Issue 20 - Free-Energy Devices

1New Energy Technologies #2(21) 2005

Magazine

CONTENTS

• Brief review of energy machines�engines, U.S.Potapov, Russia 2• Alt – Science in Russia, T. Ventura, USA 11• Oil: How much is left? W. Zebuhr, USA 16• Innovation company of “Nornikel” 22• Review of companies producing vortex heatgenerators (VHG), E.Artemieva, Russia 23• Phenomenon of electric current rotation. G. Kasyanov, Russia 28• «Perpetual motion machine» or «again about magnetron”V.I. Korobeynikov, Russia 31• Remote Influence Of Rotation On Radioactive Decay, I.A.Melnik, Russia 34• Aether mechanics, V. Toporov, Russia 38• On basics of potential dynamics, E.I. Linevitch, Russia 44• Hypothesis of heat transformer. V. Filippov, Russia 50• Perpetual motion machine of “the second class”, S.N. Dunayevskiy, Russia 54• Resonance methods of electric energy transmission, D.S. Strebkov, Russia 60• Hydrogen energy, Review, S. Shlenchak, Russia 67• Unitary Quantum Theory And A New Source Of Energy, L. Sapogin, Russia 70• Ether�Energy�Generator, A. Evert, Germany 74• Steven Krivit’s Cold Fusion, USA 94

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff.In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible.

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies

Issue #2 (21) 2005

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd

Editor�in�Chief Alexander V. Frolov, Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov,Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak, Translator Elena N. Artemieva

Correspondence Address: 7 Lev Tolstoy Str., St�Petersburg 197376 Russia,Tel/fax: 7 (812) 380�3844, [email protected]

2005 subscription $49. All the back issues as PDF files on CD $29.Please pay online from our web site http://www.faraday.ru

Printed in Russia. Copyright © 2004�2005 by Faraday Lab Ltd.Circulation: 500 printed copies

New Energy Technologies

2New Energy Technologies, Issue #2(21) 2005

Brief review ofenergy machines-engines

Yu.S. Potapov, S. Kachanov, I.G. Kalachiov.Tel. [email protected]

The engine was called a machine as early as in Icentury B.C. Today an enormous quantity ofengines�machines exists, so it is necessary toclassify them according to type of consumedenergy or fuel. The following machines areknown:

1. hydraulic motors2. internal�combustion engines3. external�combustion engines4. air motors5. jet engines6. gas turbine engines7. nuclear jet engines8. nuclear engines9. ionic engines10. electric and magnetic engines11. steamers12. quantum engines13. vibratory engines14. molecular vortex engines

There is no need to overview the entire historyof the mentioned types and classes’development. Thus, we will consider 1�2 enginesfrom each class. Taking into account thepresent�day reality, only efficient engines areinteresting.

1.1 Hydraulic motors

Hydraulic motors are widely spread in industry.Russia created its first hydro turbine by meansof an inventor called I.E. Safonov in 1837 [1].Contemporary turbines are made using verticalor horizontal shafts. Powers of large turbines reachmillion kW though their efficiency is only 28�35%;in some cases, it reaches up to 40�45%.

The only hydroelectric power station havingefficiency as high as 50% is Hydro Power Plant(HPP) �1.5 (its power is 1.5 kW) built in theUSSR in the eighties [1].

In 1995, first hydraulic machines with efficiencycoefficient more than 100% appeared.

The advantages of such an electric station areits high efficiency and ecological cleanness. Thedrawbacks are its height of up to 25 meters andits mass of ten tons while its power is 4 kW forelectric energy and 3 kW for heat energy. Thisheat power station uses vortex heatgenerator [3].

Fig. 1. A hydroelectric power station


The following hydraulic engine to overcome anexergy limit of 100% was a machine using airinjection into pneumatic accumulators [4].

A construction with pneumobottles [5] is a typeof hydraulic engine (Fig. 3).

The advantages of such hydraulic machines�engines are high efficiency and ecologicalcleanness. The drawbacks are big sizes and lowspeed of power shaft rotation.

In the Northern regions, these machines arenecessary to heat big volumes of water. Thiswould require additional expenditure of energyand lower efficiency of the engine.

1.2 Internal-combustion engines(ICE)

Among the variety of internal�combustion

engines, rotary and rotary�piston engines areinteresting for us as they are the most up�to�date machines [6].

Foreign motor rotary engines are known asWankel engines [7]. Actually Wankel enginewas almost the only engine to be developed bymotor�car industry of Western Germany, Japanand France.

There were attempts to produce it in Russia aswell. The best designs of Wankel engine have arotor and stator’s effective area of cycloidalform. During engine operation, its rotor makesepitrochoidal and hypotrochoidal curves. Inorder to prevent rotor jamming, one cog�wheelis set on the rotor while another one is set onthe body (stator) Fig. 4.

We will omit the history of development of thisengine and mention only its main

Fig. 2. A hydroelectric power plant withpneumatic accumulators and air injection

Fig. 3. A hydroelectric power plant with closedaccumulators


disadvantages. They are:� increased fuel and oil consumption by 10�15%.Hence, the engine cannot produce “clear”exhaust in atmosphere.� the engine is heated during fuel combustionand, therefore, a cooling system is needed.� limited frequency of output power shaftrotation is 6,000 rev/min while it had beenplanned to be 35,000 rev/min.� quick deterioration of effective areas of therotor and the body.

These drawbacks have influenced market entryand the spread of the engine.

An interesting design of ICE was suggested byan engineer called V.S. Putin [1].

His engine has six identical sections. Two ofthem operate as compressors to compress fuelmixture in combustion chambers of the fourworking sections. Each section has sixsimultaneously rotating rotors. Their axes areconnected with the output shaft by toothing.Fuel is fed by compressors in the central partof engine where it is electrically ignited.

Ignition occurs when the combustion chamber

has the smallest volume. Then rotors turnthrough a press of gases and power takeoffhappens at the output shaft. In the end of theexplosion stroke rotors are disconnected andexhaust occurs.

A long cycle of working gas expansion happensin such an engine [1]. Fig. 5.

Rotary ICE of V.S. Putin’s design has the maindrawbacks peculiar to the above mentionedrotary engines. Moreover, it has a rathercomplicated design and is not ecologically clean.Experts think that rotary�blade ICE has bigprospects [1]. Fig. 6.

Fig. 4. Design of Wankel internal-combustionengine

Fig. 5. Rotary ICE by V.S. Putin

Fig. 6. Scheme of rotary-blade ICE


This type of ICE can leap to high rotationspeeds. It has a simple and reliable gasdistribution system: only two blades (rotors)revolve on shafts dividing the internal surfaceof the cylindrical body into four closed bulks.Both rotors are kinematically connected.Closed bulks are formed between the blades,where working cycles of the ICE can take place.Special compressors are not needed for thisICE unlike the Wankel engine. Its blades areequal to an octacylinder four�cycle engine [1].Unfortunately, it uses the traditional fuel andthis drawback outweighs all its advantages.Exhaust pollutes the environment and oxygenfrom the environment is destroyed during fuelcombustion. It can lead to an ecologicaldisaster.

1.3 External-combustion engines

On September 21st 1816, Robert Stirling’sengine was produced. External�combustionengines differ from internal�combustion onesby having higher efficiency. For example, theStirling’s external�combustion engine hasefficiency of 54% now, which is a greatadvantage in comparison with internal�combustion engines. During the Sterling’sengine operation, far less exhaust is emitted intothe atmosphere but it still combusts fuelindirectly. This process is accompanied by thedestruction of oxygen, which is why external�combustion engines have no prospects in thefuture (Fig. 7).

1.4 Air motors

Air motors are spread in regions where windspeed on average exceeds 6�7 m/s. It is knownthat air motors are divided into two big classes:with a horizontal pivot pin and with a verticalone. Its labour bodies can be blades, turbines,sails etc.

The main advantage of air motors is the absenceof a fuel combustion process and the ecologicalcleanness of energy production. The drawbacksare low efficiency, noise effects and disabilityto work using wind of low speed [8].

Prospects of air motors use are rather good.

It is only necessary to remove the knowndrawbacks. In the work [9], a design of a windpower station working regardless of wind speedwith high efficiency is given.

1.5 Jet engines

Solid�propellant jet engines appeared as earlyas in ancient China. About 1680, “a rocketworkshop” was opened in Moscow [1].

The efficiency of the jet engine is characterizedby specific impulse. Specific impulse ofcontemporary jet engines is 30,000 N s/kg.Such an enormous specific impulse allows usingthese engines on up�to�date solid�propellantrockets and accelerators.

Fig. 7. External-combustion engines Fig. 8. Jet engine


Fig. 9. Contemporary gas turbofan engine

Fig. 10. Nuclear jet engine

Other types of fuel for jet engines can be liquidsand gases. The efficiency of jet engines is higherthan the efficiency of ICE while losses are from12 to 30%.

The engine, however, has its drawbacks: strongenvironment pollution takes place due to a bigquantity of combusted fuel.

1.6 Gas turbine engines

Contemporary gas turbofan engines have aratio of air flows along a by�pass canal and directone equal to 3:1 or 4:1. It allows using a fan withone row of blades [10]. A compressor of theengine consists of three blocks: a single�stageblower, an intermediate compressor and acompressor of high pressure (Fig. 9).

The efficiency of a gas turbofan engine is higherthan the efficiency of the intermediate jetengine while noise characteristics are muchlower.

It is necessary to mention that the design of astraight air flow jet engine is much simpler thanthat of a gas turbo engine, but both engines usefuel combustion. They destroy a lot ofatmospheric oxygen and, therefore, causeirreparable harm to humanity.

1.7 Nuclear jet engines

Specific impulse of jet engines using solid, liquidor gas fuel can increase up to 4,500 – 5,000 N s/kg [1]. It is known that one kilogram of uraniumcan emit the same quantity of energy during itsdecay as 1 million 700 thousand kilograms ofpetrol can emit during combustion. Even thebigger amount of energy can be obtained bymeans of fusion.

Of course, a fantastic amount of energy can beobtained by the induced decay of a proton [11].In the future, water can be an energy carrierable to entirely substitute oil and gas. If we takethe combustion of traditional energy carriersas one, nuclear decay is 102, fusion is 103, andthe induced decay of proton is 105. We just needtime to design such energy machines. Thenuclear jet engine with solid reactor is shownon Figure 10.

It consists of a chamber – 1, a reactor – 2, aturbine – 3, a pump – 4 and a vessel with theworking body � 5. Its core is made of a set offuel elements. The reactor has a control system.

Outflow velocity is 8,000 – 9,000 m/s. It islimited only by material of the nozzle. Such acomplicated and dangerous construction mustbe extra safe. Despite this, its design has beencurrently developing.

Fantastic projects of impulse nuclear enginesexist. They suggest that nuclear bombs of morethan 10,000 kg in trinitrotoluol equivalent must


Fig. 11. Nuclear engine

Fig. 12. Scheme of ionic engine

be exploded [11]. These projects are evenharder to implement.

1.8 Nuclear engines

The use of nuclear engines for ship machineryand electric power stations began more than50 years ago. The efficiency of nuclear electricpower stations does not exceed 30�34%. It isconnected with the fact that nuclear reactionheats liquid and steam rotates the turbine,which rotates the electric generator.

This multistage process of transformation ofnuclear energy, naturally, lowers efficiency(Figure 11).

A certain advantage of nuclear engines is smallmass of “fuel” in comparison with traditionaltypes of fuel (coal, oil).

1.9 Ionic engines

Three schemes of ionic engines are known. Theydiffer according to ionization methods. Thefirst ionization method is based on surfaceionization; the second one is based on electronbombardment; and the third is connected withelectric arc source of ions formation [1].

All ionic engines have small specific impulsesof tenths of a newton and consume a tenth ofelectric energy kilowatts. These engines areused in spacecrafts for correction of theirtrajectory or position relative to sun. (Fig. 12)

Ionic engines are engines of open space. Due tothe high outflow velocity of ions, it is possiblefor a spacecraft to gather high speed butelectric energy consumption will be too high,requiring thousands of kilowatts. But how canwe get it? [1]

Open space engines are neutrino, photon,plasma, and torsion engines.

Their use on Earth is limited due to a smallspecific impulse, therefore, we will not considerthem in details [12].

1.10 Electric engines

Electric engines appeared in 1821. First,electric engines using direct current were used.Such electric machines could operate asgenerators [1].

Now electric machines and generators usingdirect and alternating current as well asconstant magnets are designed. Ac converter�fed motors are perspective as they meet theindustrial requirements.

These electric motors are easily controlledwithin the limits from 100 to 25,000 rev/minand have different powers. AC converter�fedmotors have high accuracy of rotation speedand operate almost noiselessly.


Fig. 13. Dudyshev’s magnetic engine Fig. 14. I.I. Polsuniov’s steamer

Another perspective electric engine is amachine of a Japanese inventor called KoheyMinato. According to his words, the engine hasan efficiency higher than 300% [13]. Manymagnets with their poles located at the samedirection towards rotor’s rotation are attachedto the rotor of his engine. There also arestabilizers for balancing the rotor’s rotation onthe rotor [14].

The engine consumes a minimal quantity ofenergy, operates noiselessly and generates noheat.

A generator of free energy (engine) Lutec 1000created in Australia by Ludwig Brits and VictorChristy is even more effective [15]. Its poweris about 1 kW; it works autonomously.

A magnetic engine of A.E. Rumin is also autonomousand can reach higher power output [16].

Searl’s magnetic engine made by S.M. Godinand V.V. Roschin [17] generated about 7 kW ofelectric energy during autonomous operationmode.

Despite all advantages of magnetic engines,they have a common major drawback: heavyweight and limited resource of magnets. Inorder to recharge magnets, 20 times moreenergy is needed. (Figure 13)

1.11 Steamers

A steamer of I.I. Polsunov consisting of twocylinders is the first steamer. (Figure 14)

There were a slide�crank mechanism and aflywheel in the machine. The first steamers ofthis type were used almost without limits. Thesteamer has typifed piston internal�combustionengines.

The two disadvantages of steamers overweigh,as time goes by, all their advantages.

First, the efficiency of steamer is too low –about 6%. The weight of the machine isenormous in comparison with its power. Inother words, steamer could not compete withICE in efficiency and specific power.


Fig. 15. Design of quantum engine

1.12 Quantum engine

The idea of using water as fuel appeared longago. It is known that engines using water havenot become a commercial product. There wereseveral reasons for that.

The first reason is that, during reciprocatingmotor’s operation in water, hydrogenation ofthe combustion chamber’s surface,embrittlement of metal and its quickdestruction takes place.

The second reason is the “fuel”. It must berefined. And the third reason is that oxygen isdestroyed during water combustion.

An attempt to eliminate these negative effectswas made in Russia [18]. In 2000, an originaldesign of the engine with a liquid piston and asystem of water injection was developed. Adifference of a new kind of a machine was that thesurface of the combustion chamber was coveredwith anti�hydrogenation mixture. Travel tookplace in two, four, eight etc. cylinder engines.

Energy characteristics of these engines are twicebetter in comparison with those of ICE. (Fig. 15).

Due to lack of traditional elements, a quantumengine has very high power output. Unfortunately,

it has some known disadvantages of ICE. In theecological sense, the engine is equal to an ICE usinghydrogen fuel.

Outlet water steam contributes to thedevelopment of the greenhouse effect.Moreover, a quantum engine burns oxygen.Due to this, this type of engines has not beendeveloped.

1.13 Vibratory engines

Constructions of Tolchin are the most originalamong known vibratory engines. Due to this,Tolchin’s machine is said to have torsionmechanics.

A simple test should be implemented: if theTolchine’s machine is hung on a thread, it stopsmoving in space. Now torsion engines existonly in theory.

The editor’s note: We don’t agree with the opinionof the respected author. Inertia device by Tolchinas well as other torsion systems have alreadyproved thier efficiency. Alexander V. Frolov

1.14 Molecular engines

An idea to use vortex motion of molecules in anengine appeared in the beginning of the newmillennium. It is known that the speed of airmolecules motion reaches 500 m/s. Chaoticmotion of molecules, however, does not lead toenergy generation. Due to this, organizedmotion of molecules in a molecular engine ismade using a special technique.

They produce a rotational moment at the powershaft. During this process, no fuel is combusted.There is a temperature difference in a molecularengine but it is insignificant, so special materialsare not needed [20].

The first testing of a molecular engine at a testbench has shown that it reaches from 964 to16,700 rev/min under an environmentaltemperature of +20�23 C and inlet pressure of0.01 – 0.09 atm. [21] Air quality stays the samebefore and after operation.

The following testing stage was carried outwith a load.


Fig. 16. Molecular engine

For this purpose, a molecular engine, madeaccording to a patent application of the RussianFederation, was used. The designed capacity ofthe engine was 200 kW.

It became clear that its actual power is higherwhile energy consumption is 33 kW/hour.

Ne = Mrot•n / 95154 = 195•12400 / 95154 == 253 kW

Hence, its efficiency is:

η = 220 / 253 = 0.869

This is a good result in comparison with existingmachines�engines. A design of molecular engineis shown on Fig. 16.

Conclusion

1. An analysis of contemporary operationalengines shows that use of fuel including nuclearone does not allow obtaining efficiency higherthan 54% so far;

2. Use of fuel leads to disastrous environmentalpollution;

3. Appearance of no fuel machines�engines doesnot provide for necessary specific power andlongevity;

4. Development of molecular engines can leadto the design of machines�engines operating inautorotation mode without traditional fuelcombustion.


A l t – S c i e n c e i n R u s s i aBy Tim Ventura, USA

Published at www.americanantigravity.com

Alex Frolov is the director of Faraday Labs andthe editor of New Energy Technologies Magazine,a breakthrough�science publication published inSt. Petersburg, Russia. His role gives him a uniqueperspective on Antigravity research in the RussianFederation and beyond, and he offers his insightsas both a journalist and innovator.

AAG: I’d like to start out by thanking youfor the hard work and expert analysis thatyou provide in New Energy TechnologiesMagazine. It’s building a growing audiencearound the world, and performs a valuableservice in providing in-depth coverage ona diverse array of breakthrough andemerging technologies. I’d like to learn alittle bit more about your own personalbackground, as well as the history ofFaraday Labs and New EnergyTechnologies Magazine.

simple devices in our home lab. He was a Russianmilitary officer, and for me electronics was thebest idea for the higher education. In 1979 Ientered High Military Engineering Universityof St. Petersburg and in 1983 I received amaster’s degree in wirelesstelecommunications. I served as an officer in theRussian military from 1983 to 1989, and fromthen until 2001 I worked full�time intelecommunications; first as an engineer andlater as a manager.

My free time during this period was devoted toresearch work in my home lab and the organizedpublication of my ideas, and began taking partin scientific conferences. In 1996 we organizedinternational alt�physics congress in St.Petersburg. I also began a writtencorrespondence with Thomas E. Bearden, RolfShafranke and other alt�energy researchers...

In 2001 a private investor from Moscow offeredmoney to create a company to developalternative energy research. In 2002 thecompany Faraday Lab Ltd was re�organizedwith other investors based in UK. One of ouractivities is the publication of the Russian�English magazine “New Energy Technologies”.It is not profitable, but it is useful work.

Alex Frolov: Founder &Director of Faraday Labs.

Frolov: My practical skills are mainly relatedto electronics, which I started learning when Iwas 12 years old. When I was 14, my father andI built FM wireless transmitters and other

Issue #3, 2002: AmericanAntigravity’s 1st article!


AAG: You publish more than just Russianresearch – in fact, you’ve graciouslypublished a few articles that I’ve written,in addition to several other American andEuropean authors. In all honesty, I’dnever have imagined that I’d be publishedin Russia, but it’s been a wonderfulexperience. How would you say that thenew spirit of globalism on the Internethas helped New Energy Technologies?

Frolov: Yes, there are some positive aspectsto increasing globalization. We can use theInternet, for instance, to either get correctinformation or wrong information on avariety of subjects � but in any case the mostimportant and serious research results cannever be published or demonstrated in themass�media because of national securityconcerns. So, I never take seriously email orweb information before practical testing inmy lab.

AAG: The American media hasn’t told usmuch about Russia lately. How is theeconomy, and are wages and thestandard of living improving for theaverage person?

Frolov: Hmm… what can I say about our lifehere? We’re not similar to the cretinsportrayed in Hollywood action�movies. Oureconomy is really growing and wages now arefrom several hundred USD up to severalthousand USD monthly. Also many people inRussia are trying to develop some of their ownbusinesses in fast food, car services, tourism,and hotels, etc… I see that the cost of life inMoscow and St. Petersburg is so high enoughto be compared with New York. ManyRussians own real estate and take vacationsin Europe and other popular destinations. So,my conclusion is that our country is nowdeveloping from the first steps inprivatization to a stable period of controlledcapitalism.

AAG: New Energy Technologies Magazinealways provides a unique coverage ofideas that we literally don’t hear aboutanywhere else, and it would be great tolearn a bit more about your recentsuccesses. Can you give us an overviewof some of your recent breakthroughstories?

Frolov: The main topic for now is research onautonomous air�vortex power plants. Theauthor is Yury S. Potapov, who also developedhigh�efficiency water vortex heaters. The ideais quite simple: to generate a controlled, self�powered tornado and to use its power. We havesome information about workable 50 KW and200 KW devices, but now it is necessary to buildour own device to see how it works, and then tostart production and sales. It may be theshortest path to a fuel�less power industry sincealmost parts of the device are standardproduction components: air compressors,turbines and electro�generators.

We’ve started a project to build and test asmaller 37KW unit in autonomous mode.

It should be quite interesting to read our reviewabout Prof. Alfred Evert, papers from Prof.Dudishev and other articles. Please visit ourweb site http://www.faraday.ru to read contentsof publication from 2001. The collection of allarticles can be ordered as CD.

AAG: During the cold-war, Russian sciencedid a lot of work on Torsion and SpinFields that western science knows virtuallynothing about. In fact, even theterminology is confusing to most westernscientists, who have only a foggy notionwhat these concepts are. Can you give usa brief overview on what a Torsion Fieldis, and how they might be used to createAntigravity effects?

Issue #1, 2004: Closeupon Potapov’s generators


Frolov: I think that the name Gennady Shipovis well known. He is a theorist and his work withAkimov also is known. In their books the notiontorsion is explained as a 4�dimensional rotation.Please read their work. So, it is not a mechanicaltorsion! But from the other hand, the rotationof any mass will involve some part of aether inrotation and we can see some local aether�pressure gradient in an axial direction – it isquite clear and it is related to AG effects.

AAG: On the subject of “torsion”, there’sbeen a lot of confusion about whether theterm used by Russian scientists is thesame concept described in Einstein’sUnified Field Theory. For those of uswanting to learn more about this, can youprovide any good reference materials, andtell us if there’s a connection to Einstein’s“Metric Torsion Tensor”?

Frolov: Yes, sure it is related notions. To see theconnection please find link between Einstein’sspace�time metric and aether flow. Let’s say thatthe space�time metric is determined bydirection and density of the aether flow. You canuse mathematics but in the popular view we cansay that the torsion effects are results of localchanges in the aether density. In this case thisdensity determines the time�rate factor andother spatial metric properties.

AAG: I interact with people all over theworld, and one of the things that strikesme is how unique American perspectivesare on some of the Antigravity“mythology”. Is there a Russianperspective on Roswell, Area 51, andAmerican UFO mythology?

Frolov: UFO’s aren’t an area of serious interestto us, but the positive aspects from anyinformation are new ideas that form the basisfor new technologies.

AAG: You know, it seems like there are alot of advantages to building a newtechnology business in modern Russia –it is a country with substantially lowerlabor-costs, and yet has some of the bestscientists in the world. Are privatecompanies beginning to move into theRussian economy and take advantage ofthe assets that it can provide to thetechnology industry?

Frolov: Yes, private or mutual state/privateinvestments in new technologies are developingin modern Russia. Sometimes we’re not asexperienced in international corporatemanagement, and due to this many Russian hightech companies can not take leading positionsin the world market. We need seriousexperienced international partners for this stageto avoid losses of high tech breakthroughs.

AAG: The Russian State News Agency,Novosti, recently published an articlesuggesting that scientist Valery Menshikovhad developed a new form of inertialesspropulsion drive that would be seeing usein the near future in Russia’s spaceprogram. You’ve suggested thatMenshikov’s work uses a form of “liquidgyroscope” based on earlier research byyour close friend – Dr. Poliakov. Can youtell us a bit more about how this deviceproduces propulsion, and perhaps providesome background information on therelationship between Menshikov andPoliakov for us?

Frolov: We’ve published several articles aboutthis type of propulsion. Dr. Spartak Poliakovdeveloped a device which rotated 10 kg ofmercury. I visited him in 1998 to make a videoand publication. The axial propulsion force was

Issue #4, 2002: Info onDr Poliakov’s AG-Drive


detected only during some time after the start.Dr. Poliakov tried to get support from officials.Dr. Menshikov developed Poliakov’s idea butin his work the effect also is detected for only30 min after the start.

I modernized this idea and designed a smalldevice. Sure, it can be demonstrated… and inmy version, the axial force is permanent. Itworks with 50 grams of water rotated by12VDC motor. My Russian patent claim wasfiled in 2002, discussed and rejected in 2004.Who is interested to develop this technologyseriously? I’ve tried to develop local contactsbut it seems that they are not interested.Perhaps we can build a serious internationalteam to pursue this research further…

AAG: Since Novosti is a state-run newsagency, it raises the question of whetherthe story about Menshikov’s work wasactually a political statement by theRussian government about the need forbreakthrough technologies in our spaceprogram. Do you think politics played arole in Novosti’s story?

Frolov: I’m not involved in politics, and don’tknow offhand. Novosti is a quite serious agency,but they are not experts in technological news.So, with regards to your question, if my positiveanswer means real investments for Menshikov,then I must insist that you need to see the moremodernized approach in my lab.

AAG: In 1992, Russian scientists SergeiGodin & Vladimir Roschin built an SEGreplica that they claimed producedremarkable results. One of the breakingnews stories this year is that they’rebuilding another prototype, and expect tohave results in the near future. Can youtell us anything about their research,backgrounds, and what they expect tofind?

Frolov: I spoke Mr. Godin two days ago andtheir work is in progress. They have a goodinvestor. You can read news in our latest issueof New Energy Technologies. In general thisidea is self�rotation aether vortex produced bycrossed E�x�H fields. It is quite an interestingdevice, but I think that future fuel�less powerindustry can use more simple and safe devices;

for example, the air vortex power plants byPotapov. I hope to start a 37KW unit thismonth.

AAG: Evgeny Podkletnov is perhapsRussia’s most well-known gravity-researcher. Although he now lives inFinland, he still conducts his research inMoscow, and claims to be generating“beams of force capable of shatteringbrick and warping metal like asledgehammer”. However, one of theconcerns has been that he hasn’t providedany photographic or video evidence ofthese claims. What are your thoughts onthis?

Frolov: We have clear theory of this effect. Prof.Butusov is our scientific adviser and his researchon De Broglie waves (matter waves) are a clearway to the generation of longitudinal waves inaether. I believe that it is the basis ofPodkletnov’s effects. We have our own resultswith small low power device. It is not asuperconductor, but just a rotating electriccurrent circuit designed in our lab according toProf. Butusov’s idea was to produce thelongitudinal waves in an axial direction. In 2003we tested influence of this wave on radioactivityand we have got some positive results. Really itwas quite weak effect since the current was onlyabout 0.5 amps. Dr. Podkletnov used 10,000ampere currents. We are looking for customersto develop this topic.

AAG: One of the technologies that you’vecovered was a form of “Time ControlChamber” – can you elaborate a bit moreon how this chamber worked, and whatkind of results it produced?

Frolov: It was joint project with Dr. VadimChernobrov of Moscow. I proposed the ideaof aether density control and he proposed aspecially designed magnetic monopole. In thecentral area of this magnet monopole we candetect some changes of the time rate (about5%). The idea of aether density control canbe realized also by means of non�electromagnetic methods. The magnetmonopole is quite an unstable device,powered from external electric source. Wesubmitted the invention to the Russianpatent office but I see that 3�years of


correspondence is not resulting in a positivepatent. So, we need a serious partner todevelop these very real effects for medicine,aerospace propulsion, and radioactivitycontrol.

AAG: After World War-II, both the UnitedStates and Russia participated in post-waroperations to secure secret Nazi-technologies. Operation Paperclip was theUnited States version of this, and secureda number of German rocket-technologiesafter the war. However, Nick Cook’sinvestigation of the Nazi-Bell device (atorsion field generator) has led me towonder if Russia perhaps acquired somemore interesting secret weapons. Nowthat the era of secrecy is coming to anend, are any secret WW-II technologiescoming to light?

Frolov: I am getting information about theRussian secrets from USA publications, so youknow more than me in this area.

AAG: I personally believe that despite theeconomic challenges that Russia has beenfacing, it remains an intellectualpowerhouse of innovation, and the articlesthat you’ve published certainly supportthat premise. How do you see the futureof Russian innovation evolving over the nextdecade and beyond?

Frolov: I see that the economics of modernRussia is based on oil�sales mainly, but it’s a

Issue #3, 2003: Newtime-control technology!

In April 2005, the Russian State�News AgencyNovosti ran an article stating that Dr. ValeryMenshikov of Moscow’s R&D Institute ofSpace Systems intended to test an ‘inertialessdrive’ to provide long�term space propulsion.A liquid or solid�state propulsive mass movesalong a preset tornado�shaped trajectoryinside this engine, thereby ensuringsustainable propulsion.

The device being tested is a variation on the“Vortex�Drive” � an intertialess propulsionsystem developed by Dr. Spartak M.Poliakov,a Graduate of Kishinev State University, andan experimental physicist with over 47 yearsin the electronics industry. He has authoredover 50 scientific papers, and a recent bookentitled “Introduction to ExperimentalGravitonics”. The photo above was taked byAlexander Frolov during a 1998 visit toPoliakov’s laboratory.

Tim Ventura

The Poliakov’s Vortex-Drive

limited source of income perhaps only foranother 20�50 years. So, the positive future ofRussian economics can be estimated as anintellectual factory of innovations, and themain part of this business will be a new fuel�lesspower industry.


Oil: How much is left?William Zebuhr

6 Southgate DriveNashua, NH 03062 USA

Reprinted with permission from Infinite Energy Magazinewww.infinite-energy.com

It may seem strange that a magazine advocatingnew energy would discuss oil issues, but thequestion of how much oil remains is verygermane to the new energy business. There is agreat deal of controversy about the urgency ofdiscovering alternatives for oil, at least as anenergy source. Having a realistic idea of howmuch time is available helps to properly goabout the process of discovery anddevelopment.

