ISLAMIC CENTER AT ARLINGTON, TEXAS Submitted to the ...

ISLAMIC CENTER AT ARLINGTON, TEXAS

by

Norfidah bt. Alias

A THESIS

IN

ARCHITECTURE

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture

of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment for

the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITXCTWRE

Cha irman o/ the Cbram> -feee

Programming Instructor (ARCH 4395): Prof. D. A. Driskill Design Critic (ARCH 4631):

Accepted

Dean, College of Architecture

May, 1988

ISLAMIC CENTER

AT

ARLINGTON , TEXAS

TABLES OF CONTENTS. PAGE

I. Thesis Statement 1

11 - Project Statement 2

III. Goals and Objectives 4

IV - Background Studies

What is Islamic Architecture? 5

Islamic Architecture in Non-Islamic

Environment. 6

Mosque 11

Commercial facilities 16

Library 19

Arlington, Texas

- History 22

- Arlington today 23

- Populat ion 23

- Climate 24

- Site analysis 26

- The proposed mosque to be built in the site 28

- Case studies 41

V- Activity Analysis 45

VI. Space Analysis 62

VII. Space Summary H 6

VII. Space Adjancency ^21

IX Cost Analysis 124

X Bibliography 126

XI Do<:umentation 129

THESIS STATEMENT.

My thesis statement is to combine modern technology and

functional forms in the context of Islamic culture and value.

The design is to harmonize with the context cf the surrounding

architecture ;and at the same time, it blends with the spirit

of Islam; so that, the facility will not be an alien in the

western environment and architecture. The facility will cater

for Muslims away from their Islamic countries, Muslims who are

American citizens,and also for those who are interested about

the spirit of Islam, its cultures and the many customs of the

peop1e of I s1am.

LU

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PROJECT STATEMENT.

The facility will serve the needs for the Muslims to

offer their prayer, to further their knowledge in Islam, and to

fulfill their necessities of food, shelter and clothings.

The facility will satisfy the needs for the Muslims

around Arlington and Dallas-Forth. The facility will then be a

nucleus for the Musiims community around this area.

Therefore, my thesis project will be an Islamic Center

for the Musiim community in Ar1ington, Texas.

The design will focus on three major elements:

1. mosque - as a place for prayer in congregation five

times a day and that can hold the entire

male population during the Friday prayer

2. library - as a space to house Islamic 1iterature, a

place to learn and to study.

3. commercial faci1ities - spaces to include shops,

stores and restaurants represent ing

various I slam nat ions; to act as the

interface with the non-Musiim community.

Supporting elements in this center will include : open spaces

for relaxing, socializing and gathering ; playground for

children ; administration area and parking.

Thus, the design should combine these differents

elements into one homogeneous whole. The design should utilize

open spaces and emphasize circulation. The form should be

invit ing rather than turning its back to the streetscape.

The major issues of this project will be the difficult

transit ioning between the surrounding context and this facility

and also the issue of security from vandal ism.

LD

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GOALS.

The basic goal of this project is to design a facility

that can unite the Musiims and that can pull them out from the

crowd- An example of this is in Richardson, Texas. After the

mosque is finally erected, the Musiim Society there saw their

registered membership triple in a matter of just a few years.

The goal is also to foster harmonious relationship

between Musiims and people of other denominations who might

interested to learn more about the spirit of Islam, the customs

and the many cultures of the people of Islam.

OBJECT I \/ES.

Therefore, the design should provide a desirable, happy

and welcoming environment for all the users. It should also

have a divinely guided surrounding according to the needs of

the Musiims.

The image of the facility should be expressed with

contemporary architecture to harmonize within the surrounding

context; and at the same time, be compatible with the Islamic

values.

Hopefully, the commercial facilities will act as an

interface with the people from other denominations to come and

use the facility.

Ul

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^

^HAT IS ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE.

The teaching of the Koran and Sharia, which affect the

concept of overall Muslim's life, ultimately shaped the Islamic

environment. Thus, in the pursuit of one's activities through

life, it is therefore important to search for simplicity and

humility and to avoid waste through the frivolous use of the

resources- It is in this spirit that the first mosque was

built. For example, in Basra in 635 A.D., a mosque was built by

simply defining the boundary of a lot approximately square in

shape and enclosing it with a fence reeds. In Kufa in 638 A.D.,

the mosque had only an unenclosed covered collonades'. What was

really important was to create a sense of space evolving

spirituality of the environment, a feeling of peace, harmony

and the humbleness of the individual. Since Islam teaches

humility, buiId ings were kept low to denote a rejection of

luxury and ostention. The construction of big buildings was

considered synonymous with pride and arrogance.^

Simplicity, adaptability, participation, continuity,

equality and a sense of stability became the canons of

architecture. These canons were intepreted in terms of building

and forms, and gave rise to the unique architectural expression

which is known as Islamic architecture. Because their

attributes were so direct and meaningful even when built in

another culture, the quality of Islamic architecture remained

similar, it even adopted the local pattern or style for its

&

expression without losing the principal message.^

In the words of Oleg Graber (Islamic Art Historian),

"the main concern of Islamic architecture did not 1ie in

maintenance of certain forms, but in the expression.^

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE in NON-ISLAMIC ENVIRONMENT

by Gulzar Haider

The following ^r^ guiding principles for architecture in

non-Islamic environments.

1) This architecture must express:

a. Unity as its essence: one God, one Truth, one existence

b. Our'an as its message

c. Prophetic tradition and Islamic law as its path: the

framework for functional programming

d. Pervasiveness of justice as its school of thought

2) The structure and form of religious activities such as

ablution, prayer and Friday congregation should be treated with

the utmost care, and preserved and reinforced by architecture.

3) The sacred and mundane are to be integrated through

cont inuity and juxtaposition, yet differentiated by the

character of space and form. For example, architecture should

ensure that it is an act of conscious will to step inside a

mosque, as compared to (for example) walking from 1ibrary

stacks to the read ing area.

4) This architecture should be expressive and understandable

to all. It should employ a form language which for immigrant

Muslims evokes a sense of belonging in their present and hope

in their future. To indigenous Muslims it should represent a

linkage with Muslims from other parts of the world, and should

underscore the universality and unity of Islam. To new Muslims

this architecture should invoke confidence in their belief. To

non-Muslims it should take the form clearly identifiable

buildings which are inviting and open, or at least not

secretive, closed and forbidding.

5) It should exhibit a sense of economy of architectural means

and generosity of Islamic-humanist ic ends. There should be

nothing, whether functional or symbolic, without a purpose. It

should not be a temperamental nor a capricious architecture.

6) It should be ecologically appropriate; embel1ish and

reinforce the natural context; be energy conserving and

climatically sensible.

7) It should be technologically appropriate in terms of the

choice of materials and techniques of construction.

