ISSN 2244-6850

ISSN 2244-6850

Copyright 2013©Philippine Rice Research Institute

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ISSN 2244-6850

P H I L I P P I N E R I C E I N D U S T R Y P R I M E R S E R I E S

R E G I O N I V - BM I M A R O P A

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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Abbreviations and Acronyms Used vForeword v i Regional Background 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 1990-2011 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 1990-2011 3Trends in Rice Yield, 1990-2011 4Growth in Rice Yield, 1990-2011 5Trends in Rice Production, 1990-2011 6Growth in Rice Production, 1990-2011 7Area and Yield Contribution to Production Growth, 2001-2011 8

Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 9Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 1 0Rice Harvest Area by Province, 2000-2011 1 1Rice Production by Province, 2000-2011 1 2Rice Yield by Province, 2000-2011 1 3Factors Affecting Yield: Share of Hybrid Seeds on Area and Production 1 4Factors Affecting Yield: Share of Certified Seeds on Area and Production 1 5Factors Affecting Yield: Average Yield of Hybrid and Certified Seeds 1 6Factors Affecting Yield: Fertilizer Use, 2009 1 7Factors Affecting Area: Service Area of Irrigation Facilities, 2010 1 8Cost of Paddy Rice Production, 2010 1 9Returns of Paddy Rice Production, 2010 2 0Average Monthly Farmgate Price of Paddy Rice, 2009-2011 2 1Trends in Prices of Paddy Rice and Regular Milled Rice, 2006-2011 2 2 Postharvest Facilities: Threshers, 2009 2 3Postharvest Facilities: Dryers, 2009 2 4Postharvest Facilities: Mills, 2009 2 5

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Postharvest Facilities: Storage, 2009 2 6Postharvest Facilities: NFA, 2010 2 7 Per Capita Rice Consumption, All Barangays 2 8Per Capita Rice Consumption by Barangay Type 2 9Ratio of Per Capita Rice Availability to Per Capita Consumption, 2008-2009 3 0

PROVINCIAL PROFILE: Oriental Mindoro 3 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 3 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 3 3Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 3 4Trends in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 3 5Growth in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 3 6Trends in Rice Production, 2000-2011 3 7Growth in Rice Production, 2000-2011 3 8Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 3 9Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Calapan, Oriental Mindoro PAGASA Station, 1961-1999 4 0

PROVINCIAL PROFILE: Palawan 4 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 4 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 4 3Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 4 4Trends in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 4 5Growth in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 4 6Trends in Rice Production, 2000-2011 4 7Growth in Rice Production, 2000-2011 4 8Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 4 9Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Puerto Princesa, Palawan PAGASA Station,

1961-2009 5 0 Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Coron, Palawan PAGASA Station, 1961-1999 5 1

References 5 2Credits 5 5

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BAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBSWM Bureau of Soils and Water ManagementCIS Communal Irrigation SystemDA Department of Agricultureha hectarekg kilogramLGU Local Government UnitMIMAROPA Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawanmm millimeterMPDP Multi-Purpose Drying Pavementmt metric tonNIS National Irrigation SystemNFA National Food AuthorityNIA National Irrigation AdministrationNPK Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services AdministrationPhilMech Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and MechanizationPhilRice Philippine Rice Research InstitutePhP Philippine PesoRFO Regional Field OfficeSTW Shallow Tube WellSWIP/DD Small Water Impounding Project/Diversion Dam

A B B R E V I AT I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M S U S E D

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F O R E W O R D

Sufficient and affordable rice for the people is the key component of our nation’s goal toward food security. Since 1960s, self-sufficiency had been the predominant theme of the rice programs. However, achieving a more sustainable growth in rice production continues to be a major challenge.

For decades now, rice sufficiency programs emanated from the national government implementing broad interventions with little regard to variation in production and consumption conditions in different localities. On the other hand, policy makers in the local government are diffident to craft local rice programs. This is partly due to lack of better understanding of the local rice industry status, which in turn driven by scattered information that are often aggregated at the national level.

This regional rice industry profile, inked in collaboration between PhilRice and the regional field offices of DA across the country, and with support from BAS, NFA, PAGASA, and PhilMech, compiled important descriptions and discussions of the factors that affect the rice industry at the regional and provincial levels. The profile contain information and trends on rice area harvested, yield, input uses, seed technology adoption, agro-climatic conditions, availability of postharvest facilities, prices, and consumption patterns which aptly represents the conditions of the region’s rice production and consumption system.