An atmosphere of panic, for example, is notconducive to pursuing years of research anddiscovery before engineering a productionversion of a new energy machine. Instead, itleads to pursuing whatever might work, even ifin the long run it is a poor choice that leads onlyto another set of problems. A rush to pursue,for example, nuclear power, wind power, andsolar power in a big way in anticipation ofrunning out of oil in a few years might saddleus with huge environmental and maybeaesthetic issues and divert huge amounts of manhours, capital, and material from pursuing muchbetter alternatives.

Serious new energy researchers seem to be onthe threshold of discovering ways of extractingenergy either from the "vacuum" or from lowenergy nuclear reactions. Production of usefulmachines might take a few more decades, butthe result would be so much better that it wouldbe the wiser path even though we might bedependent on oil a little longer.

Oil has fuelled the greatest growth ofcivilization in known history, both intechnology and population. The problem is thatwe have gotten hooked on it and are absolutelydependent on it for survival as we know it. Fordecades it has seemed like an almost perfect"miracle" fuel for this growth. It is abundant,

easy to get, easy to transport, easy to use, hashigh energy content, and can be used to makean endless variety of products so it is low in costand used with abandon all over the world. Inthe last few decades, however, its dark side hasbecome apparent. It has ravaged theenvironment, including land, water, and air.Many of the products made from oil wind upfilling landfills and littering endless miles ofroads and waterways. Its excessive use isimpacting the climate, although how and howmuch is hotly debated. Today we can't livewithout oil, but the question now is how long dowe have to live with it?

This question is of great interest to all mankind,but is especially interesting to the very few thatactually might be able to do something aboutit. These few are likely to be among the readersof IE, because the best way to kick the oil habitis to find something that renders it obsolete asa source of energy.

It is very important at this stage of ourdevelopment to have a fairly good idea of howmuch oil remains because of our extremedependence and the extreme consequences ofrunning out before alternatives are available ata cost that can be borne by a major part of thepopulation.

Many doomsday scenarios have been proposedabout the consequences of suddenly runningout of oil. The most extreme say that most ofthe people on Earth will die and it will happenin this century. One of these is Matt Savinar, ayoung lawyer who has written a book aboutpeak oil. The first line of the introductory letteron the homepage of his website(www.lifeaftertheollcrash.net) says:"Civilization as we know it is coming to anend soon." The premise of his book, The Oil


Age is Over: What to Expect as the WorldRuns Out of Cheap Oil, 2005 2050, is basedon this statement made in the beginning: "TheEarth is endowed with about 2,000 billionbarrels of oil. We have used about 1,000barrels. As of 2003, we consume 28 billionbarrels per year. 1,000 billion barrels dividedby 28 billion barrels per year = 35.7 years ofoil left. If one accounts for increased demandresulting from population growth andeconomic demand, that estimate is slashed toa paltry 25 years... The problem, however, isnot 'running out of oil' as much as it is runningout of cheap oil, which is the resource uponwhich every aspect of industrial civilizationis built."

When I was about Savinar's age in 1974, I co�founded an energy conservation company andsome of our planning was based on oil goingto $ 100 per barrel and the predictions thatoil would run out in 30 years. The companywas successful but never grew to the size weenvisioned because oil got cheap again and,of course, 31 years later is not only in muchgreater use but is still cheap. I didn't reallybelieve we would be out of oil in 30 years backthen and I certainly don't believe it now.Things are just not that simple.

Oil consumption can be reduced byconservation or by using other sources ofenergy. Conservation cannot do the whole joband it takes time to implement on a scale thatcan make a major impact. The time isreasonably predictable because most of thetechnology is known and just has to beimplemented. The very much unknown partof the transition process is how long it willtake to invent and develop viable energyalternatives. Invention is virtuallyunpredictable and development of newtechnology is at best twice as long and twiceas expensive as the estimates, often muchmore.

There are many technologies discussed in thenew energy field that might take over for oiland many inventors and discoverers havemade wild business plans, at least in theirheads, that make them billionaires. Some ofthese ideas will eventually be developed, butall indications are that it will take quite a few

years. It is very important to keep things inthe proper perspective. Of course, anydeveloper wants to go as fast as possible, butreal life issues such as cost, ease of use, safety,and environmental impact must beconsidered. It is a good idea to keep the supplyand cost of the conventional sources in mindwhile planning for the new paradigm.

The concept of peak oil is backed up by a lotof data, as pointed out by Michael Ruppertin his article (p. 15). Association for the Studyof Peak Oil and Gas has a mission to evaluatethe reserves of oil and gas, study thedepletion, and raise awareness of the seriousconsequences. They have studied the datafrom many countries and their evidenceshows a world production peak at about 2005.This peak is called Hubbert's peak, after Dr.Marion Hubbert, who successfully predictedthat U.S. oil production would peak in 1970.This data is confined to conventional oil andgas found and extracted in conventional ways.However, this oil may represent a smallfraction of the true world reserves ofhydrocarbons, so even though this is a veryimportant point it is just one of many thatmust be considered to fully assess the world'senergy situation in the long run.

The doomsdayers greatly underestimate howmuch oil is now wasted on trivial or evendestructive uses and how much is simplywasted because energy is so cheap. A lot ofoil is burned heating houses and running cars.Properly designed cities are much moreefficient than suburban or rural living.Heating and transportation costs can be cutby roughly 80% or so without reduction incomfort or luxury. A lot of natural gas is usedto make fertilizer that is either not needed ordownright destructive. Farmers use naturalgas to fertilize fields and then struggle todispose of thousands of tons of naturalfertilizer created every day in feed lots. Thereis something drastically wrong with thispicture and there are plenty of other poor usesof energy that will be changed when oil andgas gets expensive.

A lot of this waste is a consequence ofincredibly poor energy policy in this countryand in most of the rest of the world.


Consumption is encouraged by keepingprices artificially low. This is done bysubsidizing oil companies via tax breaks andlow cost access to land and by great militaryexpenditures on behalf of oil that are paid forby taxpayers and not the oil companies.Politicians buy votes with cheap oil. So theproblem really comes down to the price of oil andhow a large price increase will effect the world.

In the developed world we have a distortedview of the importance of oil. The richest onebillion people use far more oil than theremaining five billion. A farmer in India usesnatural fertilizer and travels by foot or animalof mass transit. He is little affected by theprice of oil. The people most affected are therichest and most of them can handle a drasticprice increase without disaster. At $2 pergallon and 20 miles per gallon fuel cost, thatequates to 10 cents per mile. If gas cost $ 10per gallon, the cost is 50 cents per mile. Thatis high if a lot of miles are driven, but it is wellwithin today's technology to get 50 miles pergallon, which brings the cost per mile backdown to 20 cents per mile. The cost of a bottleof water is about $1. Of that, the bottle –which is made from oil � is about 4 cents. Ifthe bottle goes to 20 cents, most people won'tnotice and those that do have plenty ofalternatives.

One area of concern is space heating. Even amodest house can cost over $1,000 per yearto heat. If that went to $5,000 it could be aserious burden to many. Given that a fivetimes increase would probably take years tohappen, improvements could be made to theinsulation, windows, heating system, etc. toreduce energy consumption.

It is often possible to reduce energyconsumption by a factor of two or better,which would result in a $2,500 per year bill.That could still be a problem for some, but itis not so serious as to be endangering. Toysand other consumer goods will get moreexpensive, but the economy won't collapseand people won't die because of it. Ten dollarsper gallon gas sounds very high but it is onlyabout twice what Europeans pay now.Americans only spend about 6% of theirincome on food. This indicates a lot of

elasticity in the way income is spent. We canhandle a five times price increase in fuel withoutdisaster. But that increase would do amazingthings to promote all the actions necessary togreatly cut consumption and find more oil ifit exists.

There is great controversy over the question ofhow much oil remains and the cost of gettingit. That would seem odd if the subject wasrestricted to science and engineering, but theissue is also tangled up in an unsavory web ofgovernments, politics, and competingcommercial interests, resulting in wars,corruption, waste, and great economicdistortion.

In an enlightened market economy, the price ofoil would be a good indicator of how much of itwas left in comparison to demand. As supply ranlow the price would climb, alternatives wouldbe found, and a smooth transition would bemade. We don't have an enlightened economyin oil or any other natural resource, not onlyfor the above unsavory factors but because wedo not properly account for the depletion ofresources.

Changes in gross domestic product do not showreductions in a country's net worth as itsresources are used up. We also do not accountfor destructive side effects of extraction or useof resources. The cost of wars that have beenfought to directly or indirectly protect thesupply of oil is also not included. Properaccounting would result in a much higher oilprice now and a much more active search wouldalready be on to find alternatives.

The technology has also grown immensely morecomplex since the first oil was essentiallypumped from a simple hole in the ground andused much as it was found. We discuss some ofthe technical issues involved in this issue (JohnRudesill, p. 18) and how they impact oilproduction even if supply is not the issue. It alsoseems that the old idea of "the more you know,the more you know you don't know" is in force.

We have "known" for over a hundred years thatoil is a fossil fuel resulting from just the rightsequence of biological and geological eventsover a span of millions of years. That is now


being questioned. There is compelling evidencethat oil is not really a fossil fuel and there couldbe a lot more of it than we now assume. Thistheory is discussed in David Zebuhr's article (p.11) and it adds a big new factor to the questionof how much oil there really is. This oil is quitedeep wells over 30,000 feet deep have beendrilled to get it. This makes it a lot moreexpensive but at least it is there to ease thetransition to alternatives.

There are other alternative sources for the fuelswe get from oil (and gas). Billions of barrels ofoil can be extracted from tar sands in Alberta,Canada, and other areas. The process is verydisruptive to the environment and expensiveand I suspect it would be much more expensiveif the true environmental costs were includedand proper accounting was done. Millions ofbarrels of oil have now been extracted fromthese sands and the process is being refined, butit will remain disruptive and relativelyexpensive.

Shale is another source of oil that has similarproblems, but the oil can be extracted in greatquantities if really needed (see Les Case's essay,p. 26). Another' hydrocarbon source is hydratedmethane that seems to lie in great abundanceon much of the ocean floor.

Hydrates are compounds in which a moleculeof a chemical gets trapped within molecules ofwater without chemically bonding. Methanehydrates are ice like compounds of methane andwater. They are formed at temperatures of lessthan 7 C and at pressure greater than 50atmospheres and occur in deep ocean sedimentsand permafrost. They are believed to exist alongthe continental shelves in many areas aroundthe world. According to the United StatesGeological Survey, two small areas off the coastsof North and South Carolina contain theequivalent of 70 times the annual amount ofnatural gas used in the U.S. The energyavailable from this source probably far exceedsthat available from the proven reserves of oiland gas.

In the 1930s it was discovered that natural gaspipelines in cold environments were gettingplugged by gas hydrates. This stimulated a lowlevel of research that greatly accelerated in the

1960s when the hydrates were discovered ingas fields in Siberia. Exploration began aroundthe world, leading to an international researchand development effort to discover theproduction potential for the hydrates. Japan andIndia began major projects to explore theproduction potential in the mid 1990s. The U.S.followed in the late 1990s by drillingexperimental wells in northern Canada. Thisactivity resulted in the signing of the MethaneHydrate Research and Development Act of2000 to set the structure, goals, and timing fora DOE led R&D program. This is a developmentthat is still in its early stages but is rapidlygathering momentum.

It will take a long and intense effort to safelyextract commercial quantities of gas, but whenit makes economic sense it will happen. Manypeople downplay the importance of hydratesbecause of the great difficulties involved, butmany of our current technologies have beendeveloped at great expense, often involvingbillions of dollars, many years, and sometimesmany lives.

Another source of natural gas is coal beds. Thereis enough coal to keep the world supplied withenergy for hundreds of years, but it is difficultto extract, handle, and use in ways that arefriendly to the environment. In some coalfields a lot of methane is released in theprocess of mining the coal. It is now realizedthat this is a significant source of gas and thatits capture and use is important not only tobe able to use the gas but to prevent its releaseinto the atmosphere, where it is a powerfulgreenhouse gas.

In some areas natural gas is abundant but oil isnot. Gas is difficult to transport, except bypipeline. If a suitable market is not in range of apipeline, the gas cannot be used except by firstturning it into a liquid.

The most common method is to liquefy it byrefrigeration and transport it by well insulatedships and trucks. Then it is re�gasified andtransported to its final destination by pipeline.This whole process is not only expensive butpotentially very dangerous. A fire in any ofthese steps can be serious enough to threatenan entire city.


Another way of creating a liquid from the gasis to turn it into oil. It is then much safer totransport and can be used for vehicles,especially in diesels. There is a huge plantbeing built in Qatar in the Persian Gulf toturn natural gas into an ultra clean diesel fuel.Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch/Shell,ChevronTexaco, and others have committed$20 billion to build this plant in an industrialpark twice the size of Manhattan. This is arisky investment that will only pay if costsare well contained and the price of oil stayshigh. A project of this magnitude is anindication that money and technology canextend the supply of oil.

Ethanol is a very good fuel to use as a substitutefor oil, but at this point it is made mostly fromcorn. Not only does that make it expensive, butin times of crisis it does not seem to make goodsense to work on converting a good food sourceinto fuel.

There is now an effort underway to extractethanol from agricultural waste. It has thepotential of significantly reducing thedependency of the U.S. on foreign fuel andreducing greenhouse emissions at the same time.The greenhouse emissions are reduced becauseif the waste is left to decay in the fields it releasesC0

2 and the methanol when burned releases less

greenhouse gas than gasoline. Also if biomasscrops are grown for fuel, C0

2 is absorbed from

the atmosphere. At this point it is far fromproven that this makes economic sense, butmillions of dollars are being spent on it.

Other sources of fuel include animal waste fromfood processing, solid waste that otherwisewould go to a landfill, wood scraps, and gas fromdigestion of sewage. Incineration not onlyproduces considerable energy but keeps wasteout of landfills. It is amazing to me that theyare so strongly resisted in most areas. Part ofthis resistance is fear, mostly unjustified, of airpollution and the other issue seems to be capitalcost. Municipalities have little incentive to takethe long view. This would change when fuelprices increase.

The world is heading into an era of verysignificant change, but it does not have to be acrisis. There are many ways to both cut fuel

consumption and introduce new supplies, andwe have the time to do it.

There have been endless predictions of the endof the world and major crises.

In the late 1800s it was thought that Manhattanhad reached the limits of its growth because ofthe problems caused by huge quantities of horsemanure. Boston, New York, London, Paris, andother cities almost choked on sewage for yearsbefore building pipelines and treatment plants.The construction of these plants was expensiveand at the time considered risky, but it was done.Thousands of lives were saved and improvedand these cities grew way beyond what wasconceivable at the time.

Many billions of dollars are available andthousands of people are ready, willing, and ableto find solutions to our fuel problems. Thesesolutions will be extensions of what we nowknow and understand, but they will be sufficientto get us to the next era of energy, which is inits early stages of exploration. This next era isat this point being pursued by a few pioneerswho are knowledgeable about the currentparadigms but sceptical enough and withenough imagination and ambition to make thefirst bold steps.

Margaret Mead once said, "Never doubtthat a small group of thoughtful, committedpeople can change the world. Indeed it isthe only thing that ever has." I have nodoubt that solutions will be found.

There are plenty of smart, hard working peopleout there who will lead the way. As usual, themasses, and finally governments, will follow andlife will go on. It may be a very different life,however, depending on the innovators who willlead the way.

There may be a great need for conservation anda Spartan lifestyle at least for awhile. This is notnecessarily a bad thing. There is a lot more tolife than wanton consumptionism. The periodof scarcity would be followed by a period ofabundance based on other energy sourcesprobably combined with a healthy sense ofconservation. Even if energy is "free" and"clean," the use of it has consequences.


Oil is left for 19 years in Russiawww.oilru.com

On the 26th of November 2003, a round�tablediscussion took place in Moscow. The topicdiscussed was: “Russian petroleum industry:using “old reserves” or development andmodernization”? V. Balashov, vice�presidentof the Association of oil�gas equipmentproducers, A. Vavilov, member of the FederationCouncil of the Russian Federation, head ofFinancial Research Institute,S. Vainshtok, president of “Transneft” company,M.Magomedov, member of the FederationCouncil, I. Nikulin, director�general of“Tsentrform”, A. Rakevitch, representative of theGeological survey department of “Gazprom”company, A. Krajev, deputy director�general ofthe Institute of geologic�economical problemsand other experts participated in the discussion.

A report on this “round�table” discussion hasbeen published by an analytical agency“Marketing i Konsulting”.

The main question was: how long can Russiause its explored reserves of oil? Accordingto the data presented by the round�tableorganizers, there is oil in the Russian bosomfor 19 years. Responding to this, A. Krajevsaid that this is quite possible. However, thereare a lot of undiscovered reserves in Russia.Now lands of Western Siberia are not usednor are the northern seas except the westernpart of the Barents Sea.

Answering the question why Russia prefersmining fields discovered during Soviet timesand does not work on finding new oil reserves,A. Krajev told that it is necessary to get alicense for exploration work implementation.Then, the works must be paid for and theyare very expensive. In case, at last, one wouldbe lucky to find oil, the field is put up for acompetition. Thus, the explorer almost hasno rights to use it. On top of it all, explorationcosts are repaid to the explorer in case theyprove that the amount is no less than theyclaim. Large oil companies are not interestedin exploration either because, on the one hand,

it is expensive and, on the other hand, largecompanies do not count on it now.

As for the quantity of proven oil territories,according to the opinion of S. Vainshtok, it isimpossible to determine how many years areleft before oil comes to an end because thereare wells in Russia and abroad, which have beenofficially empty for 3�5 years, but they are stillused for oil extraction today. According to S.Vainshtok, the main Russian oil problem is thatwe sell our resources and spend money on foodonly. The social sector is getting worse everyyear; citizens’ welfare is getting worse too.According to the words of the “Transneft”head, today oil companies experience a deficitof staff. It happens not due to a lack of peopleinterested, but due to the fact that evenworkers must be highly qualified at modernplants. There are no places for their educationbecause the system of trade and technicalschools has been destroyed. If a company wantsto educate a specialist itself, it is quite difficultand not advantageous for the company. Thefollowing question is the question of labourremuneration. Educated engineers fromTatarstan, Bashkiria, Chuvashia and otherregions can be interested to work in theKhabarovsk region only if the salary is large.Wages cannot be as large and, therefore,attractive.

Continuing the topic of explored oil reserves,the discussion participants went on to thetransport problem. It is known that Russian oilexport increased twice during the last decade.Lately, construction of pipelines in thedirection of Murmansk and China has beendiscussed. Regarding this topic, S. Vainshtoksaid that most likely the pipelines will not beconstructed because today no oil magnate canguarantee they will not be empty.

In conclusion, it was said that oil will finallycome to an end as a substance or anenergy source and will be replaced bysomething else.


Innovation company of “Nornikel”www.vedomosti.ru

As “Vedomosty” writes, after spending ayear and $30 millions, “Norilskiy nikel”has been convinced of the fact that theRussian Academy of Sciences (RAS) is notable to carry an innovation business. RAShas neither skills nor personnel for this.“Nornikel” is forming a special company,which will transform scientificdevelopments into money andtechnologies.

In February 2004, “Nornikel” and RAS signeda cooperation agreement.The company investedmore than $30 million in research anddevelopment on the production of fuel cells. Thesedevices are supposed to be used in hydrogenenergy, which is considered almost the mainalternative in modern energy based on the use ofhydrocarbons. All in all $11 millions were spenton the purchase of equipment, instruments, andmaterials for academic institutes. The rest ofmoney was spent on organizational expenses andpayment for researches’ work.

This experience turned out to be not verysuccessful. At the disposal of “Vedomosty” afragment of a letter from “Nornikel”’s vice�president Vladimir Pivnuk to RAS’s vice�president, Gennadiy Mesiats, was found. Itcontains a review of the research report given byRAS. In spite of a number of positive results,Pivnuk writes, reports on some R&D cannot beaccepted, including, the fact that the researchesdid not give any information about the patentsituation with R&D. In other words, the customeris not informed whether the results of the works,fow whcih they paid, had been patented earlier.

”Nornikel” is investing hydrogen energy becausethis meets its interests: all metals produced by thecompany are used in “hydrogen” technologies insome way, Pivnuk explains. According to hisopinion, these investments have not been wasted:“Nornikel” is 70% satisfied with cooperation withRAS. This is the part of development which has“a good potential of commercialisation”,according to Pivnuk’s words.

However, successful cooperation of “Nornikel”with academic bureaucracy will end at thispoint. The Academy of Sciences is sufferingfrom ineffective management. “This is not theAcademy’s fault, rather its trouble, because itis general knowledge that the Academy is in agrave condition concerning finances andpersonnel”, Pivnuk tells. There are noinnovation mechanisms in Russia. Moreover,absurd barriers in order to prevent businesscorporations from financing science andcommercialising scentific developments areerected here. “For example, the tax law allowsacademic institutes to purchase scentificequipment and instruments only using icome,which they do not have at all, � explains Pivnuk.– As a result, corporate customers musttransfer them funds for discharge of tax”.

As a result, “Nornikel”’s committee ofdirectors has decided to found a separateNational innovation company “New EnergyProjects”. Pivnuk tells that its head willbe the president of the holding company“Noviye programmy i kontseptsii” BorisKuzyk. The company will directly work withacademic institutes, which succeed indeveloping hydrogen technologies.

We have serious potential in fundamentalresearch but the gap between scientificresearch and merchantable engineering supplyis too big, according to the words of theinvestment director of “Russkiye tekhnologii”company Vladimir Bernshtein. “There aretechnologies concerning fuel cells in Russianscientific centers. However, competitionbetween our academic science and westerncorporations is impossible due to the fact thatwestern corporations already have not onlyR&D but also industrial systems using fuel cells.

That is why an initiative to found a privatecompany with management directedtoward commercialisation is the only rightdecision”, Bernstein tells.


“Ecoteplo” companyhttp://www.ecoteplo.ru/ts.htm

Heat devices of HPS1 type (vortexheatgenerators) are an alternative heat sourceproducing heat according to the basis ofquantum physics.

“Ecoteplo” company has been developing,producing and refining heat devices for fouryears. During this time, 12 different models havebeen tested at a test board of the company. Now,the efficiency coefficient (ratio of producedheat energy to consumed electric energy) hasbeen brought to 1.93.

Heat power stations have the followingadvantages: they are safe, ecological due to theabsence of harmful emissions and radiations,compact, are simply designed and simple toinstall, and they do not require water chemicalrefinement. High efficiency allows reducing thepay�back period up to 1.5 years. Constantservice staff is not required. The heat stationsatisfies the requirements of 3113�001�45374583�2003 Standard; it is certified. A heat

station with electric engines of a capacity from2.2 to 45.0 kwatt is to be launched in summer.

The station can heat water up to 95 degrees.

The heat station of HPS1 is used in manyregions of the Russian Federation and abroad:in Moscow, Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol regions,Tula, Nizhni Novgorod, Kalmykia, Noginsk,Chekhov and other cities, in Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan, South Korea and China. Regularstations were launched by a Moscow companycalled “Splain Center”, in the towns of theMoscow region called Lytkarino, Roshal andDomodedovo, in Lipetsk.

In cooperation with its partners, the companyprovides a full range of services beginning fromthe cleaning of internal engineering systems tothe removal of solid�crystalline, corrosion andorganic sediment without dismantling systemelements at any time of year. The company canalso develop a specification of requirements ondesigning, designing, installation,commissioning, training of the consumer’s staffand maintenance works. Supply of heat devices

Review of companies producing andselling vortex heatgenerators (VHG)

The review by Elena N. Artemieva

Heat devices (vortex heatgenerators)Price and performance attributes. Price are given with VAT

Electric engine capacity, kW 55 75 90 110 160Voltage, V 380Heated volume, cubic meters 5180 7063 8450 10200 15200Water pressure at the output, MPa 0.15 ... 0.25Heat carrier’s temperature, С 95Mass, kg 700 920 1295 � 1715Overall dimensions:� length, mm 2000 2000 2000 2400 2400� width, mm 700 700 700 980 980� height, mm 775Operation mode automaticPrice, (roubles) 262000 280940 308900 416700 537460


based on our stations can be implemented inthe form of unit constructions. A heat supplysystem of buildings and internal engineeringsystems can be automated up to the level of anindividual automatic control system of theplant. In case there is not enough room for theheat unit inside the building, it is installed inspecial containers as it was done in Klin, a townin the Moscow region.

processes occur during rotation and forwardmovement of the energy carrier in the systemunder the influence of external forces. Anelectric�pump device provides for pressure andconsumption of the energy carrier, which isheated to the predetermined temperaturemoving inside the suggested design of thevortex device.

The vortex heatgenerator is meant for heatingof country�houses, cottages, greenhouses,workshops and other quarters with square from100 to 160 square meters (Modifications“Vikhr�15, 22, 37” can heat considerably bigrooms up to 12,000 m2).

Vortex heatgenerator is completed with thenecessary fixings, has an automatic controlsystem, and a high transformation coefficient(Tc) of electric energy, which was consumed bythe pump, into heat energy of liquid. Tc = 1.6 :1.85 due to the special technology.

Calculation of affordability for a squareof 150 m2

“Centre-Les” companyhttp://www.tvg.ru/generator.shtml

Vortex heatgenerator. Patent # 26639 from10.12.2002.

Field of application:

The vortex heatgenerator is an ecologicallyclean heatgenerator of the new generationwithout heating elements. It heats liquid bytransformation of kinetic energy of movingliquid into heat energy. The heater is effectiveand universal: it can be used for heat supplysystems as well as for hot water supply systems;it can operate using water, antifreeze and otherliquids (chemicals, oil products, foodstuffs etc).Only flammable liquids are an exception. Thehydro�vortex heater is a source of heat energyproduced due to physical processes (cavitation)occurring in the system “liquid – device”. The

VHG � 7.5 kW

Boiler’s work (hours/day) 12Electric energy consumption (kW/day) 90Electric energy consumption (kW/month) 2790Expenses (rouble/month) 2790Expenses (rouble/6 months) 16740

Building’s volume, m3

Building’s square, m2

Engine capacity, kW/hourConsumed energy, kW/hourMains voltage, VWorking temperature, СHeat output, kc/hourOperation modeLiquid volume in the system, lDevice’s weight, kgPrice, roubles

The warranty period is 12 months. Payment can be made in cash and cashless settlements of100%. VHG is both a boiler and a pump.

Performance attributes and prices

VGH 3 VGH 5 VGH 7 VGH 11 VGH 22 VGH 37

150 275 375 550 1100 1850 50 100 125 180 360 600 3�4.5 5.5 7.5 11 22 37 2.5 3 4 5.5 12 22

380 65�90

2580 4730 6450 9460 18920 31800 automatic

40 60 90 200 400 600 50 65 90 180 350 46047771 62930 74090 88815 116498 123659


Heat Mains Heated volume Water outlet Mass, kg Price, $devices voltage, V up to, m3 pressure, MPa/atm

HPS1�037 380 3250 540 11800HPS1�055 380 5180 700 13300HPS1�075 380 7063 920 14500HPS1�090 380 8450 0.15/1.5 � 1295 15800HPS1�110 380 10200 0.25/2.5 1350 20500HPS1�160 380 15200 1715 25600HPS1�400 6000/10000 40300 2500 agreed price


“Infico” companyhttp://www.infico.ru

The heat device (vortex heatgenerator) ofHPS1�055 is being made for order in 90 days.Its price includes the prices of the electricengine and the control block.

The devices are reliable, ecologically clean,compact and highly effective in comparisonwith any other heating devices.

Design and principle of operation

The heat device consists of a heatgenerator(HG) made in the form of a cylinder withdisks of a special profile, inlet and outletfittings. The heatgenerator has a booster ofheat carrier motion and is connected with anelectric engine. The heat device hasmeasuring and control instruments.

Common data on control systems

A control system of the heatgenerator isinstalled in a control cabinet.

The heat generation device can include“Electric engine of the heatgenerator ofcapacity from 37 to 160 kW”; “Electricengine of the purge pump for the heat carrierof capacity from 5.5 to 35 kW”; “Electricengines of bolts with capacity of 1.5 kW”.

A switchboard is fed from a three�phase five�cable electric network system with earthedneutrality of TN�C�S type with a voltage of220/380 V, 50 Hertz.

A control board provides for:

• Notching of the heat generation device;• Automatic control (barring/stopping) ofthe heatgenerator according to a signal of theheat carrier’s temperature sensor;• Protective power cut during overload ofthe heatgenerator, reduction of insulationresistance;• Protective power cut during stopping ofthe purge pump for the heat carrier;• Protective power cut during the heatcarrier pressure deviation from thepredetermined one (increase or decrease ofpressure);• Remote indication of emergencyswitching of the heatgenerator;• Bolt control (an electromagnetic valve)of the heat carrier resupply according to asignal of the heat carrier pressure sensor.

The electric energy supply of the heatgeneration device can be provided withexisting electric energy sources: switch�yardswith a capacity of 250, 400, 630, 1,000, and1,600 kW.

The temperature of the heat carrier is 95C.The operation mode is automatic. Head lossis 0.012�0.02 MPa.


«Kaviton»http://kavitov.boxmail.biz

The company sells vortex heatgenerators forthe heating of country�houses, cottages,greenhouses, working areas and other areasfrom 50 to 30,000 square meters. The producerof the devices is “Acoil”, a company fromIzhevsk. The license production contract forVHG #1 from 25.03.2003. VHG’s equipmentdesigner is a scientific company “Yutmar” fromKishinev, Moldavia, in cooperation with “Acoil”,a company from Izhevsk, Russian Federation.Patent of the Russian Federation #2045715,certificate #8 from 26.01.1994.

“Noteka-S” companyhttp://noteka.nm.ru/Instalations.html

Specialists of the company have designed anoptimal heatgenerator, which allows thegeneration and maintainance of a cavitationtrail inside the liquid, twisted by vortex, notcontacting the generator’s walls. It allowed aconsiderable increase in the efficiency of thegenerator. Now it is produced according to the

The price does not include costs of automatedmechanisms, delivery or installation. At extracost, it is recommended to install a frequencyconverter in the engine. It will provide for theincrease of the device’s output and also asmooth start and complete defense of theengine. Actual hour energy consumption onaverage per season is from 10 to 30% from themaximal capacity of the VHG. In case a two�rate meter of electric energy is installed,expenses will be reduced by 30%. It is possibleto install electric engines of high voltage up to10,000 V. Production takes from one to threemonths depending on the specificity of theorder and payment conditions.

industrial patent #2223452 and the usefulmodel patent #16618. What is necessary forthe heatgenerator “NTK” to operate? A three�phase electric energy supply with a voltage of380 V and cold water must be lead to the object.Today vortex heatgenerators of “Noteka�S”company heat buildings and constructions in38 regions of the Russian Federation. They alsowork abroad: in Sofia, Harbin, Riga,Dnepropetrovsk, Alma�Ata, and Aktau.