8) In the choice of architectural motifs it should in no way

reinforce the erroneous mythology of Near-Eastern "Islamic"

exotica of the Thousand and One Nights.

9) It should be a beautiful architecture, aiming at the ideals

at the Islamic aesthetic.

10) This architecture is a physical statement on behalf of

Islam and the Muslim community. It is a proselytizing gesture

9

which, acording to Koran XXV, should be made in the best

manner: "Invite to the Way of your Lord with wisdom and

beautiful preaching, and argue with them in ways that are best

and most graciuos...." It should be like a greeting of peace

and an invitat ion to discourse and dialogue about Islam.

CASE STUDY

The Islamic Center of North America

-- example Islamic arch itecture in non-Islamic envi ronment

In 1975, the MusIim Students Association of the U.S.A. and

Canada decided to centralize its numerous activities by

establishing a headquaters in Plainfield, Indiana. The 84-acre

site has been reserved for the following major facilities:

Mosque for f ive hundred men and women, with provision for about

twenty-five percent overflow

Research 1 ibrary for 100,000 volumes, various microfilm r nd

audio-visual 1ibrary

Office complex for sponsoring and associated organizations

Offices and storage complex for the Islamic Book Service

Educational camp building with an auditorium, classrooms, day

care center and cafeteria

Cabins and dormitories for five hundred short-term residents

Staff housing for seven families

KEY: 1 Entrance lobby 2 Mosque entrance 3 Mosque lobby 4 Domed area 5 Minbar area 6 Mihrib 7 Eyvan5 8 Men's loUets 9 Women's toilets

10 Ablution IJ Imam's office 12 Men's coatroom 13 Women's coatroom 14 Women's entrance 15 Librarian 16 Assistant librarian 17 Grculaaon desk 18 Stacks

19 Reading area 20 Conference rooms 21 Offices 22 Offices 23 Showroom 24 Plaza pools 25 Minaret 26 Sundial

Plainfield, Indiana: The Islamic Centre of North America. Plan of the main level

Plan: G. Haider

SECTION O 9 «•«« »•

Plainfield. Indiana The hiamic Centre of S'^nh America Loni!iU4dinal waion

Dra\sing G Haider

r

io

UPPER LEVEL PLAN 0 • StaM M

KEY 1 Women s praver area 2 Ablution 3 Child care 4 Rare books 5 Slacks

A

6 Semtnar 7 A.V. microfilms 8 Readmg area 9 Profect room

10-13 Professional associations

14 Seminar 15 Women's toilets 16 Men's toilets 17 Additional project space 18 Roof deck

Plainfield. Indiana The Islamic Centre of Sonh America Plan of the upper level

Plan G Haider

LOWER LEVEL PLAN 9 » B ^ s*

r KEY 1 Staff entrance 2 Atrium 3 Toilets 4 Storage

5 Mail room 6 Office 7 Receiving 8 Mechanical

9 Library storage 10 Unexcavated 11 Areaway 12 Truck dock

Plainfield. Indiana: The Islamic Centre of North America. Plan of the lower level

Plan: G Haider

//

Recreational and outdoor sports facilities.

The Master plan and the design of all buildings is already 5

complete.

THEREFORE

Since the facility will be in a non - Islamic

environment the image of the building will be of contemporary

architecture to adopt the local pattern and style but; not

losing the Islamic values; and is expressed according to the

needs and activities of the Muslims.

The structures ^r^ to kept low two or three stories

height; simple and be build arround the people rather than

herding them away.

ISLAMIC (WORSHIP AND THE MOSQUE.

Despite the complete lack of surviving monuments from the

first two generat ions of Islam, there is abundant 1iteracy

evidence that certain building pract ices evolved first in

Medina itself and then in the foundation of new settlements

( BiBS^rs or military camps ) such as Basra, Kufa, or al -Fustat

which were to give Islamic architecture some of its most

characteristic and enduring forms. This was a mosque or place

of prayer in the center of camp large enough to hold the entire

male populat ion during the Friday prayer- Ever since 624, when

Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him - pbuh) himself had

decreed that the qiblSy or the direction of prayer, be oriented

12.

toward rhe Ka'aba in Mecca, all mosque followed this plan

regardless of the placement of the buildings and roads around

it. The first mosque that was built was the Prophet Mosque in

Medina which formed the prototype to which all the subsequent

Islamic religous buildings adhered.

VISUAL CHARACTERISTIC

It is possible to reduce a basic list of securing generic

forms as wel1 as some principles of spatial organization. There

is a definite concern of orientation in space expressed both in

the cosmic orientation of the Ka'aba and in the terrestrial

alignment of mosque toward Mecca. The architectural device ôr

this purpose is is the mihrab. A second principle is

introversion, characterized by courtyard and central dome

planning. Th is concerned is also reflected in the gateway and

port ico, important parts of a "positive space" design attitude.

The domical, mandalic forms high Iights a third principle of

centrality and symmetry. The dome normally provides the special

sacred space w ithin which the mihrab is located. For the ritual

of daily and congregational prayer, two other generic forms

7

have evolved: the minaret and the place of ablution.

In surveying 113 mosques by region some definite patterns

are observable. For example, the Arab cultures of Arabia, Iraq,

Syrian, Egypt, North Africa, and Moorish Spain are heavily

represented by the hypostyle mosque with a flat roof or a flat

roof with a dome accents. In East and West Africa the flat

13

Ar ihc cenu-r of UUm botb geograptucallv jnd tpmiuillv u^ndt the KJ tu Tbe mthrab of every mokquc ii aliftned with it jnd Id It evrrv MuiJim lunu to pray, thus the wholr ol Htam an be W D as a Mheei Mith the tpokei radiating Irom the kj bt Bui ai well ai this horizonul aut there » a venical ooe ihaT oi the ipint Al the Ka ba tne rwo mienect. M> that il is (hr only non-dirrctional rrlieiout buildmft in ibe Musbm world 1he circular moiion r-l the nir of i ircumambulaiion \one of the rcquirrmenti ot ihe Ham '* MUM*" *i^rf riT onlv in the movemenii ol ihe pilgrims round the r.d r but in the linci inscribed on ihc pjvemTii In the diMancc can be seen a mosque whose mihrah mutt Oe mi <:ir,u-i> of «ii (o its phvsicai foal (1)

/-^

hypostyle type seems to predominate, although great dynamics of

design, which could in time alter this trend, are evident- The

Indian subcont inent represents a unique cultural identity-

although ecological variations have influenced the design

mosque there considerably. Mosque in Iran, Central Asia, and

Afghanistan show strong affinit ies of type. Predominantly of

the four- eyvan variety, they rely neavily upon the ch^har- tag

a

concept of place making .

