmiT, xalxisken piris mibrunebiT;
momdevno Taobis mier politikur-organizaciul muSa-
obis gaCaRebiT, eris dabali fenebis sazogado aspa-
rezze gamoyvaniT da ase eri momzadebuli xvdeba
bednier dRes da kvlav damoukidebeli cxovrebis
mowyobisTvis irazmeba~ [12,30]. ra meTodebiT upiris-
pirdeba sabWoTa reJimi erovnul moZraobas?
qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis erT-erTi niSani
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg,
26 maisi qarTuli emigraciis erovnuli dResaswauli
173
gaxda. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, sabWoTa reJimi mis
sistemaSi gaerTianebul qveynebSi II msoflio omSi
germaniaze gamarjvebas mTavar dResaswaulad acxadebs.
amis meSveobiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba cdilobda
erTiani, saerTo miznis matarebeli gaexada mis daq-
vemdebarebaSi myofi saxelmwifoebi. amas garda, sab-
WoTa xelisufleba qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis
Sesustebis faqtorad aqtiurad iyenebda saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebebs, gansakuTrebiT, skolebs. sa-
qarTvelos regionebSi igzavneboda sxvadasxva saxis
literatura, romelic Seicavda sabWoTa ideologiis
elementebs da mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebaSi erov-
nuli cnobierebis Secvlisken. `1944-1945 wlebSi
mTavrobis dadgenilebis safuZvelze gatarda Ronis-
Ziebani polit-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa lite-
raturis dakompleqtebis xaziT. mTavrobis dadge-
nilebis Semdeg daegzavna literatura: adigenis
raions – 21, 186 maneTis, aspinZis raions _ 11, 895
maneTis, axmetis raions _ 11, 734 maneTis, goris
raions _ 29, 711 maneTis, kaWreTis raions _ 11, 895
maneTis, qluxoris raions _ 8, 258 man, duSeTis
raions _ 13, 318 man., Aaxalxevis raions _ 8, 704
man., axalcixis raions _ 28, 510 man. Dda a.S. sul
yvela raionis politdawesebulebebs, garda im lite-
raturisa, rasac isini uSualod iZendnen adgilze,
gaegzavnaT centralizebuli wesiT 70 815 cali wig-
ni. literatura SerCeuli iyo ZiriTadad poli-
tikuri, samecniero-popularuli, sasoflo-sameurneo,
mxatvruli Sinaarsis. literaturiT dakompleqteba
moxda biblioTekuri wesiT, bibkoleqtoris mier.
adgilze literatura gaunawilda politgandawesebu-
174
lebebs. amasTan gatarebulia RonisZiebani wignobrivi
fondebis aRricxvisa da movla-dacvis uzrunvel-
sayofad.Lliteraturis garda politgandawesebule-
bebs gaegzavnaT beladisa da partiisa da mTavrobis
xelmZRvanelTa portretebi 9 saxelwodebis 5000
cali, sabWoTa kavSiris, evropisa da msoflios
rukebi 4 saxelwodebis 5070 cali, sxvadasxva Sina-
arsis plakatebi 11 saxelwodebis 3090 cali,
sabWoTa kavSiris gmirebis suraTebi 18, 400 cali da
sxva~ [7,24].
qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
process, garda represirebuli meTodebisa, aqtiurad
upirispirdeba sabWoTa ideologiis mZalvri sistema,
romelic saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis saSua-
lebiT moqmedebda. `sagnebis swavleba mWidrod unda
ukavSirdebodes moswavlis Segnebis, maRali zneobis
da marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobis gamomuSavebis
amocanas. TiToeuli sagani skolaSi iZleva SesaniSnav
masalas moswavlis ideur-politikuri aRzrdisaTvis,
risTvisac TiToeuli skolis xelmZRvaneli da maswav-
lebeli unda zrunavdes imaze, Tu konkretuli gakve-
Tili ramdenad emsaxureba bavSvis moralur aRzrdas.
Cveni skolebis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli da maswav-
lebeli ar zrunavs am amocanis ganxorcielebaze. ar
muSaobs Tavisi ideur-politikuri donis amaRle-
baze...~ [8,236].
rogorc aRvniSneT, XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan,
saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi
iwyeba, rasac xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso viTarebam.
marTalia, erovnulad moazrovne qarTuli politi-
kuri da kulturuli Zalebi sabWoTa reJimis damya-
175
rebis dRidan axorcielebdnen sxvadasxva gegmebs,
Tumca, realuri Sedegi amas ar mohyolia. Mmeore
msoflio omis Semdeg, gaZlierebuli sabWoTa ruseTi
ukve aRar awyobda dasavleTs da amitom, aqtiuri
nabijebis gadadgmas iwyebs aRniSnulis aRmosaf-
xvrelad. amasTanave, emigraciaSi myofi qarTvelebi am
viTarebis gamoyenebas Seecadnen. amas emateba is faqti,
rom XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi
gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda axalgazrdoba. SemTxveviTi
ar iyo is faqtic, rom axalgazrdobas erovnulad
moazrovne Zalebi yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWeb-
dnen, amitom maTi aseTi gaaqtiureba dasaxuli mizne-
bis ganxorcielebisken iyo mimarTuli. `ormocdaa-
Tiani wlebidan saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis
ZiriTad Zalas moswavle axalgazrdoba _ studentoba
warmoadgens, misi centri ki Tbilisis universitetia.
samocian wlebSi arsebuli komunisturi wes-wyobi-
lebis mimarT siZulvilis gamoxatvis formas saqar-
TveloSi axalgazrdobisa da inteligenciis eklesii-
sadmi miswrafeba warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebiT es
vlindeboda saaRdgomo dResaswaulebis dros. am
dReebSi eklesiebi gavsebuli iyo xalxiT.Aaxalgaz-
rdobam daiwyo patriarqis qadagebebze daswreba~ [1,1].
II msoflio omis periodSi SeimCneva qarTuli
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmavloba.Oomis da Sem-
dgom wlebSi eklesia maqsimalurad aqtiurdeba, ramac
dadebiTi gavlena iqonia erovnul moZraobaze. sabWoTa
ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi erT-erTi mTavari
iaraRi erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCuneba da ganviTa-
reba iyo. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad ki, erTaderTi
gamosavali ideologiuri brZola gaxda. qarTuli
176
emigraciis warmomadgenlebi evropidan da erovnulad
moazrovne inteligencia saqarTveloSi mizanmimar-
Tulad cdilobda yvela Rone exmara, raTa qarTve-
loba erTiani yofiliyo ganaTlebis saSualebiT. Seia-
raRebuli gamosvlis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi, ise
rogorc xdeboda XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyo-
lebuli, rodesac erovnulad moazrovne nawili gada-
vida brZolis axal formebze, kulturiT, codniT da
erTianobiT moepovebina saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, da-
axloebiT, aseTive damokidebuleba Cans XX s-is 40-
iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi. erovnulad moazrovne
qarTvelTa nawili qarTul sazogadoebas mudmivad
mouwodebda saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis mopove-
bisTvis brZolisken. `Cven yvela miviswrafviT erov-
nuli Tavisuflebisaken, magram me ara var darwmu-
nebuli, rom yvelas erTnairad gvesmis da erTnairad
vcnobT mis Tvisebebs da moTxovnilebebis saWiroebas.
zogi Cvengani TavisuflebaSi xedavs, upirveles yov-
lisa, politikur gancxadebas, romlis azriT, saxel-
mwifo win unda idges, vidre kultura... Cven gvinda
viyoT Tavisufali da TviTon unda ganvsazRvroT
Cveni momavali da, ufro adamianuri da safuZvliania,
Cven gvinda viyoT pasuxismgebeli monawile cxovrebis
gignaturi msvlelobisa. Cven am uflebas vTxoulobT
Cveni erovnuli pirovnebis Semowmebis gamo. Cveni
rasa, Cveni kultura, Cveni ena, Cveni religia, Cveni
socialuri struqtura, yvela es ganuyreli nawi-
lebia Zlieri saxelmwifosi, romelic memkvidreobiT
Cagvbarda. Cven unda viamayoT, rom miuxedavad
ricxobrivi simcirisa, SevZeliT da mravali saukunis
manZilze SemovinaxeT Cveni erovnuli pirovne-
177
ba.Mmagram dRes srulebiTac ar kmara veZioT poli-
tikuri Tavisuflebis wlebi, rodesac erovnuli
TviTarsebobis safuZvlebia safrTxeSi. Cveni valia,
swored mas mivaqcioT yuradReba da is davicvaT~
[10,1].
XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda saqar-
Tvelos erovnuli sabWo, romelic iyo saqarTvelos
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis organo sazRvargareT.
`saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo miznad isaxavda emu-
Sava `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aRdge-
nisaTvis~. kerZod: `a) gaaerTianos da xelmZRvaneloba
gauwios ucxoeTSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobi-
saTvis momqmed qarTul Zalebs da organizaciebs. b)
gaswios saTanado propaganda ucxoeTis sazogadoebriv
wreebSi. g) gaacnos saqarTvelos sakiTxi da misi
axlandeli mdgomareoba sxvadasxva qveynis pasuxis-
mgebel pirebs da organizaciebs, raTa maT saqar-
Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas mxari dauWiron,
roca maT winaSe es sakiTxi dadgeba. d) gamosces
beWdviTi organo, wignebi da sainformacio furclebi
qarTul da ucxo enebze. e) saqmiani damokidebuleba,
Tu kavSiri daiWiros yvela im saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebTan da im erebis warmomadgenlebTan, romelnic:
1. udavod scnoben qarTveli eris suverenul uflebas
TviT ganagos Tavisi bedi; 2. aRiareben saerTod erTa
TviTgamorkvevis uflebas urezervod. 3. ibrZvian
sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. 4. iZiebs nivTier
saSualebas Tavis daniSnulebis gansaxorcieleblad~
[3,6].
qarTvel amerikelTa ligam 1951 wels gaerTi-
anebuli erebis organizaciis samdivnos gadasca memo-
178
randumi, sadac aRniSnulia: `Cven vTxovT gaerTi-
anebul erTa organizaciebs axsovdes mas, qarTveli
xalxis ufleba, romelic vaJkacurad ibrZoda Tavisi
damoukideblobisaTvis warsulSi da dResac ewinaaR-
mdegeba daCagvras~ [3,8].
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTvelTa erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba Semdegi mimarTulebiT
viTardeboda. 1. brZola Sinagani Zalebis aRorZinebiT:
es gamoixateboda, rogorc erovnuli cnobierebis
aRmavlobiT da ganviTarebiT, agreTve saerTaSoriso
mxardaWeris mopovebiT; 2. TiToeul socialur fenas,
Tu jgufs gacnobierebuli unda hqonoda sakuTari
brZolis mimarTuleba da azri. magaliTi unda aeRo
sxva erebis brZolis istoriidan, magram mTavari da
ZiriTadi moqmedeba qarTveli eris warsulis gamocdi-
lebasa da individualuri brZolis meTodebze yofi-
liyo damokidebuli.
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ucxo aras-
dros yofila saqarTvelosTvis. Tumca, saukuneebis
manZilze, saSinao Tu sagareo gamowvevebidan gamomdi-
nare, brZolis meTodebi icvleboda, magram idea uc-
vleli rCeboda _ Tavisuflebis mopoveba.
sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSic qarTveli eris brZo-
la kvlav grZeldeba, Tumca formebi icvleba. Tu XX
saukunis 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelosTvis SeiaraRe-
buli gamosvlebia damaxasiaTebeli, XX saukunis II
naxevridan ideologiuri brZola ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba, idea ki, ucvleli _ damoukideblobis aRdgena.
`Tu ajanyeba warsulSi erTi didi iaraRTagani iyo
ganTavisuflebisa, gamarTlebuli da aucilebeli, mim-
dinare epoqis gzaze, mravali politikuri movlenaTa
179
da faqtorTa zegavleniT da eris fizikuri sxeulis
SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa ukarnaxebs mis ukidures
saSualebisagan Tavis Sekavebas, romlis gamoyenebas
SeuZlia kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli mpyrobelis risxvam
safrTxeSi Caagdos misi modgmis arsebobac ki... magram
es srulebiT ar niSnavs, erovnulad damonebuli eri,
ama Tu im misaReb formebSi ar gamoxatavdes Tavis
Rrma survilis cxovelmyofelobas. Eeri, romelic ar
moqmedebs, ar moiTxovs, ama Tu im saxiT ar aaSkara-
vebs miswrafebas TavisuflebisaTvis, mas aravin anga-
riSs ar gauwevs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki, mis moT-
xovnilebas, brZolas daZabuli yuradRebiT Tvalyurs
adevnebs mteri da moyvare. erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-
lebeli moZraobis gzebi mravalgvaria. udavoa, umTav-
ress warmoadgens sakuTari erovnuli Zalebi da eris
Sinauri social-politikuri pirobebi, romelic
droTa cvalebadobaSi viTardebian, icvlebian~ [13,2].
qarTveli erisTvis brZola sabWoTa reJimis wina-
aRmdeg metad rTuli gadasalaxi iyo, radgan sazo-
gadoeba sxvadasxva gamowvevebis winaSe idga. erTi
mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuflebas da meore mxriv, erov-
nulad moazrovne Zalebis ideologia, romlebic saku-
Tari ideebis danergvas cdiloben sazogadoebis far-
To fenebis cnobierebaSi. sabednierod, saqarTveloSi
am ukanasknelma gaimarjva da erovnuli ideologia
ganmsazRvreli gaxda qarTveli eris azrovnebaSi.
aRniSnulis gamoxatulebaa, 1978 wlis da 1989 wlis
movlenebi, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-
rivi damoukideblobis aRdgena mohyva.
180
wyaroebi da literatura
1. Jurnali `guSagi~, 1985, #5. 2. Jurnali `Tavisuflebis tribuna~, 1976, #10. 3. Jurnali `mamuli~, 1951, #4. 4. Jurnali `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #1. 5. Jurnali `imebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 1952, #4 6. Jurnali `socialisturi azri~, 1934, #1 7. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri
saxelmwifo arqivi (SemdegSi suicsa), f. 600, aRw. 1, w. 4, saq. # 7243.
8. suicsa, f. 300, aRw. 12, saq. #541. 9. gazeTi `qarTuli azri~, 1956, #11. 10. gazeTi `qarTuli azri~, 1960, #38. 11. Jurnali `Cveni droSa~, 1975, #84. 12. Jurnali `Cveni droSa~, 1950, #6. 13. Jurnali `Cveni droSa~, 1975, #84. 14. Jurnali `Cveni qveyana~, 1948, #5.
181
Nato Songulashvili
THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN GEORGIA 40-50-S OF THE XX CENTURY
Summary
The Georgian nation and its national liberation movement
had never been a stranger. The number of examples illus-trate the history. The national movement passed the stage and showed the new forms after the Georgia’s conquest by Soviet Russia. The most impressive by the armed speeches was the liberation movement in the 20-s of the XX century.
The national-liberation movement entered in a new phase in the 40-s of the XX century. The national-liberation move-ment was progressed to the next direction. 1. Fighting inner forces of revival: This was expressed as the rise of national consciousness and development, also to get international support; 2. Each social class or group should have been aware their own opinion and direction. They have to take the examples from other nation’s history of the fight, but the main and essential action had been depended on the past experience of the Georgian nation and the individual methods.