This profile can be a handy reference for regional and provincial policy makers in planning for program interventions suited to their local circumstances. For example, the information on level of seed technology adoption can be used in prioritizing provinces in terms of increasing farmer’s access to seed. The information on inventory of existing postharvest facilities, be it threshers, mills, or warehouses can help in deciding whether a particular province still needs more capital investment. By understanding the trends in their local rice production and consumption, local policy and decision makers can make the first step in defining a course toward sustainable and sufficient regional rice industry.

We in government firmly believe that these regional industry profiles will help us plan more efficiently and effectively in future.

Given the thrust of the government to promote responsible rice consumption for better health, less rice wastage, and productive farming through the promotion of efficient rice technologies, we hope to inspire our farmers to do better by sifting through these profiles – their own – as we intensify our advocacy to achieve rice self-sufficiency beginning this 2013, which has been declared as National Year of Rice. Sapat na bigas, kaya ng Pinas!

Eufemio T. Rasco Jr, PhD Executive Director

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MIMAROPA is a combination of the first two letters of the names of its component provinces – Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan – of Region IV-B. Calapan is its regional center. Comprising a group of islands extending from southwest of Luzon to west of Mindanao, the region is completely sea-bound. Mindoro Island is shared by Occidental and Oriental Mindoro, politically separated by Mt. Halcon mountain range which stretches from north to south. Occidental Mindoro is encompassed by successive mountain ranges, scattered valleys, elongated plateaus, and rolling lowlands along the coastal areas. Oriental Mindoro is dominated by rugged mountain ranges in the west and fertile valleys towards its eastern coast. Marinduque is largely hilly and mountainous with coastal and alluvial plains in the west. Romblon, composed of three islands and 17 islets, is generally mountainous with some interior plains and narrow strips of coastal lowlands. Mainland Palawan is a long narrow island bisected by three mountain ranges with narrow strips of coastal plains along its southeastern coast, and surrounded by more than a thousand minor islands and islets (DA-RFU4b, 2012). Although the region has the 2nd largest land area, it had a population of only 2.74 million in 2010 making it the 2nd least densely populated among the 16 rice-producing regions in the country (BAS, 2012).

The region experiences two types of climate. Occidental Mindoro, southern Oriental Mindoro, and northern and western Palawan belong to type 1 climate, dry from November to May, and wet during the rest of the year. Northern Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and southeastern Palawan experience type 3 climate, no very pronounced wet season with short dry season (PAGASA, 2012).

Agriculture is a major economic activity in the region, contributing 28% to its gross domestic product, and employing 51% of its workforce in 2011 (BAS, 2012). The three major crops grown are rice, corn, and coconut (Palawan, 2012).

R E G I O N A L B A C K G R O U N D

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T R E N D S I N R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1

Source of basic data: BAS, 2012Processed by: PhilRice

Rice harvest area in MIMAROPA rose by 37%, up from 197,360 ha in 1990 to 270,751 ha in 2011. As of 2011, about 65% of the region’s rice harvest area was irrigated. In the same year, MIMAROPA accounted for 6% of the nation’s harvest area and ranked 8th among the 16 rice-producing regions.

In 1990s, irrigated and rainfed ecosystems in MIMAROPA have nearly the same harvest area. However, the occurrence of El Niño in 1998 led to the contraction of rainfed harvest area. Since then, irrigated harvest area continued to increase, slowly at first, but accelerated in the late 2000s. On the contrary, non-irrigated harvest area continuously decreased after an initial recovery in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

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G R O W T H I N R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


Rice harvest area in MIMAROPA grew at 1,827 ha annually in 2001-2011, which was slower compared with 3,034 ha per annum growth in 1990-2000. In both periods, the growth in irrigated harvest area was the primary driver of the overall growth in harvest area in MIMAROPA. In 1990-2000, irrigated harvest area grew by 2,412 ha annually, which is superior to the 622 ha annual increase in non-irrigated ecosystems. In 2001-2011, growth in irrigated harvest area accelerated to 4,042 ha per year, which compensated for the annual decline of 2,216 ha per annum in non-irrigated harvest area. In both periods, growth in harvest area in all ecosystems was more pronounced during the first semester.

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T R E N D S I N R I C E Y I E L D, 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


Average yield in all ecosystems grew by 48%, up from 2.45 mt/ha in 1990 to 3.63 mt/ha in 2011. Yield in irrigated areas in the same period increased by 35%, up from 2.83 mt/ha to 3.81 mt/ha. Yield in non-irrigated areas grew faster at 56% from merely 2.11 mt/ha in 1990 to 3.29 mt/ha in 2011. The highest average yield was observed in irrigated areas at 3.96 mt/ha in 2008. The minimum average yield in 1998 of 1.93 mt/ha was in non-irrigated areas due to the occurrence of El Niño. On the average, irrigated yield was higher than rainfed yield by 763 kg/ha from 1990 to 2011. MIMAROPA ranked 7th in terms of yield among the 16 rice-producing regions in the country in 2011.