Despite the prelimanary nature of the survey, it is

important to note that all the generic forms were found and

appeared in no less than r ighty-three percent of the mosque

surveyed. The inccidence of courtyard was 93%, minarets, 89%;

domes (pyramidal also included), 86ip.; places of ablution ,97%;

and mihrabSy 100% .

MOSQUE TYPES

To dev ise a typology of mosque is by no means simple

because there is a great number of variables that may be

combined in many ways. Nevertheless all mosques belong to one

or other of two major categories: they have either an open or a

closed plan. In the first instance the mosque is a single space

of which one part is covered and other not. In the second

instance the mosque comprises two dist inct volumes set side by

side: a prayer hal1 and a fore court.

/5

ENDNOTES

Khan, Fazhur R. '*The Islamic Environment: Can the Future

Learn from the Past." Towards an Architecture in the

Spirit of Islam. 1978. p32

Lari, Suhail and Yasmee. "Architecture and Community"

Building in the Islamic World. 1978. p53

Doshi, Balkrisha V. "Towards an Appropriate Living

Environment: Question on Islamic Environment." Places of

Public gathering in Islam. 1980. pi35

* Lari, etc. p53

' Doshi, Balkrisha V. pl23-12

* Hoag, Joan. Islamic Architecture. New York: Harry Abrams Inc

Pub. 1977. pl3

Ardalan, N. "On mosque Arch itecture." Architecture and

Community Bui Id ing in the Islamic World Today. Islamic Pub

Ltd. 1983. p56

^ Ibid, p56

Ibid, p56

' ** Da vies, J. Temples, Churches and Mosques. New York: Pilgrim

Press. 1982. pl21

16

COMMERCIAL F^\CILITIES.

STORES

Throughout the world, shopping for goods and services,

acquiring these either by exchange of money or goods, always

has been and still is an important part of the daily life of

the family. Shopping methods and habits are varied and

contrasting from one part of the world to another as well as

from the city to village or farm areas. As varied as this may

seem, however, upon comparing the outdoor, one day market m

the hintherland of Ecuador or the small hole-in-the-wall type

of shop in the narrow market streets of the old section of

Jerusalem to the very contemporary and elaborate shopping

centers springing up in large numbers throughout the North

American cont inent and other parts of the world, the underlying

and basic desire in all these sett ings is to create a pleasant

environment not only for the purpose of buying goods and

services but also to sast i fy a social need.'

A store is a place where is merchandise is arranged to

be shown to its best advantage to propestive customers. A well

designed store is one that embodies a thorough knowledge of

merchadising methods, efficiency-maintenance problems, buyer

psychology, a creative approach, plus of course, discriminating

use of technical equ ipment, materials, and an understanding of

the economic problems confronting the merchant. It may be added

that a design job which does not return proportionately in

increased sales and profit to the merchant, cannot be a

/7

complete success.^

A store is also fundamentally a simple thing. It has

always consisted in a shelter aith an entrance front used to

advertise and display the business within a sales room where

customers inspect and buy goods stored there by the merchant,

and a service entrance for incoming and outgoing merchandise.

The test of its functional fitness is how well it integrates

these three basic requirements.^

Important points to be considered in store design:

1) store front

2) comprehensive planning

3) levels

4) store fixtures and display

5) color

6) lighting

7) storage

RESTAURANT.

Eating out has a long history. A record of a public

dining Egypt in 512 B.C. showed a 1imited menu - only one dish

was served, consisting of cereal, wildfowl and onion. Women

were not permitted in such places then. By 402 B.C., however,

women became a part of the atmosphere. Little boys could also

be served, if in company of their parents. Girls had to wait

5 unti1 they were married.

Foodservice industry has experienced tremendous growth

!€>

and change in the last few years, which have created a need for

food service facilities capable of providing the variety of

meals prepared by different preparation techniques that will

sastify the changing desires of customers.

Foodservice facilities vary from the simplest limited

menu snack bar to the raultifaceted hotel foodservice that may

involve public dining rooms, employee dining rooms, cafetarias,

banquet service, and unique traits in the meals offered, type

of service, operat ional methods, market ing approach, customers

served, and atmosphere or ambience.

The planning of foodservice facilit ies is usually a

cont inuous process for those ind i v iduals and organizations

engaged in the food-serv ice industry. The planning may be

simple and may be a very complex problem. Regardless of the

complex ity of the project, sastifactory results can be obtained

only when the plann ing is gu ided by the basic concepts and

objectives of design and layout.

ITS IMPORTANCE

These commercial facilities ( stores: drugstore,

foodstore, giit shop, bookstore; bakery; coffee shop and

restaurants ) will be the interface with the non-Muslims to be

able to come and use the faci1ity. These commercial facilit ies

will be places for socializ ing, gathering and interact i ng

between Musiims and other denominat ions to learn and to know

the culture and the many customs of the people of Islam.

/f

LIBRARY

"Fundamentally a library is not a building but a

service organization."'

Extracts from the UNESCO Public Library manifesto state

the purpose of the public 1ibrary in convincing terms:

"The public library is a pract ical demonstrat ion of

democracy's faith in un iversal education as a cont inuing

and 1i felong process, in the appreat ion of the

achievement of the humanity in knowledge and culture. It

is the principal means whereby the record of man's

thoughts and ideals, and the expression of his creative

imaginat ion. are made freely available to all."

The nature of any 1ibrary should reflect the needs of

its own commun ity and its own group of users. The principal

concern in designing libraries is the special aspect of cue

search ing called wayfind ing. Th is is because so much of 1ibrary

use takes the form of the search for specific imformation or

material. Wayfinding is important within the library and in 7

getting to the library-

Suggestions :

1) Provide library identification signs visible from any

approach.

2) Clearly identify the entrance location.

3) Place an information center inside the entrance.

4) Provide "you-are-here" maps at entrance.

5) Provide ident i ficat ion signs for departments and sections.

'2D

6) Provide descriptive titles for book sections.

7) Provide seating and writing surfaces close to the point

where material is discovered.

8) Provide copy machines close to the point where material is

discovered.

SITE

The best locat ion is near a busy "downtown" intersect ion

or in any heal thy shopping area or center-

With public parking nearby

or

Enough parking on site

Near public transportat ion

Close to pedestration

ORIENTATION AND SITING to

n Ih. nuldrip (tit lulu'* wt« r. ..I ..,»n4.« up iMFi fil th* b i w m ^ i

-2./

ENDNOTES

Redstone, L. New Dimensions in Shopping Centers and Stores.

McGraw Hill Book, Co. 1973. pxvii

^ Nicholson, E. Contemporary Shops in the United States. New

York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. Inc. 1945. pll

^ Ketchum. M. Shops and Stores. New York: Reinhold Pub. Co.

1957- p8

Hornbostel, C. Design for Modern Merchandising: Stores,

Shopping Centers, Showroom. Architectural Record Book.