182
igor kekelia
samegrelo karl hainrih emil koxis
samogzauro CanawerebSi
XIX s. I naxevris samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros
politikuri, ekonomikuri, eTnografiuli, geologi-
uri, fizikur-geografiuli da sxva saxis vrceli aR-
weriloba mocemulia cnobili germaneli botanikos-
dendrologisa da mecnieris, ienis universitetis
profesoris _ karl hainrih emil koxis (1809-1879
ww.) samogzauro CanawerebSi. koxi 1847 wlidan ber-
linSia. erT dros, berlinis botanikuri baRis direq-
toradac muSaobda. mas ekuTvnis saintereso Sromebi
mcenareul samyaroze. 1869-1872 wlebSi sam tomad ga-
movida ,,dendrologia~ da a.S. Cveni kvlevisTvis sa-
intereso koxis naSromi daibeWda q. laifcigSi, 1855
wels, mis mierve Sedgenil krebulSi _ ,,kavkasiis
qveynebi da somxeTi~. krebulSi gaerTianebuli xuTi
avtoris Txzulebidan erTi _ ,,mogzauroba Cerqeze-
Tis, afxazeTisa da samegrelos sanapiros gaswvriv~,
ekuTvnis edmund spensers. II da IV Tavebis avtori ki,
krebulis Semdgeneli k. koxi gaxlavT (,,mogzauroba
redut-kaledan trapizonamde (kolxeTi da lazebis
qveyana~) da ,,brZolis velze gasvla~. sagulisxmoa
CanawerebSi mocemuli cnobebi eTnologiuri, yofis
Seswavlis, geografiuli garemos aRwerisa da flo-
ris TvalsazrisiT. es aris uaRresad saintereso
istoriuli masala, ramdenadac spenseri da koxi erT-
droulad, 1836 wels, mogzaurobdnen kavkasiasa da
kerZod, saqarTveloSi. ,,vfiqrobT, saintereso unda
iyos, rogor gamoiyureba ori sxvadasxva qveynis
183
warmomadgenlis TvaliT erTdroulad danaxuli kav-
kasia da saqarTvelo da agreTve isic, Tu rogor
gamoiyureba saqarTvelo da agreTve isic, Tu rogor
gadatyda sxvadasxva interesebis mqone da gansxva-
vebul poziciebze mdgom mogzaurTa cnobierebaSi aq
Seqmnili politikuri viTareba [3,12-13].
winamdebare naSromSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
sakiTxze, Tu rogor aisaxa samegrelos istoriuli
warsuli germaneli mecnieris da mogzauris _ karl
hainrih emil koxis samogzauro CanawerebSi.
l. mamacaSvilis TqmiT, koxis samegreloSi mogzau-
roba daemTxva ,,im periods, rodesac saqarTvelos,
faqtiurad, dakarguli hqonda politikuri damouki-
debloba da mefis ruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri reJimis
marwuxebSi iyo momwyvdeuli~ [3,13]. es viTareba, das-
Zens mTargmneli, kargad aris Seswavlili Cvens
istoriografiaSi; mainc, am periodis amsaxveli yove-
li axali wyaro did interess aRZravs da garkveuli
mniSvnelobis mqonea qveynis istoriis Seswavlis dros
[3,13-14].
koxi aRniSnavs, rom Sav zRvaze gamovlili gansac-
delis Semdeg, pirveli dasaxlebuli punqti, rac man
samegreloSi ixila, iyo redut-kale, ,,uferuli qa-
laqi, romelsac aRaraferi SerCenoda Tavisi Zveli
brwyinvalebidan~.
redut-kales Sesaxeb, koxi vrcel cnobebs gvaw-
vdis. misi azriT, XIX s-is I meaTedSi aziis SigniT,
umTavresad, sparseTSi, gansakuTrebiT TavrizSi, re-
dut-kaledan igzavneboda evropuli saqoneli. xolo
mas Semdeg, rac rusebma aziisken adgilobrivi na-
warmis gagzavnis mizniT, yvela ucxo gemisTvis navsad-
184
gurebi gadaketes, amierkavkasiis mosaxleobas mniSvne-
lovani Semosavlis wyaro xelidan gamoecala. amis
Semdeg, evropuli saqonlis usafrTxod gatarebis
mizniT, axali savaWro-saqaravno gza gaixsna trapizo-
nidan erzerumisken. Tumca, es gza adgilmdebareobis
gamo, gauTavebel siZneleebs qmnis.
koxi redutSi asaxelebs sxvadasxva erovnebis
xalxs. yovelwliurad gamarTul bazrobaze, mogza-
uris TqmiT, iyideboda Camoqnili sanTlebi, xorci,
saponi, Cinuri Cai, Saqari, zeTi, arayi da sxva. aRmo-
savluri restornebi, dasavlurisgan gansxvavebiT, Se-
nobis SigniT ki ara, gareT, quCaSi iyo moTavsebuli.
cecxlze Semodgmul qvabSi gamudmebiT ixarSeba xor-
ci, metwilad cxvrisa. xaxviT, nivriT, espanuri wi-
wakiT da sxva misTananiT momzadebuli didi raode-
nobis adgilobrivi sakmazi xorcs sakmaod cxare ge-
mos aZlevs. evropelebisTvis aseTi saWmeli metis-
metad cxarea. cxvari samegreloSi alpur saZovrebze,
gansakuTrebiT, zafxulsa da Semodgomaze, daiareba da
ikvebeba maRali mTebis noyieri alpuri balaxeuliT.
aq, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxvris xorcis SeZena ufro
Zviri ujdebaT, mas mainc yiduloben, radgan Zalian
uyvarT cxvris mwvadebi. redut-kales maRaziebSi
rusebi iZenen Sampanurebs da saojaxo dResaswaulebis
dros, erT boTl SampanurSi xalisiT ixdian ver-
cxlis oTx an xuTmaneTians, rac xSirad maTi erTi
kviris xelfass Seadgens. rusi oficrebi ufro xel-
gaSlilebi arian magari sasmelebis SeZenisas. isini
mxolod dRevandel dReze fiqroben, maSin, rodesac
maT Tavze damokles maxviliviT hkidia saSineli
momavali _ Savi zRvis cieb-cxeleba da mteri mTaSi
185
[3,166-167]. koxis am cnobebs l. mamacaSvili Semdeg
komentars ukeTebs: ,,yvelaferi es evropeli mogza-
urisaTvis ucxo da saintereso iyo, magram cota
gaugebaric. yvelgan da yvelaferSi k. koxi analogias
atarebs sakuTar samSoblosTan da sazogadod, evro-
pul yofasTan. redut-kales (da sxva nebismieri
savaWro centris) duqnebi, k. koxis azriT, veraviTar
metoqeobas ver uwevs bavariis yvelaze WuWyiani sof-
lebis duqnebsac ki. dananebiT aRniSnavs igi, rom
evropuli saqoneli ukve aRar Semodis redut-kaleSi
da Tu iSviaTad mainc gamoCnda, _ Zalian Zvirad fa-
sobs~ [3,72-73].
geografiuli saxelwodebis _ redut-kales sais-
torio literaturaSi damkvidreba ukavSirdeba XIX
s-is dasawyisidan xobiswylis SesarTavTan arsebul
navsadgurSi ruseTis jaris nawilebis Cayenebas. es
navsadguri manamde yulevis saxeliT iyo cnobili da
misi istoria 1804 wlidan, anu im droidan, rac
yulevi da misi midamoebi ruseTis qveiTma polkma
daikava, sul sxva gziT warimarTa [4,3].
yulevi sofeli da Temis centria xobis municipa-
litetSi, Savi zRvis napirze, xobiswylis Sesar-
TavTan; qalaq xobs 18 km-iT aris daSorebuli. p.
cxadaias dakvirvebiT, ,,soflis mTeli mosaxleoba
ganTavsebulia erT quCaze, romelic md. xobiswylis
marjvena napirs gasdevs sof. yoraTidan istoriuli
cixesimagris nangrevebamde“ [8,220]. saxelwodebis iS-
viaTi variantia kule. n. asaTianis varaudiT, soflis
saxelwodeba Turquli yulidan (,,mona“) unda warmod-
gebodes. argumenti: ,,xobis SesarTavidan xom osmalebs
qarTveli tyve-monebi gayavdaT“. kerZo saubarSi
186
gamoTqmul am azrs iziarebs m. paWkoria da dasZens:
,,aseT mosazrebas iqneb exmaureba ,,yuliskari“, rome-
lic zugdidis raionSi erT-erTi soflis saxelwo-
deba iyo“ [4,8; sqolio].
monis aRmniSvneli sityva ,,yuli“ arc Turquli
warmoSobis sityva aris da mas arc ,,yulevTan“ aqvs
raime saerTo. yulevis fuZe arabuli ,,kules“ saxe-
nacvali formaa (yule), xolo -ev geografiul
saxelTa sufiqsia. osmalobis Jams, iq ,,kuled“
iwodeboda Tavad jaianis koSki. am koSks, XIX s-is
damdegs, rusuli simagrec (redut-kale) miemata. am
soflis erT-erTi gviandeli saxeli iyo redut-kale:
,,reduti“ franguli sityvaa da ,,mcire cixes“ niSnavs,
xolo ,,kale“ _ arabulad ,,cixea“. redutad iwoda
rusTa mier 1804 wels agebuli cixe (Землянной редут) [10,25; 4,6-7; 5,34; 7,379-392].
k. spaski-avtonomovi saxelwodeba ,,redut-kales“
xobis SesarTavTan kazakebis damkvidrebas (1804 w.)
ukavSirebs da wers, rom xobiswylis zRvasTan Sesar-
TavTan, mdinaris marcxena napirze maT aages reduti,
xolo iq, sadac xobi da civi uerTdeba erTmaneTs,
SeimCneva garedan aguriT mopirkeTebuli qvis ori ke-
deli. am Zveli kedlebis nangrevebze naTlad SeimCneva
nayari miwiT SemaRlebuli adgili, razec Tavadma
jaianma xis koSki yulevi aaSena. iq mdgari dacva
meTvalyureobas uwevda Savi zRvis sanapiros. tyiT
dafaruli koSki zRvidan SeumCneveli iyo. spaski das-
Zens, rom swored kazakebis mier agebulma redutma da
jaianis Zvelma koSkma kulem, anu kalem misca saxeli
dRevandel redut-kales [4,7].
187
redut-kales istoriis mkvlevari, mamanti paWkoria
imowmebs foTis navsadguris proeqtebis Sedgenasa da
mSeneblobaze momuSave inJiner Savrovis cnobas, rom-
lis Tanaxmad, xobis sanapiroze dabinavebulma belevis
samxedro nawilebma male iq gaaSenes ,,Земляной ре-дут. Редуту этому прибавили слово Кале, что значит ,,крепость~ [4,31]. redut-kales cixis mSenebloba ram-denime weliwads mimdinareobda, rasac mowmobs 1808
wlis 24 ianvris cnoba, kerZod, mTavarmarTeblis mier
samxedro ministr prozorovskisadmi gagzavnili mox-
seneba, raSic aRniSnulia: ,,redut-kaleSi me iseTi
samxedro simagris ageba vubrZane, rom jaris mcire
ricxviTac SeiZlebodes mtris yvela Semotevis moge-
rieba. cixe-simagris mSenebloba male damTavrdeba“-o.
mdinaris marcxena mxares SemorCenil aRniSnul naci-
xars adgilobrivi mosaxleoba jixas ,,cixis“ saxeliT
moixseniebs.
redut-kale dasavluri gagebiT arasdros yofila
qalaqi. vaWrobisaTvis manamde TiTqmis ucnobi sana-
piro punqtis umniSvnelovanes savaWro punqtad
(emporiumad) gadaqcevas vagneri samegreloSi rusuli
mmarTvelobis dawyebis periods ukavSirebs. misi mniS-
vneloba didi iyo 1831 wlamde. redut-kales dawina-
urebas xeli Seuwyo transkavkasiis provinciebisaTvis
1821 wlis 8 oqtombris kanonis safuZvelze 10 wliT
vaWrobis sruli Tavisuflebis miRebam. SeRavaTebis
dawesebam moitana is, rom Tormetiode Raribi xis
qoxiT cnobil redut-kaleSi dasaxleba daiwyes mSe-
neblebma, vaWrebma, mikitnebma da spekulantebma. Wao-
bian miwaze sokoebiviT momravlda maRazia-sawyobebi.
emporiumisken mcire aziis navsadgurebidan gamoe-
marTnen Turqi da berZeni menaveebi. odesel eqspedi-
188
torebs daqiravebuli patara navebiT SemohqondaT
savaWro saqoneli. Semotanili saqonlis Rirebulebam
aTwliani vaWrobis pirobebSi 2 milioni vercxlis
maneTi Seadgina. kolxuri provinciebi progresul
vaWrobaSi Caebnen. samegrelodan odesisken gahqondaT
adgilobrivi nawarmi: simindi, fetvi, gamxmari xili,
Tambaqo, tyaveuli, cvili, Rvino, yvelaze metad ki _
saucxoo megruli saSeni xe-tye, rac amouwurav sim-
didres warmoadgenda redut-kalesTvis. am Semosavli-
ani satranzito vaWrobidan miRebul mogebas, odesasa
da redut-kalesTan erTad, inawilebda tfilisi da
erevani, agreTve transkavkasiis yvela, zRvas mow-
yvetili Sida nawili [4,136-137].
SeRavaTiani tranzitisa da vaWrobis periodis
(1821-1831 ww.) yulevis mniSvnelobaze yuradRebas
amaxvilebs istorikosi m. paWkoria. 1821 wlis 8
oqtombris kanonis safuZvelze, dawesebuli SeRava-
Tiani satranzito daTmobebiT, ruseTi amierkavkasiaSi
garkveul miznebs isaxavda. saimperio tarifiT gansaz-
Rvruli baJi (25-50%), am kanonis safuZvelze, iTva-
liswinebda 5%-iani baJis gadaxdas, rogorc Semota-
nil, ise gatanil da tranzitul saqonelze. aseTi Se-
RavaTis dawesebiT, ruseTis imperia cdilobda, evro-
puli saqonlisTvis gza gaexsna amierkavkasiis, Sua
aziisa da iranisaken. SeRavaTebis daweseba xels Se-
uwyobda amierkavkasiis teritoriaze trapezund-
arzrumis gzis gadmonacvlebasac [4,17-18; 5,36-37].
SeRavaTiani vaWrobis gauqmebis Semdgomdroindeli
yulevis socialur-ekonomikuri saxe kargad aris asa-
xuli novorosiiskis mxaris general-gubernatoris
(mogvianebiT mefisnacvlis) m. s. voroncovis werilSi
189
imperator nikoloz I-isadmi. voroncovi 1836 wels
swvevia yulevs. igi werda: ,,es sazRvao punqti amier-
kavkasiaSi Tavisufali vaWrobis arsebobis periodSi
did rols asrulebda komerciuli samyarosaTvis.
aqauri vaWrobis saerTo wesisadmi daqvemdebarebam,
tranzitis Sewyvetam da navsadgurisa da cixe-
simagris foTSi gadatanam, TiTqmis mospo winandeli
sarewebi da ayvavebuli saxe bazrisa, Tumca redut-
kaleSi Cven kidev vipoveT ramdenime qarTuli duqani“
[4,22].
1840 wels redut-kales qalaqis statusi mieniWa.