Name of Voltage and Mass, Heated Length/ Price, $device power, kW/V kg volume, m3 height,

asynchronous / mmac converter�fed.

VHG�1* 0.5/220 10 150 / 270 200/200 700ВТГ�2 2.2/220 20 250 / 500 450/300 900ВТГ�3 7.5/380 80 700 / 855 950/400 1350ВТГ�4 11/380 95 950 / 1425 1100/400 1850ВТГ�5 15/380 110 1500 / 2250 1250/400 2750ВТГ�6 22/380 150 2000 / 3000 1300/400 3650ВТГ�7 37/380 220 3000 / 4500 1300/400 5300ВТГ�8 55/380 350 4500 / 6750 1400/500 6900ВТГ�9 75/380 400 5600 / 8400 1600/650 9200ВТГ�10 110/10000 520 8500 / 12750 1800/750 11300ВТГ�11 160/10000 710 12000 / 18000 2000/800 13000ВТГ�12 315/10000 1250 25000 / 37500 2200/900 17560ВТГ�13** 500/10000 2300 50000 / 75000 3000/1000 25900

*Is under development.**Depends on the type of the engine (asynchronous or ac converter�fed).Prices are given in $ without VAT. Reduction of 5% is given when purchasing 10 and more items.



“TekhnoNEST” company(4212) 33-94-21

The company is the only producer of heatdevices in the Far East. The devices based onVORTEX HEATGENERATORS can be usedfor heating and hot water supply for living,public and working areas. Their output is from2.8 kW and more, the coefficient of electricenergy transformation into heat energy is upto 1.5.

“TekhnoNEST” company is carrying the designand installation of machinery andcommissioning.

“Sobbit” [email protected]

“Sobbit” company has begun to develop a newactivity, which is installation and service(warranty and post�warranty) of electricboiler�rooms using a vortex heatgenerator witha capacity of 3 – 75 kW and more.

Operation principle: a liquid�carrier is fedinto a cavitation tube (the know�how) where itis spun up until a vortex is formed. During this,the vortex energy is extracted and liquid isheated. The liquid�carrier can be water orvarious antifreezes. The device is patented andhas a certificate of conformance.

“Sotsium XXI veka” companyhttp://www.sociym.ru/rus/

productionsr.html

VHG devices are used for autonomous heatingand hot water supply for living, public andworking areas.

VHG devices operate in modes of direct,automatic and remote control taking into

account temperatures of environment air insideand outside the area.

Efficiency of VHG�5 (coefficient of energytransformation – CET) = 1.6 … 2.2. Thepayback is one heating season.

The warranty service is made during 1 year. Thecompany sells licenses of production and saleincluding foreign ones.

VHG�# Output, kW Heat output, kcal Weight, kg Price, $

1 5,5 12 40 25002 11 24 75 35003 15 33 110 45004 22 48 150 52005 37 80 220 65006 55 120 350 75007 75 180 400 105008 100 220 520 170009 150 330 710 2700010 315 700 1250 5200011 400 880 1550 8400012 500 1100 1750 110000

The mains voltage is 380 V.The electric engine’s revolutions are 2,900 rev/min.The heat carrier’s temperature (water, antifreeze) is controlled: 35 � 95 °C.*Prices are given with VAT.



Phenomenon of electric current rotation innonlinear electric system

Violation of the law of charge conservation inthe system

G. KasyanovIrkutsk, Russia

Tel. [email protected]

The description of an electrical nonlineardevice, which reliably works with efficiency ofmore than 1, is given. For the first time, physicalprocesses in a circuit, which lead to theformation of abnormally strong current at alimited section of the circuit, wereexperimentally registered. Due to them, themode of superhigh efficiency occurs. It wassupposed that a source of boosting chargesforming overcurrent was a physical vacuum.

Search of new energy carriers is beingdeveloping all over the world. The reason isclear: the widely used organic fuel is coming toan end. Ecological problems are beginning toconcern even staunch optimists not to mentionpessimists.

Experiments conducted recently in differentcountries prove that this problem has asolution. It is a good sign that, for example, afew dozen of electrical and mechanical devicesare known (patented) and operating withefficiency of more than 1. This effect is beingexplained by the suggestion that such devices(or circuits) interact under certain workingconditions with an unknown and unused energycarrier and obtain extra output from it. Manyauthors think that this energy carrier is space�time, which contains (theoretically) enormousenergy reserves. The suggestion is proved by anumber of well�known experiments (Kazimir’seffect, formation of the electron�positroncouple etc.).

In this case, the following questions are urgent:which properties of the circuit or the operationmode can cause generation of extra energy?Which physical processes contribute to this?

The majority of devices and circuits with extra�high efficiency, which are known to the author,are rotating systems. Construction elements,liquids in useful capacities, electromagneticfields in circuits rotate. Most likely thisparticular feature (rotation) can be consideredas a key to energy storeroom of space�time.

However, it is known that rotation itself cannotcause any unexplained effects. But, for instance,during the experiments of N.A. Kozyrev onchanging of weights of bodies [1], rotation wasaccompanied by irreversible physical processes.The result was positive.

In the given report, a phenomenon formedduring the operation of electric rectifyingcircuit (irreversible process in the nonlinearcircuit), in case an element generatingcurrent rotation is included in its load, isdescribed. The element is passive and has noenergy sources [2]. During operation with theelement, from the point of view of a stranger,an obvious violation of the law of electriccharge conservation happens in the circuit. Theeffect is the following: in case a sequentialcircuit of the rectifier is used, a pulse currentappears in its sector (in the load circuit). It flowsthrough the load and diodes and its quantityexceeds input current from the power supply(the circuit of 220V, 50 Hertz) by 1.5 – 2times. If the rectifier’s circuit is improved, itcan exceed by 3 times and more. Theovercurrent flows only along the closedinternal circuit: load – diodes of rectifierbridge – element generating rotation(converter). Naturally, reasonable beliefappears that overcurrents are caused by anunknown auxiliary charge source.


Fig. 1

Fig. 2

This increase of current strength in a diagonalof the rectifier bridge leads to generation ofoutput in the load of the experimental circuit,which exceeds enter output by 2 – 4 times. It isespecially clear if incandescent lamps are usedas output indicators. The circuit demonstratingthis experiment is shown on Fig. 1 and 2.

Two identical lamps using ampere rating of 0.3amperes were included in the circuit: one waslocated between the voltage source (network)and the rectifier and another was included inthe load diagonal. Both lamps were includedconsecutively in relation to the voltage sourceand, therefore, without the converter (Fig. 1)and lit with the same brightness. Duringinclusion of the load consecutively with theconverter’s lamp (Fig. 2), an unusual effectoccurs: converter is a passive elementcontaining active resistance but anamperemeter included into the diagonal showsthat, in spite of losses, current increases thereand, accordingly, the lamp in the diagonal begins

to light much brighter. The lamp, which isincluded between the voltage source and therectifier, does not react to the converter andlights with the same brightness. Theamperemeter, measuring current through it,shows that current from the external voltagesource does not change during inclusion of theconverter.

The circuit works sufficiently stably during thisoperation mode. The above mentionedmeasurements were carried out hundreds oftimes and demonstrated an ideal recurrence.

During thorough investigation of theoperation mode of this nonlinear “exotic”circuit, it was discovered that a free (proper)process occurs in the load diagonal of therectifier. The reason of it is jumping of the pulsecurrent’s derivative in points of time when thecurrent is equal to zero. As a result, therectifying circuit plays a role of a peculiargenerator of free processes and they regularly


Eagle-ResearchEnergy Solution since 1984

A research Organization thatdevelops & DistributesPractical Energy-SavingMethods and Devices

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occur in the load diagonal. Certainly, the currentof free process exists in the load circuit (lamp –converter – diodes) besides current from theexternal generator.

It is necessary to mention that the current offree process has a reactive nature and does notuse energy of the external generator.

We must also pay attention to the fact that freeprocesses play a fundamentally important role inthe operation of the known “exotic” circuits, suchas Avramenko’s plug and Tesla’s resonancetransformer.

It is important for us, however, that theoccurrence of free processes in the circuit is causedby peculiarities of change of electromagneticfield’s energy, which is formed by reactiveelements of the circuit [3] and, thus, change ofthe state of space�time adjoining the mentionedelements. Two experimental facts exist: changeof electromagnetic field’s energy (change of space�time’s state) during the occurrence of freeprocesses in the circuit and significant increase ofcurrent in this circuit accompanying occurrenceof free processes. Comparing these facts, asupposition appears that the source ofovercurrent, which is formed only due to theincrease of quantity of elementary charges on thegiven circuit’s section (the seeming violation ofthe law of charge conservation is demonstrated

by this), is a local area of space�time where freeprocess exists. It can be caused, for example, byoccurrence of electron�positron couples due tovacuum deformation [4] in the given local areaunder the described conditions. Or, if we haveanother initial supposition, it is caused by theconvergence of a unitron field, which probablyleads to the same [5]. In any event, reasons ofthis phenomenon depend on real processestaking place in physical vacuum.

Obviously, the occurrence of overcurrent in theload circuit of the given circuit leads to theabnormal increase of its efficiency.

Further research and development directed atthe increase of overcurrent in nonlinearsystems could lead to the application of thismethod of extra electric energy generation toindustrial power engineering.

REFERENCIES

1. N.A. Kozyrev. Selected works. Leningrad, 1991, part 3.2. Materials of application #2005106149.3. N.V. Zernov, V.G. Karpov, Theory of radio circuits.Energiya, 1972, p.347�349.4. A.V. Rykov, Structure of vacuum and unity ofinteractions,http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/2025/articles/pv_r/pv_r.html.5. N.V. Kosinov, Converging electromagnetic field as newphysical field forming matter.http://www.random�m.nm.ru/kosinov2.htm.


«Perpetual motion machine» in questions andanswers or «again about magnetron”

V.I. Korobeynikov, [email protected]

Fig. 1. Trajectories of electrons’ motion in magnetron

A year has passed since the day the article “Howto correctly calculate efficiency of perpetualmotion machines” was published (New EnergyTechnologies #2, 2004). There were a lot ofcomments about the article. They were full ofsurprise and misunderstanding of the effect.One of the main arguments of my opponentswas the fact that a magnetron working instandard and very popular domestic microwaveovens does not demonstrate that it is “aperpetual motion machine”. A watthourmeterfixes a magnetron working in microwave ovensvery well and shows this quickly rotating. Thisis right. Everything happens this way. At thispoint interesting and strange things, in theopponents’ opinion, begin. Why does not amagnetron in standard microwave ovensdemonstrate that it is one of the oldestWORKING (from 1937) “perpetual motionmachines” considered by official science?

In order to explain this, it is necessary toremember the of basic principles of amagnetron’s operation. It uses the motion of

electrons in the presence of two fields,magnetic and electric, which are perpendicularto each other. A magnetron is a two�electrodelamp or a diode containing an accumulativecathode and a cold anode located in the externalmagnetic field. It is necessary to mention thatthe anode (the anode block) of a magnetron hasa complex solid design with a system ofresonators. A magnetic field is created by a coilwith current (an electromagnet) or by apermanent magnet (magnetron is placedbetween its poles).

If there is no magnetic field, electrons comingout the cathode practically without initialvelocity move in the electric field along straightlines, which are perpendicular to the cathode,and come to the anode. If there is a magneticfield, the electrons’ trajectory is bent byLorentz force. If the magnetic field is bigenough, electrons’ trajectories do not crossanode surfaces. In this case, no electron reachesthe anode. Trajectories of electrons’ motion areshown on Fig. 1. The trajectory of an electron


is a cycloid circumscribed by a pointlocated at the circumference of a circleevenly moving along the cathode. Duringthe motion of the cycloid, the electrons flowslots of the anode block’s resonators, and strongelectromagnetic microwave frequencyoscillation occurs in them. High�frequencyenergy from the machine is usually led out by aloop or a coupling hole located in the outlyingpart of one of the anode block’s resonators. Wemust mention that the magnetron was designedas a high�powered generator of electromagneticmicrowave frequency oscillation. All statedabove is just a very short note of completemagnetron theory including almost allelectrophysics.

So, what did cause the misunderstanding andmistrust concerning the idea that a magnetronis a “perpetual motion machine”? A majormisunderstanding was displayed by some“professionals” using a magnetron in radarstations. This refers to most people usingstandard microwave ovens. Under whatconditions does a magnetron become “aperpetual motion machine”? It happens in casean equation U / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m is implemented.This equation is very important. It describesconditions when electrons coming out thecathode cannot reach the anode and, therefore,loop the circuit of the anode source. Theprocess continues while Ohm’s law does notwork (the anode circuit is open). Mostmachines have magnetrons working in pulsemode. What does it mean? It means that anodevoltage in a magnetron is pulse, has a certainperiod and changes from 0 to its maximal valueand back. Pulse voltage in a standardmicrowave oven changes from 0 to 2,000�3,000and back to 0. The frequency of pulses is 50Hertz. Will the equation U / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m beimplemented? No, it will not, except one (two)point during pulse.

Scheme of a magnetron switching on in astandard microwave oven is shown on Fig. 2.The pulse voltage of a high�voltage diode is ledto the magnetron. What happens then? Duringthe voltage pulse, an electronic�plasma cloud�rotor is formed in the magnetron and the high�voltage condenser is recharged. The circuit ofthe anode source is looped (transient) andOhm’s law works. The anode current in

standard pulse microwave ovens reaches 0.3�0.5 ampere. These pulse transients are wellfixed by the watthourmeter.

What must be done in order to alwaysimplement the equation U / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m? Itis necessary to change the magnetron’soperation mode into the mode of continuousgeneration. The anode must not have a pulsevoltage, but permanent one of the value, whichallows implementation of the equationU / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m. In this case, the circuit ofthe anode source opens (no anode current) andOhm’s law stops working. This situation is veryinteresting. The anode source works idling andthe microwave output is generated at the exitof the magnetron. As Ohm’s law is working, thewatthourmeter stops fixing the working andgenerating output (energy) magnetron. Forexample, in standard magnetrons with regularring permanent magnets, which are used inmicrowave ovens, anode current (2�3microampere) occurs during permanent (butnot pulse) anode voltage of 60�65 volt. Foranode voltage of this value, we cannot wait fora significant value of “excessive” energy. Thisanode current (2�3 microampere) must occurduring anode voltage of hundreds andthousands of volts. In the event of this, theoutput will be hundreds or more watts.Permanent magnets must form a big magneticfield. The electric field must be formed by anexternal source, which works idly. Thus, this isa “perpetual motion machine”!

So, everything is simple but not too much. Wemust warn readers against an amateurunderstanding of the existent processes. Theelectronic�plasma cloud�rotor between thecathode and the anode disperses with difficultyafter the anode voltage source is turned off.What will happen in the electronic�plasmarotor of the magnetron after the anode voltageis turned off? This happens in the magnetronduring operation in the pulse mode. Rathersignificant changes will take place in electronic�plasma rotor. Which changes exactly? Wesuggest that readers remember or study“Theory of motion of charged particles inelectromagnetic fields”. We remind once morethat the equation (working point)U / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m is very serious for thefunction�characteristic (Fig. 1) of a magnetron.


Fig. 2. Scheme of a magnetron switching on in astandard microwave oven

This very point of the function is an insuperablebarrier in their consciousness, which does notallow understanding that the magnetron doesnot obey Ohm’s law (“perpetual motionmachine”). Lectures and practical trainingconcerning the magnetron at technicaluniversities often strengthen this barrier. Forinstance, there is a wonderful laboratorytraining #9 called “Research on magnetrongenerator’s operation” at Saint�PetersburgState University, in the radiophysicsdepartment. During this training, magnetronworks in the pulse mode. In order to obtain(change) the necessary parameters, the anodecurrent of the magnetron is set (changed).Accordingly, the magnetic field is changedeither. Everything works well and causes noquestions. As we can see, voluntarily or not, thelaboratory training is emphasized at theoperation mode in the position to the left ofthe point of the equation U / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m. Itis not shown during the training that locationto the right of this point of the equation in thecontinuous generation mode is possible too.The location to the right of this point will leadto a completely different laboratory trainingconcerning research of the magnetron as “aperpetual motion machine”. Only this exampleis enough to understand which gap in theconsciousness of technical specialists was setby the equation (point) U / B2 = q . ∆2 / 2m.

Most scientific authorities feel anger regardingthe concept of the “perpetual motion machine”and consider it pseudo�scientific. What does itmean? It means that they do not have thoroughknowledge of magnetron’s abilities themselves.

Since 1937, the third generation of techniciansuses magnetrons keeping in mind this “pseudo�scientific” situation. We must compare amagnetron with another “perpetual motionmachine”, which is Searl’s generator workingsince 1946. An electron moving cycloidly is anelementary magnet as a coil�loop with a currentor a magnetic roller of Searl’s generator.Magnetic rollers of Searl’s generator have toomuch dead weight concerning mass and HWD.This makes Searl’s generators (mechanicalmagnetrons) too big and heavy. A magnetronhas no dead weight in the form of heavy and bigmolecules of magnetic material because itworks using only electrons. It is convenient andprofitable. The equation (point) U/B2 = q.∆2/2m is indirectly connected with Serl’sgenerator. The electron, moving cycloidly inmagnetron, is a magnet and, therefore, must notbreak this equation. Magnets (rollers) of Searl’sgenerator must obey the same electromagneticequation. It is impossible to make miniature«pocket�sized» Searl’s generators usingpresent�day magnets so as to obey thisstructural equation.

In practice, a magnetron as a “perpetual motionmachine” cannot always generate muchmicrowave energy. In the event of this, it is notnecessary to lead it out of a magnetron. So, whatcan we get from a magnetron? This is aninteresting turn. Practically every magnetronneeds forced air or water cooling of the anodeblock. This shows that a great quantity of heatis generated on the anode block. What preventsus from using this heat for daily needs? Absenceof such magnetron electric heaters prevents usfrom that. What will happen if such an electricheater is switched on? The network system willwork idly and the watthourmeter will notrotate. This is only one of the possibilities touse a magnetron in the continuous mode(“perpetual motion machine”) as an electricheater neutralizing the watthourmeter.

In conclusion, I would like to ask all readers:“Will such magnetron electric heaters appearin the market and when?” Who is able to answerthis question?

The author is looking for investors andbusiness partners in order to develop

experiments in this field.


DETECTION OF REMOTE INFLUENCE OFROTATION ON RADIOACTIVE DECAY

I.A.MelnikSiberian research institute of geology, geophysics, and mineral

[email protected]

1.Introduction

Numerous experimental researches of remoteinfluence of rotating objects on statisticalindications of gamma�radiation intensity ofradioactive sources in a circuit spectrumdisplayed certain regularities of influence on anexcited nucleus and semi�conductorspectrometry [1, 2].

It was discovered that, during a comparativeanalysis of the statistical results of twomeasurement modes (a non�rotating androtating ones), the following regularities aredisplayed: first, during the rotating mode (inrelation to the static mode), indications ofgamma�radiation intensity decrease; second,readings of gamma�quanta energy (pulseamplitude) change to increase as well as todecrease; third, a form of statisticaldistributions can widen and become multiple.

The listed effects allow fixing the presence ofsome factors of influence both on theradioactive source and the registrationequipment, connected with rotation.

The rotation source was an electric motor withvarious nozzles at the shaft. The rotation of theelectric motor forms a multi�componentphysical field in the environment, whichinfluences the statistical distribution of a circuitspectrum of gamma�radiation.

Due to this, it was necessary to conduct a betterexperiment, which allows the division of theinfluence of the investigated field’s componentand showing influence on an excited nucleus.

At the same time, it does not influence the semi�conductor detector (SCD). The rotationinfluence on the radioactive isotope andmeasurement of the aftereffect were spatiallydivided.

2.Description of the experiment

Experimental research in order to discoverthe influence of the field generated byrotation on SCD has determined thefollowing regularity: the value of thestatistical distribution’s displacement isdirectly connected with the time of thedetector’s charges collection.

During the rotation mode, collection timedecreases according to the staticmeasurement mode [3]. It was also noticedthat, during long�term measurement duringthe rotation mode (several hours) and turningthen into the static mode, the peak’sdistribution during the static mode after therotation one changes insignificantly towardsa decrease according to the initialmeasurements (before rotation).

Correspondingly, the effect of theaccumulation and memory in theenvironment of influence on the excitednucleus and detector is displayed. In order toexperimentally divide degrees of theaftereffect influence on the detector and theisotope a month after the last turning on ofthe rotation mode, the following experimentwas carried out. First, 60 measurements ofthe peaks’ square of the studied isotopes’(Cs137, Co60) gamma�quanta without anyrotating objects were implemented. Standardsources of gamma�radiation were used.

Then, within ~50 meters, in another room,influence on the studied source was carriedout for 30 minutes. A generator of theinfluence field was a steel disc of 90 cmdiameter and 5 mm thickness attached to theelectric motor’s shaft. A shaft’s pivot pin wasdirected vertically according to the Earth’ssurface. The motor of 250 W power wasattached to the post. Its shaft rotated with


angular velocity of 6,000 rev/min clockwise(view from above); the disc was located abovethe radioactive isotope source strictly alongthe pivot pin for the experimentallydetermined distance from the source. Afterthe motor had been switched off, the propermeasurements were carried out in the firstroom. The geometry was the same.

A semiconductor detector, a preamplifier, anamplifier, and an analyzer were used asmeasurement equipment. The square of fullabsorption peak (the peak), which wasproportional to the quantity of registeredgamma�quanta, and the main point of the peak(pulse amplitude), which was proportional tophoton energy, from different sources ofradioactive emanation were measured.

Data on the analyzed spectrum was processedby "Search" program developed in Dubna.The width of the energy resolution of theanalyzed peak did not exceed 3 kilo�electron�volt (keV). During a measuring hour, shift ofthe peak’s main point towards an increase ordecrease did not exceed 0.5 keV.

At the following stage of the research, it wasnecessary to register the change of theradioactive isotope’s half�value period duringthe remote influence of the rotating object.

One of the optimal radioactive sources forthis method can be an isotope Au198 with ahalf�value period T

1/2=64.7 hours and a

gamma�line energy of 411 keV. The studiedsamples with certain gold content wereprepared using the saline Au[H Cl

4]2H

2O. The

dried saline had been packed up in aluminumfoil and irradiated at Tomsk research nuclearreactor IRT�T. Two samples were prepared(~0.25 cm2); one of them was a referencesample (#1) while the second one (#2) wasinfluenced by anticlockwise rotationaccording to the above described method. Inall, the period of the measurement of bothsamples was 270 hours: from 10th to 21st ofMay 2004. Total period of influence on thesecond sample did not exceed 32 hours duringthe time of the experiment.

In all, 37 measurement cycles of each samplewere carried out while one cycle consisted of

30 measurements of each sample, whichlasted from 20 to 95 seconds. Themeasurement time was determined so thatthe peak’s square was not less than 800 pulses.On the 10th and 11th of May, 27measurement cycles were carried out andthen, from the 17th of May, the other 10cycles were carried out.

The reference sample was not influenced; itwas located in the room with the registeringequipment all the time. At the moment of thereference sample’s measurement, theinfluence on the second one continued. Themeasurement geometry was the same; eventhe angle across was kept the same usingmarks.

During the experiment’s implementation, themeasurements’ quality control was carriedout during each spectrum collection. Qualitywas assessed by the following parameters:first, during significant voltage changing oroccurrence of leakage currents (due tohumidity increase etc.) the peak’s widthincreased, i.e. energy resolution increased.

Accordingly, accuracy of the peak’s squaredetermination became noticeably worse.Such factors as change of water and voltagedid not influence the peak’s square. Theinfluence was possible only if a shift of a fewunits (keV) existed during spectrumcollection.

Second, due to the fact that the peak is aGaussian, it is characterized by the mainpoint (the first derivative of function, theapproximating peak, turns into zero), i.e.location at the energy scale. During eachmeasurement, the main point of the peak wasregistered. Analysis of statistical results wascarried out with a credibility value of 95%.

3.Analysis of experimental results

Let’s consider the obtained results ofexperiments carried out using long�livedisotopes. As it was mentioned above, if thefield generated by rotation of materialobjects, which is not an electromagneticcomponent, exists, the sufficient influenceforce can appear and influence internal


Fig.1. Dependencies of average values of thepeak's square standardized according to thedecay exponent and number of measurement

cycle, where 1 is the reference sample and 2 isthe second sample

structure of the excited nucleus. Due to this,the first measurements had been carried outbefore the influence of the rotating objectwhile the second ones were carried out afterthat.

It is known that the peak’s square is quantityof gamma�quanta of certain energyregistered by SCD. In this case, this valuecharacterizes the intensity of the excitednucleus’ decay. Analysis of results has shownthat the average value of the peak’s squarefor Cs137 decreases during the secondmeasurement in comparison with the firstone.

A statistical factor analysis of the obtaineddata was also carried out. This allowscomparing samplings of the statistical resultsof both measurements. A factor analysis(Fisher�criteria) and a test “for average” haveshown that two samplings are different, i.e.they are not identical objects.

During the measurement of Co60, two peaksof different energies (1,332 keV and1,173 keV) were formed simultaneously onthe screen of the analyzer (amplitudespectrum). An amazing result was obtained:for photon energy of 1,332 keV, during thesecond measurement, the peak’s squaredecreases in comparison with the firstmeasurement. Factor analysis has also showna difference of the two samplings while therewas no change in photon energy of1,173 keV.

Thus, the aftereffect of rotating objectsinfluences the internal structure of theexcited nucleus and this influence can bedifferent for various states of an isomer.

If the field generated by the rotating objectinfluences the internal structure of thenucleus, it is possible to detect a change ofthe decay “constant”. For this purpose a β�active isotope Au198 was chosen. In case thereis no influence, the decay “constant”(theoretical) has a value of λ=0.0107. Astatistical analysis of the obtainedexperimental results of the two samples (thereference sample and the second sample beingunder the influence) was carried out.

Then, the decay “constant” was determined.In both cases it was λ=0.0109. The firstnoticeable thing is that the decay “constant”differs from the theoretical value by 1.8%, i.e.a half�value period of the gold isotope is 63.5for each sample.

Due to the fact that the curve of the referencesample differs from the theoretical curve,The Pearson coefficient was calculated forthe last ten measurement cycles. The Pearsoncoefficient was an agreement on the fit duringcomparison of the experimental andtheoretical curves; it has proved theirdifference.

Identical values of decay “constant” of thetwo samples can show the presence of acorrelation of the gamma�radiation’sintensity. After the regulation was carriedout according to the decay exponent, acorrelation analysis of the peak’s squaresamplings between the two samples wasimplemented. It has shown that the longerinfluence on the second sample and the morechange of the intensity of the referencesample coincides with change of the intensityof the second sample (Fig. 1).

Fisher’s variance analysis shows that the timefactor significantly influences the averagestatistical data, i.e. the period of influence andpoint of intensity measurement time areimportant.


Then, we will consider the distribution of thedispersion of the peak’s square sample values.In this case, dispersion characterizes thedeviation scope of decay intensity and,therefore, decay “constant” of the excitednucleus from its true, theoretical value.

Exponential value of the first sample’sdispersion differs by 10.8% from thetheoretical value while value difference ofthe second sample is less than 1%, i.e. itcoincides with the true value. Thus, increaseof probability dispersion of the gold isotope’sdecay is more likely connected withinformation dependence on the secondsample, which is being exposed to influenceat the moment.

According to the method of experimentalresearch, the studied isotopes can beconsidered to be point radioactive sources.The research has shown that influence ofremote rotation on radioactive decay of thesources in different points of space isdifferent. That’s why, in order to increaseeffects connected with rotation, it isnecessary to select an optimal location of theemanation sources.

4.Discussion of the results

The implemented experiments have displayedthree new effects connected with the influenceof rotating objects on radioactive nuclei decay.First, the decrease of a half�value period of anexcited nucleus; second, the correlation ofindependent measurements occurs (it can beconnected with effect of quantum(microscopical) nonlocal property); and third,the more time of influence on the secondsample and time of measurement of thereference sample, the less statistical deviationfrom the average value of photon intensity ofthe reference sample.

The effect of a microscopical nonlocal propertyis displayed as a violation of Bell’s inequalitiesduring research of Einshtein�Podolsky�Rozen’sparadox (EPR) [4]. The main point of the effectis the following: during spin interaction ofquantum systems and their subsequent divisionfor a macro distance, information connectionis left between them.

Thus, the change of a spin of one systemcauses an instantaneous change of a spin ofanother independently of the distancebetween them. If we consider the nuclei of agold isotope as quantum systems, which hadthe spin interaction at an atom�nuclear levelin the saline, correlation of nuclear decay ofthe two spatially divided samples is inevitableif one of them is exposed to influence.

A rotating macro object is a source ofdisturbance of the physical vacuumenvironment while a vacuum is subjected tothe cross spin polarization [5]. As a result,the spin influence on the internal state of theexcited nucleus is possible and, therefore, thechange of its parameters can lead to a changeof a decay “constant”.

Most likely, the process of influence throughspin states of excited nuclei of the secondsample’s isomers and their nonlocalconnection with nuclei of the first sample leadto the mentioned effects. In this case,decrease of statistical dispersion of gamma�radiation intensity of the reference samplemust be a consequence of the fact that, at themoment of its measurement, spin�torsioninfluence on the second sample is carried out.The measurement of the second sample is theinvestigation of aftereffect.

The author expresses his thanks toA.F. Sudyko for active participation in theexperiment implementation.

References

1.Melnik I.A. // Izv. vuzov. Fizika., 2004, 2,p.15�18.2. Melnik I.A. // Izv. vuzov. Fizika., 2004, 5,p.19�26.3. Melnik I.A. // New Energy Technologies,2005, #1, p.59�70.4.Vizhje Jean�Pierre. Report on Einshtein�Podolsky�Rozen’s paradox // Problems ofphysics: classical and modern. – M.:Mir, 1982,p.227�254.5.Akimov A.E., Tarasenko V.J. Models ofpolarized states of physical vacuum andtorsion fields.// Izv. vuzov. Fizika., 1992, 3,p.13�23.


Aether mechanicsV. Toporov

“Aliye Parusa” club, Verhnaya ulitsa, 1,Votkinsk, Udmurtskaya resp., 427439, Russia.

Tel. +7-34145-5-24-91

Aether is a material medium filling all worldspace including that which we live in.

Aether is a real gas, which has particles called“amers”. They are very distant from each otherin comparison with their size, like stars in thesky. However, “amers” have very high density,so high that the average density of aetherexceeds the density of any metal by many times.I gave the basis of this in the article called “Airand aether as sources of living force” and alsoin other articles. The basis resulted from ananalysis of nature of centrifugal force from anaether standpoint.

Aether engines

An aether engine is implied as a mechanicalsystem, which is able to obtain energy fromaether fields.