F.W. Dodge Co. 1954. pi

Lundberg, D. The Hotel and Restaurant Business. New York:

Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1984. p222

^ Kazarian, E. Foodservice Facilities Planning. Conn.: AVI

Pub. Inc. 1983. pi

^ Thompson, G. Planning and Design of L ibrary Buildings. New

York: Reinhold Pub. Co. 1958. pll

® Deasy, C. Designing Places for People. New York: Billboard

Pub. Inc. 1985. pl08

Myller, Rolf. The Design of the Small Public Library. New

York and London: R.R Bowker To. 1966. p27

' *" Ibid, p28

2-2

BRIEFLY ABOUT ARLINGTON, TEXAS,

HISTORY

Arlington is a city with a purpose, a plan, and the

Texas-style determination to make the most of any situation.

Its strong community leadership emphasizes planning, progress,

and development.

Less than three years after Texas was annexed into the

Union, a small town called Johnson Station, so named for the

area's largest landowner, began to thrive. In 1875, there was a

dispute over railroad right-of-ways, and many of the residents

moved three miles north and founded Hayterville.

In 1876, Hayterv i1le was renamed Arlington to honor

Robert E. Lee's hometown in Virginia. Arlington grew rapidly

for the first few years and soon became a cotton ginning and

truck farming center.

After its initial boom, Arlington cont inued to grow

slowly. During the 1940's, the populat ion was about 4,500. By

the end of the decade, the smal1 frontier town began to show

signs of great growth.

In the early 1950's, Arlington suddenly came into focus.

Industry saw golden oppurtunities in the southwest, and

Arlington, because of its strategic location, became a major

industrial center. Located in a vast, ever-growing metroplex,

Arlington today is one of Texas fastest growing

industrial/residential cit ies.

A General Motors Corporat ion assembly plant was city's

-2.3

first major industry. Many other blue chip companies from

across the nation then followed GM into the city.

The population of Arlington has coincided with its

industrial and retail growth. Population has increased

twentyfold since 1950. and more than tripled since 1960.^

ARLINGTON TODAY

Arlington is a city in Northern,Texas located between

Dallas and FortWorth at the average elevation of 616*. The area

covers 861 square miles in county and 103 square miles in city-

Arlington today IS the geographic center of the nation's

tenth-greatest market. It has become a major city in its own

right with a h ighly diversi fied economy based upon

manufacturing, distribut ion, educat ion, entertainment, finance,

convent ions, tourism and transportat ion.

Perhaps the most remarkabi e accomplishment of all over

the past 25 years is that Arlington retains a certain warm,

hometown quality of 11fe distinctly removed from the congestion

one normally associates with today's metropolitan areas.^

POPULATION

For more than a century, there has been an Arlington,

Texas. This prosperous and progressive city covers more than

103 sq miles and the rapidly growing population totaled about

208,000 in 1985 and is projected to be 250,000 in 1990.^

Musiim population in Arlington today is not known exactly

^^

but existing 1isted members in Arlington Islamic Society

Association are 135. They are all scattered all over Arlington

and Dallas. They came from different parts of the world such as

Arab Saudi, Morroco, Pakistan, India, Africa, Malaysia,

Indonesia etc. Most of them are students who stay here

temporarily, some are Americans (converted Muslims or others

who change citizenship) who stay here permenantly.

CLIMATE

Arlington is in the extreme north portion of the

subtropical region that extends northward from the Gulf of

Mexico - It is one of the temperate climate with periods of

extreme hot and cold weather occuring only rarely. This area

requires that the shelter be designed to reduced heat impacts

and prov ide shade. The bu iIding structures should extend on an

east-west ax is, thereby reducing morn ing and afternoon heat

impacts on the two end walIs in the summer and receiving a

maximum amount of sun in the winter months when heat is

welcome.

The walls of the buildings and the gardens can provide

shade to the 1iving areas and to the street, 1 ike a horizontal

eggcrate device for shading. Unit dwellings usually are

arranged around closed courtyards like cooling wells,and are

grouped together to achive defense in volume.

Arlington is also located roughly at the lat itude of 32

degree North and 97 degree West with 616 feet above sea level.

^5

SUN ANGLES ( true south )

June 21

May 21 / July 21

Apr 21 / Aug 21

Mar 21 / Sept 21

Feb 21 / Oct 21

Jan 21 / Nov 21

Dec 21

82°

78^

69°

57°

45°

37°

34°

Average wind speed

Temperature:

Average rainfal1

Average snowfall

11.3 raph prevailing from south

January average mean 35°F

July average mean 96°F

31.3"

3.0"

ARLINGTON WEATHER

Arlington has an average precipitat ion of 31.3" per year.

Greatest amounts of rain occurs dur i ng the months of April

through June.

June through August are relat iveiy dry months. Snowfal1

is rare with a measurable fal1 occuring only once in an average

year. November through February are relatively cool months.

The prevailing w ind di rect ion is southerly. The relat ive

humid ity is estimated at 85% at 6:00 AM, 55% at Noon, 45% at

6:00 PM and 70% at Midnight.

-2(^

THEREFORE

From April through October, the building structures need

to be shaded either by using vertical or horizontal devices or

by making use of the vegetation. With the temperature of 85° to

95° F during summer months, the refrigerated- type air

conditioners should be used for maximum comfort indoors. And

with the high percentage of relative humidity the building

structures need to be ventilated for cooling.

From November through March, the building structures

need to be heated and i f possible allow as much sun into the

structures for heating.

SITE ANALYSIS.

The project is located at a site close to the University

of Texas at Arlington with an approximate area of 8 acres.

REASONS:

1. to assist Muslim students going to UTA adhere to the

pract ices of Islam easily. This is because students are the

main body of Musiims who frequently going to the mosque on

a daily basis - to offer the obiigatory five times daily

prayer

2. close to the public transportation and acessible to

pedestrian.

3. close to resident ial area - for potential shoppers.

^1

4. for future expansion

The property occupies a piece of land bounded by a row

of residential housing to the north one block away from Kings

Row and a street to the east side - South Center Street with a

piece of vacant land at the southeast (possible site add it ion -

empty lot) and a playfield to its west side across Johnson

Creek. The west and south side are. roughly defined by Johnson

Creek which offers good view. Up to the right corner of the

site there is an interest ing white house which di ffers from any

other houses arround the site. The house was designed by one of

the UTA professors.

Th is piece of land has countours that ranges from 600'

to 575' sloping to the southwest into the Johnson Creek. In

addition, there is also an existing 100 year flood plain

running across the site from northwest to southeast. Therefore,

all the building structures should be one foot higher than the

flood plain.

The avallabi1ity of oak trees ranging 12" to 15" in

diameter provide good shading devices and serve as windbreaks

for the building structures.