Ria zRvaze, bunebrivad moufarebel da WaobebiT dafa-
rul adgilas mdebare yulevi warmoadgenda Sav
zRvaze amierkavkasiis mTavar navsadgurs da saqar-
Tvelo-amierkavkasiaSi vaWrobisa da saqonelwarmoebis
ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoqmnil qalaqs, saqarTve-
loSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg [1,376].
redut-kales dasaxlebis struqturis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, sayuradRebo cnobebia daculi i. duk-
ruasis werilSi. 1849 wels aq mnaxvels SeeZlo enaxa
xis Senobebisagan Semdgari didi bazari, xolo bazris
bolos, xobiswylis SesarTavTan, karantini da sabaJo.
savaWro nagebobani da sacxovrebeli saxlebi, umTav-
resad, mdinaris marcxena mxares iyo ganlagebuli
[9,54-57; 4,25].
xobiswylis SesarTavTan, gauqmebuli redutis
adgilas agebuli sakarantino Senoba oTxi ganyofile-
bisgan Sedgeboda. pirvelSi moTavsebuli yofila
kancelaria. aqve iyvnen dabinavebulni mosamsaxureebi;
meore ganyofilebaSi aTavsebdnen im saqonels, rasac
sakarantino wmenda unda gaevlo, mesame mgzavrTaTvis
190
iyo gankuTvnili, xolo meoTxe Savi Wiris dawesebu-
lebas warmoadgenda. zRvispiras mowyobili yofila
sanapiro gzis makontrolebeli saguSago. qalaqs mat-
rosTa saxlic hqonia [4,33-34].
yirimis omis miwuruls (1855 wlis damdegidan)
yulevi omer-faSas mTavar banakad iqca. ase gagrZelda
1856 wlis gazafxulamde, roca osmalebi gaiqcnen
yulevidan. gaqcevis win mterma gadawva qalaqi. amiT
dasrulda kidec misi qalaqobis 16-wliani istoria.
es umizezod ar momxdara. male foTSi navsadguri ga-
ixsna da yulevis qalaqobis saWiroebac warixoca
[6,87].
redutidan 5 saaTis savalze koxi asaxelebs foTs
anu faS-kales. mogzauris interesi gamouwvevia
qviSian napirze mdebare, Sindisa da kunelis buCqebis
tyes. redut-kalesTan SedarebiT foTi ufro sevdis-
momgvrelia da gacilebiT mavne janmrTelobisTvisac.
savaWro urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, mas xelsay-
reli mdebareoba da momgebiani pirobebi aqvs, magram
rusebi mas mxolod samxedro banakad iyeneben. foTis
garSemo arsebuli Waobi yvelaze saSiSi mteria ada-
mianisTvis. amitom aq aravinaa xalisiani da jansaRi
Sesaxedaobisa. cieb-cxelebas zRvidan monaberi qaric
amZafrebs, romelsac mavne anaorTqliT gaJRenTili
notio haeri gamoaqvs. rioni, rac aq zRvas uerTdeba,
Zalze mosaxerxebelia kontrabandisTvis. mas Slamiani
SesarTavi aqvs da amis gamo, didi zomis gemebisaTvis
arasanaosnoa. ucxo saqonlis zRvidan gadmozidva
samagierod brtyeli navebiTa da kaparWebiTaa SesaZ-
lebeli. rioni am adgilze imdenad ganieria, rom mis
gadalasalaxavad 15 wuTze meti droa saWiro. mis
191
marjvena, ufro maRal napirze augiaT cixe-simagre
rionskis saxelwodebiT. cixe evropuli yaidis omis-
Tvis gamousadegaria, radgan did winaaRmdegobas ver
gauwevs. sakuTriv foTi, anu faS-kale mdinaris mar-
cxena napirze, aSmorebul dablobzea [3,168-169].
Canawerebi mis avtors dakvirvebul mogzaurad da
soliduri codniT SeiaraRebul mkvlevrad warmoaCens,
romelic kargad icnobs winamorbedi cnobili evro-
peli mogzaurebis _ Jan Sardenis, iakob rainegsis,
diubua de monperesa da sxvaTa Txzulebebs. mis mier
mopovebul masalebTan da dakvirvebebTan erTad, uxvad
warmogvidgens da xSirad sargeblobs maTi cnobebiT
[3,17]. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans argonavtebis
aiaSi (kolxeTSi) mogzaurobaze saubrisas. xifaTis
maZiebeli Zveli berZnebi, anu argonavtebi miTiuri
mefe aietis mefobis dros movidnen aiaSi (kolxeTi)
da moitaces aias taZarSi dakidebuli oqros sawmisi.
iazonma ukan moiTxova misi biZaSvilis _ samSoblodan
gaZevebuli da kolxeTs TavSefarebuli friqsosis
mier, saberZneTidan Camotanili ganZeuloba da aietis
qaliSvilis _ medeas daxmarebiT SeZlo kidevac
Canafiqris ganxorcieleba. medea, Ralati rom daefara,
iazonTan erTad gaiqca aiadan, xolo Semdeg TviTon
gaxda Ralatis msxverpli. argonavtebs Soris koxi
asaxelebs heraklesa da Tezevss. amrigad, _ daaskvnis
koxi, _ jer kidev sami aTasze meti wlis winaT
kolxeTi kulturuli qveyana iyo. ueWvelia, aq
indoeTidan, an rogorc herodotes miaCnda, egviptidan
iqna Semotanili vaWroba da miwaTmoqmedeba~ [3,170].
friqse, berZnul miTologiis mixedviT, aTamantesa
da Rrublebis qalRmerTis _ nefeles vaJia da heles
192
Zmaa. roca dedinacvalma inom da-Zmis daRupva gadaw-
yvita, nefelem oqrossawmisiani verZi gamogzavna da
da-Zma haerSi aiyvana. friqsem kolxeTs miaRwia da ai-
etTan miiRo TavSesafari, verZi msxverplad Seswira
da sawmisi WalaSi Camokida, rasac drakoni meTval-
yureobda [2,850].
ukanasknel xans, samegrelos Sesaxeb mravali mo-
nografia da statia gamoqveynda, magram aseTi mzardi
interesis miuxedavad, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas
Semdegi: ra kuTxiTac ar unda ganvixiloT samegrelos
warsuli, dRemde gamocemuli da Cvens xelT arse-
buli ramdenime aTeuli monografiisa da calkeuli
gamokvlevis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, sabolood
mainc im Sexedulebis aRiareba mogviwevs, rom bevri
ram am regionis istoriidan gamosamzeurebelia, mTeli
rigi sakiTxebisa kvlavac sagangebo kvlevasa da axle-
burad gaazrebas saWiroebs.Ees ki SeuZlebelia, upir-
veles yovlisa, evropel avtorTa cnobebis gaanali-
zebis gareSe.
winamdebare gamokvlevaSi Cven SevecadeT warmog-
veCina cnobili germaneli mecnierisa da mogzauris _
eduard aixvaldis samogzauro Canawerebis mniSvne-
loba, romelic axali StrixebiTa da niuansebiT
avsebs Cvens codnas XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis
samegrelos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebze.
193
wyaroebi da literatura
1. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX s. pirvel
naxevarSi (ruseTTan SeerTeba da socialur eko-
nomiuri ganviTareba), Tb., 1957.
2. solomon (biWi) TezelaSvili, ucxo sityvaTa leq-
sikoni. Tb., 2007.
3. k. koxisa da o. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da
kavkasiis Sesaxeb. germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali
da komentarebi daurTo londa mamacaSvilma. Tb.,
1981.
4. m. paWkoria, redut-kale-yulevi, Tb., 1968.
5. m. paWkoria, yulevis warsulidan wigni: `furclebi
kolxeTis istoriidan~, Tb., 1974.
6. i. sixaruliZe, i. kekelia, yulevi (istoriul-geo-
grafiuli mimoxilva), Tb., 2014.
7. z. qiria, sofel yulevis istoriidan, krebuli:
`istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani~, VI, Tb., 2004.
8. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwo-
debani, III, xobis raioni, q. foTi, Tb., 2007.
9. Кавказский календарь, Тф., 1849. 10. К. Спасский-Автономов, Редут-Кале, “Отечественные
записки”, т. 55, 1847.
194
Igor Kekelia
SAMEGRELO’S HISTORICAL QUESTIONS IN KARL HAINRIH EMIL KIKH’S TRAVELLER’S NOTES
Summary
A large political, economical, ethnographical, geological deseription of Samegrelo in the travelling notes of professor Karl Hainrih Emil Kokh, a famous German scientist and traveler (1809-1879). After having travelled in Georgia in 1836, he published a capital work in two volumes. The information, about Samegrelo is given in the third chapter of the second port of the book (“Travelling in Imereti and Samegrelo”), which was published in Leipzig in 1855. In the previous research we fried to show the importance of the travelling notes of Karl Kokh, a famous German scientist and traveler, which extend our knowledge, about Sameg-relo’s historical questions of the XIX century.
195
lia gulordava
odiSis samTavros sadavo teritoriebi
mezobel samefo-samTavroebTan da ruseTis mier misi dapyrobis winapirobebis Sesaxeb
XIX saukunis I naxevarSi odiSis (samegrelos)
samTavro dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT mniSvne-
lovan politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. mas ekava
SavizRvispira zoli rionsa da engurs Soris. odi-
Sis sazRvari CrdiloeTiT, egrisis qeds miuyveboda,
samxreTi sazRvari, ZiriTadad, md. rionis kalapots
gasdevda, aRmosavleTisa _ cxeniswyals, xolo Crdi-
lo-dasavleTi sazRvari, ZiriTadad, enguris sanapiro
zoliT SemoisazRvreboda. am ukanaskneliT, odiSi af-
xazeTisagan imijneboda.
odiSsa da imereTis samefos Soris mudmivi davis
sagani leCxumi iyo, odiSsa da mis samxreTiT mdebare
guriis samTavros Soris paliastomis tba da
mdinareebs _ fiCorsa da rions Soris arsebuli te-
ritoria, xolo afxazeTis samTavrosTan, samurza-
yanos momijnave _ engurisa da RaliZgas sivrceSi
moqceuli teritoria warmoadgenda.
ruseTi guldasmiT akvirdeboda dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos samefo-samTavroebis mudmiv qiSpobas erTma-
neTTan da eZebda xelsayrel moments, raTa dasavleT
saqarTvelos eqspansia daewyo im epicentridan, sai-
danac dapirispirebis cxeli orTqli ufro Warbad
gamodioda. am periodSi, odiSis samTavros mudmivma
qiSpobam mezoblebTan ruseTs xelsayreli pirobebi
Seuqmna imisTvis, rom swored odiSis cxeli wer-
tilidan daewyo dasavleT saqarTvelos sasurveli
196
eqspansia. rogorc cnobilia, am droisaTvis, leCxumi
imereTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, rogorc
mefis saxaso mamuli, magram masze pretenzias acxa-
debda dadianic da amdenad, swored leCxumi gaxda
brZolis arena am or adinistraciul erTeuls Soris.
am viTarebiT ostaturad sargeblobda ruseTi da mo-
xerxebuli, SeniRbuli midgomiT kidev ufro amwva-
vebda urTierTobas erTmaneTze SurismaZiebel samefo-
samTavroebs Soris: „erTmaneTis mterni da qiSpni iy-
vnen, arc erTmaneTs asvenebdnen da arc qveyanasa da
amiT mterma ufro Zala wamoatana da daCagra, Torem
Tu amaT erTi piri hqonebodaT, verc aras urumeli,
verc aras sxva mterni awyendaT rasme, amaTi saqme
niadag ase erTmaneTis mesisxleobiT gaTavebula da
wamxdara, magram am saqmeebs arc moiSlian da arc
mouSliaT...“ [8,107].
leCxumi saqarTvelos erT-erTi patara kuTxea, igi
moicavs cagerisa da orbelis qvabulebs. leCxums
dasavleTidan asxis mTebi samegrelosgan mijnavda,
xolo imereTisgan _ md. lexidaris marcxena napirze
mdebare seri da xvamlis masivi. „XV saukuneSi Tak-
veri (leCxumi da raWa) imereTis samefos Semadgen-
lobaSi Sedioda, rogorc samefos domeni“ [7,41].
saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSla-daqucma-
cebis Semdeg, XVII-XVIII ss. leCxumSi dawinaurda
Semdegi gvarebi: axvlediani, gelovani, Ciqovani, laS-
xiSvili, yifiani da sxva. am gvarebidan, XVII s. II
naxevarSi, „gansakuTrebul warmatebas miaRwies Ciqo-
vanebma... romlebmac ara marto leCxumis mebatoneoba,
aramed imereTis samefos karze da odiSis samTavroSi
udidesi gavlena moipoves“ [4,99]. XVII s. 50-ian
197
wlebSi imereTis mefe aleqsande III-m leCxumSi dawi-
naurebul erT-erT gavlenian mebatones, gabriel Ci-
qovans cagereloba uboZa, romelmac sul male
Wyondideloba, da bolos, bedielobac miiRo. swored
am adamianis saxels ukavSirdeba Tavisi Zmis _ kacia
Ciqovanis, imereTis mefesTan da levan dadianTanac
daaxloeba. levanma kacia meore mrCevlad da meurved
daisva. levan dadiani Ciqovanebis Zlieri gvaris
daaxloebiT, cdilobda Tavisi mTavari miznis gan-
xorcielebas, kerZod, leCxumSi gabatonebas. dadianis
meurve da salipartianos mflobeli (amitom igi
lipartianad iwodeboda) kacia, dadianis miTiTebiT,
Jletda dadianis mowinaaRmdege warCinebulebs... kacia
Ciqovani odiSis Tavi da faqtobrivi gamgeblic gaxda
mas Semdeg, rac giorgi gurielma masTan mZevlad
myofi dadianis Zveli dinastiis ukanaskneli kanoni-
eri memkvidre manuCar dadiani mokla. mkvlelobis am
precedentma kacia da misi Zma, gabrieli kidev ufro
waaxalisa mowinaaRmdege megrelebis gasanadgureblad
da am gziT man gaixada odiSi „vidre pyrobamde Tvi-
sad“ [1,845]. kacias memkvidre giorgi kacias Ze mTeli
sisastikiT ikafavda gzas dadianobisken. igi ar eri-
deboda levan IV dadianis „nebiTa misTave... svra da
kvlas warCinebulTa odiSisaTa“ [1,849]. momqmedi
yoveli borotebisa iyo giorgi lipartiani. Tumca,
igi ver bedavda verc dadianad (odiSis mTavrad) kur-
Txevas da verc leCxumis erTpirovnulad damkvid-
rebas. Tumca irkveva, rom „XVII saukunis miwuruls,
giorgi lipartiani epizodurad mainc eufleboda
leCxums“ [4,103] da amas xels uwyobda TviT imereTSi
gamefebuli, rogorc vaxuSti batoniSvilis mieraa
198
aRniSnuli, garyvnileba, ficis mtexeloba, tyveTa
syidva da sxva nairferovani ukeTurobani... imereTsac
hyavda am periodSi drois Sesaferisi medrove giorgi
abaSiZe, romelmac giorgi lipartianTan erTad,
imereTis mefis momxre leCxumis mebatoneebi aaoxra
[1,860-861] da Semdeg urTierTs daemzaxlnen [1,104].
giorgi lipartianma Tavisi ufrosi Svili kacia 1704
wels dadianad, anu odiSis mTavrad dasva, xolo
momdevno Svils _ gabriels Wyondideloba uboZa.
Tavisi Zma, iesec ar daindo, gaaZeva leCxumidan da
leCxumis ufrosoba Tavis Svils _ beJans misca.
„XVIII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi leCxumi samegrelos
samTavros erT-erT nawilad iqca“ [7,41]. male
gardaicvala kacia dadiani da odiSs mamamisi, giorgi
lipartiani Caudga saTaveSi... swored giorgi
lipartianma, raWis erisTavma da beJan leCxumis ba-
tonma imereTis mefe giorgi daamarcxes. am ukanas-
knelma qarTls Seafara Tavi. brZola mimdinareobda
ara marto did dajgufebebs Soris, aramed TviT
dajgufebebs SigniTac. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom
gadadianebuli Ciqovanebis garda, leCxumsa da Sali-
partianos soflebSi mcxovrebi Ciqovanebi feodalur
SinaomSi mTavar rols TamaSobdnen. beJanis (leCxumis
batonis) gadadianebis Semdeg, es kuTxe odiSs uer-
Tdeba da dadian-CiqovanTa gamgeblobaSi gadadis. aqe-
dan moyolebuli, imereTis mefeebi gamonaklisis saxiT
Tu axerxebdnen leCxumis dapatronebas.
XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi imereTis mefe solomoni
leCxums Tavis samflobelod miiCnevda, magram gadadi-
anebuli Ciqovanebi mas ar Tmobdnen. male, leCxumis
mosazRvre qvemo svaneTis nawili _ lentexis Temic
199
(XVIII s. Sua xanebSi) daimorCiles da mTeli qvemo
svaneTis damorCilebazec daiwyes fiqri.
XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi leCxumSi realuri
xelisufleba ekuTvnis dadianebs, magram kacia dadi-
anis gardacvalebisTanave, imereTis mefe daviT gi-
orgis Zem odiSs Seutia. mcirewlovani grigol
dadiani muris cixeSi gamagrda, daviT arCilis Zes
(solomon mefes) daukavSirda da orivem erTad, daviT
giorgis Ze imereTidan gaaqcies. leCxumSi sakuTari
poziciebis gamyarebis mizniT, dadianma didi ufle-
bebiT aRWurva qaixosro gelovani da mouravi gaxada...
