iv SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIALS THROUGH THE ADOPTION OF KAMPUNG SUNGAI MELAYU SOCIAL INVENTIONS LAU CHUN LEONG A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE 2016
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iv
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIALS THROUGH THE
ADOPTION OF KAMPUNG SUNGAI MELAYU SOCIAL INVENTIONS
LAU CHUN LEONG
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Architecture
Faculty of Built Environment
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2016
vi
To my beloved wife and parents
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In preparing this dissertation, I was in contact with many people, researchers,
academicians and practitioners. They have contributed towards my understanding
and thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main
thesis supervisor, Dr. Abdul Halim Hussien for encouragement, guidance, critics and
friendship. I am also very thankful to my dissertation supervisor Associate Professor
Dr. Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Ariffin for his guidance, advices and motivation.
Without their continued support and interest, this dissertation would not have been
the same as presented here.
My fellow postgraduate students should be recognized as well for their
continuous support. My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues,
business partners, former classmates and others who have provided assistance such
as surveys, questionnaires and other various occasions. Their views and tips are very
useful indeed. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them here in this limited
space. I am grateful to all my family members especially my wife for her continuous
support throughout the preparation of this dissertation.
viii
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to identify the roles of public communal spaces
that could improve the social interaction of the community in high-rise residentials. It
is very common to see high-rise buildings erected throughout a developing city. The
high-rises are like the key players of the city, and normally a driving force for the
improvement of the urban infrastructure. As the people are moving-from horizontal
community to vertical community, the issues of social interaction arise. Therefore,
communal spaces in high-rise buildings are very important and the implementation
into the current industry is yet to be reinforced. Social interaction is important as it is
beneficial to human health, both physically and psychologically. The idea of
including communal space in high-rise is no longer a new idea as it had been
incorporated during the 1980’s. But it is yet to be fully implemented in the high-rise
development due to the cost and plot ratio issues. The main objective of this research
is to create an architectural method for encouraging social interaction in high-rise
community. The research adopts the questionnaires, interviews and observation as
the methodology for data collection. The data are collected from the selected village,
Kampung Sungai Melayu. From the findings, it had been identified that certain
characteristics that are encouraging community social interaction is found in
Kampung Sungai Melayu, such as the anjung, typical house typology and communal
spaces. The author suggested a few methods that can be incorporated into the design
of future high-rise residentials in order to encourage social interaction within the
high-rise communities, such as incorporating the anjung into the unit design, offset
the corridor with the individual units, create a transition space between the public
corridors and private units, etc.
ix
ABSTRAK
Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti fungsi ruang komuniti awam
yang boleh meningkatkan sosial interaksi antara komuniti di kalangan residen
bangunan tinggi. Fenomena mengenai bangunan-bangunan tinggi didirikan di
seluruh bandar membangun merupai sesuatu perkara yang biasa. Bangunan-
bangunan tinggi merupakan pemain utama bandar dan biasanya pemangkin bagi
peningkatan infrastruktur bandar. Disebabkan itu, isu sosial interaksi di antara
komuniti bangunan tinggi telah muncul. Maka, ruang awam dalam bangunan tinggi
adalah sangat penting dan implementasi ruang awam ke dalam seni bina bangunan
tinggi belum diperkukuhkan. Sosial interaksi adalah penting kepada kesihatan
manusia, dari segi fizikal dan psikologi. Idea untuk meningkatkan ruang komunal di
bangunan bukan satu idea baru kerana ia telah diperbadankan pada tahun 1980-an.
