ITEC21 Hardware

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

The tangible parts of a computer system.

All the physical electronic component of a computer system, including peripherals, printed circuit boards (PCB), and input/output devices

DATA PROCESSING

DATA PROCESSING

Data processing is a technique of collecting, manipulating, and distributing data to achieve certain functions.

Its objective is to convert raw data into information that can be used in decision making

DATA PROCESSING

DATA The word “data” is the plural of word datum,

which means fact, observations, assumptions or occurrence

INFORMATION can be defined as “data that has been

transformed into something useful”

DATA PROCESSING

DATA

TRANSFORMATION PROCESS

INFORMATION

DATA PROCESSING

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

INPUT – refers to the activities required to record data and to make it available for processing.

PROCESSING – denotes the actual data manipulation techniques such as calculating, summarizing, comparing, etc. that converts data into information

DATA PROCESSING

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

OUTPUT – a communication function which transmits the information to persons who needs the information

STORAGE – it involves the filing of data and information for future usage.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

SYSTEM

A collection of objects, procedures, or techniques that interact in a regulated manner to form an organized whole.

Systems may be composed of smaller assemblages of parts known as a subsystem

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

In a computer system, it is commonly composed of the following:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Input / Output (I / O)

Memory

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

INPUT

OUTPUT

MEMORY

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

It is the heart of the computer system.

It is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

According to the Von Neumann Architecture or the Princeton Architecture, the CPU is composed of three units:

1. CONTROL UNIT (CU)

2. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

3. PRIMARY MEMORY

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CONTROL UNIT (CU)

Maintains order and controls activity in the CPU.

It fetches the codes of all the instructions in the program.

It directs the operations of other units by providing timing and control signals.

All computer resources are managed by this unit.

It directs the flow of data between the CPU and other devices

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

It is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic

computations and logical operations.

PRIMARY MEMORY UNIT

Holds instructions, data, and intermediate and final

results.

It is reusable, fast storage medium, directly accessible

by the control unit.

Each storage cell is capable of storing one bit of data.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

Arithmetic Logic

Unit (ALU)

Control Unit (CU)

Primary Memory

Unit

INPUT / OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM

it provides the mechanism for communications between CPU and the outside world.

The input subsystem of a computer reads data and converts into electronic pulses, then transmits it through wires to CPU

INPUT / OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM

The output subsystem reports the results of processing by the CPU.

Output is an essential step in the data processing cycle.

Its function is to convert the electronic pulses from the CPU into useful information.

MEMORY SUBSYSTEM

It is also known as the secondary storage.

It is used for an extra storage, exceeding the CPU’s primary storage.

It is an efficient and compact means of storing large amount of data, that is ready for retrieval or further processing.

INPUT AND OUTPUT COMPONENTS

INPUT AND OUTPUT COMPONENTS

An input device is any peripheral used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system like a computer.

An output device is any peripheral used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by a computer that converts electronically generated information into human – readable form.

INPUT AND OUTPUT COMPONENTS

Common I / O Peripherals

Keyboards (mechanical and keypads) Pointing devices (mouse, trackballs, touch pads) Display devices (monitors and televisions) Printing devices (printers, plotters) Audio / Video devices(cameras, microphones,

speakers) Other I/O devices (drivers, modems, scanners)

STORAGE COMPONENTS

STORAGE COMPONENTS

MEMORY Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Programmable ROM

Erasable PROM

Virtual Memory