„yma dadianisa gelovani qaixosro, romel mouraobda
leCxums da mZlavrobda odiSsaca“, _ wers niko
dadiani [5,183].
male, solomon II-m gadaumtera grigol dadians
sakuTari Zma, manuCari da aRzevebuli gelovani. Gri-
golis xelSi rCeboda Waqvinjisa da muris cixeebi,
romlis mcvelebi iyvnen petre mxeiZe da xosia gas-
viani [5,188]. mefisa da manuCaris mxridan Seviwro-
ebuli grigoli leCxumSi gadavida da misi meSveobiT
daibruna odiSi, Seurigda Zmas da misca mas lipar-
tianoba, imereTis mefesTan ki gaaba saidumlo kavSiri
da (oriveni ganawyenebuli iyvnen gelovanisgan orpi-
robis gamo) gordSi datyvevebuli gelovani Tavis
momxreebianad Tavidan moiSora...
solomonisa da grigolis xanmokle aliansis peri-
odSic, solomoni mainc dadianis ganadgurebasa da
leCxumis xelSi Cagdebaze muSaobda. man isev gaaba
kavSiri grigolis ZmasTan, manuCarTan da gamoacxada
dadianad. lekTa daqiravebuli razmiTac Seutia
odiSs, magram mizans ver miaRwia. bolos, solomonma
200
baaka Ciqovani gadmoibira, 1802 wels leCxumSi gai-
laSqra da WyviSis cixe alyaSi moaqcia. grigoli
iZulebuli gaxda, rom muris cixeSi gamagrebuliyo.
SinamtrebiT garSemortymuli grigoli isev saidumlo
molaparakebas awarmoebs imereTis mefesTan, ris Sede-
gadac, manuCaris mier WyviSis cixis solomonisadmi
daTmobis sanacvlod, solomonma zurgi Seaqcia ma-
nuCars da grigolis winaaRmdeg omi Sewyvita. manu-
Cari dexviridan orbelSi gaiqca baaka CiqovanTan,
romlebmac codvis patieba iTxoves grigolisgan,
miiRes ra Tanxmoba misgan da, ra Tqma unda, amis
Semdeg, grigolma uproblemod SeZlo leCxumis dauf-
leba. male imereTis mefes WyviSis cixis samxedro
ZaliT xelSi Cagdeba mouxda, radgan gamarjvebulma
dadianma imereTis mefisadmi micemuli pirobis
Sesruleba, manuCaris gawirvis sanacvlod gamarjvebis
Semdeg ar isurva. solomon mefis sabrZolo bata-
liebi gaiSala mTeli leCxumis xelSi Casagdebad. man
isev daiqirava lekTa razmebi da imereTis razmTan
erTad daikava lailaSi da dexviri. dadianma murisken
daixia da bolos samegreloSi gaiqca. solomoni
leCxums daepatrona. dadiani mainc ar isvenebda. man
qeleS-ahmed begTanac gaaba saidumlo kavSiri imereTis
mefis winaaRmdeg. 1802 wlis 15 noembers dadianma,
moipova ra afxazeTis mTavris daxmareba, Seutia ime-
reTis mefes da quTaisamdec ki miaRwia. brZolaSi
mefes dauxoces bevri TanamebrZoli, maT Soris, sar-
dali agiaSvilic [1,704]. Tumca, dadians qmediTi
nabijis gadasadgmelad saTanado Zalebi ar gaaCnda.
imereTis mefem afxazeTis, guriisa da svaneTis mTav-
201
rebis daxmarebiT, agreTve lekebis moSveliebiT SeZ-
lo dadianis gandevna [6,144].
aRsaniSnavia, ,,aqtebSi“ moZiebuli simonoviCis we-
rili lazarevisadmi 1802 wlis 18 dekembers, sadac
igrZnoba rusi moxelis SeSfoTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom
imereTis mefes, Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad, ganuz-
raxavs axalcixidan gaZevebuli Serif faSis dabruneba
da amasTanave „SeudgeniaT qarTl-kaxeTidan rusTa
jarebis gandevnis gegma“ [1,508; 9,340]. afxazeTis
mTavari qeleS begi Ralatobs grigol dadians,
moCvenebiT gadmodis mis mxareze. rac Seexeba solo-
mon mefes, „igi ikavebs leCxums“ [9,340]. odiSis sam-
Tavros SenarCunebisaTvis erTaderT saSualebas dadi-
ani sagareo ZalaSi xedavda [6,144]. ra Tqma unda,
dadians miaCnda, rom kritikul viTarebaSi misTvis
sasargeblo nabiji iqneboda ruseTisTvis daxmarebis
Txovna da am gziT, sakuTari xelisuflebis gadar-
Cena. man daiwyo mudariT aRsavse werilebis gagzavna
carizmisadmi imereTis mefis mZlavrobisgan dacvis
mizniT. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTisTvis dasavleT
saqarTvelo, qarTl-kaxeTis msgavad, moiazreboda
axloaRmosavluri politikis aqtiur WrilSi. miTu-
metes, am etapze, roca 1802 wlis seqtemberSi
bagrationTa gvirgvinis dabrunebisaTvis mebrZoli
Zalebi erTiandebodnen da glexobaSic sakmaod Serye-
uli iyo ruseTisadmi loialuri ganwyoba... carizmi
SeSfoTebuli aanonsebda saqarTveloSi mimdinare pro-
cesebs. mas mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda, qveyanaSi
mdgomareoba daelagebina raime radikaluri refor-
mebis gatarebiT, magaliTad, qarTuli TviTmmarTve-
lobis SemoRebiT: „igi ostaturi manevriT Seecada
202
mdgomareobis gamosworebas, ise, rom politikis Ziri-
Tadi kursi ucvleli yofiliyo“ [6,146]. axlad
Seqmnilma viTarebam aiZula carizmi, gadaeyenebina
generali knoringi da daeniSna amayi, jiuti da ficxi
pavle cicianovi (ciciSvili), romelic daSineba-
Zaladobis meTodebTan erTad, „maxvili diplomati-
uri manevrebiTac aRwevda mizans“ [6,147]. ruseTis
imperatorma igi aRWurva sruli uflebebiT. mas Se-
eZlo imperatorTan SeTanxmebis gareSe gadaewyvita
sakiTxebi, rac saswrafod gadaWras iTxovda... aseT
viTarebaSi, grigol dadianis maxvewari werilebi
carizmis wisqvilze asxamda wyals da pirdapir maTi
politikuri viTarebis gamyareba-gadarCenis tolfasi
iyo.
ruseTi dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseT rTul
saSinao viTarebis pirobebs guldasmiT akvirdeboda
da eloda xelsayrel moments, roca dasustebuli
mxare Tavad sTxovda daxmarebas mowinaaRmdege mxaris
sabolood ganadgurebisTvis aqtiuri moqmedebis da-
sawyebad. ra Tqma unda, ruseTisTvis umjobesi iyo
dasavleT saqarTvelos erTdrouli da mTliani
SemoerTeba, magram viTareba carizms karnaxobda ufro
saukeTeso variants, raTa SedarebiT iolad gadaeWra
problema. igi am jerze mfarvelobas gauwevda ufro
upretenzio odiSis mTavars, romelic dapirispire-
buli iyo didi pretenziebis mqone imereTis me-
fesTan... Tan, naklebi pretenziebis mqone dadiani
emliqvneleba carizms, meore ki, amgvari qmedebisgan
Sors dgas, ufro metic, mas samkvdro sasicocxlo
omi hqonda gamocxadebuli ruseTTan... da, maSasadame,
umjobesia, ruseTma ufro sustis poziciebi ganam-
203
tkicos, raTa igi momavalSi gamoiyenos masze Zlieris
(igulisxmeba imereTi) dasasusteblad. miT umetes, am
susts da ambiciurs didi ruseTi Sehyavs sanukvar
sivrceSi: Savi zRvis sanapiro zolze _ forpostze
gabatoneba xom TeTri zRvis anabarad darCenili didi
ruseTis mravalsaukunovni ocnebis axdenili realoba
iqneboda. carizmi Casafrebuli eloda mimZlavrebuli
dadianisgan SemoTavazebas da miaCnda, rom misadmi
veraguli „daxmarebis“ sanacvlod, Seagrovebda poli-
tikur dividendebs daCagruli dadianis TvalSi. da-
dianis mxridan ruseTisadmi ndobis gamocxadebas,
dasavleT saqarTvlos dapyroba-damorCilebisaTvis
uswrafesad dasawyeb brZolis gzaze carizmis mxridan
upirobod seriozuli nabiji unda mohyoloda.
ase momwifda ruseTisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi
dasavleT saqarTvelos saSinao viTarebaSi arsebuli
qaosis safuZvelze da igi _ didmpyrobeli, Cveuli,
winaswar gaTvlili simSvidiT, ra Tqma unda, wuTi-
wuTze elodeboda romelime, an Tundac orive mxri-
danac, SemoTavazebas, raTa Tavisi „keTilismyofeli“
misia aemoqmedebina daCagruli mxaris „dasacavad.
dadiani daxmarebisaTvis energiulad mimarTavda
ruseTis mTavrobas. es ki, ruseTis wisqvilze asxam-
da wyals da upirobod qmnida xelsayrel pirobebs
mxolod carizmisaTvis. amitom, bunebrivia, igi xeli-
dan ar gauSvebda, gaeZlierebina imereTis winaaRmdeg
mebrZoli dadiani. miT umetes, mas am nabijiT Zalian
uadvildeboda sanukvari miznis miRweva. igi xom
Sexvewebuli samegrelos mTavrisadmi mxardaWeriT, sam
problemas erTdroulad agvarebda: 1. asustebda da-
savleT saqarTveloSi mis mTavar politikuri opo-
204
nents _ imereTis samefos; 2. aZlierebda samegrelos
samTavros da, amdenad, erTguli mTavris meSveobiT
iCenda dasayrdens dasavleT saqarTvelos Semdgomi
sruli dapyroba-ganadgurebis gzaze; 3. „keTili mefe
mamis“ keTilganwyobiT aRWurvili qveSevrdomi amdag-
vari „gaZlierebiT“ uzrunvelyofda gzis gakafvas Sa-
vi zRvis sanapirosaken...
netarebiT xvdeboda ruseTi dadianis werilebs.
magaliTad, aseTi iyo 1802 wlis 20 dekembers dadi-
anis mier gagzavnili werili sokolovisadmi, sadac
igi emudareboda mas, rom mieRoT misi samTavro mfar-
velobaSi, raTa exsnaT „Zlieri solomon mefisgan“
[9,453]. aseTive Sinaarsis baraTi gaugzavna man ufro
mogvianebiT cicianovs [9,899]. orive baraTSi dadiani
cdilobs, daaSinos ruseTi da pirdapir mianiSnebs,
Tu qmediTi daxmareba ar iqneba ruseTisgan, igi ga-
dadgams nabijs da scnobs osmaleTs da miiRebs misgan
mfarvelobas.
ra Tqma unda, aseT werilebs carizmi xelidan
rogor gauSvebda da Sedegmac ar daayovna. carizmis
specialuri rwmunebuli polkovniki mainovi da gr.
dadiani WaladidSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. Sexvedraze
dadianma xeli moawera „saTxovar punqtebs“. amasTa-
nave, imperatorma dadians gamougzavna general-
maioris wodebis statusi da jildo _ aleqsandre
nevelis ordeni [9,464,465.] magram knorings aseve
miuTiTes, rom droebiT ar gadaeca es ordeni dadi-
anisaTvis, radgan jer unda gaerkviaT, Tu ramdenad
samarTliani iyo imereTis mefis brZola dadianis
dasamorCileblad... ruseTs Tavi qudSi hqonda. mas
dadianis mxridan arc aRelvebda, arc afrTxobda
205
osmaleTis saxelis moSveliebiT, misgan wamosuli
daSineba, radgan im periodSi osmaleTi imdenad dauZ-
lurebuli iyo, rom igi ruseTisgan daxmarebis mi-
Rebis imediTac cdilobda Tavis dacvas napoleonos
Semotevisgan. ufro metic, ruseTi sasargeblod
Tvlida susti osmaleTis mezoblobas. ubralod, ru-
seTi moxerxebulad, drois gayvaniT cdilobda, rom
ufro meti „mtkicebulebebi“ Seegrovebina imereTis
samefos ukanonobis dasamtkiceblad, raTa „samarTli-
ani“ ruseTis saxelmwifos imiji odnavadac ar Sela-
xuliyo... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ruseTis warmatebul
politikas xels uwyobda iranis sisustec da „evro-
pis saxelmwifoebis _ inglisisa da safrangeTis
Sinagani winaaRmdegobac“ [6,150]. imperatoris mier
cicianovis umaRlesi ndobiT aRWurva samegreloSi,
misadmi sruli Tavisuflebis miniWebis TvalsazrisiT,
swored aseTi sagareo politikuri viTarebidan gamom-
dinareobda. aleqsandre I darwmunebuli iyo, rom
dasustebuli osmaleTi ver SeZlebda samegrelos
dacvas. amas ki, Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sazRvridan
misi usityvo wasvla unda mohyoloda... [9,462]. gar-
kveulia, rom osmaleTi Tanaxmaa ruseTis mfar-
velobaSi samegrelos misaRebad (italinskis werili
voroncovs 1803 w. seqtemberi). umweo osmaleTis
aseTi TavCaRunuli Tanxmoba ganapirobebda ruseTis
warmatebul politikas, ara marto mTel dasavleT
saqarTvloSi, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimar-
Tac, radgan am momentSi ukmayofilo qarTl-kaxeTis
ZalebisTvis dasavleT saqarTvelodan daxmarebis mi-
Rebis SesaZlo gzebic ixureboda... rogorc cnobilia,
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebiT SeSfoTebuli so-
206
lomon II daJinebiT cdilobda qarTl-kaxeTis same-
fos aRdgenas da ara erTxel sTxovda ruseTis impe-
rators iulon erekles Zis qarTl-kaxeTis mefed
damtkicebas. „solomon II-s kargad esmoda, rom
imereTis samefos damoukideblobasac udidesi saf-
rTxe emuqreboda“ [3,279-283]. solomon mefem kargad
icoda, rom ruseTis mTavroba imereTis srul
damorCilebas apirebda. amitom CaTrevas Cayola arCia
da rusTa xelmwifes daxmarebasTan erTad da dacvis
pasuximgeblobis aRebasac sTxovda. Tan elCebs stam-
bolSic agzavnida, raTa sulTani ruseT-imereTis ur-
TierTobaSi Careuliyo. am ori saxelmwifos dapi-
rispirebiT, imereTis samefosaTvis xelsayreli piro-
bebis Seqmnas cdilobda. paralelurad, grigol
dadianTanac urTierTobis daregulirebaze fiqrobda
da urCevda, uari eTqva ruseTis mfarvelobaSi damou-
kideblad Sesvlaze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom solomon II ruseTTan urTierTo-
baSi mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos saxeliT gamodi-
oda. dauZlurebuli TurqeTi moerida ruseTTan
saqmis garTulebas, „dasavleT saqarTvelos gamosar-
Clebis survili ar gamoiCina da solomon II-is
mociquli uariT gamoistumra“ [2,44]. ruseTis elCma
stambolSi daasmina solomon II, ruseTis impera-
torTan „Ralatis msgavsi saqcielis“ gamo [2,44]. es
faqti iyo sxva danarCen mtkicebulebebis nusxaTa
Soris mniSvnelovani argumenti, ramac ruseTi „dasa-
buTebulad“ aamoZrava, raTa aqtiurad Careuliyo da-
savleT saqarTvelos politikur saqmeebSi, im
motiviT, rom dadianis daCagvris neba ar mieca ime-
reTis mefisaTvis. swored imereTis mefis „ukanono“
207
saqcielis Ria afiSirebas elodeboda ruseTis impera-
toris mier gamogzavnili da dadianisadmi gadasacemi
al. nevelis ordeni. Tu RalatSi gamoiWerdnen imere-
Tis mefes, Semdeg masze ieriSis mitana daCagruli
samegrelos dacvis motiviT, ar gauWirdebodaT. ufro
metic, amgvari qmedeba keTilSobiluradac gamoiyure-
boda da amarTlebda ruseTis nabijebs dasavleT
saqarTvelos Semdgomi dapyrobisTvis brZolis gzaze.