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G R O W T H I N R I C E Y I E L D, 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


Yield in all ecosystems increased by 45 kg/ha yearly in 2001-2011, which was better than the annual growth of 29 kg/ha in 1990-2000. In the earlier period, yield growth in irrigated area was 30 kg/ha, surpassing that in non-irrigated area, which increased only by 21 kg/ha per annum. However, in 2001-2011, annual growth in yield in both ecosystems were almost the same at 38 and 37 kg/ha per year for irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems, respectively. Yield growth was more prominent during the first semester in the earlier period, but reversed to the second semester in the latter period.

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T R E N D S I N R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1

Paddy rice production in MIMAROPA between 1990 and 2011 rose by 103% from 483,109 mt to 981,669 mt. MIMAROPA accounted for 6% of the national production and ranked 8th among the 16 rice-producing regions in 2011. Production slowly rose from early 1990s until the sharp decline in 1998 due to El Niño. Since then, rapid increase was observed until late 2000s. Another slump occurred in 2010 due to a mild El Niño but production recovered again in 2011. As of 2011, 68% of MIMAROPA’s paddy rice production came from irrigated areas.


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G R O W T H I N R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


Production growth in all ecosystems was faster in 2001-2011 at 17,876 mt per year relative to 14,975 mt annual increase during 1990-2000. Technology interventions and the provision of support systems could have contributed to the increasing production growth in the latter period.

Irrigated areas contributed a larger share to increase in production in both periods. Irrigated production increased annually by 10,969 mt and 20,104 mt in 1990-2000 and 2001-2011, respectively. In the earlier period, non-irrigated production grew by 4,005 ha per annum, while it declined annually by 2,228 ha in 2001-201. Production growth in 1990-2000 was more prominent in the first semester due to the positive growth in both ecosystems. However, in 2001-2011, production in all ecosystems increased more profusely in the second semester due to ample growth in irrigated production which compensated for the decline in non-irrigated production.

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A R E A A N D Y I E L D C O N T R I B U T I O N T O P R O D U C T I O N G R O W T H , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 1 1


Production in all ecosystems from 2001 to 2011 grew by 2.1% with yield improvement contributing 66.2% of the growth. The growth in harvest area contributed 71.5% to the 3.8% overall growth in irrigated production, while yield growth accounted for 28.5%. On the contrary, production declined in non-irrigated areas during 2001-2011 due to area contraction.

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R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A B Y S E M E S T E R , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1

From 2000 to 2011, 61% of the rice areas in MIMAROPA was harvested during the second semester while only 39% was harvested during the first semester. The larger harvest area during the second semester can be attributed to greater distribution of rainfall in these months.


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R I C E P R O D U C T I O N B Y S E M E S T E R , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


About 62% of paddy rice in MIMAROPA from 2000 to 2011 was produced from 61% of its area during the second semester, indicating relatively higher land productivity during this crop season.

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R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


Oriental Mindoro, from 2000 to 2011, had the largest share in the region’s harvest area at 33%, followed by Palawan (30%) and Occidental Mindoro (27%). Romblon and Marinduque contributed merely 5% each to the region’s total area harvested.

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R I C E P R O D U C T I O N B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


From 2000 to 2011, Oriental Mindoro had the biggest share in the region’s total palay output at 34%, followed by Occidental Mindoro (31%) and Palawan (28%). Romblon and Marinduque had equal contributions to the region’s total production at 4%. The high production share of Occidental and Oriental Mindoro relative to their area share implies higher land productivity than the regional average.

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R I C E Y I E L D B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


Occidental Mindoro in 2000-2011 was the highest yielding province in MIMAROPA in both semesters, which could be attributed to the high adoption rate of certified inbred and hybrid seeds. Oriental Mindoro was next with higher yield level during the first semester than the second semester. Yield in other island provinces in the region was below 3.0 mt/ha, indicating very low land productivity.

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FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : S H A R E O F H Y B R I D S E E D S T O A R E A A N D P R O D U C T I O N


Use of hybrid seeds was generally minimal in MIMAROPA. Occidental Mindoro, the highest user, devoted less than 10% of its harvest area to hybrid varieties in 2008 and 2009. Hybrid seed use in Oriental Mindoro and Romblon was negligible, while Marinduque and Palawan had no hybrid seed users. The higher share of hybrid varieties to production than area indicates higher land productivity than the overall average of all seed types used.