On Fig. 1, a swinging device with leaden loadsis shown. It can swing for some days after a lightpush. We used loads up to 75 kg each.

We have made swinging devices with loads ofthe same form but different weight.

Heavy loads swung with less resistance thanlight ones. Loads obtained energy from aether

Fig. 1. Swinging device with loadsFig. 3. “Mikhaylo” device: a disc is rotating in a

housing with a helium medium

due to the change of attraction to the Earth indifferent moments and in various ways. In somecases, swinging amplitude increased.

Fig. 2. Swinging device with loads and vibrator

On Fig. 2, a design of the swinging device isshown. A small electric motor of 4 volts (itworked using battery) was taken from a toyand installed at the bar near one of the loads. Aleaf with an eccentric load of 3 grams was fixedat the motor’s axis. During vibrations made bythis motor, the entire system of 160 kg swungin vertical plane with acceleration or withoutdamping. Friction, air and hunting do not haveacceleration influence in this case.

When using other, more flexible bars with morepowerful vibrators (an electric fret�saw), theamplitude increased by 15 cm during one bar’sswing.


Fig. 4. “Novogodniy” aether engine

Fig. 5. Inertia device “Radj”

We also tested various discs. “Mikhaylo” deviceis shown on Fig. 3.

A disc weighing 300 kg is put in a waterproofhousing. After the disc had been turned by astarter, the housing was filled with helium (itsviscosity is less than air viscosity). During thisprocess, the disc was rotating (with speed of 3rev/sec) with so small resistance that its fullresistance was 2 times less than friction drag ina bearing.

During another experiment, the same disc,though without the housing, could rotatecontinuously for any amount of time and alsoincrease speed up to 1 rev/sec if friction in thebearing had been artificially made equal to zero.The disc can be seen on Fig. 4 (the horizontaldisc).

A vertical disc with diameter of 1 meter is rigidat the horizontal shaft of this device. A figuredcam is rigid at the same shaft. The shaft and thedisc rotates in relation to pintle (in the centerof the round table) and in relation to their longaxis, i.e. the disc can circle leaning on the cam.Due to cam’s profile, motion is happening withacceleration and braking. During direct motion,the value of acceleration speeding�up is morethan value of braking speeding�up. Due todifferent change of inertial mass, the discobtains an unbalanced accompanying impulseof inertia during direct motion and retro burnduring backward motion.

The difference of motion characteristics in oneside or another allowed to determine workmade by the change of body forces under aetherinfluence. Gravity participates in the disc’soperation, too. So, it is a mass�gravity aetherengine.

Light discs (made of foam plastic, wood) werealso tested. Under other equal conditions theywere rotating with higher resistance thoughthey had much less resistance in bearings.

Discs with diameter from 0.125 to 1 meter wereused. While diameter increases, total specificresistance of the disc highly diminishes. It isadvisable to make a disc of a bigger diameter (2meters and more). It can rotate without heliumand under normal friction.

This will be a perpetual motion aether machinelike planets.

Aether movers (inertia devices)

We imply that mover is a mechanism, which canbe used for pushing off and movement in space(for example, wheel, screw propeller, flappingwing etc.). In the given case, we will discuss a


Fig. 6. Testing of “Radj” inertia device on water

mechanism, which can be used for pushing offfrom aether. The physical meaning of themover-inertia device lies in the change ofinertia mass of the body under aetherinfluence depending on kinematic motionparameters (speed, acceleration and itsderivatives: speed of acceleration, accelerationof acceleration etc.).

Many attempts have been made to build aninertia device using inertia. However, theirtheoretical bases had no convincing physicalfoundation: they had to push off from a vacuumgiven to us by Newton. Besides, experience ofenthusiasts is greatly important in this case asit gives information about the creation of atheory of such movers.

The physical meaning of inertia is aetherresistance to body acceleration. Thisresistance is equal to the product of inertia massof body and its acceleration; it is directedagainst acceleration.

The influence of speed on inertia mass isobserved during swinging of very longpendulums with relatively small amplitudewhen acceleration is small and its influence ismuch less than the influence of speed. As anexample, the reader can take Foucault'spendulum.

In 1931, in Petersburg, in St. Isaac’s Cathedral,a pendulum with a length of 98 meters and aswing time of 19.8 sec with amplitude of ±5meters was installed (unfortunately, today this

Fig. 7. “Radj-2” mover


remarkable pendulum has been taken away andstored in an archival depository of Cathedralmuseum). The calculation of swing time of thispendulum taking into account the mass ofhanging line (about 10 kg) and the mass of thependulum (54 kg) according to the formula forphysical pendulum (known from school) givesa value of period equal to 19.5 sec. This lack ofcoincidence of 1.5 per cent corresponds toincrease of inertia mass by 3%.

We would like to ask readers from SaintPetersburg to define more exactly the lengthof the pendulum from the point of suspensionto floor of the cathedral. Perhaps, there arepeople (astronomers, physicians, amateurs)who measured the pendulum some way.

In Paris, in the Pantheon building, a pendulumwith a length of 67 meters, mass of 28 kg andswing period of 16.4 sec has been installed. Inthis case, an increase of swing period (andpendulum mass) in comparison with thecalculated value is observed.

We are very interested in the value of the swingperiod of this pendulum (and others) with smallamplitudes (less than ±0.3 meters) andthickness of hanging wire. We would like to askpeople who are in Paris to carry out thesemeasurements and let us know. We will begrateful for any data on these and otherpendulums installed in other cities.

On Fig. 5, “Radj” mover is shown. Its loads areput in action using muscular energies. It allowsmoving by a small cart even upward with a lightslope. Later we installed it on a raft and the raftbegan to move (Fig. 6). I have furrowed thewhole lake by it.

“Radj” traction on earth (floor, asphalt) was 1.6kg (according to dynamometer, according toacceleration speeding�up) with wheels’resistance of 1.7 kg. It would take force of 3.3kg to reach the same acceleration by outertraction. Moving downhill, we obtainednonstop motion producing a front traction aswell as a backward one of about 1 kg. Whenusing the raft on water, traction was less: 0.4kg. It is advisable to let the inertia deviceinstalled on the raft move coasting�backlashback and forth, for example, put it on wheelsand fix by a rubber band from behind.

Traction of “Radj�2” (Fig. 7) was inessential:motion of the inertia device’s body and twopeople were lacking in the event of the loads(right and left) moving with a phase shift byhalf�period. In the event of no phase shift, thisbinary mover did not fundamentally differ from“Radj” and developed two times more tractionthan “Radj”.

On Fig. 8, “Karteziy” mover is shown, whichworks using an electric motor of 12 volts. Themover is located to the left end of the bar.

Fig. 8. “Karteziy” inertia device with small loads at the left end of the shaft;supply voltage is 12 volts.


Fig. 9. Design of “Karteziy” inertia device

During operation, this aether moverproduced tractive force of 18 grams andaccelerated the bar up to a speed of 1revolution per 2 seconds.

Design of “Karteziy” inertia device is shownon Fig. 9. The electric engine m2 is hung onthe bar m1 through a steel spring. The bar canrotate on pintle. A leaf is fixed on the engine’saxis; loads m3 and m4 are located on the leafat different distances from the axis.

During operation, the bar rotated for someperiod of time, picked up speed and, afterelectric current switching, turned in somecircles mechanically. Motion of the bar isnonstop, i.e. friction in a bearing of pintle isalways directed against motion and cannotproduce propulsive burn in any way.

Windage cannot produce traction eitherbecause the highest speed of the leaf (at thebottom) is directed against the motion of thebar.

The motion of bodies is rather peculiar. Thebar, for example, can produce only verticalmotions while traction of the mover ismaximal and equal to 18 grams.

The distribution of loads m3 and m4 at the leafand their value and correlation plays an

important role and can change the direction oftractive force to opposite direction.

Then, we attached the engine directly to thebar (to this one and another, which waslonger and more flexible) without the spring.The bar could move up and down again butdid not move left�right at all (during rotationof the leaf) neither obeying the centre ofinertia’s motion theorem nor the law ofimpulse conservation.

During this, the tractive force and speed of thebar’s end motion up to 2 m/sec was obtained(using a longer bar) in horizontal plane as wellas in vertical plane. The engine rotated with aspeed of about 20 Hertz. During eachexperiment, a certain speed corresponding withthe distribution of loads on the leaf wasrequired.

Movers hanging on a textile line were tested,resulting in a stable twisting of thread.

Now we are developing aether movers withoutvibration.

Another testing stage of aether movers isnecessary: in space. Due to solar energy,such a mover can produce traction for anyperiod of time. It is clean, simple, andconvenient.


If it will be found that traction force does notdecrease in space in comparison with tractionon earth, the mover can be used as atransformer of solar energy to kinetic energyof spacecraft with efficiency more than one.

After aether energy stations (engines) aredeveloped, the mover can be put in action bythem. Motor devices of aircrafts, submersiblecrafts and others can become fullyautonomous.

As we work, the traction of movers grows.

Conclusion

Modern aircrafts and modern energy, withthe small exception, pollute and infect theEarth’s biosphere.

News from USA

2005 Notice of FundsAvailability

Renewable Energy Systems and EnergyEfficiency Improvements Grant,Guaranteed Loan, and Direct LoanProgram. Notice of Funds Availability(NOFA) Inviting Applications for theRenewable Energy Systems and EnergyEfficiency Improvements Grant Program

DATE ISSUED: March 28, 2005

AGENCY: Rural Development, USDA.

SUMMARY: Rural Development announcesthe availability of up to $22.8 million incompetitive grant funds for fiscal year (FY)2005 to purchase renewable energy systemsand make energy improvements foragricultural producers and rural smallbusinesses. Of the $22.8 million, $11.4 millionwill be setaside through August 31, 2005, forguaranteed loans.

These funds will be administered under a finalrule to be published in the Federal Registerlater this fiscal year. Any guaranteed loanfunds not obligated by August 31, 2005, willbe made available for competitive grantsunder this notice. In order to be eligible forgrant funds, the agricultural producer orrural small business must demonstratefinancial need. The grant request must notexceed 25 percent of the eligible projectcosts.

DATES: Applications must be completed andsubmitted to the appropriate United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA) StateRural Development Office postmarked nolater than 90 days after the date of thepublished notice. Applications postmarkedafter that date will be returned to theApplicant with no action.

More information athttp://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/farmbill/2005NOFA/nofa05navigate.htm

The main energy carriers have limited reserves;they are a reason of wars and crises.

The development of flapping wings and aetherengines can contribute to solution of theseproblems.

Joint operations of all people interested in thistopic including students, teachers, scientificorganizers, artists… and inventors are necessary.We would like to mention that Peter the Greatpersonally worked at the problem of theperpetual motion machine. Hiscorrespondence with a famous Germaninventor Orphireus remains!

You can know more details about our work atthe subject of aether here:http://www.maholet.aero.ru.


On basics of potential dynamicsE.I. Linevitch, Russia

[email protected]

We conceive it as usual and matter�of�fact thatsimilar things of everyday life can be shown bydifferent means (prose, music, ballet, paintingetc.) and forget that particularly physicalprocesses can also be described (researched) bydifferent methods and means. Authors choosethe corresponding tool of description accordingto the authors’ skill (and even art) to use thesetools and the possibility to translate the resultsinto a common language. Particularly, there is astatement in quantum mechanics that it isimpossible to describe quantum effects in thecontext of the classical geometrical images[10]. This erroneous opinion is transferred fromone manual of physics to another due to thefact that originators of quantum physics werehigh�class mathematicians, but they did nothave the ability to think creatively. We do notconsider creative thinking as just mentaldesigning of geometrical objects andobservation of their interactions. The mostimportant thing in creative thinking is theability of a person to turn (to be plunged)oneself into a physical process, to become thisprocess mentally, to feel it inside and outside.This ability allows quickly finding solutionswhere the mathematician is useless.

During the last decade, a number of new effectswith entirely unusual physical developmentshave become known including, for example,electrohydraulic effects remarkable because“excessive” energy is generated in the vorticalenvironment while, during electropulseinfluence, new elements and “unknownradiation of a new type” occur. In E.Podkletnov’s experiments with a quicklyrotating superconductive disc, a possibility isshown to change the gravity field. G.I. Shipovand A.E. Akimov demonstrated thetransmission of information signals withouttime delay. B.V. Bolotov has developed “Thetable of chemical elements of the secondgeneration” and new methods to get them(www.bolotov.com.ua).

It is possible to give more examples of effects,which are beyond the limits of traditionalphysics, while specialists from the USAobstinately develop a regular global project offinding gravity waves within the limits ofgeneral relativity (GR). The authors of suchprojects either did not understand yet thatirreversible reorganization of fundamentalideas of the physical world’s system has alreadybegan in people’s minds or the fertile field ofGR is still profitable pork for its supporters.

I suppose that no gravity waves can bediscovered within the limits of GR. This theorydescribes physical processes from within theseprocesses. Their common fundamental natureis supporting interaction. What are gravitywaves? They are waves of oscillation (shift) ofa local center of masses of the universe. Thecenter of masses, however, always stays staticduring supporting interaction. The center ofmasses of the local part of the universe (as aphysical body) can be moved only byunsupported interaction and, therefore, gravitywave will be created.

During supporting interaction, a force can begenerated only by two methods: dynamical and

E.I. Linevitch


potential. By analogy with them, duringunsupported interaction, the generation ofdynamical and potential methods of forces’ isalso possible. An accelerative mover ofLinevitch�Ezhov [9] is a particular example ofa dynamical method (for details seewww.linevitch.narod.ru). An example of apotential method is a rotor horizontallyrotating in a gravity field [3]. The value ofantigravity (this term means force of inertia(or its component) directed oppositely to theforce of weight) is very small for a single rotor.Moreover, it is decreased by a number offactors. In a multi�rotor system, however, undercertain conditions, the antigravity valueincreases according to a non�linear dependency.The unusual effects occurred in theexperiments of E. Podkletnov, G. Shipov– A. Akimov, which were recently foundout, can be actually considered as variousappearances of interaction of matter withgravity waves, which appear during thechange of the physical state of multi-rotorsystems (i.e. a potential system consisting,particularly, of atoms and molecules with spinsoriented in gravity field). The possibility toincrease the anti�gravity effect by a potentialmethod was described in a report called“Geometrical basics of the Hayasaka�Takeuchiexperiment with rotating rotors” [1]. Theauthor presented the report at a scientificconference in Petrozavodsk in 1993. The reportremains little known to the majority ofspecialists, however, we believe that, despitepast years, its urgency has even increased.

Let’s imagine a physical point moving from itsinitial state in two orthogonal directionssimultaneously, with constant speed. In theevent of registering a traversed path in equaltime periods, we obtain rectangles withuniformly accelerated squares while a role ofacceleration is played by the speed squared. Dueto this, it is logical to call it square acceleration.The rectangle obtained by this method imitatesgravity surface while square acceleration showsspeed of its square’s change.

If we multiply square acceleration by thedistance to gravity center, we will obtain cubicacceleration, which shows the speed of changeof the gravity volume, which is limited bygravity surface. In astrophysics, this value is

called a centric constant. It is a mathematicalconstant, and we have showed its physicalmeaning.

If the center of physical body’s masses is movedin such a way that its square acceleration issquare acceleration of a gravity surface, thebody will hang in the air (will levitate). Anattempt to move it away from the gravitycenter will lead to the appearance of a thrustaiming at bringing it back. An attempt to bringit near the gravity center will lead toappearance of a repulsive force aiming atbringing it back. Transfer of the body from onegravity surface to another is possible only if aself�resonant frequency of the body is changed(i.e. the frequency of the linear oscillator in theevent of linear�oscillatory motion of the body,and the rotor speed in case of the rotatingrotor). We will call this state of the body in agravity field a steady state [3], and this state issubmitted to another condition, which consistsof quantized frequencies and radii. As appliedto the rotor, its own speed must be by an integermore than self�resonant frequency of gravitysurface, where it is located (and which coincideswith its own first circular velocity), and itsradius of gyration must be by an integer lessthan the mentioned surface.

Self�energy of a rotor’s rotation is quantizedtoo. It can exceed energy, which is necessaryfor location at the given surface. In this casethe own pivot pin of the rotor must be an anglewith a horizontal line not equal to 90є. Possibleorientation angles will be quantized, too, andthe change of the orientation angle will lead todisplacement (transition) of the rotor to theaccording level. Time asymmetry can beobserved during this process: the time oftransition to upper level is less than the returnto the lower. Only a certain, minimal quantityof rotors with the corresponding set ofparameters, such as radius, self�speed, self�energy, moment, orientation angle, anddirection of rotation, can be located at eachgravity surface in a static state. Self�speed ofthe rotor and its self�energy in the physicalmeaning coincide with quiescent frequency orquiescent energy of particle in quantummechanics. Rotor’s transition into a static statemeans the appearance of its inert duplicate (acopy) [4]. The process is the following.


gravity mass at the transversal. If the potentialenergy of the rotor is multiplied by the periodof rotation around the gravity center (with thefirst circular velocity), we will obtained theconstant P, which analogue in quantummechanics is Planck's constant: P = m•V•2•R,where m – mass of the rotor, V – tangentialspeed, R – surface radius [8].

Let’s suppose that somehow the rotor, while ina static state, obtained additional speed, whichis tangential to the surface. In this case, itsmovement will be a circular sinusoid not takinginto account gyro�effects (it is circular relativeto the gravity center). The more frequency ofthe sinusoid, the more its speed (and,accordingly, kinetic energy). Due to tops of thesinusoid, the rotor will periodically be higherthan its static gravity surface. In quantummechanics, it coincides with the location of theelectron outside the limits of the potential wellwith probability, not equal to zero. Due to thefact that the rotor is in a kinetic moment, gyro�effects will occur. One of their results will be aprecession of a rotor’s blade around the axisconnecting its center with the gravity center.

All shown examples of the rotor’s behavior arerelated to the case when the gravity surface(Earth) is not rotating. Things happen thefollowing way on the rotating surface.

Being in the initial state, the rotor alreadyrotates together with the globe around thegravity center because it is influenced byantigravity of daily rotation. In the eveny thatangular velocity of the rotor’s own rotationcoincides with the Earth’s one, the resultingspeed related to the gravity center will be equalto their difference; in the event ofcounterrotation, the resulting speed will beequal to their sum. An obvious analogy of the

Fig. 1.1 - rotor mass 175.504g,

inertia radius 2.26cm; 2 - rotor mass 139.863g,

inertia radius 1.85cm.Lines are computation;points are experiment

Let’s suppose that a rotor’s speed increasesfrom zero to the first circular velocity duringone revolution (this condition is not obligatory,an explanation is just more obvious this way).The inertial mass of each atom of the rotor wasin the common center of masses Earth–rotorbefore rotation. During the process of startingthe rotor, it is extracted from the commoncenter of masses and transferred according toa trajectory in the form of a conic turn (movesalong the side surface of the cone: from its top,which coincides with the common center ofmasses, towards the base, which is the rotoritself). In a static state, the rotor geometricallycontains two numerically equal masses: gravitymass and inertial mass, which is dynamicallysymmetrical against the gravity one [4]. Theresultant mass is equal to zero along the verticalpivot pin of the rotor and it is equal to the


relative addition of speeds can be the parallelmotion of trains with different speeds in thesame and different directions.

During uni�directional motion of the globe andthe rotor, weight of the rotor will not changeuntil its linear speed exceeds the Earth’s speed.On medium latitudes, all bodies have a diurnalspeed of about 350 m/s. In order to overcomeit, a standard aviation gyroscope (the authorcould experiment only with such gyroscopes)must be turned to a frequency up to1,800 Hertz! It is much easier to obtain anantigravity effect by counterrotation of therotor and Earth.

The gravitation intensity of the globe firstincreases proportionally to the distance to itscenter and, then, when the distance is more thanR

0 (Earth’s radius), it decreases proportionally

by a square of the distance. The surface of thechange of the gravity gradient’s distance(SCGGD) does not mainly coincide with solidsurface. In most cases, it is higher (due to thepresence of an air atmosphere) and hascomplicated relief due to the fact that thedeposition of earth’s layers and their density isirregular. Moreover, SCGGD can lower itselfto the Earth’s solid surface in places ofplanetary breaks of the earth's crust.

In case the rotor is located lower than SCGGD,it means that it is located in the potential well(where intensity increases if height increases)and, independently of the direction of rotation,its weight will not change until the frequencyof its spin exceeds the value of the well’s depth.The standard gyroscope must increase spin by30 Hertz for every 0.1 m/s2 of the growth inintensity of gravity.

One of the consequences of the Hayasaka�Takeuchi experiment [2] is the directconfirmation of the fact that SCGGD lowersitself to a solid surface near the planetary breakof the earth's crust (Japanese islands are locatedright along Pacific break). Another factor,which indirectly confirms this, is the longer lifeinterval of the Japanese, in comparison withother countries. We suppose that the reason ofthis is not the use of seafood, as some specialiststhink. The point is that, during the decrease ofgravity intensity, the speed (drift) of all

processes slows down (rest mass of matterparticles decreases) and all living objects growold slower [5]. The same effect is observedamong population of some mountain regions:gravitation intensity is somewhat less therethan on plains (inhabitants of mountain Caucasiaand Tibet have longer average life interval thaninhabitants of plains). The higher intensity, thequicker speed of all processes (rest mass of matterparticles increases) and all living objects grow oldfaster. A cosmonaut at a height of 300 km is in thezone of gravity intensity equal to g = 9.3 m/s2. Ifhe spends there, for example, 60 years, afterreturning he will look much younger than hiscoevals, who stayed on Earth.

The author obtained a formula to assess thechange of bodies’ weight (rotating or oscillatingat horizontal plane) [1]. According to it, acalculation and comparison with experimentalresults for two rotors were carried out. Thefigure attached illustrates the high accuracy ofthe calculation coincidence with theexperimental data.

Besides the above mentioned parameters, itspivotal length influences on the rotor’santigravity. In the work [1] a result of numericalcomputation of atmospheric spout’s height isgiven, which turned out to be close to theknown measurements. Using the same ratios,it is possible to find the change of bodies’ weightdepending on temperature (in any aggregativestate) [6].

For practical purposes, it is necessary to obtainantigravity, which exceeds the rotor’s weight.Theoretical and experimental results, at firstglance, show the impossibility to solve this taskin the near future. The only parameter, whichallows a significant change of the rotor’s weight,is its speed but the barrier of metal’s strengthprevents its increase. A rotor made using carbonfiber (the strongest known material) begins toruin at a speed of less than 2 km/sec.Nevertheless, there is a possibility to find a wayout of the impasse.

In order to describe quantitatively differentdynamical processes, a parameter of “speed”was introduced. Its dimension is meter persecond. These physical notions were introducedby people in their day�to�day activity starting


i.e. the materials, which are pushed away bygravity fields of planets; implementation ofinformation reception and transmission etc.

In conclusion, let’s presume the followingsupposition. If we think that any mental(creative) constructions are real (or existing),it is possible, for example, to reduce the universelocated outside the globe to the field of theEarth’s radius and expand everything locatedinside the Earth’s area to an endless universe. Aconclusion follows that, in a micro�world, ournuclear�physicists conduct their experimentswith mathematical points (i.e. with emptyspace), which coincide with the centers ofmasses of material objects actually occupyingthe volume of the entire universe. From this asupposition follows that, when going deep intothe macro�world, a force appears and increases,which acts from the direction of space andcompensates centrifugal force of any rotarymotion. It must exist on a macro�scale, but atthe same time it is too small to be registered byany existing devices.

References

1. Linevitch E.I. «Geometrical basics of Hayasaka�Takeuchi experiment with rotating rotors». Report atthe 2nd scientific conference of CIS “Unified theory ofthe world and its practical application”. September 20�21, 1993. Petrozavodsk, Russia.2. Hayasaka H., Takeuchi S. Phys. Rev. Lett.� V.63.P.2701�2704.3. Linevitch E.I. Antigravity effect of physical bodies.�Habarovsk: «Mart», 1991.4. Linevitch E.I. Dynamical symmetry of the universe.�«Nature and abnormal effects» #1�2, 1995, p. 6,Vladivostok.5. Linevitch E.I. On the technical possibility to controltime speed. � «Graviton» #8, 2002, p. 10�11.6. Kishkintsev V. A. Galilean Electrodynamics, 1993.V.4, #3, P.47�50.7. Forward R. L. Journal of Propulsion and Power.1989 #1, p.28�37.8. Linevitch E.I. Analytical deduction of physicalconstants on basis of classical conceptions. November,1999 (from correspondence with “Graviton” editors [email protected]).9. Linevitch E.I., Ezhov A.F. Inertia mover.� «NewEnergy Technologies» #3, 2004, p. 12�15.10. Astahov A.V., Shirokov Y.M. Physics, v. 3. Quantumphysics// Edited by Y.M. Shirokov.� M.: Nauka, 1983.11. Shipov G.I. Theory of physical vacuum: Theory,experiments and technologies. 2nd edition, revised andsupplemented edition. � M.: Nauka, 1996.12. Abramov I.M., Brehman I.I., Lavrov B.P., Pliss D.A.«Effect of synchronization of rotating bodies (rotors)».Diploma #333. Journal «Otkrytiya izobreteniya» #1, 1988.

from their own mentality. Nature, however, hasneither meters nor seconds. Physical processesare caused either by motion of matter and spaceor its absence and motion can be generated notonly by a concentrated displacement.

We will introduce a new variable and call it massrate. It will show quantity of the rotor masscrossing its radial section. Its dimension iskg/s. We can say that mass rate characterizesthe speed of the rotor expressed through itsmass.

Let’s imagine now a mechanical systemconsisting of a big quantity of identical rotorswith parallel pivot pins; their direction andspeed are the same. Thus, mass of the system isincreased by a whole number of masses whilethe period of revolution stays the same, that’swhy the mass rate of the system increases bythe same increment. As we see, mass speed ofthe system grows proportionally to thequantity of rotors. Volume is connected withmass and is proportional to change, at the least,of one linear dimension. Due to this, the linearspeed of the system also increases by a wholenumber of times (although it is impossible toindicate both the trajectory of the system’srotation and the rotation radius). Hence,square acceleration of the system will beproportional to the square of quantity of rotors.Due to the fact that the mass of the system isbigger than the mass of one rotor by a wholenumber of times, antigravity of the system willbe proportional to the quantity of rotors raisedto the cubical power. It is necessary toremember that all rotors must rotatesynchronously (the run of any two rotors mustbe less than quarter of a turn).

Some time ago it was an irresistible problembut it was solved on its own after the discoveryof the self�synchronization of multi�rotorsystems by Russian scientists in 1988 [12].

The potential method of antigravitygeneration can be used together with thedynamical method [9] for motion in space. It ispossible to create artificial gravity fields in thelocal area with any intensity value. This gives awide range of technologies: particularly,generation of any mater from any source;production of materials with “negative weight”,


Time-reversed AmperianCurrents

The key to FREE ENERGY, Antigravity andTime Travel � Time�reversed AmperianCurrents!

I just uploaded the requirements drawing here:http://www.intalek.com/Index/Projects/GMF/ComplexElectronFlow.jpg

The drawing on the left details the method bywhich to create cold current. Its done bycanceling a time�forward magnetic field B dueto Amperian Current. An opposing externalmagnetic field is applied causing the electronto rotate its velocity from the real axis to theimaginary axis. A time�reverse magnetic fieldjB is created during the process.

The drawing on the left details the complexflow of an electron, which can move forward or

backward in time. Under the influence of a time�reversed electric field jE, the electron is movingbackward in time jV, and so it’s referred to as"cold current". The flow of cold current createsa time�reversed magnetic field jB.

Since the NEGATIVE relativistic mass iscontained within the magnetic field, this fieldis dissipated as anti�photons. The weight of thedevice within a gravity field will become lighterdue to this removal of mass. The FREEENERGY mechanism is directly correlated totime�reversed Amperian Currents.

Unlocking the secrets of this universe...

William S. Alek

INTALEK, INC.PHONE/FAX: 219.924.27423506�43rd. PlaceHighland, IN 46322�3129 USAmailto:[email protected]://www.intalek.com/

New Ideas


Hypothesis of heat transformerPerpetual motion machine of the second kind

V. Filippov, [email protected], [email protected]://ruslabor.narod.ru/index2.htm

published with abridgements

Description of the invention

I, a citizen of the Russian Federation, VladimirFilippov, born on the 9th of October 1950 inTomsk, in 2002 made the following inventionin the field of thermodynamics:

The possibility to design a heat transformer,which transforms heat energy of theenvironment into heat energy of highertemperature without energy consumption (orwork production, which is necessary in theknown cycles of Carnot, Stirling and others) isdiscovered.

The mentioned opportunity is classified inthermodynamics as a perpetual motionmachine of the second kind, which is impossibleto design. However, this opinion is not sharedby scientists such as Loshmidt, Tsyolkovskiyand others (journals “Russkaya mysl”, Moscow,“Obschestvennaya polsa”) and also ourcontemporaries (Yakovlev, Zayev, Rodionov,Oparin etc.).

As the background and an analogue of the giveninvention, Loshmidt and Tsyolkovskiy’s ideasof a temperature gradient, which isspontaneously generated in bodies under theinfluence of a gravitation field, were taken. Thetemperature gradient of the earth’s atmosphereand stratum proves this but practical use of thisexisting effect is difficult due to the smallnessof the gradient caused by the weakness ofgravity forces.

In order to eliminate this disadvantage, it issuggested to create a temperature gradient inbodies located in the field of electrostatic forces.Conducting of this requires certainorganization and state of bodies.

As the simplest device, we take two spheres(other forms are possible) located one inanother with the common center in such a waythat a spherical cavity is formed between themand fill this cavity with ionized gas (for example,positively charged ionized nitrogen). We chargethe internal sphere negatively while it isdielectrically isolated both from ionized gas andits own internal space; the external sphere ismade of dielectric. Under these conditions, byanalogy that happens in the earth’s atmosphere,the temperature (and pressure) gradient mustoccur in ionized gas (due to influence ofcoulomb forces). The gradient’s value can besufficiently big (for practical use) because wecan influence it with the help of quality of theinternal sphere’s charge, ionization degree andquantity of gas, and sizes of spheres. Thus,external layers of ionized gas and theexternal sphere will have a temperaturelower than the environmental temperatureand internal layers of ionized gas and theinternal sphere will be higher than theenvironmental temperature (underaccording values and ratios of charge quantityof the internal sphere, ionization degree andquantity of ionized gas, size of spheres,calculated with the help of the superpositionprinciple).

Hence, in case we initially and once charge theinternal sphere, fill the spherical cavity withionized gas (using limited quantity of energy),provide for heat supply of the external sphere(with the help of advanced heat�exchangesurface and cooling of the externalenvironment) and heat abstraction from theinternal sphere under a temperature higherthan the environment temperature, we will geta constantly operating heat transformer withan unlimited quantity of heat input and output


Fig. 1. The device


(perpetual motion machine of the second kind).As additional application of the given discovery,it is possible to discuss the possibility (undercreated practically unlimited parameters ofmatters’ state) of the production of newmaterials.