The site has two types of soils

1. Gasil-Urban land complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes

2. Rader-Lrban land complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes

These soiIs are wel1-drained. Perraeability is moderate, and

available water capacity is high. Runoff is slow and the

hazard of erosion is moderate. The root zone is deep, and plant

•2.0

roots penetrate the soil easily.

The Urban Land part of these complexes is covered by

dwellings, apartments, and small business and ajoining streets,

driveways, parking lots, patios and other structures that

obscure and alter the soil to the extent that identification is

not feasible.

Gasil-Urban land complex is well suited to most urban

uses. Slope and the hazard of erosion are 1 imitations. Low

strength is a 1 imitation for streets and roads. These

limitations can be overcome by good design and careful

installation. Area left bare of vegetat ion dura ng construction

can erode if they ^re not protected by terraces or divisions

and a grass or small grain cover

Rader soi1 is moderate 1y suited to urban uses. Seasonal

wetness, shrink ing and swel1ing with changes in moisture,

corrosivity to uncoated steel and concrete, and very slow

permeability are the ma in 1 imitations. Some low lying areas

near drainageways are flooded by runoff from adjacent, higher

areas. Good design and careful installation are needed to

overcome these limitations.

THE PROPOSED MOSQUE TO BE BUILD i^ I THIN THE SITE

Arlington Islamic Soc lety Associat ion has already

proposed a mosque for their si te. They intend to buiIt the

mosque, islamically oriented school and a 1ibrary on one site

adjacent to each other. And the completion for the entire land

^f

will depend on time-to-time need and available funding.

The proposed mosque has two phases:

PHASE ONE:

will cover

will occupy

7000 sqft

270 men

105 women

two storeys

PHASE TWO:

will occupy 450 men

270 women

Act ivit ies involved:

1. main daily prayer

2. weekly prayer (Friday)

3. yearly prayer (E id)

4. commun i ty gatherings

5. classes (children / adults)

6. lectures to public

7. any relevant activities

THEREFORE

The users who are going to use the facility will be

about 700 people - 450 men, 250 women and 50 ch iIdren. And the

activit ies involved in the mosque will be the same as these

act iv i ties.

ô

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I

3 /

V

60

?2

VICINITY MAP • MT.s

33

SITE LOCAJION kJlTH SUfl/ôUNOIf^(^ MiEA

3-^

3?

26

^7

8

36

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CASE STUDIES

o on Islamic architecture in non-Islamic environment.

Mosque and Islamic Cultural Center in Italy.

The mosque and the complex was designed by an Italian

architectural firm of Paolo Portoghesi and Associates. However,

the disproport ionate degree of controversy that the mosque

project has aroused indicates that putting an Islamic building

in the capital of Christedom disturbs most Italians profoundly.

The issues raised in the popular and the professional press

have focused on the design and its relation to its urban

context. The mosque project, wh ich Portoghesi described in P/A

interview as one climatic result of his long passion for

Islamic arch itecture, tries to resolve the conf1 let between

Islam and Italy. It enunclates the buiIding's funct ion as a

place for Arab faith. yet located in a Western city, and it

offers imaginative interpretat ions to bothe Arab and Italian

commun i t ies.

The elements of the complex parallel the buildings found

adjacent to a mosque in an Arab city. The lower stories of the

mall contain a school, library, offices, a museum, and student

dorms; the top floor is an arcade with central open court.

The whole difficult transition from Italian context to

Islamic concept is negotiated smoothly. The exterior of the

structure is of Roman brick and travertine, while the white

concrete columns and mosaicked interior of the cupola will

create an Eastern atmosphere. The minaret, which stands apart

4^2.

from the mosque, has the same palmli ke form as the columns. The

autonomous tower can also be read as an obelisk, traditionally

7 placed as a visual focus at the end of Roman streets.

Ismalli Jamatkhana and Center Burnaby, British Columbia,

Canada.

The building was designed by a Canadian, Bruno Freschi.

An epitome of cosmic harmony and a matrix of aesthetic

invention, mathematical discipline pervades Freschi's scheme -

from the basic symmetry of a double-square plan to the

multi-layered network of octagons, circles and other, more

intricate s igns and threads through the buiIding of he

surrounding garden. Unlike Muslim architects seeking shelter

from the hot Middle Eastern sun, Freschi opened up skylights

and large lat tern 1 ike window of etched, opalescent glass to

transmit the cool radiance of the north western sky into an

all-encompassing force of magical intensity. The building binds

architecture to landscape - flowering, aromat ic shrubbery and

plashing fountains.

o on concept - to combine modern technology and functional

forms in the context of Islamic culture.

Islamic Conference Center and Hotel in Mecca.

The facility, which was designed by Rolf Gtbrod, was

cited by the master jury of the Aga Khan award as a significant

attempt to comb in ing modern technology in the context of

+ 3

Islamic cultures and values. The project is a noteworthy

example of the difficulties inherent in finding an

architectural synthesis of form, function, materials and

Islamic values. Because of its proximity to the Holy City,

Mecca, and in deference to the beauty of the surrounding hills,

the arch i tect designed a low and unobtrusive bu iId ing. They

have handled natural lighting and ventilation according to

local custom- including shading areas with wooden lattice.

Except for the hotel wing and mosque, however, the structural

system is quite sophisticated, consist ing of tent-1 ike roofs

suspended from stee1

^

ENDNOTES

Phamplet of Arlington, Texas from Government and Document

section at TTU Library.

Ibid

Phamplet of Arlington, Texas Chamber of Commerce.

" Mazria, E. The Passive Solar Energy Book. Pa: Rodale Press

1977. p281

' Phamplet of Arlington, Texas

^ Soil Survey, Tarrant County, Texas. 1978. p57

^ j_ "Report from Rome: Mosque Planned for Rome."

Architectural Record. June 1985. p50-51

® "Ismalli Jamatkhana and Center Burnaby." Architectural

Record. Aug. 1986. pp90-95

Thiem, W. "On the Road to Jedda." Progressive Architecture.

Dec. 1974. pp79-83

<

<

^

45

The activities within the facility are divided into two

categories:

1. Public (external) activities

- arriving/departing

- parking

relaxing/socializing (wai ting, seating, eating,

viewing, 1ingering)

- playing

2. Public (internal) act ivities

- worshipping

- shopping

- eat ing/dining/drink ing

- studying/learning

- administrat ing

^6

PUBLIC (EXTERNAL) ACTIVITIES

This category deals with public spaces that are open and

available to the users' activities without payment of admission

fees. The environment within this category should be efficient

and pleasant by means of reaching one point to another.

ARRIVING/DEPARTING SITE

For every buildings or places there should be a

convenlent area for users to arrive and to depart i.e.

providing easy access/exit to the places and to load and to

unload i.e. a pul1-off area.

THEREFORE

The facility should have easy access for pedestrian and

vehicles- 11 should provide sinage for orientat ion; should be

convenient and should have 1ight ing for security at night.