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FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : S H A R E O F C E R T I F I E D S E E D S T O A R E A A N D P R O D U C T I O N


MIMAROPA was moderately high user of certified seeds. Certified seeds were used in more than half (55.5%) of the harvest areas of Occidental Mindoro in 2008. The following year, all provinces in the region increased their certified seed adoption rate. Again, the higher share of production from certified seeds than the share of area harvested implies superior productivity over the region’s average productivity from all seed types used.

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FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : A V E R A G E Y I E L D O F H Y B R I D A N D C E R T I F I E D S E E D S


Oriental Mindoro attained the highest yield from certified inbred varieties both in 2008 and 2009. Romblon, however, topped the hybrid yield performance of the provinces in 2008 but was replaced by Occidental Mindoro in 2009.

Yield from hybrid varieties was consistently higher than that of certified inbred varieties with an advantage of 0.9 and 1.0 mt per ha in 2008 and 2009, respectively at the regional level.

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FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : F E R T I L I Z E R U S E , 2 0 0 9


The PalayCheck System generally recommends application of 75-30-40 and 108-41-62 NPK (nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium) in irrigated areas for wet and dry seasons, respectively, with two topdress application of nitrogen (PhilRice, 2007).

Farmers in MIMAROPA applied lower rates of nitrogen than the recommendation for their irrigated rice than during dry season but higher during the wet season. The amount of nitrogen applied in rainfed areas during both seasons was lower than in irrigated areas, but relatively high during the wet season. The amount of phosphorus and potassium used in all ecosystems was very minimal. Urea and triple 14 were the common fertilizer grades used in the region.

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FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G A R E A : S E R V I C E A R E A O F I R R I G AT I O N FA C I L I T I E S , 2 0 1 0

Communal (CIS) and national irrigation systems (NIS) were present in all MIMAROPA provinces, except in Marinduque where only CIS existed. Based on the 2010 inventory of NIA, CIS serviced roughly 34,000 ha, while NIS serviced more than 24,000 ha. As of 2011, the Small-Scale Irrigation Project (SSIP) of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) had constructed small water impounding systems and diversion dams (SWIP/DD) with a total service area of roughly 5,000 ha. BSWM intensively installed shallow tube wells (STW) servicing 6,321 ha and constructed small farm reservoirs (SFR) covering 718 ha. BSWM’s STW and SFR data for the region, however, were lumped with Region IV-A so it is possible that the actual coverage areas in MIMAROPA were much less.

Sources of basic data: NIA and BSWM, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

CISNIS

Irrigation System Type (ha)

Other Types (regional level)SWIP/DD - 4,810 haSFR - 718 haSTW - 6,321 ha

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C O S T O F PA D D Y R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 2 0 1 0


In 2010 , MIMAROPA spent PhP 29,219 per ha to produce rice in irrigated areas, and PhP 18,875 in non-irrigated areas. Almost half (44%) of the production cost was spent on labor, while the second primary expense went to fertilizers. Improving the efficiency of implementing activities from land preparation to harvesting can reduce the huge share of labor on total production cost.

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R E T U R N S T O PA D D Y R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 2 0 1 0

MIMAROPA farmers with an average yield of 3.58 mt/ha and a gross income of PhP 55,864 from irrigated areas spent PhP 8.16 to produce a kg of paddy rice. It cost farmers much less (PhP 6.92) to produce a kg of rice from non-irrigated areas. Overall, MIMAROPA farmers spent PhP 7.78 to produce a kg of paddy rice in 2010. At an average price of PhP 15.60 in 2010, farmers earned PhP 7.82 for every kg of paddy rice they produced.

Note: * returns above variable cost including returns to own labor and family labor


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A V E R A G E M O N T H LY FA R M G AT E P R I C E O F PA D D Y R I C E , 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1


The average farmgate price of paddy rice in MIMAROPA from 2009 to 2011 was highest in March. It slowly dropped each month thereafter up to October when it reached the lowest during the peak wet season harvesting. After an abnormally high price level in December, the farmgate price gradually crept back in the succeeding months until it eased back to its peak in March. The gap between the highest and the lowest monthly price was PhP 2.03 per kg.

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T R E N D S I N P R I C E S O F PA D D Y R I C E A N D R E G U L A R M I L L E D R I C E , 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 1 1


Farmgate price of paddy rice and wholesale and retail prices of milled rice in MIMAROPA were generally stable from January 2006 until the early part of 2008 when they sharply peaked because of the world market crisis. Prices receded toward the end of 2008 but did not drop back to pre-crisis levels. However, the gap between farmgate price and wholesale and retail prices widened after the crisis. Since June 2011, however, the difference between the wholesale and retail prices of milled rice narrowed by less than PhP 1.00 per kg.