imereTis Tavdauzogavma mefem, am etapze yvela mimar-
TulebiT marcxi iwvnia. mas ubralod urCies,
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuliyo samegrelosTan
erTad, xolo am or politikur erTeuls Soris da-
vas TviT imperatori gaarCevda „miukerZoeblad“. ime-
reTis mefis Canafiqri dasavleT saqarTvelos gaer-
Tianebis Taobaze, kraxiT dasrulda. ruseTis sagareo
politika, am SemTxvevaSi, warmatebuli aRmoCnda. Kon-
stantinopoleli elCi italinski ruseTis impera-
tors atyobinebda, rom osmaleTi Tanaxmaa ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi samegrelos miRebaze. ukve araferi
eRobeboda win ruseTis ganzraxvas mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos koloniad qcevis gzaze. ruseTisaTvis
„es iyo usisxlod mopovebuli didi warmateba“
[6,151].
daiwyo dadiansa da cicianovs Soris molaparakeba,
rasac yovelnairad xels uSlida solomon mefe.
arRvevda maT Soris kavSirebs Suamavlebis daWeriT.
rusi moxele iZulebuli xdeboda, rom Tavisi warmo-
madgenlebi dadianTan axalcixis gavliT gaegzavna.
magaliTad, rogorc n. dadianis „qarTvelT cxovreba“
gvauwyebs, dadianis karis mRvdeli asaTiani da gu-
guSvili svaneTis gziT lentexis, Coluris, kavkasiis
208
uReltexilis, oseTis, mozdokis gavliT axerxeben
TbilisSi Casvlas da cicianovTan Sexvedras. dadians
imereTis mefe miwebsac hpirdeboda. am mizniT, man
samegrelos mTavars Tavisi meuRle mariami (grigol
dadianis da) da Tavadi sexnia wulukiZec miugzavana,
magram verc dayvavebiT da verc iaraRiTac veraferi
gaawyo. misi yvela cda dasaRupavad gaiwira. 1803
wlis ivlisSi dadianma ruseTis erTgulebaze dai-
fica, xolo 1803 wlis 2 dekembers xeli moawera
mfarvelobis xelSekrulebas. am ceremonialSi zogi-
erTma Tavad-aznaurma monawileoba ar miiRo [9,465].
saqarTveloSi ruseTis warmatebuli politikis
brwyinvale dagvirgvineba gaxldaT, viTom samegrelos
mTavris Sedgenili „saTxovari punqtebi“, romlis
SemuSavebac dauZlurebulma dadianma mTlianad miando
mTavarsardal cicianovs _ „ukeTu ara wrfelad iyo
aRwerili traxtatni... viTar Segavdes... egreT amtki-
ceso“ [9,461].
209
wyaroebi da literatura
1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, „aRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losa“, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelna-
weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tb.,
1973.
2. a. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi,
1801-1921. Tb., 1980.
3. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,
t. V, Tb., 1971.
4. g. gasviani, dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-
politikuri viTareba da ruseTTan SeerTeba XVI-
XIX ss. Tb., 1988.
5. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca,
winasityvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi
da leqsikoni daurTo S. burjanaZem. Tb., 1962.
6. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi, Tb., 1957.
7. g. vaWriZe, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis ekono-
mikuri da sociluri politikis istoriidan, quT.,
2006.
8. T. Jordania, qronikebi, t. III, Tb., 1967. 9. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической ко-
мисисей, Издание Архива Главного управления Наместника Кавказа, под ред. А. П. Берже. Ч. М., Т. I, Тф., 1823.
10. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической ко-мисисей, Издание Архива Главного управления На-местника Кавказа, под ред. А. П. Берже. Ч. М., Т. II, Тф., 1825.
210
Lia Gulordava
THE ARGUABLE TERRITORIES OF ODISHI PRINCIPALITY WITH THE BORDERING
KINGDOMS AND PRINCIPALITIES AND THE REASONS OF ITS CONQUER BY RUSSIA
Summary
In the first part of XIX century Odishi (Samegrelo)
principality was one of the important political units in Western Georgia.
In that period of time a constant rivalry between Odishi and bordering principalities created advantagous conditions for Russia to begin expansion of Western Georgia with Odishi. As, it is known, by that time Lechkhumi had been a consisting part of Imereti kingdom, as a royal estate, but Dadiani claimed a pretension on the land too. Definitely Lechkhumi became a fighting arena between these two administrative units.
These circumstances were favourable for Russians and they used them skillfully and tried to strain the relations between these two principality and kingdom. Dadiani applied to Russian government for help. In July of 1803 Dadiani made an oath on fidelity to Russia. On the 2nd of December in 1803, he signed a patronage treaty.
211
irakli SarvaZe
qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio arxebi
yazbegis raionSi1
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, gasuli saukunis
90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, saqarTveloSi Ria kon-
fliqtis ori kera gaCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
tragediamde afxazebs, osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris
arsebobda mravalsaukunovani mSvidobiani Tanacxov-
rebis gamocdileba, konfliqtis zonis sxvadasxva
mxares darCenilTa Soris kavSiri, TiTqmis gawyda.
konfliqtis Sedegad, mosaxleobis didi nawili iZu-
lebuli gaxda mietovebina sacxovrisi, is adgili da
socialuri garemo, romelSic daibada, gaizarda,
gaiara socializacia. konfliqtis orive mxare daza-
ralda ara mxolod materialurad, aramed moralu-
radac. devnilTa raodenobam moimata da iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa axali dasaxlebebi (werovani,
goris Semogareni, qarelis raioni da a.S.) gaCnda
2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg. dRemde gadauWre-
lia saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan gamo-
devnili mosaxleobis, samasi aTasze meti iZulebiT
gadaadgilebuli piris sakuTar miwa-wyalze dabru-
nebis problema. Sesabamisad, kvlevas, romelic am
problemas exeba, gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba eniWeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom osebi qarTvelebTan erT-erT
yvelaze metad integrirebul eTnikur jgufs warmo-
adgenda. amas adasturebs mTeli rigi faqtebi: Sere-
1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi
mopovebuli grantis `qarTul-osuri urTierTobis perspeqtiva yazbegis raionSi~ (# 153/14) farglebSi.
212
uli qorwinebani, solidarobis tradiciebi, gaziare-
buli salocavebi, ena (osebi kargad flobdnen qar-
Tuls, qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris salaparako ena
ZiriTadad, qarTuli iyo), savaWro-ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebi, da a.S. konfliqtis Semdeg, es urTierTo-
bebi, ra Tqma unda, CixSi Sevida. mdgomareobas amwva-
vebs konfliqtis zonaSi arsebuli situaciac, mudmi-
vad cvalebadi sazRvari (mcocavi okupacia) sacxov-
risis, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriebis perio-
duli Secvla, Tu Secvlis molodini adamianebSi
warmoSobs arastabilurobis ganwyobas. adamianTa So-
ris gawyvetili komunikacia aris faqtori, romelic
kidev ufro aucxoebs maT im garemosgan, sadac
gaizardnen da socializaciis etapebi gaiares [6,47].
cnobilia, rom garkveuli tipis komunikacia yo-
velTvis arsebobs sazogadoebis SigniT an erTmaneTis
mezoblad mcxovreb xalxebs Soris. zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare, sainteresoa, rogoria qarTvelTa da
osTa Soris komunikacia yazbegis raionSi. sakiTxs
aqtualobas matebs is, rom xevSi Ria konfliqti ar
yofila, Tumca, osebis mniSvnelovani nawili sxva-
dasxva mizeziT, rf-Si gadasaxlda. warmodgenili
statiis mizania, konfliqtis zonis mimdebare yaz-
begis raionSi qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio arxebis
dadgena, gamorkveva imisa, Tu ra saxis komunikacia
arsebobs am or, dRes ukve nawilobriv, dapirispi-
rebul jgufs Soris. rusTavelis fondis mier
dafinansebuli proeqtis, `qarTul-osuri urTierTobis
perspeqtiva yazbegis raionSi~ (saxelmwifo granti №-
153/14) farglebSi, savele-eTnografiuli masalis
Sekrebisas, ZiriTadad, viyenebdiT interviurebis me-
213
Tods. CaRrmavebul intervius viwerdiT adgilobriv
mosaxleobasTan (qarTvelebi da osebi).
komunikacia sociumis arsebobisa da Semdgomi gan-
viTarebis winapirobaa. kultura mxolod maSin
viTardeba, Tu aris adamianTa Soris urTierTobis sa-
Sualeba, iqneba es RirebulebaTa Tu artefaqtTa ga-
cvla-gaziareba. erTi mxriv, aucilebelia informaciis
gadacema, meore mxriv, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas
socialuri kavSirebis arseboba iZens, radgan infor-
maciis gadacema SeuZlebeli iqneboda mis gareSe. kul-
turisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis umniS-
vnelovanes etapebad miiCneva: 1. sametyvelo enis ganvi-
Tareba – uSualo kavSirebis damyarebisaTvis, 2. dam-
werlobis Seqmna – uSualo kavSiris armqoneTa ko-
munikaciisaTvis da, 3. beWdvis gamogoneba – komuni-
kaciis farTo masStabiT gavrcelebis uzrunvlyo-
fisaTvis. mogvianebiT amas daemata televiziis, fi-
Wuri kavSirebis, internetis gavrceleba; magram yove-
live naxsenebi aris mxolod saSualeba realuri
socialuri kavSirebis Seqmnis, gaRrmavebis da ganviTa-
rebisaTvis, umTavresi ki, adamianTa Soris komuni-
kaciaa. am dros xdeba informaciuli zemoqmedeba
uSualo an iribi kontaqtebis meSveobiT. tradiciuli
sakomunikacio arxebis (naTesauri, megobruli, saqmiani
da a.S. urTierTobebi) garda, es kontaqtebi SeiZleba
iyos sxva tipis: Sexvedrebi, informaciis gacvla,
Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da socialuri qselebis
gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva mediis saSualebiT iribi kav-
Sirebis damyareba da sxva.
qarTvelTa da osTa komunikacias xangrZlivi isto-
ria aqvs da mWidrod ukavSirdeba osebis saqarTve-
214
loSi infiltraciisa da gansaxlebis problemas. sta-
tistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, meoce saukunis 80-
iani wlebis bolosTvis, osebis ricxvi mTeli saqar-
Tvelos masStabiT 164 000-s aRwevda da mxolod
somxebs, rusebsa da azerbaijanelebs CamorCeboda.
amJamad, maTi odenoba Semcirebulia. 2002 wlis mo-
saxleobis aRweris mixedviT, yofili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis garda, saqarTveloSi 38 000 osi
cxovrobda [1,8-23].
osebma Camosaxleba jer kidev XVI-XVII sauku-
neebSi daiwyes saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiul
mxareSi – dvaleTSi _ da garkveuli periodis Semdeg,
adgilobrivi mkvidri qarTvelebis (dvalebi), nawi-
lobrivi asimilireba moaxdines (nawilma datova sac-
xovrebeli). XVII-XVIII saukunidan ki, mimdinareobda
maTi ufro intensiuri Camosaxlebis procesi [2,113-
114]. amave periodSi, osebis TandaTanobiT infil-
tracia daiwyo Tergis xeobis zemo nawilSic. maT
moZalebas Tan axlda sakuTari sacxovreblidan gamoq-
ceuli dvalebis asimilacia. amasTan, Trusos xeoba
gafarTovda sof. kobamde [4,1-2]. me-20 saukunis bolo
xanebamde osebi sakmao odenobiT cxovrobdnen yazbegis
raionSi. ukanaskneli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTve-
loSi ganviTarebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da poli-
tikuri procesebis Sedegad, regioni TiTqmis mTli-
anad daicala osuri mosaxleobisagan, magram sakomu-
nikacio arxebi nawilobriv SenarCunda da sakmaod
efeqturad moqmedebs. komunikaciis procesi SeiZleba
ase ganisazRvros: „vin, ras, vis, ra gziT, ra efeq-
tiT“ [6,2]
215
Sida qarTlSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi nega-
tiurad aisaxa qarTul-osur komunikaciebze mTeli
qveynis masStabiT da maT Soris, yazbegis raionSic.
`iq saomari mdgomareoba rom iyo, mezobeli myavda
iqauri, goridan iyo wamosuli da ambobda, ar vin-
dobdiT erTmaneTso, mtruli damokidebuleba gvqon-
dao. CvenTan ara. Cvenebi orjonikiZeSic rom Cavidnen
osebi Tu gaigebdnen, rom qarTveli iyav, gvmtrobdnen.
Cven egeTi SemTxveva gvqonda, erTxel. gaiges, rom
qarTvelebi viyaviT, dagviwyes Cxubi. Cems meuRles
manqana hyavda, miadgnen, manqanas dagatovebineb, ase
vizamT ise vizamTo. iqaurebi, cxinvalelebi, Zalian
agresiulebi iyvnen, aqauri osebi ki, gvexmarebodnen~
(daba stefanwminda).
rusuli saxelmwifos mier calmxrivad Caketili
sazRvari xels uSlis Crd. kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuli
osebisa da yazbegSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis komuni-
kacias. `es sazRvrebi rom Caiketa veRar davdivarT
Cvena da veRarc isini amodian. barikadaa SuaSi da es
ar aris mosawonari namdvilad“ (sofeli arSa).
rusuli politelitisaTvis sasurveli axali rea-
lobis Seqmnis meqanizmebi gavlenas axdens e.w. osur
oficialur politikazec. amis magaliTia, internetSi
gavrcelebuli moskovis `strategiuli koniunqturis
centris“ erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis, mixail Cernovis
mosazreba, rom centralur saqarTveloSi osuri po-
litikuri erTeulis gafarToebis gziT (igulisxmeba
yazbegis raionis da TrialeTis e.w. samxreT oseTTan
mierTeba), uaxloes momavalSi ruseT-somxeTs uSualo
sazRvari eqnebaT. am tipis Teoriebi, sxvaTa Soris,
qarTuli sazogadoebis eTnikur dezintegracias da
216
qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio sivrcis SezRudvasac
isaxavs miznad [5].
Zemoxsenebuli situaciis miuxedavad, qarTul-osur
uTierTobebSi arsebobs garkveuli aqtivobebi. didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTul-osuri Tanacxovrebis po-
zitiur mexsierebas. ,,keTilganwyoba eg iyo, rom kar-
gi urTierToba hqondaT sul. ai, Cemi rZali osi iyo,
erTi ojaxiviT viyaviT. modiodnen aq da Cven iq miv-
diodiT. normaluri urTierToba gvqonda~ (sofeli
arSa).
yazbegis mosaxleobasa da osebs Soris garkveuli
ekonomikuri tipis komunikacia dasturdeba. magali-
Tad, velze muSaobisas gavicaniT erTi ojaxi, rome-
lic daxmarebas uwevda os biznesmens, romelsac
samSeneblo masala sWirdeboda da es ojaxi garkve-
uli Tanxis sanacvlod, samSeneblo masalas Tbili-
sidan oseTSi ezideboda.
samxreT oseTTan pirveli konfliqtis Semdeg,
1996 wels gaixsna ergneTis bazari, romelic erT-
erTi poziciiT, xalxis daaxloebis da ndobis aRdge-
nis meqanizmad miiCneoda. ergneTis bazarze qarTve-
lebs, osebsa da sxva eTnikur jgufebs erTmaneTTan
savaWro urTierToba hqondaT, rac komunikaciis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani saxea. ergneTis bazari rva wlis
ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda da qarTvelebsa da
osebs Soris urTierTobebis gamyarebas uwyobda xels.
iyo mironiT danaTesavebisa da qorwinebis SemTxve-
vebic. arsebobda satransporto saSualebebi, romleb-
sac mgzavrebi Tbilisidan cxinvalSi gadahyavda. Sesa-
bamisad, komunikacia xalxebs Soris gaadvilebuli
iyo, rac konfliqtis mogvarebisTvis winapirobas war-
217
moadgenda. 2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg
mosuli mTavrobis reformis Sedegad, ergneTis bazari
daixura. qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris komunikacia
Seferxda da agvistos omis Semdgom, gauaresda, saz-
Rvrebi Caiketa.