The number of entrance and exi ts should be proportional to that

of required parking. And also, the environment should

pleasingly beautiful with landscaping.

PARKING

Vehicles play important role in man's 1ife. Man needs

transportat ion to go anywhere e ither by cars, bicycles, buses,

trains, airplanes or etc. Thus, for cars, bicycles, motorcycles

or buses, the issues of finding parking spaces, enough parking

spaces and appropriate parking stalls

47

should be taken into considerations for the users conveniences.

A standard parking stalls for 90° angle should be 9'-0"

X 20*-O" and 24'-0" wide for two-way aisle for easy movement.

There are also important points to be considered:

1- Barrier free access for handicapped.

2- Efficiency for users:

1. respect pedestrian flow habits, place aisles

perpendicular to building face.

2- keep pedestrian walk ing areas in parking lot dry

and free from standing water.

3. Provide space for snow storage.'

Also, the distribut ion and placement of plants in parking areas

can help to relieve the v isually unpleasant view of the

parking. The surface of the lot should be hard and

wel1-drained. Speed and d irect ion signs should be prominently

posted; and light intensity of 15 to 20 footcamdles should be

enough for both safety and activity reasons. 300 sq.ft. should

be allowed for each car

THEREFORE

The park ing area should be convenient, adequate for the

users to park the ir veh icles and near to the dest inat ion. 11

should be buffered by plants and landscaping and segregate from

pedestrian-oriented area. It should provide for users safety.

It should be placed in a way that users can easily see the main

entrance to the building from the entrance of the parking.

4^

RELAXING/SOCIALIZING (seating, waiting, viewing, lingering,

eat ing)

Sometimes there will be a need for people to shift their

attention momentarily from tight, rigid pattern of doing

things that has built-up during working hours. Now this is a

time for them to rest and relax their minds and bodies.

Thus, the need for recreational places is increasingly

significant. It brings people together and generates social

movement. It offers a place to relax either mentally or

physically by enjoying the beauty of the landscaping.

The area may come from left-over space or an available

space. Thus, an open space can offer little recreation for the

users and also as an element to link parts, elements or

buildings together.

THEREFORE

The open spaces should meet the recreational needs and

the needs of its users. It should provide enough seating,

beautiful landscaping, pleasant environment, comfortable place

and most important provide protection from weather and safe to

be used. It should meet the needs for all age levels of users.

PLAYING (for children)

Play is the child's work. The world is his laboratory,

and he is its scientist. Play is the research by which he

explores himself and his relationship to the world.^ Childhood-

with its work and play inseparable- is a time for nuturing

4*7

Intellect and molding personality, for developing

potentialities, for discovering 1ife and experiencing it.^

Pressure unnerves children. Rest and relaxation,

nutritional sastifact ion, emotional calmness, and environmental

serenity are important needs of the young child to be met. '*

THEREFORE

The playground for children should be playful, enjoyable

and be prov ided enough act ivit ies so that the ch i1dren could

try various play experiences. The factor of safety for the

ch i1dren shouId a1so be cons idered.

50

PUBLIC (INTERNAL) ACTIVITIES.

This category deals with the users' activities within an

area or space in a building. It emphasizes on the users'

conveniences within the building itself - circulating,

waiting/seating, entering.

The environment should promote favorable first

impression, allow easy orientation, and provide direct, visible

access by means of vert ical and horizontal circulation.

The environment should uti1ize the various width and

sizes of the circulation space to create definite modes to

accommodate the activities within each area and provide

adequate comfortable seating and allow views of other

activities.

WORSHIPPING

The individual Musiim is requ ired to observe the ritual

of prayer i salat) five times a day. This ritual consists of

recitation from the Kor'an accompanied by series of movements -

standing, bowing, sitting, kneeling and prostrating. While

these devotions can be carried out anywhere, it is recommended

for men that they perform them in a building where they can

associate with others. It will now be apparent why the special

build ing was called a mosque, for the term derives from the

Arabic masjid meaning 'prostration'.

Prayer is established on four levels. Firstly, the daily

prayers, which is highly recommended for the Musiims men to

CLIMATE DATA

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Temp. Avg.

43.9

48.1

51.3

61.2

71.3

77.2

82.0

82.0

75.1

67.3

53.3

45.9

Rain (in.)

.4-1

.45-1

.45-1

1-1.8

2-4

2-4

2-4

1-4.5

2-4.2

1-3.8

.5-1

.4-1

Wind MPH

13

14

16

16.5

15

25

12.5

11

12

12

12.7

13

Degree Dys.

600

400

450

150

0

0

0

0

60

50

100

600

Precip.

.16

.56

.69

.85

1.16

1.49

1.82

1.52

1.54

1.20

.49

.52

H4

5/

perform them in congregation but can be carried out

individually. This office is held at five liturgical hours of

dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset and evening. Secondly, the

congretional prayer on Friday at noon, which replaces the noon

office for that day. Because of for this reason the

administration office and the library will be closed on friday

and Saturday. As for the commercial facilities - stores and

restaurants - will be closed from 12:30 to 2:30 p.m. on friday.

Thirdly, community prayer on two major festivals, 'Id al - Fitr

(Feast of the Breaking of the Fast) and 'Id al Adha (Feast of

the Sacrifice of Abraham). Fourthly, the annual ritual of the

pilgrimage, which is a congregation of all the Musiims of the

world. The four levels of prayer operate on an ascending scale:

firstly, the individual; secondly, any congregation; thirdly,

the total populat ion of a town or a city; and lastly, the

entire Musiim world.

Thus, it is apparent that a mosque or any religous

buildings can be a place to gather, to meet and to get

acquantened with others but not to talk about worldly things.

However, before performing the prayer, every individual

Muslim must perform wudhu or ablution i.e. to wash parts of the

body wh ich are generally exposd. The obiigat ion acts of

performing the ablution are:

1. to wash the face

2. to wash both arms up to the elbows

3. to wet part of head/hair

5^

4. to wash both feet up to the ankles

These acts are to make sure the cleanliness of one's body and

dress before performing the prayer.

The activities within the mosque will be the same for

men and women for example praying , performing ablution and

learning. However, the activities require separate area for

both men and women as separation for men and women is a must in

Islam.

THEREFORE,

Provide special areas for women activ it ies that are away

from the men areas. And locate the prayer hall for men and

women close and accessible to the ablut ion areas.

SHOPPING

Shopping wh ich includes bartering and buying both the

luxuries and necessities of life, is another aspect of human

life that is nearly universal. It is for most people a

7 necessity, for others a pleasure and for some a hobby.

The layout and design of a store will have an important

role to play in mot ivating the customers. This is accomplished

when the information communicate by the design satisfies the

shopper's needs, convenience and comfort.