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : T H R E S H E R S , 2 0 0 9

All MIMAROPA provinces as of 2009 had surplus threshing capacity relative to their respective annual paddy rice production level. Surplus threshing capacity ranged from more than twice (Romblon) to more than eight times (Marinduque) the production of each province. Single-purpose rice threshers could be found in all provinces, with Occidental Mindoro having the most number and highest threshing capacity. A few units of multi-purpose threshers existed in Oriental and Occidental Mindoro.

The existence of these threshing facilities in each province, however, does not mean that they were actually available and accessible to potential users at the time that they were needed. Harvesting of rice is seasonal, hence, addressing the demand and easing the mobility of these facilities post problems.

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit threshing capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total threshing capacity (mt/yr)

Source of basic data: PhilMech, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

rice thresherpedal threshermulti-purpose (thresher/sheller)Values inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

Type

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : D R Y E R S , 2 0 0 9

All MIMAROPA provinces had deficit drying capacity vis-à-vis their volume of production in 2009. Oriental Mindoro and Palawan, the provinces with the largest harvest areas in the region, were deficient by 34% and 39%, respectively. Occidental Mindoro, the second highest rice producer, had the highest drying capacity and the most number of multi-purpose drying pavements (MPDP) was merely 11% deficient while Marinduque had a shortfall by as much as 71%. Oriental Mindoro, however, had the most number of flatbed dryers. Each province had at least four types of drying facilities.


Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit drying capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total drying capacity (mt/yr)

Typeflatbedrecirculating/columnarmobile flash in storeLSUNFAMPDP Values inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : M I L L S , 2 0 0 9

All MIMAROPA provinces had surplus milling capacity, indicating that the existing rice mills could process the paddy rice produced by each province. Palawan, the third major producer of rice in the region, had the highest milling capacity. Surplus capacity ranged from 2% (Occidental Mindoro) to 401% (Marinduque).Almost all rice mills in each province, however, were single-pass, which normally have low milling recovery. Palawan had the most number of single-pass rice mills, the only type that exist in the province. Multi-pass rice mills could be found in Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro and Marinduque.

Similarly, the existence of these milling facilities in each province does not mean that they were actually available and accessible to clients at the time and place that they were needed.

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit milling capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total milling capacity (mt/yr)


Typerice mill (single-pass)rice mill (multi-pass)micromillValues inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : S T O R A G E , 2 0 0 9

Occidental Mindoro, as of 2009, was the only province in MIMAROPA with adequate rice storage facilities and a surplus capacity of 23%. Oriental Mindoro, the highest rice producer in the region, was 15% deficient but incidentally the lowest. Romblon, however, could accommodate merely 18% of its production. Regular warehouses, the most common type of storage facility, existed in all provinces. Storage facilities owned by the National Food Authority (NFA) were the only other type present in all provinces.

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit storage capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total storage capacity (mt/yr)


Typewarehouseoutdoor storagebulk siloNFAValues inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : N FA , 2 0 1 0

The NFA, as of 2010, had at least one warehouse in every province in MIMAROPA. Occidental Mindoro, the region’s second highest rice producer, had the most number of warehouses strategically located in five municipalities. Not one of the warehouses in the region, however, was equipped with dryer or mill.

Source of basic data: NFA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

Capacity (50-kg sacks)

50,000 & below50,001 - 100,000100,001 - 200,000200,001 - 300,000300,001 - 400,000400,001 - 500,000

warehouse warehouse/ millhousewarehouse/dryerwarehouse/millhouse/dryer

Facility Type

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P E R C A P I TA R I C E C O N S U M P T I O N , A L L B A R A N G A Y S


Although BAS did not indicate the 1999-2000 per capita rice consumption of MIMAROPA in its Countrystat database, estimation using data from the 2000 provincial population census of the National Statistics Office showed that the region’s populace consumed 117 kg per capita annually. This means an increase in consumption by 15.8% between 1999-2000 and 2008-2009. Consumption increased in all provinces, except in Marinduque. Based on the 2008-2009 survey, only Marinduque consumed less than the government’s target of 119 kg per capita per year Department of Agriculture, 2012).