Zalze mniSvnelovania socialuri kavSirebi, rome-
lic osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris sxvadasxva aqti-
vobebSi vlindeba; gaziarebuli salocavebi, naTesauri
kavSirebi, samezoblo da megobruli urTierTobebi da
a.S. ,,mariamobas osebi ki ara, mTeli ruseTi aq iyo.
eseTi tradicia iyo, rom modiodnen fexiT sanam gza
Caiketeboda, manamde mTeli ruseTis qalaqebidan Semo-
diodnen. babuSkebs veZaxdiT. me rom Cemi SviliSvi-
lebis xela viyav, patara, iqedan maxsovs modiodnen
manqana rom gageCerebina ki ar Cagijdebodnen, fexiT
modiodnen sula da ambobdnen, rom xilva hqonda
egeTi RvTismSoblisa. adiodnen gergeTze. modiodnen
sami kviriT, oTxi kviriT adre. mohqondaT mere `ban-
kebi~, yvavilebi da raRaceebi da morTavdnen eklesi-
ebs mere darCebodnen“ (sofeli arSa).
„osebTan axlo urTierToba gvqonda Cven rom...
orjonikiZis gza xom iyo gaxsnili, Cveulebrivad
mivdiodiT. naTesaobac gvyavda iq. guSinac vlapara-
kobdiT magaze, rom arc erTi mosaxle ar aris osi
naTesavi rom ar hyavdes. me TviTon mazlis coli
myavda, rZali myavda osi“ (sofeli arSa).
sainteresoa gaziarebuli salocavebis arsebobis
faqtic. kerZod, osebi qarTvelebTan erTad, masiurad
monawilebdnen xatobebze, dReobeze da a.S. aRsaniS-
navia aseve, sofel kobSi 1990-ian wlebSi erT-erT
218
os biznesmens surda eklesiis aSeneba, Tumca, ver
ganaxorciela.
Catarebuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsaz-
RvroT yazbegis raionSi qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio
arxebis efeqturobis pozitiuri da negatiuri faq-
torebi. negatiur faqtorebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
konfliqti cxinvalis regionSi; politikuri viTa-
rebis gamo (calmxrivad Caketili sazRvari), komuni-
kaciis gaiSviaTeba; e.w. osuri saxelmwifo `ofici-
aluri~ politika da a.S. pozitiuri faqtorebia:
qarTul-osuri Tanacxovrebis pozitiuri mexsiereba;
savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi; socialuri kavSi-
rebi da a.S. konfliqtis miuxedavad, qarTvelebsa da
osebs Soris mWidro ekonomikuri, naTesauri da me-
zobluri kavSirebi arsebobs, Tumca, dRes, garkve-
ulad, gaiSviaTebuli. komunikaciis negatiuri faq-
torebi ganapirobebs kontaqtis dinamikis regresi-
rebas or jgufs Soris urTierTobaSi da xels
uSlis saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli kon-
fliqtis mogvarebas.
219
wyaroebi da literatura
1. eTnosebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis biblioTeka, Tb., 2008.
2. r. TofCiSvili, kvlav dvalTa EeTnikuri vinaobi-
saTvis, `istoriuli etiudebi~, t. 1. Tb., 2005.
3. r. TofCiSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia eTni-
kuri istoria da eTnikuri kultura, Tb., 2007.
4. val. iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa-cxovreba, Tb.,
2015. 5. Прямая граница между Россией и Арменией появится
в ближайшем будущем (int.-ve. www.voskanapat.info) 6. Harold Lasswell, The Structure and Function of Commu-
nication in Society, 1948.
220
Irakli Sharvadze
GEORGIAN-OSSETIAN COMMUNICATIONAL CHANNELS IN THE KAZBEGI REGION
Summary
Due to the Georgian-Ossetian conflict a solid number of
the population was forced to leave their homeland, their place of birth, where they had undergone socialization. The communication between either sides of the conflict border is almost ceased. However, there still exist communicational channels, which prognose positive development of the process.
The article examines communicational channels between Georgians and Ossetians in border region Kazbegi. What kind of communication is between these two opposed gro-ups? The research is based on the field ethnographic mate-rials collected in 2015 in Kazbegi region.
The negative and the positive factors effecting on the Georgian-Ossetian communicational channels are defined according to the analysis of the collected material. We con-sider rare communication between people as a result of poli-tical situation (unilaterally closed border); According to analyses we define Ossetian sides “official” politics as a ne-gative factor; Memory of Georigian-Ossetian co residence, economic relationships and social connections as positive factors. Besides the conflict, strong economical, relationship and neighborhood ties exist among Georgians and Ossetians, but still it’s rare. The regression of contact dynamics between the two ethnic groups is the result of the negative factors of the communication, that obstructs the process of solving the conflict on the territory of Georgia.
221
recenzia
REVIEW aleqsandre Cumakovisa da aza ioselianis
wignze: `globalizaciis filosofia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi~
gasulma saukunem, iseve rogorc aw ukve ZalaSi
Sesulma axalma aswleulma, msoflio uamravi axali
ideis, movlenisa Tu miRwevis winaSe daayena. maT
Soris, udavod, upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sam-
yaros erTianobisa da misTvis imanenturad damaxa-
siaTebeli globaluri procesebis Secnobas, ris mka-
fio gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens Tanamedrove glo-
balizacia da misganve gamowveuli globaluri pro-
cesebi. am konteqstidan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qar-
Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso unda
iyos cnoba globalizaciis aqtualuri filosofiuri
problemebis Sesaxeb wignis gamocemis Taobaze. naS-
romis avtorebi _ gamoCenili mecnierebi da globa-
listikis sferos specialistebi _ aRiarebulni arian
ara mxolod ruseTSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac.
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori a. n.
Cumakovi _ cnobili rusi filosofosi, Teoretikosi
da samecniero organizatoria; igi gaxlavT filoso-
fiisa da globalistikis Teoriis specialisti, ruse-
Tis filosofiuri sazogadoebis pirveli vice-
prezidenti, ruseTis federaciis mTavrobasTan
arsebul finansur universitetSi pirveli da upre-
cedento samecniero skolis _ `globalizaciis fi-
losofiis~ damaarsebeli da xelmZRvaneli, Jurnal
`globalizaciis saukunis~ («Век глобализации»)
222
mTavari redaqtori. Cveni Tanamemamule _ filosofiis
mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori aza ioseliani
aseve, cnobili filosofosia; mas mniSvnelovani
wvlili miuZRvis globalizaciis problemebis damuSa-
vebaSi da aRniSnuli samecniero skolis erT-erTi av-
torTagani gaxlavT.
sarecenzio naSromi eZRvneba Tanamedrove mecnie-
rebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Temis _ globa-
lizaciis filosofiur gaazrebas. Tanamedrove globa-
listikis miRwevebisa da uaxlesi faqtobrivi monace-
mebis safuZvelze, avtorebi filosofiuri poziciidan
ganixilaven globaluri procesebis kvlevis meTodo-
logiur problemebs, gamoavlenen Tanamedrove globa-
lizaciis arss, misi ganviTarebis tendenciebs da
mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs, ikvleven mis pozitiur
da negatiur Sedegebs, amasTanave, gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmoben globalur problemaTa da Tana-
medrove msoflioSi arsebul winaaRmdgobaTa gadaw-
yvetis socialur da humanitarul aspeqtebs. wigni
rekomendirebulia rogorc globalistikis sferos
specialistTaTvis, ise Tanamedrove msoflio proce-
sebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
warmodgenili masala namdvilad imsaxurebs mkiT-
xvelis seriozul yuradRebas, ramdenadac, es naSromi
warmoadgens imis kvintesencias, rac ki am Temis gar-
Semo dauweriaT avtorebs, Cven ki, sagangebod Sev-
niSnavT, rom am problematikaze maT sakmaod bevri
namuSevari aqvT Seqmnili. sagulisxmoa, rom a. Cuma-
kovi 500-ze meti wignis avtoria, xolo a. iose-
lianis samecniero publikaciaTa raodenoba 200 aRe-
mateba. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wigni saocari
223
gulmodginebiTa da mkiTxvelis winaSe gansakuTrebuli
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT aris dawerili: aq Cven
saqme gvaqvs cnobil WeSmaritebasTan _ imisaTvis, rom
dawero mokled, unda iSromo Zalian didxans; da am
`simoklis~ miuxedavad, naSromSi warmodgenilia Tana-
medrove globalizaciis mTavari problemebi da per-
speqtivebi, damuSavebulia misi ZiriTadi debulebebi.
pirvel yovlisa, aRvniSnavT, rom sxvadasxva samec-
niero disciplinaTa da filosofiis poziciidan glo-
balizaciis procesebis kvlevas didi Teoriuli da
praqtikuli Rirebuleba gaaCnia, radganac ganuwyve-
teli qmnadobis procesSi myofi msoflios axleburi
iersaxe seriozul gaazrebasa da yovelmxriv analizs
saWiroebs. msgavsi samecniero gamokvlevebisa da fi-
losofiuri refleqsiis aqtualoba gamoixateba mTe-
li rigi problemebis dasabuTebaSi, rasac avtorebi
sruliad mkafiod ayalibeben da sakuTar monog-
rafiaSi garkveviT scemen pasuxebs. imisaTvis, rom
mkiTxvels imTaviTve Seeqmnas naTeli warmodgena, Tu
romel ZiriTad problemebzea saubari wignSi, Cven
vamjobineT, sailustraciod mogveyvana vrceli amona-
ridi, sadac avtorebi am yvelafers saocari sizus-
tiT ayalibeben:
`jer erTi, unda viqonioT mkafio da adekvaturi warmodgena imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens TavisTavad
globalizacia, romelic ukanasknel aTwleulebSi aS-
kara obieqtur realobad Camoyalibda da sazogado-
ebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca rogorc,
zogadad, erTiani msofliosaTvis, ise calkeuli
qveynebisa da xalxebisaTvis.
224
meore, imdenad, ramdenadac udavoa globalizaciis
gavlena Tanamedrove msoflios axleburi iersaxis
Camoyalibebaze, xolo istoriuli ganviTareba subieq-
turi faqtorebis moqmedebis gamo, _ variatiulia,
amitom aucilebelia, warmodgena viqonioT sazogado-
ebrivi ganviTarebis yvelaze metad mosalodneli
(SesaZlebeli) scenarebis Sesaxeb, raTa praqtikuli
moqmedebisas, optimaluri da kargad gadamowmebuli
gadawyvetilebebi miviRoT.
mesame, globalizaciis kvlevis socialur-filo-
sofiuri proeqti saSualebas gvaZlevs gamoviyenoT
ara marto meTodologiuri tradiciebi, aramed Tana-
medrove mecnierebis meTodologiuri tendenciebic,
romlebic mimarTulni arian iseTi zerTuli obieqti-
saken, rogoric aris Tanamedrove sazogadoeba _
biosferos Semadgeneli nawili. mecnieruli meTodo-
logiis Tanamedrove saxiT gamoyeneba saSualebas
gvaZlevs globaluri procesebis empiriuli niuan-
sebis meSveobiT, davinaxoT maTi erTianoba da
praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, SevqmnaT Te-
oriuli platforma sayovelTaoobis iseTi Tvisebe-
biT, romelTa gamomJRavneba (gamoaSkaraveba) mxolod
filosofias SeuZlia.
meoTxe, Tanamedrove msoflios xarisxobrivi
cvlilebis gamomwvevi globaluri procesebisa da
maTi Sedegebis produqtiuli gaazreba saWiroebs
adekvatur SemecnebiT aparatsa da Sesabamis meTodo-
logias, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba
Tanamedrove globalizaciis arsis saTanadod gadmo-
cema, globalizaciis procesebis ZiriTadi tendenci-
ebisa da maTi ganviTarebis dinamikis gaanalizeba. aseve
225
aqtualuria globalur samyaroSi Tavis gadarCenis
socialurad awon-dawonili poziciisa da strategiis
SemuSaveba, globalizaciis procesebis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebis gamorkveva da agreTve, _ msoflio sa-
zogadoebriobis momavali mowyobis scenarebis
prognozireba.“1
dReisaTvis, Camoyalibebulia samecniero discip-
linaTaSorisi azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli sfero _
globalistika, romlis yuradRebis centrSi aRmoC-
ndnen globalizaciis socialuri, ontologiuri,
gnoseologiuri, istoriul-filosofiuri da sxva
aspeqtebi. yvela es sakiTxi, ama Tu im xarisxiT,
monografiis avtorTa ganxilvis sagania. ra Tqma un-
da, recenziis farglebSi SeuZlebelia srulyofilad
warmovadginoT avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli msje-
loba, daskvnebi, problemaTa gadawyvetis gzebi Tu
mosazrebebi, _ amisaTvis saWiroa mkiTxveli uSu-
alod gaecnos wigns; amitom Cven mxolod wignis
zogadi struqturaze, mis, Cveni azriT, umniSvnelo-
vanes debulebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.
naSromis SesavalSi dasabuTebulia avtorTa mier
Catarebuli kvlevis aqtualuroba; aqve miTiTebulia,
rom cneba „globalizacia“ Tanamedrove globalis-
tikis umniSvnelovanes kategoriaTa rigSi ZiriTad
rols TamaSobs da asaxavs ara mxolod kacobriobis
obieqtur-istoriuli ganviTarebis msoflio tenden-
ciebs, aramed _ im sazogadoebriv winaaRmdegobaTa
1 А. Н. Чумаков, А. Д. Иоселиани, Философские проблемы глобализации, Москва, Университетская книга, 2015, сс. 7-8.
226
erTobliobasac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze gan-
sxvavebul interesTa Sejaxebis procesSi iCens Tavs.
naSromis pirvel TavSi _ „globaluri kvlevebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi“ _ ganxilulia globalis-
tikis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli disciplinaTaSorisi
sferos sakiTxebi da misi meTodologiuri baza; amas-
Tan, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sistemur midgomaze,
rogorc rTuli problemebis gadawyvetis xerxze.
bunebrivia, rom avtorebi aq ganixilaven mecnierebisa
da filosofiis gadamwyvet rols globaluri proce-
sebis gaazrebaSi.
gansaxilveli Temis ZiriTadi kategoriebis skur-
pulozuri damuSavebis, arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da
Tvalsazrisebis detaluri gaanalizebis Sedegad, av-
torebi gvTavazoben Semdegi saxis daskvnebs:
globalizacia _ es aris planeta dedamiwisaTvis
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi saerTo
(erTiani) struqturebis, kavSirebisa da urTierTo-
bebis Camoyalibebisa da universalizaciis procesi;
globalizacia aseve erTgvar fenomenadac gvevlineba,
rodesac igi aRiqmeba. rogorc obieqturi realoba,
romlis arsic gamovlindeba globaluri sivrcis
CaketilobaSi, erTian msoflio meurneobaSi, sayovel-
Tao ekologiur urTierTdamokidebulebasa da globa-
lur komunikaciebSi.
globaluri problemebia: safrTxeebi, sirTuleebi,
saSiSroebebi, romlebic planetis yovel regionSi
gamovlindebian da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT deda-
miwis cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebTan mimarTebaSi.
globalistika _ globalizaciis procesebis arsis,
tendenciebisa da mizezebis gamosavleni mecnieruli
227
kvlevebis disciplinaTaSorisi dargia. es termini,
SedarebiT farTo gagebiT, gamoiyeneba globalizaciisa
da globaluri problemebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis
samecniero, filosofiuri, kulturologiuri da
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis erTobliobis aRsaniSnavad (igi
moicavs am kvlevebis Sedegebsac da maT sarealizacio
ptaqtikul saqmianobasac ekonomikur, socialur da
politikur sferoSi rogorc calkeuli saxelmwi-
foebis, ise _ saerTaSoriso doneze).
adareben ra aRniSnul cnebebs, avtorebi weren:
„sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom globalizacia _ es
aris mravalsaukunovani bunebriv-istoriuli procesi;
globaluri problemebi ki am procesis kanonzomier
Sedegs warmoadgenen; globalistika Teoriisa da
praqtikis sferoa, romlis yuradRebis centrSic
imyofebian globalizacia da globaluri procesebi.~1
globalistikis meTodologiuri bazis sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas, avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom rusul globa-
listikaSi, imTaviTve gamovlinda ramdenime gansxvave-
buli mimarTuleba, romelTa Soris, garkveuli piro-
biTobiT, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:
„filosofiur-meTodologiuri“, romlis fargleb-
Sic ikvleven globaluri procesebis safuZvlebs,
arss da geneziss, aanalizeben globaluri proble-
mebis warmatebiT gadawyvetisaTvis aucilebel umniS-
vnelovanes socialur-politikur da ekonomikur gar-
daqmnebs.