Tetapi ia masih belum dilaksanakan sepenuhnya dalam pembangunan bangunan
tinggi disebabkan oleh isu kos. Tujuan utama penyelidikan ini dijalankan adalah
untuk mencipta satu seni-bina yang dapat menggalakkan sosial interaksi dalam
komuniti bangunan tinggi. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan soal selidik, temu bual dan
pemerhatian sebagai kaedah pengumpulan data. Data-data ini dikumpul daripada
kampong terpilih, iaitu Kampung Sungai Melayu. Daripada penemuan itu, ciri-ciri
tertentu telah dikenal pasti sebagai faktor yang mengalakkan interaksi sosial
masyarakat di Kampung Sungai Melayu, seperti anjung, tipologi rumah biasa dan
ruang perkauman. Penulis mencadangkan beberapa kaedah yang boleh dimasukkan
ke dalam seni bina rumah kediaman bangunan tinggi masa depan untuk
menggalakkan interaksi sosial dalam komuniti bangunan tinggi. Antaranya termasuk
menggabungkan anjung ke dalam reka bentuk unit, mengimbangi koridor dengan
unit-unit individu, mencipta ruang peralihan antara koridor awam dan unit individu
dan sebagainya.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
ABSTRACT viii
ABSTRAK ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xxi
LIST OF APPENDICES xxii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Research Aims & Objectives 3
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Significance of Study 4
1.6 Research Methodology 5
1.7 Expected Findings 5
1.8 Structure of Thesis 6
xi
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Architectural Theories 8
2.3 Social Issues of Typical High-rise Residential 8
2.4 Advantages of Social Interaction 9
2.5 Good Places for Interaction 10
2.6 Communal Spaces in High-rise 13
2.7 Strategies for Socially Connective Tall Buildings 14
2.8 Hierarchy of Social Spaces 16
2.9 Examples of Social High-rise Building 18
2.9.1 Bedok Court Condominium, Singapore 18
2.9.2 Interlace Apartment, Singapore 21
2.9.3 Residential Tower Antwerp, Belgium 24
2.10 Summary 25
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Literature Reviews Methodology 29
3.3 Research Design 30
3.4 Research Strategy 32
3.5 Research Procedure 32
3.5.1 Data Collection Instrument 32
3.5.2 Data Collection 33
3.5.3 Data Documentation 34
3.6 Summary 35
xii
4 ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 36
4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 Data Analysis 37
4.2.1 Social Culture 37
4.2.1.1 Demography 38
4.2.1.2 Social & Cultural Communal Activities 41
4.2.1.3 Social & Cultural Individual Activities 46
4.2.2 Physical/Built Environment 48
4.3 Findings 55
4.3.1 Summary of Social Culture 55
4.3.2 Summary of Physical/Built Environment 56
4.4 Discussion 58
4.4.1 Suggested Location of Communal Spaces in
High-rise Residential 58
4.4.2 Suggested Block Design in High-rise Residential 60
4.4.3 Suggested Unit Layout in High-rise Residential 64
4.5 Summary 66
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Conclusion 68
5.2.1 First Objective: Social Cultural Activities 68
5.2.2 Second Objective: Characteristics of Communal
Space 69
5.2.3 Third Objective: Social High-Rise Residential
Design 69
5.3 Limitations 70
5.4 Recommendations 70
xiii
REFERENCES 72
APPENDIX A 76
APPENDIX B 80
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Summary and Findings of Literature Reviews 26
3.1 The methodologies used by the existing literatures 29
4.1 Types of social spaces in Kampung Sungai Melayu 54
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Shaded area with benches attracts people to gather
around it (Source: http://bienesraicesamerica.com)
11
2.2 The Unit Insertion System as promoted by Yeun, Chang
and Da (2010)
13
2.3 Examples of Exo-Spatial strategies (Source:
http://studiogang.com)
15
2.4 Examples of Exo-Spatial strategies (Source:
http://studiogang.com)
15
2.5 Study of angle to create better park space (Source:
http://studiogang.com)
15
2.6 The architect connects two important communal spaces;
the river walk and the park through an open elevated
floor at the ground level (Source: http://studiogang.com)
16
2.7 Hierarchy of Social Spaces (Source: Sow, 2015) 17
2.8 Bedok Court Condominium (Source:
http://mapcarta.com/16110740)
18
2.9 The entrance porch at Bedok Court Condominium
(Source: Bay, 2004)
19
xvi
2.10 The entrance porch at Bedok Court Condominium
(Source: http://www.ibuild.sg/product_gardengrass
_condos_east.htm)
19
2.11 The entrance porch at Bedok Court Condominium