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P E R C A P I TA R I C E C O N S U M P T I O N , B Y B A R A N G A Y T Y P E


Similarly, estimation using the 2000 provincial population census of the National Statistics Office showed that rural residents of MIMAROPA consumed more (120 kg) rice than their urban counterparts (108 kg) annually in 1999-2000. This means 14% and 25% increase in per capita consumption by rural and urban residents between 1999-2000 and 2008-2009, respectively. Lower rice consumption is expected from urban areas as residents have more access to alternative staples such as bread products and processed cereals. Per capita consumption increased in all provinces for both rural and urban barangays, except in urban areas of Marinduque. The highest increase was posted by Palawan in urban barangays and Oriental Mindoro in rural barangays. During the 2008-2009 survey, Marinduque rural residents were the only ones who consumed rice below the national target of 119 kg annual per capita consumption. In urban barangays, only those from Marinduque and Romblon ate less than the target level. In addition, the discrepancy in per capita annual consumption between the two barangay types in Marinduque, Palawan, and Romblon was about 20 kg.

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R AT I O O F P E R C A P I TA R I C E A V A I L A B I L I T Y T O P E R C A P I TA C O N S U M P T I O N , 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9


During the 2008-2009 food consumption survey, the per capita availability-to-consumption ratio for rice in the entire region was 1.47, classifying MIMAROPA as a marginally surplus region. The 2.85 ratio attained by Occidental Mindoro means that the province was self-sufficient in rice during the period. Marinduque and Romblon were deficient in rice while Oriental Mindoro and Palawan were marginally sufficient.

Notes:• Average per capita paddy rice available was computed as the sum of 2008 and 2009 production

divided by the sum of 2008 and 2009 projected population.• Average per capita rice availability was computed as the average per capita paddy rice availability

multiplied by 0.65 (assumed milling recovery rate).• Rice availability to consumption ratio is NOT EQUIVALENT to self-sufficiency ratio of each province.

It is an OVERESTIMATE of the self-sufficiency ratio since it only considers the food use and ignores other uses such as seeds, processing, and wastes. A ratio of 1 or below indicates deficit status though a ratio of greater than 1 does not necessarily entail a surplus status.

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P R O V I N C I A L P R O F I L E :O R I E N TA L M I N D O R O

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Oriental Mindoro had the largest rice harvest area among the five MIMAROPA provinces. Harvest area from all ecosystems rose by 21%, up from 81,802 ha in 2000 to 99,092 ha in 2011. Nevertheless, harvest area displayed a decreasing trend in the early 2000s before showing progressive expansion in the ensuing years.

Between 2000 and 2011, harvest area increased by 43% in the irrigated ecosystem but decreased by 20% in non-irrigated ecosystems. The irrigated ecosystem showed a slow progression in the earlier years before the sharp rise in 2009 that continued until 2011. As of 2011, roughly 77% of the harvest area in the province was irrigated.

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Rice harvest area from all ecosystems in Oriental Mindoro from 2000 to 2011 grew by 1,339 ha annually, contributed exclusively by the irrigated ecosystem. In addition, the positive growth was more prominent during the first semester which was thrice the second semester. The irrigated ecosystem posted positive growth in both semesters, slightly higher during the first semester. The non-irrigated ecosystems posted small positive growth during the first semester but provided a larger negative growth during the second semester.


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Harvest area in Oriental Mindoro was evenly distributed between the first and the second semesters. The climate in the province provided sufficient rainfall in the first semester to sustain rice production in non-irrigated areas during the dry season.

The installed irrigation facilities supplied the water requirement in areas where rice growing could otherwise have been impossible to support dry season production.

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Paddy rice yield in all ecosystems in Oriental Mindoro increased by 17%, up from 3.11 mt/ha in 2000 to 3.64 mt/ha in 2011. Yield levels remained stable from 2000 to 2004. A marked increase occurred in 2005 before it attained its peak the following year, the only time when provincial yield level exceeded 4 mt/ha. Yield levels though receded back since 2008. Yield from irrigated areas showed a similar trend, achieving the highest level of 4.28 mt/ha in 2006. Non-irrigated areas likewise showed a similar trend in early 2000s, but reflected more modest improvement in the latter years. In addition, yield in non-irrigated areas plunged in 2010 owing to the damage brought about by harsh typhoons. Non-irrigated areas attained the highest yield of 3.28 mt/ha in 2005.


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Rice yield from all ecosystems in Oriental Mindoro increased by 0.04 mt/ha annually from 2000 to 2011 contributed solely by the irrigated ecosystem. Rice yield growth was much higher during the second semester. The irrigated areas posted positive yield growth in both semesters with the second semester posting more than four times the first semester. The non-irrigated areas achieved positive growth during the second semester, but reflected negative growth during the first semester.

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Paddy rice production in Oriental Mindoro increased by 42%, up from 254,167 mt in 2000 to 360,400 mt in 2011. Production remained relatively stable until 2004 then rose sharply in 2005 and stayed at the same level until 2010, except for the significant drop in 2008. In 2011, the province attained its highest production in the past 12 years. Production in irrigated areas from 2000 to 2011 reflected an increasing trend by 17% between the beginning and the ending year. The non-irrigated areas though showed a relatively flatter trend over the years with 12% contraction between 2000 and 2011.