Explanations

I begin to explain from Evgeniy Oparin’s workcalled “Physical basis of no fuel energyengineering. Limited nature of the law of energydegradation”, p. 49�56. Moscow, 2003.

“In 1876, J. Loshmidt expressed a hypothesisthat the temperature of gas located in agravitation field linearly depends on height.Correctness of the hypothesis would havedenoted irreceivability of the law of energydegradation in the gravity field. Concerningthis issue, a sharp scientific discussion emergedbetween L. Boltsman and J. Loshmidt.

Tsyolkovskiy has shown that any finitedifference of heights ∆H corresponds with aquite certain differential temperature ∆T in gasin the stationery state in gravity field, and ratio

of differential temperature to difference ofheights ∆T/∆H is not equal to 0, or within thelimits with ∆H →0:

dT/dH is not equal to 0

K. Tsyolkovskiy has obtained the value of thestatic vertical temperature gradient in gas in astationery state in a gravity field very simplyand clearly according to the law of energyconservation. He considered the fall of a massm at a height of ∆H coinciding with the changeof gas potential energy ∆П by the value:

∆П = � mg H

He supposed that the change of potentialenergy of gas molecules according to the law ofenergy conservation coincides with the changeof kinetic energy of gas molecules, i.e. leads toimparting heat to gas:

∆Q = mCv T

In this equation, Tsyolkovskiy used Cv (heatcapacity of gas under constant volume)mentioning that: “Although a part of work

Fig. 2. Temperature field


during the fall is likely spent on gas pressurebut, actually, this work does not exist because,if we suppose atmosphere balance, no pressureand no expansion of gas happens”.

Comparing right parts of the above mentionedequations, we will obtain the value of thevertical temperature gradient in theatmosphere:

dT/dH = � g/Cv

Due to the fact that g is not equal to 0 and Cv is

not equal to 0, we obtain Tsyolkovskiy’sinequality:

dT/dH = � g/Cv is not equal to 0

Using the equation dT/dH = � g/Cv,

Tsyolkovskiy obtained the value of a stationeryvertical temperature gradient in theatmosphere, which is equal to 14 K/km. (Thegiven value is not extremely accurate,according to evaluation of Tsyolkovskiyhimself. Gradient principle is important – V.Filippov’s comment).

Loshmidt has found a good confirmation of hishypothesis in dependence of water temperatureon depth in artesian wells. Tsyolkovskiy sawconfirmation of linear dependency intemperature change during shaft deepening aswell as in the earth’s troposphere.

V.F. Yakovlev not only proved theoretically bydifferent methods that the dependency oftemperature on height must be linear inpotential fields, he also showed experimentally,using a centrifuge, that gas temperaturedepends on its potential energy in a potentialfield of centrifugal forces.

Thus, not permanent temperature buttemperature gradient is formed in macroscopicsystems, everywhere where it is impossible todisregard the influence of potential fields.

In the work “Law of degradation of energy”,K.E. Tsyolkovskiy showed that the gravity fieldis not the only condition of heat transmissionfrom a colder body to a warmer one inmacroscopic systems. He wrote aboutconditions, under which the law of energy

degradation has limits: “Perhaps there are a lotof them… possibly it is gravity or maybemolecular forces. Do we really know naturecompletely? Or do we know only a drop fromthe immense ocean of Universe?”

Thus, “a black phantom of global death”inevitably follows from absolute nature of thelaw of energy degradation. But K.E.Tsyolkovskiy, taking the gravity field intoaccount, saw “eternal youth of Universe”,according to E.G. Oparin.

Energy balance of the device operatingin motor mode

Balance of input heat energy of theenvironment and derivable work in the deviceis the following. We set the device with ionizedgas (by variation of quantity of electric chargeon the internal sphere, quantity and degree ofgas ionization, and also, possibly, by otherparameters) and form temperature span in it:600K in a hot layer near the internal sphere and300K in a cold layer near the external sphere).We do not take into account energy expendedfor the internal sphere charging because it ismade once for an unlimited quantity of cycles ortime of the permanent operation of the device.

Efficiency of Carnot cycle for acceptedtemperatures:

η = (Thot–Tcold)/Thot == (600�300)/600 = 0.5

We consider the device’s operation gradually(cyclically) with heat exchange under constanttemperatures and infinitesimal temperaturedifferences.

1. We conduct heat exchange (through the wall– internal sphere) between the agent (hotsource) and the internal hot layer (600K) ofionized gas transmitting heat energy to theagent, for example, 100 j. Ion energy in thesphere decreases accordingly by 100 j. *

1.1. Then, we use this heat energy, 100 j, in theheat device’s cycle (Carnot) and transmit allthat is necessary, according to Carnot cycle, inthe environment by the standard method (ifenvironmental temperature is 300K). We


Perpetual motion machine of “the second kind” Method of operation and power assessment

S.N. Dunayevskiy [email protected]

obtain a yield of 50 j.2. We carry out heat exchange (through thewall – internal sphere) between theenvironment agent and the external cold layer(300K) of ionized gas transmitting heat energyof 100 j to ionized gas (from the environmentagent) and, therefore, renew the initial heatenergy of gas in the sphere and initial state ofionized gas with the temperature diapason of600/300K.**

The cycle is closed. We have yield of 50 j.

First, we transmitted 50 j to the environmentduring Carnot cycle and then took 100 j fromit; as a result, we took 50 j from the environment,i.e. as much as the yield we obtained.

Of course, operation of the device can and mustbe conducted not during the cyclic mode butduring the nonstop run.

Besides, if sputtering (vacuum technology) ofan effective surface thermocouple (accordingto A.V. Kosarev) on the internal and externalspheres was conducted, it is possible to takeelectric energy directly. In this case, it is still

necessary to lead the environment agent butnot necessary for the hot source (agent) tocirculate and not necessary to conduct the heatdevice’s cycle.

Of course, there are still questions, for example,what does state function (temperature,pressure, density in arbitrary points of thesphere in dependence on tension, ionizationdegree, sizes etc.) of ionized gas look like andwhat is (in rigorous description) the equilibriumposition of ionized gas in field of potentialforces. How and at what speed does renewal ofequilibrium position of ionized gas happen?___________________________* We ignore the decrease of ion temperature during theprocess of energy transmission (100 j) to the hot source(agent) due to the fact that enthalpy of ionized gas ismuch bigger in comparison with 100 joules given to theagent and also due to the idealization of cycle.** Renewal of ionized gas’ state to the initial state, ofcourse, must be proven and confirmed experimentally aswell as the existence of a gradient in the field of potentialforces, although, intuitively and taken into account worksby A.V. Kosarev on impulse degeneracy according toBrussels schools of physics, I suppose it is most likelypossible. Perhaps I will have to conduct experiments in avegetable store because academic science does not needit: it is not interested in the earth’s field.

Annotation

Description of a closed thermodynamic cycle,in which the value of work made by the labourbody of the heat device is equal to quantity ofheat generated by its heater, is presented.Realization of the cycle will allow the creationof heat devices (motors) with qualitatively newproperties. Such properties will be either thehighest efficiency of motors and minimalconsumption of fuel or the possibility tooperate using matter of the environment as aheater of the labour body. The devices realizingthis possibility will have characteristics of

“perpetual motion machine of the second kind”.The assessment of the accessible availablecapacity of such devices is given.

1.Introduction

According to current opinion, all properties ofprocesses, in which heat energy is transformedinto energy of other types, are consequences ofthermodynamics’ postulates (its first andsecond laws). The second law ofthermodynamics, formulated by M. Planck [1],prohibits the existence of the process, whichwould only result in the transformation of all


heat taken from the heat reservoir (the heaterof the motor’s labour body) in mechanical work.According to another equivalent formulationof the second law [2], the efficiency of any heatdevice, which realizes a closed thermodynamicprocess (cycle) by its labour body in a certaintemperature interval, is limited by the efficiencyof Carnot cycle for this interval. In [3] – [8],the existence of closed thermodynamic cycles,during which the labour body of the heat deviceproduces mechanical work of value equal toquantity of heat taken from the external heatreservoir (the labour body heater), is proven.Descriptions of the construction diagrams andthe operation of devices realizing cycles withthese energy properties are given in [3] – [5].

Evidences of the existence of the cycles, duringwhich full transformation of heat in mechanicalwork happens, are logical consequences of thefirst law of thermodynamics. The fact of suchcycles’ existence contradicts the mentionedformulating of the second law.

It is obvious that, if consequences of onephysical law contradict formulating of another,they both cannot be universal. Thus, aconclusion follows from the fact thatcontradictions exists between consequences ofone thermodynamics postulate and theformulating of another: one of these postulatesis not universal. Since there are no doubts inthe universal nature of the first law ofthermodynamics (law of energy conservation),we must refuse the doctrine of universal natureof its second law’s formulating, i.e. we mustacknowledge that situations can possibly exist,when some of the formulating does not work.This is confirmed in [9] – [12].

2. Full transformation of heat into workhappens during the cycle whenaggregative state of the heat device’slabour body changes.

Then a cycle is considered, which allowsrealizing the process of transformation of heatobtained by the labour body of the heat devicefrom its heater into equivalent mechanical workin the simplest way.

The cycle’s attributes are the following:

• The labour body of the heat deviceproduces a yield during the process of adiabaticexpansion from the initial state of the cycle:• In this process, the matter of the labourbody changes its aggregate state forming aheterogeneous system from the equilibriumphases of liquid and prime steam;• Expansion comes to an end when thedensity of the liquid phase’s matter becomesequal to the initial density of the homogeneouslabour body;• On completion of expansion (with minimaltemperature of the cycle) phases of the labourbody are separated from each other by a harddiathermal partition;• The heterogeneous labour body isadiabatically pressed to initial density keepingthe heat balance between phases and theconstancy of volume and mass of the liquidstate’s matter;• Parts of the labour body separated by adiathermal partition are united in the initialvolume;• Heat contact between the labour body andthe heater is made;• The labour body is heated isochorically upto initial temperature of the cycle by heatproduced by the heater.

Processes of the cycle by T�S diagram areshown on Fig. 1. A border of two�phase stateregions of the labour body is formed bydiagrams of specific entropies’ temperaturedependencies of S

l(T), S

s(T) of equilibrium

phases of the used matter’s steam and liquid.Minimal temperature of the cycle T

min can be

chosen at will from an interval within the limits,which are melting temperature T

mel and critical

temperature Tcr

of the matter. A lot of possibleinitial states of the labour body in the cycle arepresented by a section of the isochore limitedby points 3 and 5 with parameters ofT

min,S

l(T

min) and T

max,S

s(T

min). Initial density of

the labour body in the cycle is equal to densityof matter in the liquid phase under minimaltemperature. The process of adiabaticexpansion of the labour body from the initialstate with parameters of T

o,S

o is presented by

the section 1�2. Points 3 and 4 are states ofequilibrium phases of the heterogeneous labourbody under minimal temperature of the cycle.States of matter of phases remote from oneanother during the process of adiabatic


compression of the heterogeneous labour bodyare presented by the isochore section 3�6 andthe curve 4�6, which shows states of steamphase matter in the process. Heating of theunified matter of the labour body by externalheat is shown by the isochore’s section 6�1.

Construction diagram of the device offered forrealization of the cycle [13] is shown on Fig. 2.

The operation process in each cylinder is thefollowing:

The initial state of the labour body coincideswith the extreme low position of the piston.Valve 5 is open and heat valve 7 is closed. Thehomogeneous labour body is adiabaticallyinsulated from the heater and the environment.Upward motion of the piston is accompaniedby the adiabatic expansion of the matter andits division into phases of steam and liquid.Liquid flows down and fills a capacity underpartition 4. Infill ends when the piston is in itsextreme high position. Valve 5 closes dividingthe labour body phases from each other. Duringbackward motion of the piston compression ofthe steam phase matter and adiabatic heating

of all heterogeneous matter happen. Itstemperature is less than the initial one at themoment of the piston’s returning to theextreme low position. The matter’s returningto the initial state is attained by opening ofvalve 5 and heat valve 7. Heat moving throughheat system 6 isochorically heats the unifiedmatter of the labour body to its initialtemperature. After the heating is completed,valve 7 closes and a new working cycle beginsin the cylinder.

3. Use of the cycle for yield productionby transformation of free heat taken bythe environment from the matter.

Evaluation of accessible capacity of theheating device, which realizes the process.

If maximal (initial) temperature of the labourbody is chosen less than environmenttemperature in the described cycle, heattransformed into work can be transferred fromthe matter to the labour body withoutmechanical work consumption, i.e., in this case,the environmental matter can function as theheater of the heating device’s labour body. It is

Fig. 1


Fig. 2.

1- a heater with a temperature higher than the initial temperature of the labour body during the cycle;2- cylinders (there can be any number of them in the device) containing the labour body in capacities

limited by the cylinders’ walls, their ends and moving pistons 3;4- a hard diathermal partition in the cylinders and valves on them 5 designed for division of the labour

body’s phases;6- systems for heat transmission from the heater to the labour body in the cylinders:

7- heat valves for the renewal of the adiabatic insulation of the labour bodies in the cylinders;8- a crankshaft and a flywheel on it;

9- mechanisms connecting pistons in the cylinders with the crankshaft

seen from Fig. 1 that, among a quantity ofpossible initial temperatures of the cyclepresented by ordinates of the isochore 3�5section’s points, there will be sufficiently lowtemperatures if either the critical temperatureor the melting temperature of the matter is lessthan the external temperature.

Real matters meeting these needs are, forexample, Ar, N

2, CO

2 and others. A heater of

the device designed for transformation of heattaken from the environment into work must bemade as a heat exchanger, through whichexternal matter flows. The average capacity ofthe device is equal to the quantity of heattransferred during a unit of time fromenvironmental matter to the labour body. Inorder to provide for stable operation of thedevice, a part of the produced capacity must be

spent on matter’s flushing through the heatexchanger. The available capacity is equal tothe difference between the average capacity ofthe device and the capacity used for flashing.The ability of the heat exchanger to supplyheat to the labour body is determined by thefollowing parameters:

• the difference of environmental matter’stemperatures ∆T measured at the input andoutput of the heat exchanger in the flowrunning through it;• square S of the section of the canal wherethe flow runs;• the speed of environmental matter’s flowat the heat exchanger’s input;• the physical constants of environmentalmatter (density ρ, molecular weight m, heatcapacity C

v).


Evaluation of the accessible capacity of thedevice realizing the process of free heatconversion is presented by the formula [7]:

Vnorm

� molar volume of gas under normalconditions.

As an example, the following values ofquantities in the formula are taken:

∆T = 10K; Cv ≅ 5 cal/degree•mole;

S = 0.25 m2; Vnorm

= 22.4 l/mole; m ≅ 29 g/mole.

Design factors of the device are S and ∆Τ. Theirvalues also determine the size (capacity) of thedevice. During the optimal operation mode ofthe device with these parameters’ values,

The available capacity of the heat device realizingthe process of transformation of free heat takenfrom environmental matter into work can becompared (with similar HWD) with the capacityof heat devices of known types.

4. Conclusions

1. Closed thermodynamic cycles exist, in whichpositive work performed by the heatingdevice’s (motor) labour body is equal to thequantity of heat transferred to the labour bodyfrom the external heat reservoir (the heater ofthe labour body). Proofs of cycle’s existenceare logical consequences of the firstthermodynamics’ law.

2. Existence of thermodynamic cycles withsuch energy properties displays the presenceof a contradiction between the firstthermodynamics law and some admittedformulation of the second law. In order to findout the solution, it is necessary to refuse thedoctrine of universal character of all the secondlaw’s formulations and admit that theadaptability of some of them is limited, i.e.situations are possible when these formulationsdo not work.

3. A fact of existence of thermodynamic cycles,the realization of which will provide for full heattransformation into work, displays thepossibility to design heat devices (motors) withquantitavely new properties.

4. Heat motors, which transform all high�temperature heat generated by fuelcombustion into work, will have higherefficiency than existing motors. Their efficiencywill be sufficiently higher than the Carnotcycle’s efficiency in used temperature intervals.Increase of accessible efficiency up to valuesclose to 1 will allow every user to cut fuelconsumption by 2 � 3 times and decrease thepollution of the environment by combustionmaterials and diffused heat.

5. Realization of the discovered opportunity toperform work by the transformation of freeenergy taken from the environmental matterwill lead to the design of devices, which haveproperties of a “perpetual motion machine” ofthe second kind. Evaluation of accessiblecapacity of such motors lets us suppose thattheir practical development and wide use indifferent technology fields is expedient. Qualityadvantages of the suggested devices over theknown sources of free energy (hydraulic, wind,solar, geothermal etc.) will be the independenceof their efficiency from the environment (place,time, weather etc.) and a big specific output(per unit of the device’s capacity). New sourcesof free energy will allow users to satisfy theirneeds for energy or heat with maximal economyand complete ecological cleanness. Theautonomous operation of these devices willprovide users with independence from knownexternal sources of energy, heat, and fuel.

6. Consumer qualities of the suggested devices(economy, portability, ecological clearness, thepossibility to change available capacity withinwide limits) will create an unlimited market forthem. Businessmen, who organize theirproduction and sale in sufficiently largequantities, will be well�provided for high andstable profit.

References

1. M.Planck. “Vorlesungen Thermodynamik”Berlin, J. 1954.


2. R.Feynman, R.Leighton, M.Sands. “TheFeynman lectures on physics” London, j. 1963.3. S.N. Dunayevskiy. “Effect of full heattransformation into work”. Application # OT�11036 for the grant of a diploma of invention.Archives of State Committee of the USSR ofinventions and discoveries. 1984.4. S.N. Dunayevskiy. “Method of transformationof heat, which is taken by the labour body of theheat motor from the heater, particularly, heatobtained from the environmental matter, intomechanical work and the device for its realization”.Industrial patent of the Russian Federation#2101521. Official bulletin of the Russian patentand brand agency. Moscow, 1998. #1, p. 337.5. S.N. Dunayevskiy. “Possibility of almostcomplete transformation of heat energy intomechanical energy”. “New Energy” journal, SaintPetersburg, 2003, #4, p.7.6. S.N. Dunayevskiy. “Possibility of completetransformation of heat energy into mechanicalenergy”. “Issues of present�day science” journal,Moscow, 2004, #2 (17), p. 211.7. S.N. Dunayevskiy. “Thermodynamic cycle,which realization will allow transformation of allheat obtained by the heat device’s labour bodyfrom its heater into mechanical work”. “Natural

and technical sciences” journal, Moscow, 2004, #5(14), p. 54.8. S.N. Dunayevskiy. “Perpetual motion machine”of the second class. Functioning theory. Expectedperformance attributes”. “Natural and technicalsciences” journal, Moscow, 2005, #2 (publication’sin process)9. A.I. Veynik. “Thermodynamics of realprocesses”. Minsk, Nauka i tehnika. 1991.10. N.E. Zaev. ”Fuel�less energetics“. The journal“New energy technologies”, Sankt�Peterburg.2002, N 2(5), p. 6.11. E.G. Oparin. “Physical grounds of fuel�lessenergy. Limited nature of law of energydegradation”. Moscow, 2003, “Urss” publishinghouse.12. S.V. Tsivinsky. “Basis of renovatedthermodynamics”. “Natural and technicalsciences” journal, Moscow, 2004, # 4 (13), p. 3913. S.N. Dunayevskiy. . “Method of practicallycomplete transformation of heat into work,particularly, transformation of heat obtained fromthe environmental matter, and the device forrealization of the method”. Application for thegrant of a patent #98110398/06. Official bulletinof the Russian patent and brand agency. Moscow,1999. #2, p. 241.

CD “New Energy Technologies”All the back issues of 2001–2005 are

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One hundred seven years ago Nikola Teslapublished the results of his experiments on theresonance method of electric energytransmission [1, 2]. Today only a historicmarker is left from his famous electricallaboratory in Colorado�Springs, USA (Fig. 1,2); his patents are unknown, and Tesla’stransformer was mentioned in manuals ofelectrotechnology only up to 1940 [3, 4].

Resonance methods of electric energytransmission were found useful for highfrequencies in radio engineering andcommunication engineering and they are alsoused on low frequencies in electrothermics.

In the beginning of the XX century, there wereno diodes, transistors, lasers, TV and solarbatteries; and three�phase networks onfrequency of 50�60 Hertz successfully copedwith the task of transferring electric energy inquantities ranging from some W to thousandsof megaW for a distance of 100 – 1,000kilometers [5]. Due to this, Tesla’s works onelectric energy transmission have beengradually forgotten since his death [6].

In connection with development of integratedpower systems in Europe, North and SouthAmerica and suggestions on the creation of aglobal power grid of Earth, problems ofdesigning devices for transmission teraWtranscontinental flow of electric energyappeared [7, 8]. Problems of electromagneticsafety and reliability of power supply along withthe quickly growing cost of lands can becompletely solved during the change from airtransmission facilities to cable high�voltagelines. But cable systems of electric energytransmission for a long distance are possibletoday only using direct current. The thirdmethod can interfere in the competitionbetween systems of electric energy transferusing direct and alternating current: the

resonance waveguide method of electricenergy transmission on heightened frequency,which was proposed by Tesla in 1897 for thefirst time [9].

In the thirties of the XX century, the theoreticalbasis of the use of a single conductor as thewaveguide in order to transfer electric energyon high frequency was developed [10]. Currentin cylindrical waveguides is closed in the formof biasing currents flowing along thewaveguide’s axis; and current in the singlewaveguide is closed in the form of biasingcurrents in the environment around theconductor. In connection with the presence ofa phase shift, surface charges appear on thesurface of the single opened conductor betweenwaves of current and voltage. They createcoulomb exciting electric fields and these fieldslead to the occurrence of coulomb currents inthe conductor [11]. Thus, a potential electricfield is generated in the conductor, whichprovides for charges transfer and current in theconductor. The described processes have anelectrostatic nature and are accompanied bysmall losses in the conductor. If we take twocondensers, one of them charged, and make aclosed circuit of these condensers, theconduction current in the closed circuit willcreate Joulean losses in conductors connectingthe condensers.

However, if we connect a charged sphericalcondenser by a single conductor with anuncharged sphere, charges transfer from onesphere to another will not be accompanied byJoulean losses. In this case, a circuit is openedand there are no conduction currents in there.

Surface charges in the single conductorwaveguide change in time and create a biasingcurrent in the environment around theconductor, which is closed by a current in theconductor excited by the potential coulomb

Development of resonance methods of electricenergy transmission in Russia

D.S. Strebkov,Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Federation

1st Veshniakovsky proezd, 2, Moscow, 109456, Russia+7-095-171-19-20


electric field. It is known that biasing currents,unlike conductor currents, are not accompaniedby the generation of Joulean heat [12].

No heat is extracted during current flowthrough the conductor excited by the voltageof the coulomb electric field.

N. Tesla wrote that processes of electric energytransfer in his resonance high�voltage systemshave electrostatic nature and, due to this, havelow losses.

In the USSR, revival of resonance technologiesof electric energy transfer began from worksof an engineer of the All�UnionElectrotechnical Institute in the name ofV.I. Lenin (VEI) S.V. Avramenko. In the eightiesof the XX century, he developed and patentedsingle�wire electric systems with a power of10 – 100 W and voltage of 1 – 100 kV.S.V. Avramenko used thyristor frequencyconverters of 1 – 30 Hertz and his own capacityof Tesla’s step�up and step�down transformersin order to generate resonance. Since 1990,these works were developed in the All�UnionInstitute of Agricultural Economics (VIESH),where S.V. Avramenko worked as an engineer(combining jobs) in the laboratory of electricalequipment use (the head of the laboratory wasa candidate of technical science A.I. Nekrasov).

In his patents [3, 4], S.V. Avramenko referredto N. Tesla’s works, however, that time he didnot know Tesla’s patent [9] for the single�wiresystem, thus, he practically invented and madeit again (Fig. 3, 4). S.V. Avramenko wrote [13,14]: “It is necessary to say that energy transferusing a single wire was demonstrated by NicolaTesla as long ago as in 1894. But no concreteinformation about the realization of thisexperiment is known”. In fact, N. Tesla’s patent[9] (Fig. 3) and numerous articles in [1], andalso more than 300 pages containing thedescription of N. Tesla’s experiments in hislaboratory in Colorado�Springs [2] containlarge volumes of data on the single�wireresonance system (RS) of electric energytransmission developed by N. Tesla.

Obviously, at the time when S.V. Avramenkowrote his patents, he had no access to the works[1, 2, 9]. In order to rectify current and voltage

Fig. 1. N. Tesla in his laboratory in Colorado-Springs, 25 – 31 December 1899. [2]. Thepicture is published with the permission of N.

Tesla’s museum in Belgrade.

Fig. 2. Professor D.S. Strebkov next to thehistoric marker in honour of N. Tesla inColorado-Springs, 27 February 2004.

Fig. 3. Electric circuit of N. Tesla’s devicefor resonance system of electric

energy transmission [9].


in the one�wire line, S.V. Avramenko offered hisfamous “Avramenko plug”, a diode�condenserblock, which was unknown to Tesla becausethere were no diodes in XIX century. Still the“Avramenko plug” is a component of the knownvoltage�doubling circuit or monophase inputof any bridge rectifier (Fig. 6).

Using properties of reactive cold plasmaoccurring as a result of the single�wire line’sbreak, S.V. Avramenko developed and patentedelectro�an plasma coagulator, which issuccessfully used in veterinary medicine,cosmetology and medicine [15, 16].

Our acquaintance with S.V. Avramenko beganafter his letter addressed to the secretary ofthe Central Committee of the CPSU EgorLigachev, where S.V. Avramenko suggestedusing his invention for the development of theelectric supply of remote customers in ruralregions with small line losses. E. Ligachev’sinstruction to investigate and preparesuggestions was transferred to VIESH throughthe head of the Ministry of AgricultureM.P. Kharin. A commission of VIESH’sacademic council was formed. S.V. Avramenkogave a speech in front of the commission anddemonstrated the work of a fan with an electricmotor of 5 W and a lamp during an electricenergy transfer over the single�wire line fromthe power circuit of 220 V, 50 Hertz. Scientistsof VIESH approved S.V. Avramenko’s work andsuggested using the new method for the electricenergy supply of remote rural regions.S.V. Avramenko was invited to continueworking on the resonance single�wire electricsystem (RSES) in the department of electricpower supply and the Academy of AgriculturalSciences assigned 100,000 roubles for theproduction of equipment and conducting ofresearch. Using this money, transmitting andreceiving blocks of the resonance electricsystem with power of 100 W and voltage of10 kV were produced in VIESH with theassistance of S.V. Avramenko.

In the nineties, D.S. Strebkov was invited toN. Tesla’s museum by a director of the Instituteof Chemical Current Sources in Belgrade,Doctor Petar Rakin. With his financial support,D.S. Strebkov visited the museum and got threevolumes of Tesla’s works in English, which were

Fig. 4. Electric circuit of power supply oftransmitting (a) and receiving (b) devices byAvramenko for resonance transfer of electric

energy [13]. (here and then notations on figuresare explained in the text)

Fig. 5. S.V. Avramenko’s plug for currentrectifying in the single-wire line [13]

Fig. 6. Circuit of voltage doubling (a) and circuitof monophase input of three-phase bridge

rectifier (b).


we prepared the first patents of the RussianFederation for RS use in mobile energyengineering. VIESH has been developingelectric tractors with cable power supply formany years, and we decided that the use of RSwould allow decreasing the weight of the cabledrum from 3 tones to 30 – 50 kg and improvingthe reliability of mobile aggregate’s powersupply. We have invited S.V. Avramenko as aco�author in all patents of the RussianFederation (more than 10 of patentapplications were filed by VIESH) as he hadbeen an initiator of RS in Russia.

On the 31st of March 2003, S.V. Avramenkounexpectedly died of stroke. He was a talentedRussian electrical engineer and a propagandistof Tesla’s works. S.V. Avramenko made much forthe popularization of N. Tesla’s ideas (Fig. 7).

He was an excellent electric engineer and, inhis experiments, demonstrated the abilities ofthe single�wire electric system to transferelectric energy with small losses over tungstenwire with a diameter of 10 micrometers. In thenineties, in VIESH, the testing of a single�wireline made of fishing�line with a diameter of1 mm covered by an aluminium film withthickness of 0.4 micrometers was carried outusing the device of S.V. Avramenko with powerof 100 W. Then, a quartz fiber�optic line with adiameter of 1mm covered with an aluminiumprotective layer was tested as a single�wire line.After that, D.S. Strebkov suggested usinglayers of water, soil, oxide conductive films on

Fig. 7. Testing of the resonance RS-20 in VIESH on the 16th of December 2002. From right to left:D.S. Strebkov, A.I. Nekrasov, S.V. Avramenko, O.A. Roschin.

prepared for publication by the museum,including [1, 2]. The study of N. Tesla’s patentsand articles helped to considerably hasten anddevelop works on resonance methods of electricenergy transfer made in VIESH.

Since the “umbrella” patent of S.V. Avramenkowas obtained in the USA and other countries,

Fig. 8. Electric circuit of RS1 - frequency converter; 2 - resonance circuit of

step-up transformer; 3 – single-wire line; 4 -resonance circuit of step-down transformer; 5 –

rectifier-inverter; 6 - load

Fig. 9. Frequency converter and resonancecircuit of transmitting high-voltage transformer

with electrical power of 20 kW, 10 kV.


the basis of oxides of indium and tin (ITO) on aglass surface as the single�wire lines. Successfulexperiments were conducted and patents of theRussian Federation were obtained. In 2000,D.S. Strebkov suggested using laser beams inthe atmosphere and ionosphere in order tocreate a pipe in resonance system of electricpower supply of aircrafts and the Earth.Afterwards he obtained a patent for the use ofan electronic beam in order to transfer electricenergy in space and energy exchange betweenspacecrafts and earth with the help of counter�laser�electronic beams.

In 2001, VIESH accepted with thanks an offerof the deputy director general of“Surgutgazprom” company F.S. Burganov todevelop a prototype of RS with an electricpower of 20 kW. At that time, VIESH had aprototype with a power of 100 W and ithappened to be a rather serious problem tocreate a system with a power of 20 kW in a briefperiod of time. We had to completely changethe design of the transformers made byS.A. Avramenko and make the transformer’scharacteristics more similar to Tesla’stransformers. We also had to develop newelements of the resonance circuit and their setup methods.

The operation principle of RS is based on theuse of two resonance circuits with a frequencyof 0.5 – 50 kilohertz and a single�wire linebetween the circuits (Fig. 8) with a line voltageof 1 – 110 kilovolt during the resonanceoperation mode. Electric energy transmissionis carried out with the help of capacitance

currents and biasing currents, that is whyJoulean losses in the line during heating of theconductor are minimal.