„socio-bunebrivi“ _ moicavs problemaTa farTo
wres, romelTa Soris, yvelaze met SeSfoTebas iwvevs
1 iqve, gv. 12.
228
ekologia, nedleuliT, energetikuli, wylis, miwisa
da sxva resursebiT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi.
„kulturologiuri“ _ aq yuradRebis centrSia
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis, mosaxleobis, jan-
dacvis, kulturis, samarTlis, ganaTlebisa da sxva
sferoebSi warmoqmnili globalizaciis problemebi;
amasTan, rogorc ukve iTqva, avtorebi xazgasmiT
miuTiTeben sistemuri midgomis, rogorc urTules
problemaTa gadawyvetis meTodis gadamwyvet mniSvne-
lobaze, radganac „mxolod sistemuri midgoma
gvaZlevs im urTulesi dinamiuri procesebis kvlevis
saSualebas, romelTa sazRvrebi da Semadgenloba, ro-
gorc wesi, ar Canan cxadad da yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi sagangebo dazustebas saWiroeben.“1
globalizaciis procesebis gaazrebaSi filosofiis
rolis ganxilvisas, SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT av-
torebs, rom mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, mas gaaCnia
sakuTari specifika da is gansakuTrebuloba, romlis
meSveobiTac axdens bunebriv-mecnieruli kvlevebis Se-
degebisa da konkretuli monacemebis ganzogadebas da,
situaciis Sefasebisas, saxavs ra zogad gegmas da
ayalibebs perspeqtivas, amave dros, ar acxadebs pre-
tenzias sakuTari debulebebis upirobo damajereb-
lobaze.
meore Tavi _ „globalizaciis arsi: socialuri konteqsti“ _ eZRvneba realuri globalizaciis obi-
eqturi safuZvlebis ganxilvas da sxvadasxva intere-
sebis konteqstSi mis aRqmas. aqve, gaanalizebulia
globaluri samyaros riskebi da gamowvevebi, teq-
nosferos globalizacia da misi socialuri Sedegebi.
1 iqve, gv. 26.
229
avtorTa azriT, globalizacia ukve realoba gaxda
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebidan moyolebuli da
ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi etapi gaiara:
1. realuri globalizacia _ moicavs periods XVI saukunidan XIX s-is Sua xanebamde da xasiaTdeba ise-
Ti movlenebiT, rogoric iyo axali teritoriebis
aRmoCena da msoflios globaluri suraTis Camoya-
libeba, globalur urTierTobaTa Casaxva ekonomikis,
politikisa da kulturis sferoSi.
2. fundamenturi globalizacia _ mis realur
saxed iqcnen organizaciebi da struqturebi, romelTa
gamoCenac TiTqmis mTlianad ukavSirdeba XX s-is
pirvel naxevars; maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania:
msoflio ekonomikis Seqmna, pirveli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis Camoyalibeba, pirveli msoflio omis
gaCaReba, erTa ligis Seqmna, xalxTa uprecedento
brZola meore msoflio omSi, birTvuli iaraRis
Seqmna, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis daarseba,
mesame msoflio e.w. „civi omis“ dawyeba.
3. mravalaspeqtiani globalizacia _ daiwyo XX s. Suaxanebidan da am dromde grZeldeba. misTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia, rom universaluri kavSirebis qmnadobis
procesebi bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTqmedebis
problemebis garda, TandaTanobiT moicaven socialuri
cxovrebis praqtikulad yvela ZiriTad aspeqts, eko-
nomikidan dawyebuli sulieri sferos CaTvliT.1 Cven-
Tvis mniSvnelovania, mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivapyroT
erT garemoebaze, kerZod, naSromSi vkiTxulobT:
„ukanasknel aTwleulebSi Tanamedroveobis globalur
problemaTa kompleqss daemata axali riskebi da ga-
1 iqve, gv. 41-42.
230
mowvevebi, kerZod, _ msoflio kavSirebisa da urTier-Tobebis arqiteqtonikis swrafi da kardinaluri cvlileba, im dros, rodesac msoflio sazogadoeba axdens sakuTari uunarobis demonstrirebas _ moax-dinos adekvaturi reagireba am cvlilebebze.“1 Sede-gad, globaluri samyaro, romelic principulad axa-
li gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda, da amasTanave, ar
gaaCnia adekvaturi marTvis sistema, sul ufro Rrmad
iZireba winaaRmdegobriv da gaurkvevel situaciaSi;
avtorTa azriT, swored amaSi mdgomareobs Tanamed-
rove epoqis mTavari da ZiriTadi problema.
problemis ganxilvis Semdgomi aspeqti exeba teq-
nosferos globalizacias da mis socialur Sedegebs.
aq avtorebi, aseve gamoyofen axal sakiTxebs, romel-
Ta gadasawyvetadac gvTavazoben sakuTar Sexedule-
bebs: „Cveni azriT, globalizebuli teqnogenuri
civilizaciis strategiuli ganviTarebis optimalur
kriteriumad, konceptualur birTvad unda iqces
mdgradi ganviTarebis mecnieruli paradigmis iseTi
modeli, romlis ZiriTadi parametrebia:
• sistemuroba, romelsac mosdevs codnis socio-
humanitarul, religiur da teqnikur saxeobebs Soris
demarkaciuli xazebis waSla;
• ekologiuri cnobierebis mecnierul-humani-
taruli diskursis polifunqciuroba;
• teqnosferos ekologizacia, teqniko-teqnolo-
giur da mecnierul inovaciaTa danergvisadmi raciona-
luri midgoma;
• adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis amaRle-
bisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna da sazogadoebis
1 iqve, gv. 47.
231
inteleqtualuri potencialis racionalurad gamoye-
neba;
• yuradRebis koncentracia samecniero saqmianobis
subieqtze, romelic sakuTar arsebobas zneobriv da
msoflmxedvelobriv mniSvnelobas sZens (aniWebs).1
mesame TavSi _ „Tanamedrove samyaros filosofi-uri ganzomileba“ _ ganxilulia sakiTxebi samyaros
erTianobis principis, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
glokaluri tendenciebis, globalizaciis epoqaSi so-
ciokulturuli ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb.
mocemul aspeqtSi, globaluri kvlevebisadmi mTel
rig midgomaTa Soris, avtorebi sagangebo yuradRebas
uTmoben samyaros erTianobis princips. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT, sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom Ta-
namedrove msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebi valdebulni
arian ipovon kompromisebi Tanamedrove msoflio civi-
lizaciis mSeneblobis gzaze. amaze pasuxismgebloba,
pirvel yovlisa, ekisrebaT dasavleTis ganviTarebul
qveynebs, romlebmac umniSvnelovanes winaswar nabijad
unda aRiaron maTi socialur-politikuri da ekono-
mikuri realobis gansxvaveba ruseTisa da aRmosavle-
Tis sxva qveynebis realobisagan; iseve, rogorc da-
narCeni (ara dasavluri) qveynebi unda SeTanxmdnen,
rom saerTo-adamianuri Rirebulebebi, pirovnebis uf-
lebebi, romlebsac uzrunvelyofs, pirvel rigSi,
kerZo sakuTrebis instituti, _ es dasavleTis pro-
pagandistuli fandi ki ar aris, aramed misi cxov-
rebis wesisa da saqmianobis ganuyreli arsebiTi dama-
xasiaTebelia. aseve, unda daveTanxmoT avtorTa
Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom dReisaTvis, erTiani
1 iqve, gv. 56.
232
kacobriobis alternativa, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs.
„amrigad, mTeli kacobriobis mdgradi ganviTarebis
interesebisaTvis planetaze unda dadgindes ara mxo-
lod yvelasaTvis saerTo principebi da erToblivi
cxovrebis wesebi, aramed _ yoveli adamianis bedze
saerTo pasuxismgeblobac.“1
naSromSi uaRresad mniSvnelovan aspeqtad unda mi-
viCnioT sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebis
glokalizacia. Tavad termini „glokalizacia“ Seiqmna
ori sityvis _ „globalizaciisa“ da „lokalizaciis“
SeTavsebis gziT da gavrcelda, rogorc calkeuli
xalxebis kulturuli ganviTarebis adgilobriv, lo-
kalur TaviseburebaTa da msoflio sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis globaluri tendenciebis gadajaWvulo-
bis rTuli procesis aRmniSvneli termini. lokali-
zaciis procesebis ganxilvisas, wignis avtorebi mniS-
vnelovan daskvnamde midian: „yvelanairi safuZveli
gvaqvs, vivaraudoT, rom axlo momavalSi, msoflio
sazogadoebis marTvis saTanado sistemis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, interesTa konfliqtebi globalur samya-
roSi kidev ufro gamwvavdeba, xolo saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa subieqtebis urTierTbrZola gamovlin-
deba ufro axali, SesaZloa, _ sruliad gauTvalis-
winebeli formebiT. albaT, swored amaSi mdgomareobs
Tanamedrove epoqis mTavari winaaRmdegoba.“2
sayuradReboa wignis avtorTa kide erTi mniSvne-
lovani debuleba: imdenad, ramdenadac kacobriobas
imanenturad axasiaTebs civilizaciuri erTianoba da
kulturuli mravalferovneba (mravalgvaroba), avto-
1 iqve, gv. 75. 2 iqve, gv. 81.
233
rebi Tanamedrove realiebis aRsaniSnavad, gvTavazoben
axali sintetikuri kategoriis gamoyenebas, saxelwo-
debiT kulturul-civilizaciuri sistemebi, rac, maTi
azriT, uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva socialuri sistemis
(nacionaluri, lokaluri, regionaluri) da msoflio
sazogadoebriobis aRqmis mTlianobas.
globalizaciis epoqaSi sociokulturuli ganviTa-
rebis TaviseburebaTa ganxilvis dasasruls avtorebi
midian mniSvnelovan daskvnamde: „civilizaciis gagebi-
sadmi diskretuli midgoma dReisaTvis ukve arapro-
duqtiulia, miT ufro, roca saqme globalizaciis
procesebSi CarTul msoflio sazogadoebriobas exeba;
amitom yvelaferi is, rasac dRes „lokalur“, „regi-
onalur“ civilizaciebad moixsenieben, unda ganvixi-
loT, rogorc erTiani zogadsakacobrio civiliza-
ciis fragmentebi, Tuki msoflio sazogadoebriobas
aRviqvamT erT mTlianobaSi.“1
naSromSi gadmocemuli koncefcia gansazRvravs ag-
reTve, avtorTa midgomas globaluri mmarTvelobis
problemebis ganxilvisadmi.
kerZod, maTi azriT, msoflios globaluri mmar-
Tvelobis Temas dRes centraluri adgili uWiravs
kacobriobis umniSvnelovanes amocanebs Soris: „es
gamomdinareobs Tanamedrove epoqis mTavari winaaRmde-
gobidan, romlis arsic aris is, rom globalizaciis
procesebis zegavleniT, msoflio sazogadoebrioba,
praqtikulad yvela parametris mixedviT, ufro da
ufro emsgavseba erTian, mTlian sistemas, maSin ro-
1 iqve, gv. 96.
234
desac am sistemis adekvaturi marTvisaTvis saWiro
meqanizmebi jer kidev ar Seqmnila.“1
meoTxe Tavi _ „globalizaciis sociokulturuli Sedegebi“ moicavs Semdeg problemebs: globaluri
procesebis socialuri ganpirobebuloba (Sepirobebu-
loba), yoveldRiurobis filosofia da msoflio
dinamika, agreTve, _ komunikaciur-informaciul sfe-
roSi adamianis mdgomareobasa da sainformacio sazo-
gadoebis anTropologiur parametrebTan dakavSi-
rebul problemebs.
naSromSi damajereblad aris dadgenili, rom
Tanamedrove pirovnebis formirebaze, mis sulier da
zneobriv orientaciasa da msoflmxedvelobaze zegav-
lenis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens informaciis
gavrceleba masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebiT, da
gansakuTrebiT, _ internetiT; es ukanaskneli, Tavisu-
fali komunikaciis universaluri sivrcea, romelic
yvelaze naklebad eqvemdebareba kontrols. pirovne-
bisa da sazogadoebis sulier ganviTarebaze saubrisas
avtorebi exebian sabazro kriteriumebis gamoyenebis
problemas cxovrebis sulier sferosTan mimarTebaSi
da askvnian, rom es dauSvebelia: „Tanamedrove sain-
formacio teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli sulier fase-
ulobaTa sferos komercializaciis tendencia Zireu-
lad aryevs socialuri ganviTarebis zneobriv safuZ-
vlebs da sazogadoebas degradaciiT emuqreba.“2
komunikatiur-sainformacio sferoSi adamianis
mdgomareobis ganxilvisas, avtorebi midian daskvnamde,
rom Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma, dina-
1 iqve, gv. 97. 2 iqve, gv. 107.
235
miur, universalur da yovlismomcvel faqtorebad
qceulma teqnizaciam da globalizaciam fundamenturi
zegavlena moaxdines ara marto sakuTriv adamianze
da mis Segnebaze, aramed _ yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
uklebliv yvela struqturaze. amasTanave, monografi-
aSi samarTlianad miuTiTeben umniSvnelovanes proble-
maze, romelic Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier, naklebad
aris gaSuqebuli: „XXI saukuneSi adamianebi aRfrTo-
vanebiT ganixilaven axali kompiuterebis, aipadebis,
aifonebisa, Tu smartfonebis Rirsebebsa da SesaZleb-
lobebs, programebsa da teqnologiebs, romlebic us-
wrafesad viTardebian; magram eleqtronul-cifruli
komunikaciebis inovaciur formebze bazirebul uSu-
alo momxmarebelTa socialuri Tvisebebis, axali
socialuri urTierTobebis mTeli sistemis SigniT
mimdinare cvlilebebi, dRemde seriozuli socialuri
kvlevebis gareSe rCebian.“1
kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic dakavSirebulia
globalizaciis sociokulturul SedegebTan, exeba
informaciuli sazogadoebis anTropologiur paramet-
rebs; ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi gadasuli Tanamed-
rove civilizacia saxecvlilebas ganicdis informa-
ciis ulevi resursis wyalobiT (romlis mega-
giganturi moculoba swored internetsivrceSia aku-
mulirebuli). rogorc avtorebi aRniSnaven, aseT
pirobebSi adamianTa qcevis da sazogadoebis marTvis
mTeli sistema ukve moZvelebulia arsebuli teqni-
kuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri inovaciebis fonze.
amis mizezia is, rom globalizaciis moTxovnebi
aRematebian masTan urTierTmoqmedebisaTvis saWiro
1 iqve, gv. 121.