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The 8,028 mt annual rice production growth in Oriental Mindoro in all ecosystems from 2000 to 2011 was contributed solely by the irrigated ecosystem, a contribution more pronounced during the second semester. The irrigated ecosystem showed positive growth in both semesters, but more prominent during the second semester. In contrast, the non-irrigated ecosystems posted negative growth in both semesters, higher during the second semester.

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Oriental Mindoro from 2000 to 2011 produced slightly more paddy rice during the second than the first semester. The lower share of production than the share of harvest area during the first semester implies that it had lower land productivity than the second semester. It is possible that irrigation water may have been limited during the first semester.

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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , C A L A PA N , O R I E N TA L M I N D O R O PA G A S A S TAT I O N , 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 9 9

Source of basic data: PAGASA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

The rainfall data from PAGASA Calapan station is relevant to all areas in the province. Large variations were observed in the rainfall pattern in the area from 1961 to 2009 in terms of volume and distribution, particularly from June to November.

October was the wettest month from 1961 to 1990. In 1991-1999, however, it shifted to July. In the first decade, precipitation was well distributed from May to December. In the succeeding decades, however, the rainfall pattern was more erratic with significantly higher volume of precipitation in October brought about by strong typhoons.

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P R O V I N C I A L P R O F I L E :PA L A W A N

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Palawan had the second largest rice harvest area among the five MIMAROPA provinces. Harvest area from all ecosystems decreased by 10%, down from 77,729 ha in 2000 to 69,973 ha in 2011. Harvest area remained stable from 2000 to 2004. It shrank in 2005 but recovered the following year. Thereafter, harvest area in the province fluctuated constantly.

Non-irrigated harvest area in the province had been consistently larger over the years until it dropped to the same level as the irrigated areas in the last two years. Harvest area from non-irrigated ecosystems decreased by 10% between 2000 and 2011. The irrigated ecosystem though showed an increasing trend, up by 14% during the same period. By 2011, harvest area was almost equally distributed between the irrigated and the non-irrigated ecosystems, the former slightly higher with 52% share.

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Rice harvest area in all Palawan ecosystems shrank by 683 ha annually from 2000 to 2011 due to the huge negative growth in the non-irrigated ecosystems. Hence, it erased the smaller positive growth from the irrigated ecosystem. Likewise, the positive growth in harvest area posted during the first semester was negated by the bigger negative growth during the second semester. Harvest area in the irrigated ecosystem posted positive growth during both semesters, more prominent during the first semester. In contrast, the non-irrigated ecosystems reflected negative growth in both semesters, much larger during the second semester.

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More rice areas were significantly harvested from 2000 to 2011 during the second semester in Palawan due to a very suitable condition for rice production in non-irrigated areas. In addition, much larger areas were harvested from the irrigated ecosystem during the second semester, implying that the existing irrigation facilities may not have been able to sustain rice production during the dry months.

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Paddy rice yield in Palawan in all ecosystems showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2007. After the significant drop in 2008, yield levels recovered in the ensuing years, peaking in 2011 at 3.41 mt/ha. The poor yield performance in the province in 2008 to 2010 was due to damages caused by typhoons and dry spells. The yield trend in irrigated and non-irrigated areas reflected a similar trend. Slumps in yield occurred in 2008 and 2010. Both irrigated and non-irrigated areas attained their highest yield in 2011, the former at 3.62 mt/ha, and the latter at 3.19 mt/ha, which was the only year that it crossed the 3 mt/ha mark.

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Rice yield from all ecosystems in Palawan from 2000 to 2011 increased by 0.06 mt/ha annually, contributed more by the non-irrigated ecosystems, a growth made more prominent during the second semester. The irrigated and non-irrigated areas posted positive yield growth in both semesters. Annual growth in yield, however, was more prominent during the second semester with a 0.02 mt/ha difference in both irrigated and non-irrigated areas.

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Paddy rice production in Palawan increased by 20%, up from 198,325 mt in 2000 to 238,488 mt in 2011. Production progressively increased from 2000 to 2004, but fluctuated in the ensuing years after the significant drop in 2005.

Production from non-irrigated areas showed the same trend as that from all ecosystems since the harvest area in the province was largely non-irrigated, posting 1% decrease between 2000 and 2011. The volume of production from irrigated areas, however, reflected an increasing trend with a 42% increase between the beginning and the ending year. Since 2008, the irrigated ecosystem progressively expanded every year, peaking at 130,998 mt in 2011.