Any conductor can be used as the single�wirewaveguide, for example, a steel wire or anyother conducting medium, which plays the roleof s a guide of electric energy flowing from thegenerator to the receiver.

In order to adjust a standard electric energysupply system with the suggested one,matching devices and transformers aredeveloped, which are set in the beginning andin the end of the single�wire line and allow usingstandard electrical equipment of direct andalternating current at the inlet and outlet.

An industrial transformer of 25 kW frequency,which was used by us for designing the newdevice, had water cooling. It was inconvenientfor autonomous use. In order to obtain a three�phase network of 50 Hertz at the outlet of thesystem, design of a P�22 frequency transformerwas changed and improved and threemonophase chokes for operation with a loadmodule made of an incandescent lamp wereproduced. RS with a power of 20 kW wassuccessfully tested in VIESH and at KS�5object owned by “Surgutgazprom” company inTumen region [17] (Fig. 9). The testing resultsfor RS�20 are given in Table 1.

The developed design solutions laid thefoundation for production of resonance systemswith a power of 100 – 1,000 kW.

Electrical power with load, kW 20.52Current, ampere 54Voltage, V 380Line voltage, kV 6.8Line frequency, kilohertz 3.4Line length 6 m 1,7 kmDiameter of line wire 0.08 mm 1 mmMaximal effective current density by unit of squareof line conductor’s cross�cut, ampere/mm2 600Maximal specific electric outputin single�wire line, MW/mm2 4

Table 1. Testing results of resonance system with electrical power of 20 kW


Advantages and possible fields of applicationof RS are the following [18].

Scope of the use of resonance single-wire energy system

1. Electric energy supply of agricultural andrural settlements.2. Single�trolley and single�conductor cablehybrid electric�transport.3. Fundamentally new single�electrodeelectrical devices and plasmatrons: electriccultivators, water and sewage disinfection,ozone production, veterinary plasmacoagulators and scalpels.

Advantages of resonance method of electricenergy transmission

1. Electric energy is transferred with the helpof reactive capacitive current in the resonancemode. Unauthorized use of the energy is madedifficult.2. Aluminium and copper content in the wirecan be reduced by 5 times.3. It has no reason to steal steel wire withcopper coating of 0.1 mm in order to sell it asscrap metal.4. Electric energy losses are small in thesingle�wire line, and electric energy can betransferred for long distances.5. Short circuits are impossible in the single�wire cable and it cannot cause fire.

In VIESH, the development of resonancemethods of electric energy transmission is beingcarried out by radio engineer A.N. Karamzin,electrical engineers A.I. Antonenko,V.V. Shemiakin, O.A. Roschin, L.Y. Yuferev,V.Z. Trubnikov, A.B. Sivtsov, G.S. Liapin, andV.I. Volosatov. Talented Russian scientists,candidates of technical sciences Zayev andV.I. Verutin are working on these problems.Doctor of technical sciences A.P. Korshunovand candidate of technical sciencesV.N. Shabarov are developing technical andeconomic characteristics of RS.

President of the Russian Academy ofAgricultural Sciences G.A. Romanenko,Corresponding Members of the RussianAcademy of Sciences A.F. Dyakov andN.S. Lidorenko, a deputy minister of energy of

the Russian Federation V.S. Stanev and thehead of technological progress department ofMinistry of energy of Russia P.P. Bezrukihvisited bench room of VIESH and attended onRS testing. A deputy director general of“Surgutgasprom” company F.S.Byrganov, thedeputy chief of energy department of“Gazprom” company O.A. Kuznetsov renderedassistance in production of the prototypeRS�10kW.

In the laboratory of VIESH, a small pool isdemonstrated, where fish live and a model of anelectric river boat sails generating electricenergy from tap water (Fig. 10).

Electromagnetic waves in certain frequencyrange are poorly absorbed by seawater and soiland, therefore, can be used in the system ofunderwater and underground informationtransmission. Weakening of electromagneticwaves in sea water is [19]:

(3.8)

At a frequency of 100 Hertz attenuation at asea depth of 300 m will be 90 decibel.

Our experiments show that not only electronicinformation but also electric energy can betransferred over seawater and the ground. Theresonance single�wire system of energytransmission has considerable advantages incomparison with the transmission ofelectromagnetic waves in air [20]. First of all,this is high efficiency of energy transmission(more than 85%) when using rather simpleelectrical equipment. High efficiency isconditioned by the presence of a resonance pipebetween the generator and the receiver. Thesecond important difference is connected withthe resonance power station not needing toreceive and transmit aerials. It is only necessaryto provide for resonance in high�voltage andlow�voltage of Tesla’s transformer winding.This means that, for example, a submarinevessel can generate energy from water notlifting up any scanner assemblies.

The third important conclusion is that, in orderto transmit energy, no air transmission facilitiesare needed. They are the main source of thedisruption of service caused by ice�crusted


ground, hurricanes, fires, and earthquakes.Future energy engineering will use reliable andsafe underground and underwater single�wirecable lines and also seawater and the ground asthe single�wire resonance line.

N. Tesla wrote: “Perhaps the most significantapplication of wireless energy engineering willbe the power supply of aircrafts, which willmove without fuel”. [6]. Scientific ideas andpatents stated in [18] allow beginning practicalrealization of no fuel aircrafts and makingpossible things, which could not be predictedby Tesla: to provide for resonance energytransmission over an electron beam betweenspacecrafts and, over counter laser andelectronic beams, between the Earth and spaceobjects.

N. Tesla believed that his resonance methods ofelectric energy transmission will be widespreadin the future. The same belief has beensupporting us during our work. We will see whatwill change in energy and electric engineeringin one hundred years. Our forecasts on the

development and use of resonance waveguidemethods of electric energy transmission can besummarized as the following:

• Air transmission facilities will besubstituted by underground waveguidesystems.• Electrical machines�robots with activelabour bodies will operate at agriculturalplantations.• A global solar energy system generatingelectric energy, hydrogen fuel and heat forevery person on Earth will be created.• Liquid fuel and gas will be generated fromthe biomass of agricultural plantations.• Spacecrafts will be launched from Earthusing electrical jet propulsion. They will have aratio of payload mass to launching mass 80 –90% instead of today's 5%.• Power supply of aircrafts in space andtransmission of electric energy to mobileobjects on Earth will be made by wirelessmethods• Resonance methods will be used for medicaltreatment of people and animals, exterminationof weeds (instead of pesticides), drinking waterand waste disinfection, creation of newespecially pure materials (first of all, solarsilicon), and hydrogen production.

The twentieth century was the last century ofcheap energy. The age of cheap energy came toan end and new energy technologies arenecessary to provide for sustainable futuredevelopment. New energy technologies willnot use fossil fuel. The global solar energysystem [8] consisting of three solar powerplants located in Australia, Africa and NorthAmerica will be able to provide for electricenergy, hydrogen fuel and heat all Earth’sregions twenty�four hours a day for a millionyears and turn all electric power stations usingfossil fuel into a class of emergency powerplants. Maximal efficiency of solar cellsachieved in laboratories is 36.9% and theirpractical tenure of employment is 50 years.

In order to make the global solar systemoperate, it is necessary to organizetranscontinental teraW flow of electric energy.Resonance technologies of electric energytransmission can be used for creating the globalenergy system. Mankind will be able to unite

Fig. 10. Testing of the river boat model inVIESH’s laboratory using tap water as the single-

wire waveguide. The transmitting block has anelectrical power of 100 W and a voltage of 1 kV.


and concentrate its energy reserves andtechnologies in order to create adequate livingconditions for every person and realization ofimportant scientific and technical projects onEarth and in space.

References

1. Tesla N. Lectures. Patents. Articles. Published byN. Tesla Museum. Beograd, 1956, 715 pp.2. Nikola Tesla. Colorado Springs Notes 1899–1900.Published by Nolit. Beograd, 1978, 437 pp.3. Malov N.N. Course of electrotechnology and radioengineering for teacher's training colleges. StatePedagogical Training Publishing House. M., 1938. p. 125.4. Kalinin E.B. Research on overvoltage in electricalfacilities. M., 1936. p. 65–66.5. Alexandrov G.N., Smolovic S.V. Flexible lines forelectric energy transmission over long distances // VSymposium “Electrical Engineering � 2010” (October 12–22, 1999, Moscow region). P. 35–42.6. Trinkans G. Tesla – The Lost Inventions. VantagePress, 1988, 32 pp.7. Electricity transmission of direct and alternatingcurrent of extrahigh voltage. Electrotechnical referencebook. V. 3. M., 2002. P.196–197.8. Strebkov D.S., Irodionov A.E. Global Solar PowerSystem // Eurosun 2004. 14. Intern. Sonnen Forum, 20– 23 June 2004, Frieburg, Germany. Val 3, PV systemsand PV Cells. P. 3–336 – 3–343.9. US Patent 593138. Electrical transformer / TeslaN. 02.11.1897.10. Meinke H., Gundles F. Single wire as a waveguide

system. Electrotechnical reference book. M. – L., 1960.V.1. p. 188.11. Sotnikov V.V. Sources of coulomb field in conductorsand their influence on electric current // Izvestiya AN.Energetika. 2002. 1. p. 104–111.12. Tamm E.I. Fundamental theory of electricity. M.Nauka, 1976. p. 133, 397–400.13. Patent of the Russian Federation 2108649. Methodof power supply of electrical devices and device for itsimplementation / Avramenko S.V. // 1998. #41.14. European Patent 639301. Apparatus and methodfor single – wire electrical transmission / AvramenkoS.V. // European Patent Bulletin 97136. September 1997.15. Patent of the Russian Federation 2100013. Devicefor tissue coagulation / Avramenko S.V., Stupin N. V. //1995. #36.16. Strebkov D.S., Nekrasov A.I., Avramenko S.V.,Avramenko K.S. Cold�plasma electric coagulator //Mechanization and electrification of agriculture. 2002.#2. p. 19�20.17. Avramenko S.V., Burganov F.S., Nekrasov A.I.,Roschin O.A., Strebkov D.S. Research on single�wireenergy system with electric power of 20 kW // VIIsymposium “Electrotechnology – 2010”. Perspective typesof electrical equipment for transmission and distribution ofelectric energy. (27�29 of May 2003, Moscow region).Collection of reports. Volume 1.2.16. M., 2003, p. 163–169.18. Strebkov D.S., Nekrasov A.I. Resonance methodsof electric energy transmission. Publishing house ofRussian Academy of Agricultural Science, M., 2004. p.18519. Nefedov V.I. Fundamental radio electronics andconnection. M. Vyshaya shkola. 2002, p. 17.20. Didenko A.N. Microwave energy. Theory andpractice. M.: Nauka, 2003, 446.

Hydrogen energyReview is prepared by S. Shlenchak

using materials from sites http://www.piarim.ru, http://service.sch239.spb.ru,http://www.kko.eago.ru, http://www.compulenta.ru, http://www.fctec.com

In case the problem of cheap generation ofhydrogen fuel and development of thetechnology of its accumulation, store andtransportation would be solved, mankind wouldobtain an inexhaustible source of ecologicallyclean energy carrier built into natural systemof water circulation.

Forecasts concerning time when oil in wells willcome to the end strongly differ from each other.The most pessimistic looks to the future tellthat this “black day” will come in 10 yearsmaking a reservation that “bad oil” will be left

somewhere. Others postpone this time to 60�80 years. Anyway no forecast gets past thepoint of 100 years. But what will happenthen? Then we will change to gas; its reserveswill last 150�200 years. And after gas,obviously, coal will be used; its reserves willlast 600�800 or even 1,000 years accordingto evaluation of some specialists. Basically,there are enough alternative energy sourcesand, as time goes by, progress and humanimagination will find and make accessibleenergy sources, which seem to be almostfantastic today.


Now world pins its hopes on hydrogen energy.During combustion, hydrogen generates twicemore heat than natural gas, three times moreheat than oil, and four times more than coal.During hydrogen combustion, water is steamedin atmosphere, i.e. the process of hydrogencombustion does not pollute atmosphere. Thefact that there is a giant, almost inexhaustiblehydrogen source � water � exists on earth isattractive.

The oldest method of hydrogen production iswater electrolysis. During it, direct current isrunning and hydrogen is accumulated on thecathode while oxygen is accumulated on theanode. This technology makes it too expensiveenergy carrier due to the simple reason thatenergy consumption for hydrogen generationexceeds profits from its subsequent use as fuel.

Due to this, hydrogen is used now only forlaunching spacecrafts with hydrogen�oxygenengines. Mostly hydrogen is produced usingtechnology of hot processing of water steamunder temperature of 700�900C with lightpetrol and heavy liquid fuel collecting oxygen.But this method is expensive too.

Now extensive search of a catalyst promotingwater decomposition into oxygen and nitrogenwith small energy consumption is carried out.Japanese specialists reported that they haddiscovered and were investigating a catalyst onbasis of less�common metals’ oxidesdecomposing water into hydrogen and oxygenunder the influence of sunlight, with smallenergy consumption. But the process isobviously still a long way from perfection.

Some projects of cheap hydrogen generationexist. For example, it is suggested buildingseveral huge electric power stations inGreenland, which would use water from meltedsnow for the electric energy production andenergy would be used for electrolysis forgeneration of hydrogen, its liquefaction andtransportation by pipelines and tankers inEurope and America. Another project is a useof nuclear and special solar power plants’ energyfor hydrogen generation by water electrolysis.

However, nature itself gives a method of watergeneration without big energy consumption.

On a surface of suspension particles in water,adsorbed ferments exist. They are fixed on thesurface and have a high specificity of catalyticeffect. They can decompose one connection inone of matters having high activity under usualconditions. Immobilized ferments can be usedfor hydrogen production.

Just imagine a handful of powder with theferment immobilized on particles. The powderis put into a jar with water standing in the sunand an active hydrogen production begins inthe jar. Attempts to create such a “magicpower” are already undertaken.

Perhaps it is possible to produce hydrogen usingspecially raised bacteria, thus, geneticengineering projects in this field has goodperspectives. There are a number of bacteria insoil, which produce hydrogen as a byproduct.

Finnish specialists are developing a methodof hydrogen production from vegetable oils.The idea is that a catalyst is used, which usesair oxygen for natural heating, during whichoil transformed by steam gives hydrogen away.

Processing one ton of biomass allowsproducing about 160 kg of hydrogen. In orderto produce one molecule of hydrogen, 103 kJof heat is spent while during combustion ofthe same molecule 285 kJ of heat is produced.Hence, positive energy effect is obvious. Pay�back period of such device is presumably 3�5years.

Seawater is also a source of hydrogengeneration. Now a technology is developedfor hydrogen generation from seawater usingthermochemical method, which is muchcheaper than electrolysis.

At present development of a new technologyof hydrogen generation from water by high�temperature electrolisis is planned. The newtechnology will allow obtaining comparativelycheap hydrogen. Development works will becarried out by State Laboratory ofEnvironmental Research and Engineering ofIdaho (USA) in collaboration with an Americancompany Ceramatec. 2.6 million dollars are givenfor conducting of works. A merchantable type ofthe device can appear in 2017.


High�temperature helium reactors will beused in the designed device. Such reactorsprovide for a possibility to produce electricenergy with high efficiency in a gas�turbinecycle and also for production of a bigquantity of heat energy.

An operation principle of the future complex isthe following. During power supply, watermolecule’s decomposition into oxigen andhydrogen happens. During further temperatureincrease approximately to 1,000 centigradedegrees, oxigen migrates through themembrane and pure hydrogen is left in thereservoir. The main innovation suggested by theresearchers is the membrane’s material. It isplanned to make the membrane of superfineceramic plates preventing re�combination ofoxigen and hydrogen.

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells(PEMFC) are believed to be the best type offuel cell as the vehicular power source toeventually replace the gasoline and dieselinternal combustion engines. First used in the1960s for the NASA Gemini program,PEMFCs are currently being developed anddemonstrated for systems ranging from 1W to2kW.

PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane(a thin plastic film) as the electrolyte. Thispolymer is permeable to protons when it issaturated with water, but it does not conductelectrons.

The fuel for the PEMFC is hydrogen and thecharge carrier is the hydrogen ion (proton).At the anode, the hydrogen molecule is splitinto hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons.The hydrogen ions permeate across theelectrolyte to the cathode while the electronsflow through an external circuit and produceelectric power. Oxygen, usually in the formof air, is supplied to the cathode and combineswith the electrons and the hydrogen ions toproduce water. The reactions at theelectrodes are as follows:

Anode Reactions: 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e�Cathode Reactions: O2 + 4H+ + 4e� => 2 H2OOverall Cell Reactions: 2H2 + O2 => 2 H2O

Compared to other types of fuel cells, PEMFCsgenerate more power for a given volume orweight of fuel cell. This high�power densitycharacteristic makes them compact andlightweight. In addition, the operatingtemperature is less than 100єC, which allowsrapid start�up. These traits and the ability torapidly change power output are some of thecharacteristics that make the PEMFC the topcandidate for automotive power applications.

Other advantages result from the electrolytebeing a solid material, compared to a liquid. Thesealing of the anode and cathode gases is simplerwith a solid electrolyte, and therefore, lessexpensive to manufacture. The solidelectrolyte is also more immune to difficultieswith orientation and has less problems withcorrosion, compared to many of the otherelectrolytes, thus leading to a longer cell andstack life.

One of the disadvantages of the PEMFC forsome applications is that the operatingtemperature is low. Temperatures near 100єCare not high enough to perform usefulcogeneration. Also, since the electrolyte isrequired to be saturated with water to operateoptimally, careful control of the moisture of theanode and cathode streams is important.

Once fuel cells are commercialized,especially in automobiles, this type of fuelcell are ideal. These fuel cells have a highpower density and can vary their outputquickly to meet shifts in power demand.


The progress of Science goes on during every historical age, not only when menmeditate on the whole, but when they concentrate their thoughts on such parts ofthe vast field of Science wherein developments . . . are needed at the given time.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

by Leo Sapogin, Yuri Ryabov and Victor Boichenkophone +7-095-9169444, +7-095-9169244, fax +7-095-9169139, [email protected], [email protected], http://www.bmatch.ru/

Unitary Quantum Theoryand a new source of energy

The book is published in English, has 4 chapters and contains288 sheets of 210x297 size. The book is registered in theUSA:

Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN):2005922439 [nonfiction]ISBN 0�9713727�1�3 paperback

Following is a brief review of the book by chapters.

Chapter 1

The first chapter describes the general theoretical basis ofthe Unitary Quantum Theory (UQT). In the standardquantum theory, a microparticle is described with the helpof a wave function with a probabilistic interpretation. Thisdoes not follow from the strict mathematical formalism ofthe nonrelativistic quantum theory, but is simply postulated.A particle is represented as a point that is the source of a


field, but cannot be reduced to the field itself and nothing canbe said about its “structure” except with these vague words.

There is a school in physics, going back to William Clifford,A. Einstein, and Louis de Broglie, where a particle isrepresented as a cluster or packet of waves in a certain unifiedfield. According to L. H. Germer’s classification, this is a‘unitary’approach.

The essence of this paradigm can be most clearly expressedin Albert Einstein’s own words: “We could regard substanceas those areas of space where a field is immense. From thispoint of view, a thrown stone is an area of immense fieldintensity moving at the stone’s speed. In such new physicsthere would be no place for substance and field, since fieldwould be the only reality . . . and the laws of movement wouldautomatically ensue from the laws of field.”

The trouble with the many previous field unificationattempts (L. de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, et al.) was intrying to construct a particle model from classical de Brogliewaves, whose dispersion is such that the wave packetbecomes blurred and spreads out over the whole of space.Moreover, the introduction of nonlinearity greatlycomplicates the task, and does not lead to a proper solutionof the problem.

The UQT represents a particle as a bunched field (cluster)or a packet of partial waves with linear dispersion. Dispersioncan be chosen in such a way that the wave packet would beperiodically disappears and appears in movement, and theenvelope of the process would coincide with the wavefunction. Based on this idea, a relativistic�invariant modelof such a unitary quantum field theory was built.

In UQT, a particle is described with the help of a 32�component wave packet. The equation contains a 32x32matrix dependent on 4�velocity. Limit transition of thisequation leads strictly (!) to the relativistic Hamilton�Jacobi equation of classic mechanics, and in cases of especiallylow velocity (when all 4�velocity components areapproaching zero), the UQT equation results in eightidentical Dirac’s equations.

Further, the mass of the particle is naturally replaced in theequations by the integral of the bilinear field combinationover its whole volume, producing a system of 32 nonlinearintegral�differential equations, which in the scalar caseallowed the authors to calculate to within 0.3% accuracythe non�dimensional electric charge and the fine structureconstant.

Quantification of the electric charge emerges as a balancebetween dispersion and nonlinearity, as became clear fromthe physics point of view. Usually dispersion andnonlinearity bring about destruction of the wave packetbut, for certain types of wave packet forms and amplitudes,mutual compensation of these processes is possible and the

packet periodically appears and disappears in movement atthe de Broglie wavelength � yet its form is preserved.

A basic theory of microparticle�to�‘macrodevice’ interactionhas been laid. The probability interpretation of the wavefunction is now not postulated, like it was earlier, but followsstrictly from the mathematical formalism of the theory.

This approach makes the unitary quantum theory absolutelyilluminating. For example, the tunnel effect completely losesits mysteriousness in the following way: when a particleapproaches a potential barrier in such a phase that theamplitude of the wave packet is small, all the equationsbecome linear, and the particle does not even “notice” thebarrier.

During another phase, when the packet amplitude is large,nonlinear interaction begins, and it can be reflected. Theparticle birth and disintegration mechanisms becomeentirely understandable as the splitting�up of the wavepackets. This UQT approach regards all interactions andprocesses only as a result of mutual diffraction andinterference of such wave packets between one another, dueto nonlinearity.

Chapter 2

The second chapter concerns the approximate equation ofan isolated particle with an oscillating charge. Initially, thisequation was developed on the basis of UQT heuristicconsiderations, but later it was derived directly from theSchrodinger equation for very low energies.

The equation describes the behavior of micro�particles incertain problems as classical particles whose chargeoscillates and is dependent in a complicated way on time,speed, and coordinates. In such a paradigm, the tunnel effectalso depends on the wave function phase, which was earliera superfluous parameter in the standard quantum theory,since only the square of the wave function modulus had aphysical sense and the phase did not affect it.

With the new paradigm, the situation is different. If a particleapproaches a high potential barrier in a phase when its chargeis very small, the repellent force is also small. It can overcomethe barrier by climbing it, while in another phase it willrebound. Such an equation was applied to standardquantum�mechanical problems such as particle scattering,the tunnel effect, harmonious oscillators, and the J. Keplerproblem for individual particles. Some analytical solutionand modeling methods were also studied, since the equationwith the oscillating charge had introduced a number ofproblems into the method of mathematical computation.

What was found most unexpected and intriguingis the absence of energy and impulse conservationlaws for an isolated particle when its behavior isdescribed with the help of the oscillating charge


equation, since it has no translation invariance.To be more precise, such invariance exists onlywhen so called initial phase – a new controllableparameter introduced in UQT- takes the valuesdivisible by p (3.14169). This means that in somecases the conservation laws are valid but ingeneral does not.

A look at the origin of fundamental conservation laws forself�contained mechanical systems shows that they followfrom the Newtonian equations [references tothermodynamics have no relevance whatever, because theyare postulated therefrom], but the latter themselves followfrom quantum�mechanical equations, which are of an evenmore fundamental character.

The standard quantum theory for isolatedprocesses can predict only the probability of thisor that event, and so there are no conservationlaws for isolated events. They appear only in casesof transition to classical mechanics, when verylarge numbers of particles are summed over. Theconservation laws appear in the macrocosm in a similar wayto that in UQT. But now the existence of controllable initialphase opens up a number of wonderful vistas in science andtechnology � especially in energy.

Chapter 3

Next, we will examine the application of the oscillatingcharge equation for interpreting rich experimental material,which doesn’t fit into the framework of standard quantum�mechanical science. For instance, Unitary Quantum Theorymade it possible to predict [9] in 1983 the phenomenon ofcold nuclear fusion, discovered only later in 1989.

This is a totally unexpected opportunity for creating nuclearreactions requiring very small energy values. One obstacleto the most probable d�d reaction under the normal verylow energy conditions is presented by a very high Coulombbarrier. In UQT, the deuteron (as calculations show) canovercome that barrier with a certain value of the initialphase.

Several phenomena, essentially implausible by currentscience, will be analyzed on the basis of solving the harmonicoscillator problem (as well as certain others):

• Anomalous heat production in cold nuclear fusionreactions (when nuclear reaction products are millions oftimes less numerous than is required to explain the thermaleffects);• cold nuclear transmutation;• production of superfluous thermal energy in numerouscavity installations;• sources of excess energy based on anomalous gasdischarge;• mysterious processes of electric current passagethrough quantum wires, and the possibility of creating new

electronic devices utilizing a completely new electronic flowcontrol principle based on the dependence of the tunneleffect upon the initial phase;• a number of exotic energy sources, as well asexperimental phenomena absolutely unexplainable bycurrent scientific methods.

Chapter 4

Chapter 4 is a brief review of a theory and general approachaddressing the ‘problem’ of chemical catalysis. By and large,how to resolve somewhat difficult issues that exist in thisfield today remains absolutely unclear, as it is not understoodat all where the additional energy for certain chemicalreactions comes from.

Chemical reactions of polysaccharide decomposition(lysozyme) are known which disrupt connection withenergies of up to 3 eV. For water decomposition, a three�times�weaker connection has to be broken.

If such a water�decomposing catalyst is found (and the UQTcan offer steps in the right direction), it could bring about arevolutionary change in energy for motor transportation.

There are reports that such catalysts have already been found:an automobile operating on simple water without requiringany additional energy is being tested in Japan.

Many catalysis theories conceal energy shortage, and areunable to “make both ends meet”, since practically allexisting science is built on conservation laws which haveheretofore been regarded as unshakeable. The constantprogress of scientific knowledge leads, however, to limitedapplicability of these fundamental laws.

Nature already plays tricks with humanity’s best physicallaws: consider for now just the weak interactions ‘issue’, andthe chaos it caused in physics. The existing Newtonianconservation laws are a few of the things that survived thatchaos, and it is only natural that they resist the influence ofsubsequent scientific developments.

We would like to remind the reader that theWe would like to remind the reader that theWe would like to remind the reader that theWe would like to remind the reader that theWe would like to remind the reader that thestandard quantum theory predicts only a probabilitystandard quantum theory predicts only a probabilitystandard quantum theory predicts only a probabilitystandard quantum theory predicts only a probabilitystandard quantum theory predicts only a probabilityfor isolated events and that there are nofor isolated events and that there are nofor isolated events and that there are nofor isolated events and that there are nofor isolated events and that there are noconservation laws that apply to them.conservation laws that apply to them.conservation laws that apply to them.conservation laws that apply to them.conservation laws that apply to them.

That is why, in order to create an inexhaustibleThat is why, in order to create an inexhaustibleThat is why, in order to create an inexhaustibleThat is why, in order to create an inexhaustibleThat is why, in order to create an inexhaustiblesource of energy, we merely have to collect eventssource of energy, we merely have to collect eventssource of energy, we merely have to collect eventssource of energy, we merely have to collect eventssource of energy, we merely have to collect eventswith the required resultwith the required resultwith the required resultwith the required resultwith the required result, such as for power, such as for power, such as for power, such as for power, such as for powergeneration, and then all the energy requirementsgeneration, and then all the energy requirementsgeneration, and then all the energy requirementsgeneration, and then all the energy requirementsgeneration, and then all the energy requirementsof humanity could be solved by a methodof humanity could be solved by a methodof humanity could be solved by a methodof humanity could be solved by a methodof humanity could be solved by a methodcompletely friendly to the environment.completely friendly to the environment.completely friendly to the environment.completely friendly to the environment.completely friendly to the environment.

The broad�scale usage of such technologies in the futurewould eliminate the problem of environmental heatpollution. The UQT, unlike standard quantum theory, offersa way to accomplish the goal of clean, efficient, and virtuallylimitless energy for our future.


Ether-Energy-Generator

Alfred [email protected]

Preliminary Remark

One aim of earning Free Energy is to tapunlimited sea of energy of universe. There istalked about space�energy, zero�point�energy,vacuum�energy etc. � however these terms arecontradicting by themselves: space is abstractterm (which can not content energy), zero�heatimplies zero�energy (if thought by particles ascommon understanding), within vacuum noforces can affect (because real vacuum excludeseverything). It’s true: whole universe is full ofenergy � however “energy” again is totallyabstract term, empty of real content.

Real however is, within universe exists onlythat One, that unique substance of ether � andthis ether continuously is in motions mostcomplex. If these � real�mechanical � movementsof real�material ether should be used fordrawing off energy, these movements are tomanipulate in adequate manner. Naturally thereis no energy to win, only for short phases forcesare to divert for some profit (while sum of allenergies naturally keeps constant).

Many explorers made numberless experimentsand many generators are known, which � at leastsometimes � did produce clear surplus of energy.Some use turning constructional elements for

energy�production or as trigger. Final aimhowever is solution without moving parts, thussolid�state�generators. In principle, thesemachines are build for accumulatingfrequencies of (previous space�, zeropoint�,vacuum�energy, or real) ether, building upswinging motions within oscillating circuits,lastly transformed into optimum usable shapeof electric energy.

These constructions are built by normalelectronic parts with known functions andcharacteristics. Explorers search for bestcircuits and optimum timing of elements.Obviously are coming up effects, neverthelessthese machines got not ready for productionand marketing. So it’s obvious too, real causesfor effects are not known, thus no consciousdesign is possible.

I don’t understand much about electronics andat first, I don’t want to know much of knownknowledge, in order to be able to think free (andnaturally some ideas most naive will result).However I try to explain appearances ofradiation, electrons, charges, electric flow etc.by my understanding of ether and based at theseinsights to design senseful conceptions.

Following sections of this workout are to readby these preliminaries. These considerationsare my contribution for solution and might be,some specialist, explorer or experimenter getsvaluable hints for integration of these aspectsinto his conceptions. Following sections at firstare simple descriptions of some aspects forgathering ether movements, as basis for furtherconsiderations.

Energy-gathering Antenna

Numberless waves or radiation lashes downonto surface of earth, naturally or man�madeby diverse transmitters, a real mess of motions.

Colourful figures and diagrams can be found at the author’s sitehttp://www.evert.de/eft723e.htm

Prof. Alfred Evert


We can detect directly only appearances of lightor also of gravity. Communication units forexample can filter certain frequencies out ofjumbled reception by complex techniques. Ifhowever most possible energy of incomingswinging motions should be used, no filter isdemanded but chaos must be structured.