236
adamianur SesaZleblobebs: msoflios modernizaciis
procesi imdenad Sors wavida, rom ikargeba Zala-
ufleba adamianTa qcevis tradiciul formebze.1 sa-
kiTxis amgvarad dasma, Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli prob-
lemisadmi seriozul midgomas imsaxurebs.
daskvnaSi, saTauriT _ „globaluri riskebi: ganvi-Tarebis scenarebi XXI saukuneSi“, aRniSnulia, rom
kacobriobis istorias mudam Tan sdevda yvelanairi
problemebi da riskebi; dRes, XXI s-is dasawyisSi,
Cven sruli safuZveli gvaqvs ganvacxadoT, rom yvela-
nairi parametrebis mixedviT, kacobrioba ukve glo-
baluri problemebisa da globaluri riskebis situa-
ciaSi cxovrobs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, avtorebi aR-
niSnaven, rom globaluri problemebis erTi xelis
dakvriT gadawyveta SeuZlebelia: isini yovelTvis
iarsebeben da mudmivad moiTxoven gadawyvetas. maTive
azriT, amJamad, aRiniSneba globaluri problemebis
gacnobierebidan globalur procesebze gadasvlis
etapi, romelic adre Tu gvian, aucileblad Seic-
vleba interesiT imis mimarT, Tu rogor unda Camoya-
libdes axali saerTaSoriso wesrigi imisaTvis, rom
Cveni erTiani da urTierTdamokidebulebaze agebuli
samyaro gaxdes usafrTxo da stabiluri. magram am
amocanis gadaWra, momavlis saqmea, radgan igi mWid-
rod aris dakavSirebuli meore, kidev ufro rTul
sakiTxTan _ adamianisa da „axali humanizmis“ proble-
masTan. amitom, globalistikis Semdgomi ganviTareba
adre Tu gvian, migviyvans sakuTriv, adamianis bunebisa
1 iqve, gv. 145.
237
da misive arsis, rogorc am ukanasknelis yvela prob-
lemisa da sirTulis mTavari mizezis, gaazrebamde.1
aseTia sarecenzio monografiis ZiriTadi debule-
bebi, romlebic udavod, mis maRal mecnierul doneze
mowmoben.
daskvnis saxiT, aRvniSnavT, rom Cven ar Sevsul-
varT diskusiaSi wignis avtorebTan, Tumca, zogierT
problemaze gansxvavebuli azri gagvaCnia. am SemTxve-
vaSi, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom naSromi exeba
ukiduresad rTul da, amasTanave, Tanamedroveobis
uaRresad aqtualur problemebs. globalizaciasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvlevisas, gamoTqmulia gan-
sxvavebuli da zogjer, _ urTierTsawinaaRmdego mo-
sazrebebi; dReisaTvis, am problemebze muSaobas kvla-
vac ganagrZoben mecnierebi ruseTSic da mTel msof-
lioSic. rac Seexeba aRniSnuli Temis Seswavlas
saqarTveloSi, unda iTqvas, rom igi jer kidev ar
warmoadgens qarTvel mecnierTa farTo socialur-
filosofiuri kvlevisa, Tu maT Soris polemikis
sagans, Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom Cvens mier recen-
zirebuli wignis publikacia saamisod sasikeTo
impulsi aRmoCndeba da xels Seuwyobs, am kuTxiT,
Semdgom kvlevebs saqarTveloSi.
xaTuna ioseliani
1 iqve, gv. 157-158.
238
xsovna
IN MEMORIAN
giorgi gociriZe _ qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis Rirseuli warmomadgeneli
qarTuli eTnologiuri sko-
la, didi xania gamorCeulia
Tavisi samecniero avtorite-
tiT. am skolis Semqmneli mec-
nierebis moswavleebi dRes Ti-
Tze CamosaTvlelebi dagvrCnen.
maT Soris iyo istoriis mecni-
erebaTa doqtori, profesori
giorgi gociriZe. is swored im
asakSi gardaicvala, roca wlebis manZilze daunjebu-
li codnisa da gamocdilebis srulfasovni gaziareba
xdeba.
batoni giorgi, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis
Rirseuli da TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, amave sko-
lis fuZemdeblis, giorgi Citaias moswavle da gaz-
rdili gaxldaT. niWieri mkvlevari, SesaniSnavi ada-
miani da kolega, samSoblos usazRvrod moyvaruli da
gulSematkivari; 100-mde samecniero naSromis (maT
Soris, 4 monografiis) avtori. batoni giorgis kvle-
vis sfero qarTuli yofisa da kulturis, socia-
luri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs moi-
cavda. mas ekuTvnis fundamenturi naSromebi qarTuli
sufrisa da kvebis kulturis Sesaxeb. iyo SesaniSnavi
specialisti da eqsperti eTnikurjgufTaSorisi ur-
TierTobebisa. am kuTxiT, misi kvlevis sagans, wlebis
manZilze, TbilisSi da qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi
239
azerbaijanlebis yofa da kultura, religia da moqa-
laqeobrivi adaptaciis problemebi da sakiTxebi war-
moadgenda.
1974 wels daamTavra Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelmwifo universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fa-
kulteti. 1975 wlidan sococxlis bolomde muSa-
obda qarTuli saistorio da eTnologiuri mecnie-
rebis ZiriTad keraSi _ ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa
da eTnologiis institutSi. aRmosavleTmcodneobis
fakultetze swavlisas, is daeufla sparsul enas,
ris Semdegac, daiwyo fereidneli qarTvelebis yofisa
da kulturis Seswavla. misi pirveli naSromebi swo-
red am sakiTxebs eZRvneba: `saqorwino `Sirzaha~ fe-
reidnel qarTvelebSi~; `mahri~ (dawindva) fereidnel
qarTvelebSi~; `naTesaobis sistemis zogierTi sakiTxi
fereidnel qarTvelebSi~; `saqorwilo ritualuri
purebi fereidnel qarTvelebSi~ da sxva. 1981 wels
daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze: `qorwineba
fereidnel qarTvelebSi~, romelic Semdgom, monogra-
fiis saxiT gamoica (1987 w.). batoni giorgis kvlevam
naTlad dagvanaxa, Tu rogor inarCunebda eTnikur
wes-Cveulebebs sakuTari qveynidan ucxo mxareSi gada-
saxlebuli qarTveloba. mis kvlevebs, am dargSi, gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. aRsaniSnavia, Tu
rogori siTboTi da gulistkiviliT gamoirCeoda
giorgi gociriZis damokidebuleba fereidneli qar-
Tvelebisadmi. bolos, 2014 wels imyofeboda iranSi
samecniero eqspediciis farglebSi da saocari STa-
beWdilebebiT dabrunda, gulistkiviliT da, amave
dros, sixaruliT yveboda iqaur qarTvelebTan Sexved-
rebis Sesaxeb.
240
meore ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, rasac giorgi goci-
riZem didi dro da energia miuZRvna, qarTuli
sufrisa da kvebis kulturis sakiTxebi iyo. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom qarTuli sufris xasiaTis, warmo-
Sobis, ganviTarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli termi-
nologiis kvleviT araerTi mecnieri iyo daintere-
sebuli, giorgi gociriZis naSromebi, udavod didi
mniSvnelobiT da maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. bolo
dros, qarTveli da ucxoeli mkvlevrebis mier, gamo-
iTqva mosazreba qarTuli sufris, rogorc gviandeli
warmonaqmnis Sesaxeb da, miCneuli iqna mefis ruseTisa
da komunisturi mmarTvelobis drois produqtad. g.
gociriZis xangrZlivi kvleva-Zieba (am sakiTxze momu-
Save sxva mecnier-mkvlevrebTan erTad) kargad aC-
venebs qarTuli sufris Tavdapirvel, _ saweso xa-
siaTs, mis tradiciulobasa da organul kavSirs
qarTul kulturasTan da wes-CveulebebTan. sufris
Cveulebebs is ganixilavs kvebis kulturasTan kav-
SirSi, romelic saocrad mdidari da mravalferovania
saqarTveloSi da yvela kuTxis gamorCeul _ eko-
geografiul maxasiaTeblebs moicavs. swored am Te-
maze daicva man sadoqtoro disertacia 2002 wels:
`kvebis xalxuri kultura da sufris tradiciebi
saqarTveloSi~. es monografia, amave saxelwodebiT,
gamoica 2007 w., romelic samagido wignia qarTuli
sufrisa da kvebis kulturis sakiTxebiT daintere-
sebuli mkvlevrebisTvis.
ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno im gansakuTrebuli damo-
kidebulebis Sesaxeb, rac baton giorgis gaaCnda qar-
TvelTa sufrisa da kvebis kulturisadmi. es gan-
wyoba, pirvel rigSi, misi naSromebis saxeldebidanac
241
Cans: `qarTuli sufris kulturuli mozaika~,
`qarTuli sufris religiuri semantika~. `mWermet-
yvelebis sakraluri semantika qarTuli sufris
wesebSi~ da, romeli erTi CamovTvalo. TiToeuli
naSromidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor safuZvlianad
hqonda Seswavlili, rogori gulisyuriT ekideboda
yvela niuanss, rac qarTvelTa am erT-erT mniSvnelo-
van kulturas exeboda.
giorgi gociriZe, rogorc klasikosi eTnologebis
aRzrdili, kargad xedavda erTiani kavkasiuri prob-
lemebis, tradiciebisa da urTierTobebis suraTs,
mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobas. misi naSromebi am Tema-
tikasac moicavs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT ki,
gamoirCeva giorgi gociriZis Sromebi saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis yofisa da tradiciebis
Sesaxeb. unda iTqvas, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva mis
mier, savele, metad rTul viTarebaSi moZiebul masa-
las efuZneba, rasac arsebul, samecniero litera-
turasTan konteqstSi ganixilavda. is kargad icnobda
qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis yofasa da
kulturas, TbilisSi mcxovrebi muslimebis tradi-
ciebs. hyavda bevri azerbaijaneli megobari, romlebic
mis mimarT saocari pativiscemiT iyvnen ganmsWva-
lulni.
musulmanebis religiur dResaswaulebsa da
ritualebs, batonma giorgim, mraval statiasTan
erTad, ori monografia miuZRvna: `muslimanuri
dResaswauli `mohasami~ TbilisSi~ (1988 w.) da
`aRmosavluri dResaswaulebi saqarTveloSi~ (2012
w.).
242
mis naSromebSi detalurad aris aRwerili da
Seswavlili saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimebis sxva-
dasxva tradicia, religiuri dResaswaulebi, tran-
sformacia, rasac Cveulebriv, ganicdida azerbaija-
nelTa yofa da kultura, sxva eTnosebTan urTi-
erTobis gamo.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, giorgi gociriZis, ro-
gorc maRali donis mecnierisa da, amave dros, saku-
Tari qveynis uzomod gulSematkivaris xedva im rTul
eTnikurjgufTaSoris mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb,
rasac adgili aqvs saqarTveloSi. mas yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli hqonda am kuTxiT gamorCeul regio-
nebze, kerZod, qvemo qarTlze da Tbilisze. am sakiT-
xebze Seqmnili TiToeuli misi naSromi, namdvilad
faseuli da angariSgasawevia.
giorgi gociriZe farTo diapazonis mkvlevari
gaxldaT. garda CamoTvlili sakiTxebisa, is muSaobda
qarTvelTa sameurneo kulturaze (sameurneo nagebo-
bebi, sakvebi kulturebi); hqonda Teoriuli xasiaTis
kvlevebi; iyo saocrad kvalificirebuli da angariS-
gasawevi recenzenti; kiTxulobda leqciebs sxvadasxva
universitetebSi; iyo Tavdauzogavi damcveli qarTu-
li yofisa da kulturis sakiTxebisa, rogorc Sida,
ise kavkasiur, Tu saerTaSoriso samecniero-sazoga-
doebriv asparezze.
xaTuna ioseliani
243
sarCevi
CONTENTS
redaqtorisgan............................................................................. 3
xaTuna ioseliani
eTnosocialuri procesebis zogierTi aspeqti
qvemo qarTlSi (marneulis municipalitetis
magaliTze).....................................................................................
5
Khatuna Ioseliani Some Aspects of the Ethno-Social Processes in Kvemo Kartli (Example of the Marneuli Municipality).................................................................
16
lavrenti janiaSvili
XIX saukuneSi qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-
javaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli somxebis adaptaciis
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli
aspeqtebi.........................................................................................
17 Lavrenti Janiashvili Socio-Political and Cultural Factors of Adaptation of Armenians Migrated in Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti in the XIX Century...............................................
43
avTandil sonRulaSvili
erovnul umciresobaTa religiuri seqtebi
saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi......
45
244
Avtandil Songulashvili Minority Religious in Georgian in the 50-s of the XX Century .........................................................................
58
irma kvaSilava
wmida SabaTi qarTvel ebraelTa yofaSi.................... 59
Irma Kvashilava Holy Subbat in the Every-Day Life of Georgian Jews...
69
giorgi mamardaSvili
givi eliava da misi wvlili samegrelos
eTnografiul SeswavlaSi.....................................................
70 Giorgi Mamardashvili
Givi Eliava and His Contribution in Study of the Samegrelo Ethnography……………………………..................
81
qeTevan quTaTelaZe
zoonimuri warmoSobis toponimebi `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ mixedviT...............................................................
82
Ketevan Kutateladze Toponyms of Zoonymical Origin According to “Kartlis Tskhovreba”…………………………………………………
110
daviT WiTanava
samegrelos toponimiidan (`sinwa,~ `umpia,~
`ZaRva~)............................................................................................
111
245
David Chitanava From the Toponyms of Samegrelo (“Sintsa,” “Umpia,” “Dzaghva”)………………………………………………..
118
xaTuna ioseliani
svaneTis `mTiuleTis~ saeklesio saganZuri,
eklesiebi da cixe-simagreebi XV saukunis erTi
dokumentis mixedviT.............................................................
119
Khatuna Ioseliani Church Treasures, Churches and Castles of Svaneti “Highland” According to One Document of the XV Century………………………………………………………………………
129
papuna gabisonia
I-II saukuneebSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi
mosaxle tomTa berZnul-laTinuri zogierTi
saxelwodebis garkvevisaTvis.............................................
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Papuna Gabisonia The Greek-Latin Name Clarifying of the Tribes Living in the Eastern Black Sea (I-II Centuries)...........
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daviT merkvilaZe
Walatyel merkvilaZeTa saojaxo-sagvareulo
arqivi................................................................................................
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David Merkviladze The Family Archive of Merkviladze from the Village Chalatke........................................................................
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246
oTar gogoliSvili
didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis olqiT
daintereseba pirveli msoflio omis win.................
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Otar Gogolishvili Interests of the Big States to Batumi District Before the World War I.................................................................
163
nato sonRulaSvili
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi......
164
Nato Songulashvili The National-Liberation Movement in Georgia 40-50-s of the XX Centuty......................................................
182
igor kekelia
samegrelo karl hainrih emil koxis
samogzauro CanawerebSi.........................................................
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Igor Kekelia Samegrelo’s Historical Questions in Karl Hainrih Emil Kokh’s Traveller’s Notes.....................................
195
lia gulordava
odiSis samTavros sadavo teritoriebi mezobel
samefo-samTavroebTan da ruseTis mier misi
dapyrobis winapirobis Sesaxeb.........................................
196
247
Lia Gulordava The Arguable Territories of Odishi Principality with the Bordering Kingdoms and Principalities and the Reasons of Its Conquer by Russia.................................
211
irakli SarvaZe
qarTul-osuri sakomunikacio arxebi yazbegis
raionSi............................................................................................
212
Irakli Sharvadze Georgian-Ossetian Communicational channels in the Kazbegi Region.............................................................
221
recenzia Review
xaTuna ioseliani
aleqsandre Cumakovisa da aza ioselianis
wignze: `globalizaciis filosofia: problemebi
da perspeqtivebi~......................................................................
222
Рецензия на книгу А. Н. Чумакова и А. Д. Иоселиани: «Философия глобализации: проблемы и перспективы»
xsovna In Memorian
xaTuna ioseliani
giorgi gociriZe _ qarTuli eTnologiuri
skolis Rirseuli warmomadgeneli................................
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