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Rice production in all ecosystems in Palawan from 2000 to 2011 grew by 2,352 mt annually, contributed solely by irrigated areas. The positive growth occurred in both semesters, with the first semester posting more than five times the second semester.

The irrigated areas posted positive growth in both semesters, slightly more prominent during the second semester. In contrast, non-irrigated areas showed a very large negative growth in production during the second semester, counteracting the relatively smaller growth during the first semester.

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Palawan from 2000 to 2011 produced more paddy rice during the second semester than the first semester. The higher share of production than the share of harvest area during the second semester implies that it had higher land productivity than the first semester.

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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , P U E R T O P R I N C E S A , PA L A W A N PA G A S A S TAT I O N , 1 9 6 1 - 2 0 0 9


The rainfall data from PAGASA Puerto Princesa station is relevant to eastern Palawan. There had been significant variations in the rainfall pattern in the area from 1961 to 2009 in terms of volume and distribution, particularly from August to December.

November was the wettest month during the 1st, 3rd, and 4th decades. It shifted to October during the other decades. Precipitation was significantly low in the 1st and 3rd decades.

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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , C O R O N , PA L A W A N PA G A S A S TAT I O N , 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 9 9


The rainfall data from PAGASA Coron station is relevant to areas in western Palawan where variations in the rainfall pattern was observed from 1961 to 1999 in terms of volume and distribution especially from June to August.

The wettest month was August during the first two decades. No distinct maximum rainfall was observed in the other decades, which reflected two peak months – June and August in 1981-1990, and July and September in 1991-2000. January to April was consistently dry after rainfall abated in December.

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R e f e r e n c e s

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. 2012. CountrySTAT. Retrieved Sep. 10, 2012 from http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/

________. 2012. Regional Profile: MIMAROPA. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=17

Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 2011. Summary of Completed Projects by Region and by Type of Irrigation System: As of December 2010.

DA-RFU4b. 2012. Regional Profile: MIMAROPA. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://www.darfu4b.da.gov.ph/

Department of Agriculture. 2012. The Food Staples Sufficiency Program: Enhancing Agricultural Productivity and Global Competitiveness 2011-2016. Quezon City: Department of Agriculture.

National Food Authority. 2011. NFA-Constructed Warehouses. Retrieved June 8, 2011 from www.nfa.gov.ph/files/warehouse/)

National Irrigation Administration. 2011. Status of Irrigation Development: As of December 2010.

Palawan. 2012. Discover the wonders of Palawan: Economy Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://www.palawan.nfo.ph economy/

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. 2012. Philippine Climate Map. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_climate_map.png

_____. 2011. Daily Rainfall Data. Various Weather Stations.

Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization. 2011. Inventory of Postharvest Facilities in the Philippines

PhilRice. 2007. PalayCheck System for Irrigated Rice. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Maligaya Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.

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Notes

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Notes

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C r e d i t sAuthors:Bethzaida M. Catudan (PhilRice)Flordeliza H. Bordey, PhD (PhilRice)Suennie Jane C. Paran (PhilRice)Nonilon I. Martin (PhilRice)Florencio B. Lamson (PhilRice)Ma. Theresa S. Aguilar (DA-RFO IV-B)Louie DP. Parcon (DA-RFO IV-B)

Layout Artists:Alfred Franco T. CaballeroLeah May dC. TapecNonilon I. Martin

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We are a chartered government corporate entity under the Department of Agriculture. We were created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 (as amended) to help develop high-yielding, cost-reducing, and environment-

friendly technologies so farmers can produce enough rice for all Filipinos. We accomplish this mission through research and development work in our central and seven branch stations, coordinating with a network that comprises 57 agencies and 70 seed centers strategically located nationwide. To help farmers achieve holistic development, we will pursue the following goals in 2010-2020: attaining and sustaining rice self-sufficiency; reducing poverty and malnutrition; and achieving competitiveness through agricultural science and technology. We have the following certifications: ISO 9001:2008 (Quality Management), ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental Management), and OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series).

The DA-Regional Field Office MIMAROPA (DA-RFO IV-B) is the primary arm of the Department of Agriculture responsible for promoting the region’s agriculture; growth and development through the delivery of appropriate goods and services. Our efforts are focused on the promotion of growth and development of the agricultural sector to uplift the quality of lives of small farmers, and to sustain resource productivity over the longer term.

Our mission is to maximize contribution to national and food security; develop farmers’ agribusiness entrepreneurial talent; and guide and support the LGUs in maximizing the productive capacity of their farmer’s and natural resources.

We envision and organic farming powerhouse for well-organized farmers that are technologically equipped with strong linkage to national and global supply chain.

ISSN 2244-6850

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