Antenna serves for reception ofelectromagnetic waves. These are built byelectric conductor, around which swingingmotions lean on resp. run alongside. At each endof wire, wave turns on its head and runs back. Ifwave lengths and wire length correspond,swinging motions are built up. If most possiblewave lengths are to gather that kind, manywires should be used.

Fig. 1

On Fig. 1 at A schematic is shown a bundle ofthese antenna�conductors. Lengths shouldshow systematic order. Some will use golden�section, other will take most important knotsof global�scaling. I would prefer rule of 2/3 with2� and 3� and even 4�fold, because by myunderstanding, universal frequencies of etherare structured by this pattern (details seeEther�Physics and Philosophy) and alsoradiations have to swing most resonant to thesebasic relations.

So antenna wires should show lengths inrelation of 4�6�9 and 12�18�27 (or in additionof 36�54�81 and even of 108�162�243), asinteger multiplication of essential constants ofnature or known wave lengths.

Like schematic sketched at this picture at B,whole bundle of antenna�wires (AL, GermanAntennen�Leiter) should be used, e.g. spirallywinded around an antenna�core (AK, grey) ofdielectricum. Tesla for example had mountedrather long and rather thick antenna at hislegendary car.

Ends of conductors are to combine by wellshaped connection e.g. to short cupper pipe oreven better to a sphere (C1). Via diode (D1)swinging motions are guided further down andback�swinging is eliminated.

Surface of previous sphere represents acapacity, practically a capacitor (C1), howeverwith only one surface, e.g. without contrarypole. These constructional elements are to builde.g. by cupper and surface could be protectedby dielectricum. This constructional elementis called “capacity�surface” at the following(opposite to normal dipole�capacitor).

At this picture at C now schematic is shownfurther way of incoming swinging motions. Arow of diodes (here e.g. D1, D2 and D3) shouldbe installed. Probably capacity�surfaces (heree.g. C1, C2 and C3) should be installed between.Between these elements, swinging motionsshould be allowed to move at diverse ways ofdiffering lengths (here marked by differentcolours and different long curves), wherelengths again should be arranged systematic.Between two diodes, swinging can run aheadand back, at all wires same time.

At entrance of each diode occur differentsituations, depending on actual overlays,resulting compensation or addition of two,some or even many frequencies that verymoment. Diode should be controlled bythreshold value (e.g. Zener�Diodes), so onlystrong signals come to next circuit.

Now, swinging motions passing a diode, nolonger show its original frequency. Energy ofeach swinging motion involved however isadded into energy of signal. Within each furthercircuit thus come less, same time strongerswinging motions.

However these swinging motions come intonext circuit not by certain tact, thus waves


there run un�regular. In order to strengthenorder, at each further circuit should be used lessconnecting wires, like here schematic markedbetween C2 and C3.

At the other hand, no complete steady swingingis demanded, if signals of constant frequencyare not necessary input for consumers. At lastlevel e.g. could be installed diode with ratherhigh threshold value, allowing strong signal toenter last capacity�surface (here not drawn).At this surface, signal runs around resp.becomes even spread charge (e.g. for periodicsupply of consumer).

Within air (and term of air�ether is avoided)swirl numberless swinging motions, i.e. hugeamount of energy exists � however force�lessbecause of absolute chaotic overlays of allactual motions and their vectors. By previousprinciple, some order is to install within chaos,so reasonable amount of energy becomesusable.

Energy-suction by Permanentmagnet

Generator for producing electric flow inprinciple is build by rotor and stator. At mostsimple case are installed permanentmagnetwithin rotor and coil within stator (or severalof). Normally both elements move relative toeach other at surface of cylinder. At some ofprevious mentioned experiments resp.generators these elements are arranged atcircled surfaces. Here now surface betweenelements is shaped like jacket of truncated cone(practical compromise between cylinder andcircle surfaces).

On Fig. 2 at A schematic is shown cross sectionof that unit. Within housing (here not drawn)is beard turnably a shaft with its rotor (RO,light�red) in shape of truncated cone. Outsideat rotor are installed permanentmagnets, theirnorth poles (N) showing outward (thus allsouth poles S showing inward towards shaft).

Stator (ST) has corresponding shape oftruncated cone, only with some larger diameter.At stator could be installed coils (SP, GermanSpule, at picture left side), however withwindings radial showing outward (so axis ofcoil�core shows into tangential direction).

Only wires inside, opposite to north poles areeffective. So it would be sufficient resp. better,if only a bundle of parallel wires (DL, GermanDiagonale Leiter, at picture right side) wouldbe installed at stator. All upper ends of bundleare connected and all ends downside areconnected. Each bundle of diagonal conductors(DL) upside is connected with source of charge(LQ, German Ladungsquelle, defined later) andbundle downside is connected with consumer(VB, German Verbraucher).

At B schematic is shown jacket (at plane level)of truncated cone (grey), alongside whichelements move relative to each other.Permanentmagnets are long�stretched, northpole (N, blue) is long rectangle, its longitudinalaxis showing into radial direction. Here as anexample are drawn three permanentmagnets.

At this jacket�surface are also drawn threeconductors (DL, red) of stator. These wires(resp. bundle of wires) are arranged somediagonal, outside�down showing ahead inturning sense (here some overdrawn). So

Fig. 2


between north pole (arranged in straight�radialdirection) and conductors (arranged somediagonal) is angle of some degrees.

This angle naturally could also be achieved bynorth pole arranged little bit diagonal. Northpole and conductor thus will never come intocompletely congruent position, there come uponly points of intersection (e.g. at S1, GermanSchnittpunkt), which are more or less longdepending on angle between elements.

While turning of rotor (RO) north poleswander alongside jacket of truncated cone. AtC situation is shown, where rotor did turn someahead (in comparison with situation at B).Point of intersection (S2) now is positionedsome outward.

Special property of this concept is, relativespeed between north pole and conductorincreases as point of intersection moves frominside towards outside. (This effect also occursif magnets and coils are installed at circledsurfaces, however not paid attention to atknown generators).

Function of magnets at generator is, at firstto generate charge onto conductors andsecond to impress motion�ahead onto charge.Both acts demand work and above this,induced flow produces opposite magneticfield. Again work is necessary to overcomeforces of attraction. Now here, magnet comesnot abruptly and into complete congruentposition with conductors. Separation of bothelements occurs smoothly, thus with lessresistance. Above this, demanded workloadessentially is to reduce, if at entrance ofconductor already charge is existing.

This source of charges (LQ, GermanLadungsquelle) schematic is marked at thispicture upside at A. Upside of generator, hereare sketched previous antenna conductors(AL). Via diode (D3) swinging motionscomes onto capacity�surface (C4), swingingfurther on at this surface as motion patternof charge.

Following diode (D4) now is to control thatkind, charge can flow into conductors (DL) ofgenerator, short time before that conductor is

crossed by north pole. Magnets thus no longerhave to attach charges onto wires, but only haveto affect additional impulse�ahead onto chargesalready moving ahead. Point of intersectionmoving ahead by increasing speed, thuspractically builds up bow�wave of increasingspeed � by most few workload.

Antenna serves like a hollow, into whichmotion�energy of all incoming swingingdisperses. Analogue to tornado (where air escapesupside out of funnel) or analogue to water�whirl(if water downside at centre steady gets lost) onecan imagine, whole ether of wide environmentbuilds up a potential�vortex (PW, GermanPotentialwirbel, marked by yellow “cloud”).

Real processes are these: each swinging occursinto all directions of space same time, atradiations with additional impressed motion�ahead. There is all times a component of motion,trembling into radial direction of antenna, toand fro. From all directions, motions arerunning towards antenna, which is protectingversus all motions of each contrary direction(from backside of antenna), i.e. back�trembling(outward from antenna) becomes weaker.That’s why swinging motions become attachedat antenna and run alongside its surface.

If now previous generator takes off swingingmotions from antenna on and on, motion�components towards outside of antenna againbecome weaker. Thus also at swinging motionsfurther outside, motions into direction towardsantenna become superior in strength. Thus thisgenerator sucks in more swinging�energy thanwould be available without that (backward�affecting) change of motion’s structures.

Motion�components radial towards antenna,within ether can not run parallel (because thereare no gaps within, thus no density canincrease), but only at spiral tracks. Resultingof is previous mentioned potential�vortex,which now by itself overlays additionalincoming swinging, thus this vortex affects withstrong order�function. Onto conductor of antennathus hit ether motions already better structured.By previous mentioned ways of diode�cascadewell are to coordinate swinging motions of highenergy, which lastly are available at capacity�surface as pattern of charge.


This generator delivers pulsating directcurrent. As a variation, previous diagonalconductors (DL) could also be winded by loopsaround truncated cone (like previous coils withoutward showing windings (SP), however assteady twisted bundle, practically a spiral coil).Also two conductor�circuits could be build,delivering phasewise shifted flow in contrarydirection, thus usable like alternating current.In general however, this solution is not realoptimum, even this generator works muchbetter than common generators. Here stillelectric flow is produced by mechanical work.Source of charges here is produced by ether�energy, impulse�ahead however not jet isproduced automatic.

Energy-Funnel Flat-Coil

Previous rotor shows typical characteristic ofmotion of our commonly known material world:material of shaft moves rather slow withinspace, material outside at rotor move by muchfaster speed. This fast motion runs withinresting environment, where free movable parts(e.g. of air) mediate differences of speeds easy.Ether does not know parts, whole ether isgapless coherent. That’s why typical processesof motions within ether are characterized byrelative resting ether outside and most activityof motion can only come up inside near centre(details see e.g. Potential�Vortex�Cloud ofEther�Physics and Philosophy). By this pointof view, previous rotor is not really ether�adequate constructional element.

On Fig. 3 now is shown element rather ether�adequate, at A in shape of simple spiral. Thisspiral is made of electric conducting material, e.g.by cupper�wire. This spiral should be windedloosely, wire should not be isolated, distancesshould be fixed with most few material. Lookingdownward at spiral, it should turn inward�left.

At B this spiral is sketched by cross sectionalview. At outer end, conductor should beconnected with antenna e.g. of previous designvia diode (D4). This constructional elementthus is called “antenna�spiral” (AS) or antenna�coil. Inner end of conductor guides to consumer(VB). Spiral should be build at one level (onlyfor better understanding of conductor’s way,spiral at picture is drawn some diagonal).Similar flat coils were used in early radio�receivers, Tesla did use similar coils by largedimensions.

At C now within previous antenna coil (red) isdrawn second conductor (blue) also as a spiral.This second coil could be at same level like firstcoil or e.g. direct below of antenna�coil. Designat two levels is shown at picture at D by crosssectional view. Blue spiral is called “exciter�spiral” (ES) or exciter coil, because through thiscoil phasewise is send direct current.

If one believes in common science, electric flowruns by light�speed through wires. A flow�impulse thus shows same absolute speedoutside of coil like inside of. From outside ofspiral however, angles speed of that flow getsfaster and faster to the centre.

Quite sure however is, flow within exciter coilinduces flow within parallel wires of antennacoil running into same direction. So also inducedflow will show increasing angles�speed towardsinside of spiral.

Flow is charge moving ahead alongside surfaceof conductor (details see following section).Charge is ether movement. Ether does notknow parts. So never exists sharp border of anymovement within ether (opposite e.g. toprevious rotor at its border as materialappearance). Thus ether is in motion also faroutside of conductor, synchronous to motionof charge resp. flow, only some weakerdepending on distance from conductor.

Fig. 3


This will mean, also ether upside of antenna coilis influenced by motion’s component again ofincreasing intensity resp. angles speed towardscentre. Thus exciter flow indirectly resultspotential�vortex (PW, schematic marked byyellow “cloud”) within ether. Like any potentialvortices, this pattern of motion produces self�dynamic with self�acceleration (e.g. well knowat hurricanes etc.). Exciter coil must not drivethis vortex steady, but short flow impulses willdo, just because potential vortices run by itselfon and on � and because this motion’s pattern isabsolutely typical for movements of etherwithin ether.

This intensive motion of Free Ether naturallyaffects back towards surface of conductor. Somotion’s pattern of charge are initiated resp.charge is accelerated into turning sense ofspiral. Again, this moving charge running fasterand faster inwards results suction effectingbackward outside.

Analogue to previous suck�in also this antennaspiral will draw swinging motions off antennaattached at outer end of spiral. However nowwith this conception, mechanical work nolonger is demanded, but short initiationmomentum by pulsating direct current withinexciter coil are sufficient input. Essentialwork of generating charges and influencingmotion�ahead here is done automatic bymechanic of ether by itself � because thesemotion’s pattern are totally adequate toproperties of ether.

By the way: electric flow is produced � howevernowhere corresponding energy got consumed.At tornado or water whirl, potential vorticesare driven by higher static pressure outside �and that air pressure or water pressure in totalkeeps constant, no matter air or water isstanding or moving. Only within vortices, staticand dynamic pressures are different thanoutside of.

Born of short and only temporary order ofmotion’s vectors (which by steady repeatingcan also be continuous), forces with usableeffects can result of totally normal chaoticmotions of air� or water�parts. Quitecomparable are structuring processes of ether’smotions described upside.

If large antenna coils are used, also other effectsmight occur. For example, ether motions couldbecome visualized by smoke. Within largecircles outside of coil, abnormal magneticappearances could occur. Even levitationeffects could come up (which however are noanti�gravity). At later sections, constructionalversion with less side�effects is shown. At firsthowever, general characteristics of charges andflows and general energy�sources are to discuss.

Energy-Source Ether-Pressure

In 2003 and 2004 I described elementary motion’spattern of ether at Ether�Physics and �Philosophy.There in 2005 I will describe appearance of gravityand in 2006 of electromagnetism in details. Inanticipation of, now are to mention only somerelevant facts of.

Electrons are sphere�shaped motion systems bypotential vortices. Radiation like photons isanalogue pattern and their vortices�structuresare wandering through space. Atoms areaccumulations of these Potential�Vortex�Clouds. Material parts are accumulations ofatoms. Outside of that Bounded Ether is FreeEther and that is relatively resting resp. only inmotions of quant�small distances. Towardsinside, motions of these vortices systemsbecome wider. All motions all times are runninginto all three dimensions, so move at spiral�bended tracks, within Free Ether like withinoccurrences of Bounded Ether.

All appearances of Bounded Ether have an“aura”, i.e. ether’s movements don’t end at fixborders but spread far out into surroundingether. Within these intermediate zones thussmooth transition of small�scale to coarsemotion structures exist. Total ether aroundsuch vortices systems is superior, its fineswinging presses onto coarse vortices cloudsfrom all sides. At the one hand, tendency toaccumulation of likely appearances results, atthe other hand e.g. electrons are pressedtowards conductor surface.

Surface of material bodies is “rough”, becauseaura of atoms or their Potential�Vortex�Cloudsreach out different lengths into space. Withinthese aura�depressions of material surfaceselectrons can “hide”, for example as


electrostatic charge. Only if surface is regularshaped these charges can come into motion bylarger scale, i.e. electric flow can come upalongside conductor.

The more electrons sit at surface, the stronger isvoltage (relative to conductor with less electronsattached). Lastly all vortices structures sitting atsurface build one common layer of coordinatedmotions. If however layer got too thick (limit ofcapacity is exceeded), some motion’s parts escape(or are broken off by external motion impulses).If now charge resp. electric flow should bemanipulated, actions must fit to characteristicsof their motion pattern.

On Fig. 4 properties of charge are shownschematic. Around electric conductor (EL,German elektrischer Leiter, grey) could sitseparated electrons, at normal case howeveraround conductor is attached complete charge�layer (LD, German Ladungsdecke, yellow), likea blanket or coat. This ether in principle is inmotion all times into all directions. So all timesmotion components exist into longitudinaldirection (LB, German Langsrichtung) andaround conductor as cross�motion (QB,German Querbewegung). As long as no flow isrunning, both motions are relatively steadytrembling ahead and back (if only these twomotion’s directions are looked at).

Longitudinal motion commonly is called“electric field”, motion�around conductor, crossto longitudinal motion, commonly is called“magnetic field”. Field is pure abstract term,appearances however totally concrete arebased on totally real motions of real substancecalled ether. Pattern of motion of previouscharge coat schematic is shown at this pictureat B.

Observed is an ether�point (AP, GermanAtherpunkt), i.e. one certain portion of ether islooked at while moving. This point is onlyfictive position within ether, in sense ofgeometric point. This point is no separatedparticle, because all ether is gapless matter, isreal continuum, not dividable into any partswith fix borders.

All ether points thus are connected most directmanner with all neighbours. There can’t exist

any motion like by billiard�spheres, where anymotion runs into a gap between others. If oneether point is moving in space, all others has tomove synchronous and each motion into onedirection demands balancing motion cross to.

At this picture as an example schematic isshown longitudinal motion (LB) of five etherpoints (AP resp. small black marks). Theseether points are connected fix resp. rigid, hererepresented by red curve (of each neighbouringether points). At X�axis (dotted line) are drawnfive left�turning clocks, each watch�hand shiftedby 30 degrees (showing into directions from12� to 8�o’clock). At ends of each hand observedether points are positioned.

If now all clocks turn synchronous, motiontowards left comes up. However, clock quiteleft side already shows 8�o’clock, i.e. theremotion already is running to right side.Distances between ether points thus would notbe constant � resp. can keep constant only ifsame time motion cross to comes up � and itmust be exactly right�angled � like phenomenalproperty of all electromagnetic appearances �by common understanding not to explain.

Here for example that ether point quite left sideshould have to turn around X�axis by balancing

Fig. 4


motion. Then however, all other ether pointsshould have to move synchronous to, i.e. allclock�hands can not turn only at one plane.

Starting from central ether point (AP), thiscross�motion (QB) of Z�axis is marked analogue(all clocks turning likely in this plane right angleto X�axis). So there is steady turning andwinding and swinging into all three dimensionssame time (changing values of Y�axis arerepresented by direction of each clock�hand).Naturally also layers upside and downside ofthese observed ether points swing analogue andsynchronous (again with correspondinglyshifted positions of each clock�hands).Complete coat of charge around conductor isswinging by that motion’s pattern.

On Fig. 5 at A schematic is drawn an alternatingcurrent generator (WG, GermanWechselstromgenerator) and a consumer (VB)and two conducting wires between. Generatorat first has to bring charge onto conductors,thus must build up previous charge layer. Thislayer, by previous considerations, is swingingahead and back into all directions, Thus also onecomponent of motion is trembling intolongitudinal direction (LB). By commonfrequency of 50 swinging motions each second,generator is shifting charge to and fro, at bothconductor wires. This motion of flow (SB,German Strombewegung) is overlaying normallongitudinal motion (LB).

Common understanding is, electric flow shouldmove by light speed through good conductor(through solid material, not alongside itssurface, by common understanding). While onephase of 0.02 seconds light comes ahead 6.000km far. AC�generator near source of Rhein thushas to push flow until mouth of Rhein and backagain. Really however, at conductors of thatlength, all energy got lost in resistance, at endof conductor no flow will exist at all.

Real cause of resistance is, AC�generator issteady impressing motion ahead onto normalswinging of charge layer, into one direction and0.02 seconds later into opposite direction. Atprocess of electric flow, no ether is really movingahead. Its normal turning only is overlaid bysecond turning. Only seemingly results flowing�ahead (see further down resp. chapter Sea�

Waves at Ether�Physics and Philosophy: wavesare running ahead for miles � apparently, reallyhowever waters are rotating only at relative smalldistances, only by differing speeds ahead and back,resulting of overlay of only two circle motions).

If this generator accelerated charge inlongitudinal direction, same time and sameamount motion right�angled to have to beaccelerated (because electric and magneticfields correlate inevitably). Next moment,motions are decelerated and again acceleratedinto opposite direction, thus previous overlayis completely to change. All layers of all chargesmust change directions and speeds of allmovements synchronously. Charge layer has nofixed border, thus also all surrounding ether isinvolved correspondingly.

Essential property of ether is its inertia: as allether points correlate to each other inabsolutely direct manner (with no smallest gapbetween nor any possibility of differingdensity), all motions structures unavoidable hastendency to resist versus any changes. So ACabsolutely is enemy of ether. Charge layer oncesend onto conductor naturally is deformed bysteady to and fro and naturally some parts ofcharges got radiated into environment.Naturally AC�generators can only transformenergy (EU, German Energie�Umsetzung)from one shape into other � by enormous losses.

At this picture at B is drawn analogueconfiguration, now however with direct currentgenerator (GG, German Gleichstrom�

Fig. 5


generator) and only one conductor wire toconsumer (VB). Backward wire is notnecessary, both units can be connected withground. Generator has to work only foraccumulating charge (LA), i.e. must guide mostpossible thick charge layer onto conductor.Rest is done automatic by ether’s work.

Each normal DC�generator builds up charge.By previous proposals was shown how swingingmotions of natural source are to use by properconstruction of antenna, how mechanical workcan be improved by rotating magnets or howcharges are to suck�in via flat coils by pureelectronic measures of exciter coil. Already atthese applications, ether�pressure has essentialaffect. Now for flow of DC alongside surface ofconductor, ether pressure (AD at previouspicture) is unique driving force.

Generator only generates charge at conductor,at its best only pulsating, most effective inshape of previous piling�up bow�wave. Chargelayer thus is essentially higher at the beginningof conductor than at its end. Within area of bow�wave movements are relative intensive, i.e. aurareaches far out into Free Ether. Within thisintermediate zone, thus wide scale motion’sdifferences are to balance.

All ether motions probably are of same speedeverywhere (light speed or multiple of). At FreeEther motion run within small area,comparable with small swinging at end of a rope.At opposite end of that rope, at charge layer,swinging motions are of larger scale. Shortswinging will be congruent to long swingingsome times, afterwards however contrary. Longswinging can escape that contrary motion onlyby wandering to opposite end (towardsconductor). Long swinging is not reallydecelerated by that act, because short momentlater is driven by motion of Free Ether nowactually into same direction.

This example points out function of Free EtherPressure. This force naturally affects muchstronger onto thick layer of charge withcorresponding wide aura than onto parts ofconductor with less charge. Free Ether pressesflat any charge�accumulations � by ravenousspeed alongside whole conductor, by minimumresistance, also at long distances.

That pressing�flatten same time impressesmotion�ahead onto previous general pattern ofmotions of charge layers. As any accelerationof that electric field same time affectsacceleration of inevitable cross�motion,intensity of that Bounded Ether gets strongeras a whole. That’s why DC shows dramatic lessresistance than AC.

Each new bow�wave of pulsating DC enters intothat motion’s pattern heated�up resp. is reallypulled in. At DC all motions all time run intosame direction. Ether shows property of inertia� of motion. Indeed, ether nowhere ever can bestopped. Any motion once initiated, e.g. overlayinto direction�ahead (all times inclusivecorrespondingly accelerated cross�motion),thus goes on affecting ahead � however sametime ether some behind is forced tocorresponding acceleration (only of smallerscale depending on distance). So also thissuction�effect is elementary property of ether� if assumed gapless and without possibility ofchanging density (without these necessities ofmotions of flowing charges, no induction wouldbe possible). So for transport of charge at aconductor, pulsating DC is most effectiveprocedure.

This ether�pressure permanently affects ontoall coarse ether�vortices. We don’t feel it (likefish doesn’t feel water�pressure or we don’t feelair�pressure), because our atoms are swingingsufficiently resonant to Free Ether motions.Well known experiment demonstratesenormous power of: strong impulse of electricflow is send through bundle of thin wires (flex).Normally likely electrons should have to blowup that net of wires. Really however these wiresgot crumpled�up � visual result of ether�pressure onto thick charge layers around wires(where wires of that bundle mutually protecteach other, thus got pressed together).

Ether pressure also gets obvious if charge gottoo thick resp. charge is pressed outward atspikes of surface in shape of sparks (where freeelectrons are pressed to sphere�shapedpotential�vortex�clouds, just by that pressureall around, so from continuous layer of chargegot born separated units). If barrage of ether�pressure results heavy motion of atoms ofconductor, parts of charge are spilled out also


in shape of photons (no particles, but onlywandering vortices pattern of ether motions).

This enormous energy of ether pressure is forfree and should be usable. Most effective wouldbe, not to consume this primary charge. Thatcharge should only run around within systemby pulsating acts. Only secondary appearancesshould serve consumers.

Pulsating Circuit

At first again, solution with mechanical controlby rotating parts is shown, using example ofElectric�Dynamo. Here once more ismentioned only essential principle of process.Three capacity�surfaces are used. Theircapacity varies as intermediately parts ofsurfaces are protected versus ether pressure bydielectricum. Depending on material ofdielectricum, capacity of likely surfaces canvary by multiple.

Dielectrikum (DI, white) here is shaped asrotating beam, capacity�surfaces (CU, blue) arebuild by sheet cupper in shape of circled sectors.If dielectricum is turning, one surface becomesless covered while following surface becomesmore covered correspondingly. Different bluecolours at this animation show each varyingcapacity of charges.

All three capacity�surfaces are connected bythree wires (blue) in turn. If dielectricum turnsleft, charge moves from one surface to nexteach right side (so charges remain within systemall times). These three wires are guided viatransformer (TR) as primary coil, thus phase�shifted induced secondary flow (red) isavailable for consumers (VB).

Similar machines were build and did work (e.g.by Hyde), however these systems did workwith common capacitors (with each two dipole�surfaces) and charges had to act via air (like atmost electrostatic units). However, one doesnot need dipoles and no protons � if theseparticles would really exist. Principle shownhere does work only with negative charges ofmore or less volume at surfaces of varyingcapacity. Charges keep all times at goodconductive surfaces, only by differing strengthsof charge�layer.

If charge actually is open for Free Etherpressure, charge layer there is pressed flat andthick charge layer is pressed into gap betweennext capacity�surface and dielectrium actuallycovering that surface. Free Ether pressure canaffect only via narrow surfaces aside, just likedemonstrated by Casimir�effect. No rejectionof likely electrons exists in reality, howevermotion’s pattern of charges build capacity�layers decisive stronger within protected areasthan outside of.

Rotor naturally is to drive by motor. However,no magnetic contrary forces are to overcomelike at common generators, but maximum forceslikely to Coulomb�force will come up. Thusenergy input will be some tenth of inducedcurrent (what some explorers achieved bysimilar units, however only for some timesbecause machines were not built consequentlyether�adequate).

Naturally all capacity�surfaces are to charge bymaximum when starting machine (by external

Fig. 6


source resp. battery). Naturally also in runningmode, some amount of charge gets lost byradiation into Free Ether (and e.g. Tilley calledisolation of his generator most importantproblem), thus permanent recharging isnecessary, however only by small amount.

Here on Fig. 6 at B schematic is shown conceptof autonomous running system. Somecomponents at A here are not drawn, someothers added.

From current available to consumer (VB), onepart is guided into charge�transformer (LT,German Ladungstrafo) as primary coil (red)and induced secondary current (blue) is guidedinto storage for recharging (LS, GermanSpeicher fur Ladung). From this capacity,charge flows to previous three capacity�surfaces(CU) via conductive wires here marked by thickblack lines. Naturally these connections are toinstall as one�ways by diodes. Charge really willflow only occasionally for refreshing of surfaces(only if these surfaces actually show less capacityresp. corresponding few voltage).

At this constructional principle thus enormouspower of ether pressure affects pulsating directcurrent running around, while rotatingdielectricum all times produces new gradients,each from surface of decreasing capacity tofollowing surface of increasing capacity. Thisprocess is controlled mechanical (thus no puresolid�state solution), nevertheless this controlis simple like safe operating.

Even similar (however not consequentconstructed) electrostatic units did worksuccessful (however not stabile but e.g.weather�dependant), I can not understand whysince one year nobody did realize this proposalof electrostatic�dynamo. Probably name of thisconcept is misleading: not electro�static here isaffecting but pure electro�dynamic, thismachine is really an electro�dynamo. Perhapsprevious detailed description of function ofether pressure now will help understanding thisclear solution.

Magnet-Pump

Electric current is overlay of static charge, thusoverlay of ether motion by ether motion. Basic

principle of processes already is described byEther�Physics and �Philosophy, for example atchapter 03.03 Overlays. Here on Fig. 7 thatprocess schematic is shown once more.

Ether is in complex motion at tracks, resultingof addition of different circle motions. Oversimplistic one could imagine, an ether point(AP) at its process in time is turning aroundfulcrum (D1, German Drehpunkt) by radius(R1), like marked at A by diverse positions,turning left assumed.

Overlay comes up as at the end of this radius(R1) new fulcrum (D2) exists, around whichadditional turning by radius (R2) occurs (likemarked at B by two positions). So two clocksare turning within space, where outer end ofouter clock�hand marks track of ether point.

If both turnings run synchronous, wave�track(WB, German Wellenbahn, blue curve at C)results, i.e. like sea waves really are running. Onewater�point moves fast ahead upside (heretowards left) and moves back slowly downside(to see by distances of different lengths of wayswithin likely time units). Separated water partsrest within relative small area, while waveappears far running ahead.

Analogue to this process, ether all times ispositioned within relative small area, turningat only narrow circled tracks, which howeverare enlarged by overlays (depending on relationof radius of overlaid turning motion) and thusshows different speeds within different phases.

Analogue to discussed motions of previous Fig.4 neighbouring ether points move at likelytracks, where however each clock�hand is atsome correspondingly shifted position. Atwave’s top, both clock�hands show upward, i.e.water stands high and motions towards left sideadd to high speed. Further back at place ofactual wave’s valley, water surface is somedeeper and motions of both clock�handssubtract to slower motion backward right side.

Opposite to water, ether is homogeneousgapless substance. There is no place to pile upmasses, i.e. there is no place for motions runningahead � unless ether previous positioned therewould escape aside (and all neighbours behave


correspondingly, by wide detour back toobserved wave’s hill).

Also this fact was discussed already on previousFig. 4: each swinging into longitudinal directioninevitably is bound to synchronous swingingright angles to. Within ether, there is no watersurface, i.e. all ether upside like downside ofobserved position must swing synchronous.Only at very long distances (really byastronomic relations, e.g. like within galaxiesor atoms), radius of overlays can decrease, i.e.motion can come back to circled track (resp. toswinging pattern of Free Ether).

Essential insight is: at electric current no etheris really moving ahead (and no electrons arecrawling ahead within conductors and really noparticles are moving at all). Impression of flowonly appears based on varying turning speedsof relative stationary ether. Rule�of�right�hand(by conventional understanding of current’sdirection) exists concerning electric flow, thusanalogue to right�turning thread (while hereall times real direction of current is assumed).So in reality, current flows all times at spiraltracks, showing left (by view into flow’sdirection). Current flows not like at commonthread with constant gradient, but faster ahead(and correspondingly faster cross to) and someslower, depending on phases of overlayingturning motions.