People however, shop with different priorities at

different times at their own preferences. Shoppers in a hurry

will not worry to much about price. If price is important

53

however, shoppers will put up with considerable inconvenience

and indifferent serv ice i f they feel they are getting a

bargain.*

In store design the effort to provide for comfort and

conveniences is of critical importance. Careful thinking

through actions and needs of various groups of people who may

use the store have to be taken into consideration.

It is common to find people wait ing at the front door

for an establishment to open for business. Thus, benches at the

front entrance would be convenience for customers who arrive

early and would be regarded as a thoughtful gesture by them.

When couples shop together there will be numerous

instances where one is actively shopping and the other is

waiting. Having a place to sit while waiting is especially

attract ive to older people.

Parents with smal1 ch iIdren find it easier and more

enjoyable to shop where the chiIdren will not be regarded as a

nuisance, where it is unlikely that they will damage anything,

and where there is some act i v i ty to occupy the ch iIdren. Where

these conditions are met, the parents are apt to be more

attentive and receptive customers.

Since the elderly and handicapped are part of the

customers also, special needs should be taken into

consideration for them. Automat ies doors should be provided,

the furnishing and equipment should be 1ight enough to be

easily shifted .

NOISE

This particular site poses some problems

in terms of noise. The neighboring airport

generates lots of noise because of air traffic,

Next, the major highway that runs along the

south side of the site is also a noise genera

tor due to the traffic flow. Therefore, the

designer must consider these elements when ap

proaching the acoustical design. (Figure f)

14

5*

sastify hunger, social needs, and ego and self-fulfillment

needs. People select a part icular restaurants or place to eat

because of particular psychological needs at the moment and the

way they are feeling about the money they have to spend, the

prices of a restaurant, its service, and how the restaurant is

perceived in terms of its aesthetics, social status, and the

kind of people that can be expected to be there (patrons,

management, and employees).

Eating can be a social event for people to gather and

get acquantances with friends. Lunch t ime may bring together a

construction crew eating out of brown bags or business

executives gathering at a downtown club. In either case the

motivat ion is the same: to treat mealt ime as a social event to

n be shared with friends and acquantances. Thus, the social

nature of mealt ime has some special implications for the design

of eating places.

Any eating place where arrangement would 1 ike to attract

patrons who regard mea11 ime as a soc ial event should make some

special prov isions that reflect this concern.

Adequate waiting area is important to accomodate

overflow crowds that cannot be seated immediately; it is also

to accommodate people who are waiting for frlends to join them.

It should arranged and equipped to accommodate smal1 groups of

two or three who are wait ing for the rest of their party to

assemble.

In many circumstances, as in employee cafetaria,

57

university dining halls, private clubs, and restaurants that

become social centers, it is routine for individual to gain

friends who are already seated if there is an empty seat. The

process of locating both friends and empty seats is greatly

facilitated if there is an overview of the eating area from the

entry. This works best if the entry is slightly elevated-

People entering on eat ing establishment normally slow

down or stop, once inside, to evaluate their options. This is

particularly true of new patrons but applies to all patrons at

some extent.

There are several di fferent types of table-and-chair

arragements that encourage d ifferent types of groups.

1 - If it is desirable to encourage people to feel free

to join others by taking any open seat, round tables are most

conduc ive to th is type.

2. If it is desirable to accommodate couples or groups

who want some degree of privacy while eating, high-backed

booths or high-backed winged chairs work best.

3. If it is desirable to accommodate loners who do not

consider mealtime a social event, provide single tables.

There is several aspects of food-service shopping that

are different from others forms of shopping. One of these

differences has to do with sanitation. The public's general

concern with this issue is magnified when it comes to food

service. The public is very concious of the impression of

cleanliness created by the design and the choices of materials.

5-0

Thus, the exterior and the interior of a food-service

establishment must convey an image of immaculate cleanliness.

It is not enough to keep the premoses clean. Trash-and-waste

storage areas must be completely segregated and out of public

view.

Some food ordor are a magic stimulant to appetite;

others are not. While an except ion could certainly be made for

popcorn vendors and bakeries, as a general rule it is safest to

exhaust all kitchen air so that it cannot possibly be short

15 circuited back into the interior.

THEREFORE

Design a restaurant that offers excitement, appealing,

enjoyable and pleasant atmosphere for the users to enjoy eating

and work ing in it. Choose suitable colors and 1ighting to help

in the creation of the desired atmosphere.

Provide an exhaust fan in the kitchen to avoid

uncomfortable and unpleasant ordor.

STUDYING / LEARNING

While studying/learning is usually thought of in terms of

teachers and pupils in specially equipped places called

classrooms, it is actually an activity that takes place

whenever an individual responds knowingly to a stimulus.

Studying/learning means acquiring new knowledge, skills and

even wisdom.

5f

Having been away one's country and 1iving in a

non-Islamic environment, the Musiims need to learn and study

more about their religions and even adding the knowledge that

they have already acquired. As for the young Muslims, they need

to be taught about the Islamic teachings, principles, histories

and ettiquettes to be able to be good Muslims. They should be

told about the stories of the prophets and the great Muslims so

that they will have the intention to be like them. The young

Musiims should also be taught to read in a correct manner of

the Musiim Holy Book , the Kor'an.

Besides studying or learning in the regular schools

(elementary. junior or high schools; or un iversity) the needs

of learning/study ing about religion are also important. Thus,

such a place is needed with in the facility to enable the

Musiims to acqui re the knowledge about Islam.

THEREFORE

Prov ide classrooms for both adults and children. In

addition have an area to house al1 the Islamic books and

1iterature for sources of learning and studying.

ADMINISTRATING

Some continuity and competence is necessary if a large

scale enterprise like schools, universities, industries etc is

to run smoothly. So does a complex/center.

The office spaces for the facility administrative staffs

to organ ize the center, to help and take care of the Musiims,

ô

to facilitate cooperation, coordination and efficiency among

the Musiims. It is the place for the Musiims to ask questions

regarding of their problems and difficulties.

It is also a place for the Musiims to pay their zakat

that is the aim-tax levied on definite kinds of property or

person and d istributed to certain categories of persons or

expanded on certain services. Payment of the zakat is

obiigatory on every Musiim who fulf11Is the requirement to pay

since it constitutes one of the pillar of Islamic faith.

In addi tion, it is a place of BaituI-al-Mai that is a

place to keep any donation, payment of zakat, any money or

wealth leave a will from the Musiims; a place to use and

distribute these money and wealth in a proper way according to

Islam.

In the offices such normal tasks of typing, billing,

account ing, filing, telephoning, computing, record-keeping,

reception, dictation, conferring and thinking occupy the major

part of working day. Basically, an office consists one or more

of work stations, the work requirements of each station often

vary ing from the others.

THEREFORE

Locate the administration area that is easy visible and

accessible- The design should be welcoming and inviting to

attract people to came to ask questions and to use the

facilities offered. Provide a good and comfortable environment

for the users to work in.