Ether by itself never moves ahead far out. Whatreally does wander far ahead however isstructure of motion’s pattern: overlay by itselfis built up within generator and only thatadditional turning motion is running alongsideconductor (so only motion’s pattern iswandering from one portion of ether to next,not ether by itself is wandering in space). Ether

positioned in front takes motion of overlay andether positioned behind comes back to itsoriginal motion pattern.

This process is comparable to short gust ofwind, which builds up one (or some few) seawaves. Waves run ahead and get lost by frictionof water parts. Gapless ether is much moreviscous than water. Building up an overlay costsrelative strong power, because same time mustbe build up far reaching correspondingbalancing motions. At the other hand, withinhomogenous ether are no losses by friction, sooverlaid motion’s pattern can spreadunrestrained.

Analogue to flow of electric current behavefield�lines of permanent magnets, like schematicshown on Fig. 8 at A by example of rod magnet.Material of magnet is arranged that kind, etherbetween material parts (resp. between specialmotion’s pattern of that Bounded Ether) isoverlaid by corresponding pattern.

That motion’s pattern exits and transmits intospace ahead of north pole. However, there areno separated field�lines, but that pattern againis coherent layer of synchronous, however somephase�shifted swinging of all neighbouringether points. So there exists also component oflongitudinal motion (LB) plus cross motion(QB) inevitably (analogue to previousmentioned pattern on Fig. 4).

Field lines exit at north pole and flee back tosouth pole. This area here is rough sketched byyellow region (different strength of field etc. iswell known). Permanent magnets can workastonishing long times, however their areas ofaffect are rather limited. This appearance clearlymarks effect of ether pressure.

Free Ether presses versus all coarse motion’sstructures resp. eliminates all appearanceswhich are not sufficient resonant to universalbasic ether motion. Obviously these magneticfield lines are not sufficient adequate, so aredispersed by Free Ether already at shortdistances.

That magnetic motion has chance to survivesome longer e.g. when fleeing into narrowpositioned piece of iron, which inside can take

Fig. 7


corresponding overlaying motions. Thismotion’s pattern exits this protection area atother end of iron, so there again is exposed toFree Ether. Pressure onto that new north polenow pushes iron towards north pole of magnet.So there exist no attracting forces but pressureof Free Ether versus coarse motion’s patternaffects this appearance.

Permanent magnet is also good example ofprevious mentioned suction�effect of ether.Magnetic motion pattern is build up inside ofmagnet. This overlay can not come up and endabruptly, on contrary, ether already in front ofsouth pole must show corresponding pattern,and thus balancing area must exist. Magneticstrength clearly shows, how intensity ofoverlay�impression comes up into axialdirection towards south pole.

Coming from north pole, ether is moving bylikely pattern. That’s why field lines from northto south pole tie together resp. why magneticfield lines are closed loops in general. Magneticfield alongside rod of magnet is ratherinhomogeneous because Free Ether at this areacan eliminate different strength of overlayingmotions.

Rather homogeneous however is magnetic fielddirect in front of north pole. If however twonorth poles (like shown at B) are positionedopposite, motion’s directions (longitudinal likecross to) are contrary. Ether can not takecontrary motions within short distances –

that’s why likely poles reject. Again: there areno separated field lines struggling but twocoherent layers of mirrored pattern needdistance to balance differences.

Relative homogenous magnet field existsbetween poles of horseshoe magnets (likeschematic shown at C). Motion pattern existsfrom north pole, runs via air gap to south pole,and there is exposed to pressure of Free Etheronly at outer sides. Within U�shaped iron (UE,German U�formiges Eisen) motion patternflows back to north pole, protected by ironmaterial’s structure (while electric flowsufficiently is protected already at outersurface of conductors).

Magnet field analogue to rod magnet existswithin coil when electric flow runs through(like schematic sketched at D). Outside of coil,magnet field again is rather inhomogeneous,while inside of coil longitudinal like crossmotions (LB and QB) are homogenous.Motion pattern of electric flow aroundconductive wires build up common motions�layer alongside total inner surface of cylinder.Now it’s good idea to combine both congruentappearances (like schematic shown at E). Coilis winded (without iron core) around air gapbetween poles of horseshoe magnet. Somagnetic flow supports motion of electric flowand vice versa. Both magnetic fields (yellow)add their affects. Field keeps homogenous evendistance between poles is much larger than atnormal arrangements.

Fig. 8

Fig. 9


An application of that magnet�pump (MP) isshown on Fig. 9. At example of previousElectro�Dynamo was mentioned, charges ofcapacity�surfaces (C1 and C2) should be usedand charges should remain within system alltimes. If one capacity�surface actually has morecharge (here C1, dark blue) than an othercapacity�surface (here C2, light blue) electriccurrent runs via conductive wire (blue) untilboth capacitors take likely charges. If this wireis arranged as primary coil of transformer (TR),secondary coil (black) induces current usablefor consumers (VB).

Now here is installed additional connectionbetween both capacity�surfaces (from C1 toC2). This second conductive wire (red) isguided via previous magnet�pump (MP).

It’s know, balancing of charges lastly affectslikely amount of charges at both capacitors. It’salso known, first current will over�spill, thusmore than half of charge�difference is flowingto the other side (and easy to explain byprevious description of inertia of ether and itsonce started motions).

Spilling�back is to avoid by diodes. In order toachieve continuous process, each deliveringsurface must be pumped out at its best for nextphase. Above this upside was mentioned,overlaying motion�ahead by itself could run onand on. At the other hand, forces are demandedif motions got stopped and must be restarted.These problems could be solved by followingcircuit.

If capacity�surface left side can take no morecharge, flow existing at red wire still can go onrunning via green conductive wire intointermediate storage (ZS, GermanZwischenspeicher). From there, green wireleads back to coil of magnet�pump, whiledirection of flow again is controlled by diodes.Current now can go on within that loop, at thisphase driven resp. at least supported bymagnetic field of horseshoe magnet. However,there is no current generated nor magnet andconductive wire are moving relative to eachother.

Opposite this will mean, still existing flowaffects previous mentioned suction�effect back

onto capacity�surface C1. From there thus stillcharges are drawn off and guided intointermediate storage ZS.

If sufficient gradient between both capacity�surfaces thus is achieved, within next phasecharges could spill�back (from C2 to C1).However it’s much better to use three capacity�surfaces and current is running all time intosame direction. Each one surface delivers chargeto second receiving capacity�surface, whilethird surface is pumped�off.

Charge within intermediate storage or runningaround within intermediate circuit (green), atleast by parts will wander into receiving surfaceat next phase. Within area of red circuitoverlaying motion�ahead keeps constant to agreat extent, i.e. at start of next phase abruptlywill run strong flow into receiving surface.These phases are to control electronic viavoltages between capacity�surfaces (probablymuch harder to construct than simple mechaniccontrolling of previous Electro�Dynamo). It’salso question whether voltage�differences canbe build up in larger scale (e.g. for supplyingnormal consumers). This application howeveris good example for handling charges andcurrents most ether�adequate. And thisconception is important hint for followingsolution of real solid�state machine withperformances you like it.

Variation of this conception is sketched on Fig.10. Instead of permanent magnet here magnetic

Fig. 10


field is produced by coil. This coil�pump (SP,German Spulen�Pumpe) at the one handexists of coil (red) of current betweencapacity�surfaces (from C1 to C2). At theother hand coil of secondary circuit exists(green), which is running via previousintermediate storage (ZS).

If current flows between capacity�surfaces,current within side�circuit is induced and thusintermediate storage is loaded. If primarycurrent ends, motion’s pattern still keepsconstant as current is going on within side�circuit. Again each direction of currents is tocontrol via diodes.

Spiral-Cascade

Objectives of all previous circuits was to usecurrent between capacity�surfaces forinduction of secondary current available forconsumers. These currents however demand,not only balancing of charges between bothsurfaces, but to pump�off delivering surface atits best (so gradient of voltages is produced fornext phase).

At previous concepts thus additional current�circuits were installed with embeddedpermanent magnets or coils. Now best solutionwould be, ether by itself would do that jobdirect manner.

On Fig. 11 only one conductive wire (blue) isdrawn between capacity�surfaces (C1 and C2).

Via transformer (TR) usable current forconsumers (VB) is induced like at previoussolutions. Most effective shift of charges nowhowever is to achieve, if current is guided viaspiral�cone�shaped conductor (SK, GermanSpiral�Kegel). This concept is similar to flat�coil of upside Fig. 3, here however windings arenot arranged at one level but alongside surfaceof truncated cone.

Effect of electron� or ion�cascade is known byspecial arrangement of conductors, like used e.g.at Testatika. Fig. 12 shows construction inprinciple.

Sheets of capacitor are winded spiral. One sheettakes negative charge (red), on surface takespositive charge (blue), between both sheetsisolating material is installed (here not drawn).Several of such units are arranged one by one,where each inner end of sheet is connected withouter beginning of next corresponding sheet(here marked by thick black lines).

When discharging that capacitor-cascade,more electrons exit than originally put intosystem and “ionization” is detected. BothFig. 11

Fig. 12


effects however are only side�appearances,process by itself exclusively is based on pressureof Free Ether onto charges resp. overlayingmotion ahead of current. Above this, no normalcapacitor (�dipoles) nor isolation are necessary.Much more effect will show naked surfaces orwires (here thus only minus�sheets) which areexposed to Free Ether directly.

Ether is moving by light speed (at its locallimited areas) and electric current can alsomove (approximately) by light speed(apparently ahead). Nevertheless, differencesof lengths alongside spiral bended surfaces areimportant. Layer of charge show basic patternof motions onto which is impressed overlayingmotion�ahead (and synchronously also crossto), both by certain speeds.

At inner side of spiral, distances become shorterand space becomes narrower, i.e. ether therecomes into stress�situations. Resulting of isthicker layer of charges at inner parts ofsurfaces. Free Ether affects stronger pressureinto these thicker balancing areas, i.e. also withaccelerating effect. Relative to length ofconductor thus current will flow (apparentlyahead) faster and faster towards inside of spiral.Alongside bended sheet�surfaces, charge layerwill slip ahead increasingly faster. At roundwire�surfaces, motions wind around�aheadcorrespondingly faster.

On Fig. 13 schematic is drawn such anacceleration�cascade, where conductive wire(red) is winded spiral and its negative charge resp.current runs through three of these truncatedcones one by one (A, B and C). At the end of thatunit, not more electrons appear, but charge thereis impressed by overlaying motion much strongerand faster into direction ahead.

Within such coil�cones for example is piling upaccelerated bow�wave with correspondinginertia into direction�ahead, however also withcorresponding suction�effect into backwarddirection. Previous mentioned pump�effectthus is generated by this conception, nowhowever only by direct affecting pressure ofFree Ether onto charge�layer.

So it’s important, Free Ether can affect mostfree onto charge layers, i.e. these coils should

be winded loose. Such units could be built bylarge scale or several of these coil�cones couldbe installed within small box, like e.g. sketchedat this picture at D by view top�down (four coil�cones at different levels are arranged withinbox of not�conductive material). This currentnow should be allowed to fall into depression.

Charge-Depression

It’s common understanding, current is causedby voltage�difference between negative andpositive. Commonly observed are number ofelectrons and protons and their movementscaused by rejection of likely and attraction ofunlike poles. These are secondary appearances,if real existent at all.

Free electrons can attach at conductors and areintegrated into common layer of charge. Onlywhen pushed or hit out of that layer, this packageof motion again will become sphere�shaped ballof certain motion pattern and volume (pressedin shape by surrounding ether of all sides, likeuniversal ether also moving towards left ingeneral).

Naturally some times might be broken out offcommon layer also false turning pattern,however these protons won’t survive long time.If colliding with electrons, both contraryoverlays are eliminated (and motions disperseinto Free Ether).

There remains a gap without specific motions,into which naturally other electrons or protons

Fig. 13


can fall. This violent and disturbing reactionhowever is not identical with wantedcontinuous flow of charges alongside ofconductors. So at the follow, again only moreor less charge (layer of negative electrons) atconductors is assumed and discussed.

Charge layer can be impressed motion�aheadinto one or contrary direction of conductor.Impressing overlaying motion can be done byworkload (like at all common techniques) oreffects of ether motion by itself can be used (likediscussed here). Especially impressive exampleof pressure of Free Ether onto charges is wellknown Faraday�cup, like schematic shown onFig. 14 at A.

Metallic ball (red) with isolating rod (grey) ischarged by any source (here not drawn) andput to inner side of metal�cup (C2, dark blue),which itself stands at isolating support (herenot drawn). Charge layer (yellow) of ball movesto surface of cup. Inside of cup, pressure of Free

Ether (AD, German Ather�Druck) is mirrored,pressing flat charge layer (light blue). Chargeflows at outer surfaces of cup (where onlynormal ether pressure exists).

Pressure inside of cup is strong enough to presscharges at most high points completely off, i.e.ball is to take off cup discharged in total. If thisprocess is repeated, cup outside shows highervoltage than originally existing at source.

This experiment of electro�static is well known.Instead of process step by step, effect also willwork continuously, like schematic shown at B.From source of charge resp. current (C1) isinstalled a connection to inner bottom of cupby isolating conductor (IL, red plus grey,German Isolierter Leiter). Original chargelayer (marked yellow) is pressed alongside innersurface of cup and build up much larger andstronger charge layer (light blue) at outer sideof cup. Naturally this pressure also affects backalongside conductive wire. Flowing aheadhowever will be continuous, if charge of outersurface steady (or phasewise) is guided toconsumers (VB).

At this picture at C alternative design of thatdepression for charge resp. current is shown.Conductive wire here is not guided throughinner side of cup to its bottom. Isolatedconductor (IL) from source of charge (C1)now is guided direct through bottom (wellisolated) and outer surface of wire is in contactwith inner surface of this bell. Conductive wirethus practically is transformed to a hollowconductor (well known is, inside of exist nofields at all). Here however this pipe (C2) openslike a funnel, so charges are pressed outside (andfurther on guided to consumers). Thisconstructional element at the following is calledcapacity�bell.

Downside at the middle at D, contact betweenconductor and bell is sketched by crosssectional view. Conductive wire for example issplit into two contacting surfaces, so there isroom for charge layer to flow off bottom of bell.By previous spiral�truncated�cone wasdemonstrated how charge becomes overlaid byaccelerated motion ahead by ether�conformbuilding up of a potential vortex, inclusive self�acceleration and suction�effect. By this

Fig. 14


example of Faraday�cup (in adequate shape)was demonstrated how ether pressureaccelerates charge layer towards outer surfacesand thus charge�depression is organized.From source to that depression, furthercharges can follow (so current is achieved),where charges won’t got lost, but are stillavailable for further usage.

Ether-Current-Generator

It’s correct to assume, ether in total is full ofenergy in shape of various motions. With itssmall�scale universal movement’s pattern, FreeEther affects pressure onto all motion�patternof more coarse scale. Some of these appearancesof Bounded Ether well can exist long term, ifsufficient resonant to basic pattern. Somemotion’s pattern can wander through space ande.g. hit onto earth in shape of radiation variouskind. These swinging motions should be usablein shape of electric current if handling andconstructional elements are organized ether�conform.

On Fig. 15 at B schematic is shown design ofether�current�generator, where previousconstructional elements are combined as anexample. As source for swinging motions resp.charges is used an antenna�unit (AT). Via spiral�truncated�cone (SK) charge gets overlaid byaccelerating motion inside�ahead. Via capacity�bells (C1, C2 and C3) charge is guided to bell’soutside surfaces. From there, current is guideddirect into ground (at C1) or to consumers(VB) (at C2 and C3).

Antenna (AT) could be rod�antenna (likediscussed upside or like Tesla did use at hisfamous car). For stationary mode, antennanaturally could also be sphere�shaped (at itssurface any frequencies are running around andeasy to catch, even by chance). Diodes shouldbe installed at the end of antenna unit (or somediodes with intermediate capacity�surfacescould be used, like e.g. discussed upside onFig. 1), so swinging motions further on aredirected ahead.

Here is drawn only one spiral�truncated�cone(SK). Naturally could be used also real cascadeof these units (corresponding to upside Fig. 13).These conductor�spirals result acceleration�

effect as mentioned upside. In addition, theseunits affect structuring function onto variousoverlaying swinging motions. At each inner sideof cone, previous mentioned stress within ethercomes up. Space for balancing motion’s areasbecomes narrow, i.e. no longer can take placeany actually incoming contrary or phase�shifted swinging motions. These variousfrequencies are forced to bundles of moreuniform motion’s pattern. Structuring force ismost strong, because gapless ether can notmove abruptly into contrary direction withoutcorresponding wide balancing areas (in reallyastronomic relations).

Nevertheless: ether motion can not only bepushed into that funnel. There must existadditional suction (while suction within etheris even more essential than at normal fluidprocesses). That suction is produced byprevious capacity�bell, which here simply issketched e.g. as C1. Continuously that unitsucks in charges, if charge accumulated at bell’souter surface can flow off free.

This primary�circuit here is represented by redconductive wires. This part of constructiondestroys energy of ether�swinging motions.

Fig. 15


This part of energy can not be used direct kind,only side�effect of this process serves as motorfor usage of other part of motion’s energies �here called electric current.

At previous spiral�truncated�cone (SK),parallel to red coil is drawn blue winding ofconductive wire. Both wires are positionednarrow together, like sketched by sectionalview at A. Especially at inner surfaces strongether pressure (AD) affects. Current withinprimary conductor (red) naturally initiatescorresponding current within parallel runningsecondary conductor (blue), like well known byany induction.

Primary charge layer now is moving not onlyaround red wire, but at inner surface of thatcone common layer of charge comes up. Overlayof motion�ahead of one conductor (red) thus istransferred also onto second conductor (blue).This process works best at most even commonsurfaces, thus by most thin wires. At the otherhand well could be used square conductors(with rounded edges), where each inner side ofwires together build common plane (but spiral�cone�shaped) surface.

Only at the end of truncated cone (it must notbe complete cone!) red and blue conductorwires are guided at separated directions. Redcircuit ends within earth resp. is grounded, likediscussed upside.

Blue conductor is also guided into capacity�bells (C2 and C3) and further on to consumers.Consumers have to do any workload, thusresistance comes up. In order to keep ether�motion (resp. current induced within spiral�truncated�cone) continuous, that current isguided phasewise into one (C2) and second(C3) capacity�bell.

Opposite to all previous concepts, here chargeis guided alternating into two constructionalelements, thus available for consumers bycorresponding phases, e.g. for chargingbatteries etc. (here not discussed in details).

Special design of these Faraday�cups allowsintroducing charge inside of bells, even at theirouter surfaces existing actual higher voltages(thus constructional element of most

important function). These bells not at all mustbe build by plane surfaces, also constructionsanalogue to Faraday�cage are useful (howevercage open at one side), like schematic sketchedat C by longitudinal view and at D by cross�sectional view.

It will make sense not to use only twoconductors but bundle of wires (of red and bluefunctions). Within spiral�truncated�cone, thesewires build relative homogenous surface, wherecharge layer at inner surface is especiallyimportant. Nevertheless, current runs alongsidewire’s outer surfaces. At followingconstructional element, charge has to bepressed alongside inner surfaces of bell to itsborder.

This effect is also achieved, if shape of bell isbuild only by separated wires showingoutwards. Common surface of wire�bundle(inside of previous truncated cone) thus getsbroken up and charges now build layers aroundeach separated wire. All charges are likely, allcurrent motions are likely, i.e. with contrarymovements towards each neighbouring wire.It’s clear thus rejection occurs, i.e. chargesescape to border of that wire�spider.

At outer border, all wires are connected to aring (bell’s common border) as relative largecapacity surface. Wires must not show accurateradial towards outside. If conductors arearranged spiral, distance between neighbouringwires increases slower, i.e. ether pressurebetween wires affects stronger and longer. Thisbell build be separated wires probably will workbetter than bell with continuous surfaces.

I’ll end this section with a provocativeassumption: Tesla did use this solution at hisfamous car. Sure knowledge only is, rather largeand thick antenna was installed and for startingusable energy, two rods were pushed into anyblack�box. If previous conductive circuitsbetween spiral�truncated�cone (SK) andcapacity bells (C1 resp. C2 and C3) are open,nothing will happen. If however capacity�bellC1 comes into contact with red wires (first rodpushed into black�box), primary current getsstarted and gets running into ground (withoutdirect usage, but only as motor for induction).If capacity�bells (C2 and C3) are connected


with blue circuit (second rod pushed into black�box), usable current runs into batteries (andboth clocks well could be mounted at one axis).

Summary

There are lots of (more or less) working unitsfor usage of space�energy. These machines arebased on known functions of electric andelectronic constructional elements. Commonconsiderations are based at commonunderstanding of electrons, protons andelectric current. However, only if real essenceof electricity gets known, machines are todesign consequently and will work steady.

All appearances are expression of etherand its movements. Only if ether isassumed to be gapless unique matter,inevitably must exist right-angledsynchronous movements. Only by thatunderstanding of ether, besides others,affects of magnetic and electric fields areto explain (and no other theory explainsthis elementary phenomenon).

Charge is not identical to single electrons, butis complete layer of motion pattern at surfaceof conductors. This relative coarse motion ispressed towards surfaces by much finer motionpattern of Free Ether (superior part of allether). Current comes up by overlaying ofmotion�ahead. By common techniques thisprocess is done by workload (thus onlytransforming one shape of energy into othershape, including losses). Free Ether affectscurrent automatic, as thick layers of chargesare pressed flat until equal spreading.

Motion’s layer also comes up at surfaces ofantenna by input of radiations. These etherlayers swing by different rhythm of incomingfrequencies, thus multiply overlaid. Betterorder resp. simpler structure is to achieve bydifferent ways between capacity�surfaces.

These swinging motions become flowingmotion only if depression exists. That’s toachieve e.g. by flat�coil, where charge is steadyaccelerated towards inside�ahead by second coil(as triggering motor). This acceleration is alsoto achieve by usage of magnets, whichincreasingly faster move cross to conductor.

This process builds up ahead�running bow�wave, which however affects also backwardpractically as suction, based at relative strong(motions�) inertia of all ether movements.

Depression area is to achieve very effective, ifactual capacity of capacitors varies (andcapacitors are constructed as capacity�surfaceswithout dipole�function). At Electro�Dynamofor example this is achieved by dielectricumpassing by capacity�surfaces. Charges staywithin system all times, however currentbetween capacity�surfaces induces secondarycurrent available for consumers.

Charge can be pumped between capacity�surfaces (above normal balancing of charges)when using permanent magnets and additionalcircuits with coils and intermediate storages.

If however one wants to use pure ether energy,one has to catch charge by antenna systems(where sphere�shaped antenna areadvantageous for stationary mode). Withinspiral�cone�like winded coils, inner surfaces areexposed to pressure of Free Ether. At narrowinner sides affects higher ether pressure, bywhich acceleration of motion component aheadis achieved, so towards centre ether flowsincreasingly faster in relation to conductor(while ether really does not move ahead, butonly actual movement’s pattern wanders ahead�inside faster and faster). Potential vortices likethese are essential movement’s pattern of ether,inclusive its self�acceleration and suction�effect.

Real cascade of these spiral�cones are usable,so at the very end more current exists thanoriginally available. At the following, commoncharge�layer of narrow parallel arranged wiresare to split, so around each single wire chargelayer comes up. Analogue to well known effectof Faraday�cup or �cage resp. simply based onknown rejection, charge is pressed outwardwithin such capacity�bells.

All charges at a whole are gathered at outerring, again building closed layer of charge. Alsothis constructional element representsdepression, because inside charge is tointroduce at wires, even outside at ring muchhigher voltages exists. These capacity�bells by


itself represent variable capacities, increasingfrom inside towards outside, so are veryimportant constructional elements.

Part of earned and accelerated charge is tospend by running direct into earth or groundedmass. Only as side�effect, induction withinparallel coil of previous spiral�truncated�coneproduces usable current. As an example, currentalternating is available for consumers via twocapacity�bells.

By these principles of manipulating forces ofgiven ether movements usable electricity is to

achieve. Like this for example Tesla’s car didwork. Naturally many variations of previousdiscussed constructional elements and circuitsare possible. Presenting these considerations Ido hope, physicists like experimenters gotinteresting stimulations and I am lookingforward for resonance. For example I aminteresting to learn, if functions of many knownunits of diverse explorers could be explainedby these considerations or rebuilds improvedby these proposals do better job. Naturally Iam very interested to learn about experimentswith previous constructional elements (becauseI do no experiments by my own). Thanks inadvance.

Steven Krivit’s Cold Fusionwww.americanantigravity.com/krivit.shtml

Cold Fusion is a method for generating tremendousenergy at room�temperature discovered by MartinFleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989. Typically, apalladium cathode is immersed in an electrolyticsolution and subjected to a small electrical current,which is claimed to generate an excess heat�effectgreater than the input energy, as well as limited fusion�byproducts in solute.

If fusion power becomes commercially viable, it hasthe potential to fulfill the world's energy needs, usingocean water as fuel, safely, without pollution orharmful nuclear waste. Credible researchers workingfor respectable laboratories around the world nowsay that cold fusion shows such potential.

Cold fusion beckons a new dawn in the age of scientificenergy research. Neglected but not abandoned, coldfusion has made startling progress as a new field ofnuclear science. The historical information containedin The Rebirth of Cold Fusion challenges the premisethat science is always objective. It portrays theprofessional struggles that those who have exploredthis controversial subject have endured, andilluminates the blocks to innovation that academicinstitutions and publishers have posed.

Steven B. Krivit is the senior editor for New EnergyTimes and has been conducting investigative researchinto cold fusion and other New Energy topics since2000. Krivit has earned the respect of the worldwidecold fusion community and is often consulted by thegeneral media on the topic. He earned a bachelor'sdegree in business management from National

Steven B. Krivit and Nadine Winocur

Since the CF process creates excess heat, acalorimeter like this one by Dr. Storms is used

for measuring output.


University in San Diego, California, and studiedindustrial design at the University of Bridgeport inConnecticut.

Nadine Winocur, Psy.D., is the managing editor forNew Energy Times. In addition to her interests inNew Energy, Winocur maintains a privatepsychotherapy practice and facilitates continuingeducation training in the field. Winocur earned herdoctoral degree in psychology from PepperdineUniversity in Malibu, California.

Critical Acclaim by Arthur C. Clarke

"The neglect of cold fusion is one of the biggest scandalsin the history of science. ... The Rebirth of Cold Fusion,by Steven B. Krivit and Nadine Winocur, takes a freshlook at this still unresolved debate. An unbiased readerfinishing this book will sense that something strangeand wonderful is happening at the 'fringes' of science.... The future is almost unlimited. It can be the end ofthe fossil fuel age, ... and the end, incidentally, of manyof our worries about global pollution and globalwarming. ... This book strengthens my hope." �Sir ArthurC. Clarke.

"Now I have little doubt that anomalous energy is beingproduced by several devices, some of which are on themarket with a money back guarantee, while others arecovered by patents. The literature on the subject is nowenormous, and my confidence that 'new energy' is realslowly climbed to the 90th percentile and has nowreached the 99% level. A Fellow of the Royal Society,also originally a skeptic, writes: 'There is now strongevidence for nuclear reactions in condensed matter atlow temperature.' The problem, he adds, is that 'thereis no theoretical basis for these claims, or rather thereare too many conflicting theories.'" �Sir Arthur C.Clarke

This laser-triggered device by Dennis Letts usesphotons to help stabilize the Cold-Fusion reaction

in solute!

Palladium Reactor. This photo shows adisassembled Cold-Fusion reaction chamber,including the anode and Palladium cathode

A miley-style CF Reactor by Dr. Edmond StormsDr. Edmond Storms CF Electrolytic Reactors


Our company Faraday Lab LTD isdeveloping R&D on creating a 37-kWautonomous energy source on basis of60kW electrogenerator GS-250 and aturbine of GTD-350 type (MI2 helicopter).The turbine’s operation mode is about10% of its maximum power capacity.

In 2005, our company purchased the maincomponents of this electric power stationfrom Degtiarev’s plant (a generator, areducer, and a turbine on the commonchassis). At present time, we are workingon completion, designing and productionof a workable electric power station, whichmust provide 37 kW power output.

On the photo, a stage of the electric powerstation’s testing in our lab with a load of3kW is shown. An air source creates asmall pressure of just 0.05 atm.

Further, we are planning to increase thepressure by 10 times and obtain theautonomous operation mode due to airvortex process’ creation.

The demonstration for investors can beorganized in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

You can read the discussion on the projectand other news at our site www.faraday.ru.

We invite partners for development of thiswork and planning of joint production.

Our tel/fax is +7-812-380-3844.Alexander V. FrolovCEO and Chairman, Faraday Lab Ltd

News of our company

Dear authors!We are waiting for your materials if they are connected with new energy

technologies and new propulsion methods. The requirements to articles sent to

the editors are minimal: you can send us an e�mail message to

[email protected] or a letter to our postal address:

Lev Tolstoy Str, 7�202, St.�Petersburg, 197376, Russia.


Antigravity

Iakov Vedmarkhttp://gadukino.ru/library/polet.htm

Published abridged

Did you ask yourself why people do not fly? Ofcourse you did and not only once. Probably ithappened in your early childhood when youlooked at birds flying freely in the sky. Or it couldhappen in your youth when you followedairplanes. It is not important either way but ifyou have a question, you will get the answer.

People cannot fly like birds because they haveno wings or any other parts which can hold thebody in the air flows. Flying people do not exist,nor flying elephants, snakes or turtles. It isunderstandable. But why cannot peopleovercome gravitation laws by high�tech solutionsand the production of aircrafts? We alreadyhave airplanes, rockets, and paraplanes. So, whycannot we make flying saucers, automobiles, andbicycles, i.e. reliable, cheap, and ecologicallyclean devices? I suppose such research is beingcarried out and most likely coming to a triumphantend. But something is trying to keep it back asusual. You would ask, ‘Who is doing this’? It isthe same thing. It can be space intellect, aliensor the President.

It is inadmissible to solve this problem at thisjuncture of manhood’s evolution because it willdestroy the very manhood very quickly.Traumatism will increase in the sky a dozen timesas there are almost no chances to survive an aircrash. And there will be air crashes becausepeople lack self�control and they will drive air�mobiles in a state of alcoholic intoxication.Besides, the human organism is not perfect atall. Thus, it is possible to imagine how dangerousmoving in the sky will be.

Reasoning from the above�listed, we can make aconclusion that overcoming of the gravitationlaws is possible just in case medicine is developed

fantastically on our planet because it is uselessto hope for the perfection of human beings andtheir self�consciousness. First, we must learn howto change damaged parts of the human body fornew ones quickly and well and only then we willbe permitted to fly. Genetics, founder cells orsomething else most likely brings our civilizationnear our dream but now we must forget aboutfree flying in the sky. The time has not come yet.

The editors kindly recommend our readersto visit this website for cheering up.

Picture by Sergei [email protected]

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A physics lesson: Newton’s law

Issue 20 - Free-Energy Devices

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