61

ENDNOTES

Ramsey, Sleeper- Architectural Graphic Standard 7th ed. New

York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1981. pl44

^ Friedberg, P. Play and Interplay. London: The McMillan Co.

1970. p35

Ibid, p35

Ibid, p37

Davies, J. Temples, Churches and Mosques. New York: Pilgrim

Press. 1982. pi 18

Michel 1 , G. Architecture of the Islamic World.. London:

Thames and Hudson. 1978. p35

Deasy, C. Designing Places for People. New York: Billboard

Pub. Inc. 1985. p87

^ Ibid, p89

' Ibid, p92

Beddington, N. Design for Shopping Centers. London:

Butterworth Scientific. 1982. p

Ibid, p

^ Deasy, C. p92

' Ibid, p93

^ Ibid, p94

' Ibid, p93

<

<

6-2.

WORHIPPING - MOSQUE

ENTRANCE

The entrance should be accessible to all aged and

handicapped and should be different from the entrance of men

and women. The entrance should be protected from the wind by

using a double vest ibule to prevent drafts and heat loses.

Entrance mats to clean dirt and moisture off people's feet can

be used.

Before entering the mosque the Musiims have to leave

their shoes outside. Thus, shoe racks/storages are needed to

place al1 the shoes. Numbering and coding of each shoe spaces

would be helpful to remember the placement of the shoes. Shoe

racks need to be accessible to ablution area.

PRAYER HALL

A mosque is a building erected over an invisible axis,

an axis which is nonetheless the principal determinant of its

design. The axis is directed from the point at Ka'aba in the

city of Mecca. Mecca is the Islam's holy city and Ka 'aba is the

axis mundi of Islamic cosmology. This horizontal axis toward

the ka'aba, or the direction of the prayer is called qibla.

The prayer hal1 should have a watch to assist people for

time to pray, book racks to place the Kor'an and other Islamic

books. The appearance of the prayer hal1 should be simple and

clean. There is no furniture or elaborate decorat ion. Light

color is preferable for the waiIs and ceiling. The praying

^3

mats/rugs can be of any color to match the interiors but avoid

using striking colors which can disturb the concentrat ion and

devotion during prayer. The praying should be a non-smoking

area because smoking is not encourage ( but is not forbidden)

in Islam.

Beside praying, the activities in the prayer hal1 can be

reading, sleeping and relaxing. So the hal1 requires at least

30 footcandles of illuminat ion to give enough 1ight for

reading. Acoustic treatment of the hall, which is the same as

the reading area, is desirable to keep the noise low. Praying

dimension area for each person would be 2*x 4*.

Over every mosque floor there is spread either a

multitude of prayer rugs or a single large carpet. The covering

fulfilIs three funct ions: it deadens the noise of footsteps and

so preserves an atmosphere of quiet; enhances the beauty of the

building by its intricate patterns and its color; and it

ensures the purity of worshippers who do not leave their shoes

outside but also perform a ritual ablution of face, hands and

•2 feet before entering. For th is, there are fountains, tanks,

rows of taps and so on, either in the center of a forecourt or

otherwise close to the main door. The floor of the ablution

area should be non-siipped, natural ventilation and 1ight

should be provided to allow free uninterrupted flow of air.

Space area for each individual to occupy is 3.5' x 2'.

^'f

MIHRAB

At the point where the qibla axis meets the far wall of

the mosque an indention is produced, a directional niche called

mihrabr which is nothing less than the 1iturgical axis made

visible- The mihrab takes the shape of arched niche, mostly

framed by one or more pairs of collonades- Being the visual as

well as the liturgical climax of the mosque, where the imam

(prayer leader) stations himself to lead the congregational

prayer- The mihrab is the central feature of any mosque and

indeed of all sacred art and architecture in Islam.

MIMBAR

Since the worship is very simple, mosques requi re little

in the way of 1iturgical furn iture. Chairs are unnecessary

because sitting is simply a squatting back on the haunches, but

there are two items that are normal, namely a stand for the

Kor'an and a pulpit or the mimbar for the Friday sermon. The

mimbar takes the form of a miniture flight of stairs rising

away from the cogregat ion whom the imam faces down the steps.

The decorat ive possib i1 it ies of this feature do not need

stressing. Usually the mimbar is enclosed with a handrail down

one side. The mimbar is a form of authority as much as acoustic

elevation.

MINARET

Observing that the Jews used horns and the Christians a

^5

>^^>fe*.4-fc*.<f 'v^ ^•Jf

Inside ihc- m(>\c|uc the thic! fcaturt- I** the "•'•• - - r .1 nil hi' m the Lciitrc iM the ûhia w.ill to Jc:inc thcdircclion ot MCILJ This view of the hjsili Mosiûc in Alexjndna \U'\t\ shows all tHL nasic Inurpical rcL]uircmeni.s Iromletl toricht: J ciotk lor regulating services, a door into the sacrisi\, the minruh with u praver-mai liUinjj the concavity, surmounted bv a rour..: window lo show its position externa., jnd ui ih a sanctuary iamn in troni ol it. Arc::^L- njir.h.r or pulpit The top step ot the my.r..- \r:yhl\ is reserved tor the I'mphei , the /"• .- ^MMdson the sec-nd step and uses the lor V -.^ as a seat

1 -^ '" - -

The masjid is distinguished from theydmi . or congregational mosque, by having no minbar. as in the Mosque of the Serpents, at Hama, in the Oronies Valley [above]

l oun ia ins *:ould ^.•:,u :•' mis mi vtJue II iM„r:nui 'I'.eiv 'v-'TKed nu;:e in !:

M Ihai -l e 'Al'!';•.,::per .; iim t::,. : ::uail\ .-rurc '

'TKs t j r t . Ir.

rar -s set ;n .;

• ' " i . i t f - . ; i r .s i j ;

Two ancil lar\ s tructures are ncccssarv tor Islamic worship the minaret, troni which the muezzin jîves me call to praver [n<^hi], and a fountain for ariuiion The worshipper has to be in a state or ritual puntv before he starts to pray This mav mean taking a bath, but normally washing certain prescribed parts of the bod\ is sufficient. Below worshippers preparing themselves for prayer outside a mosque in Fez

Shoes are removed before entering the mosque. The floors are carpeted because the liturgy requires prostration, and banng the feet obviates the possibility of ritual defilement taking place.

«7

The cour tyard atioraea -.". opportunity lor architectural dispiav, wn:^r. :ne Ottomans, the Satavids and !.-spek::^..v the Muehais seized with enthusiasm. In Delhi |c;ri)iv|, the ôurt\"jrJ ol the J3mi NIJ^':U iS surrounded: Dv tine:v scuirn.rja .•.: "r.:' "'"'"'• ablution tank ;n \\\c rr.:u^;.^

t i^.erc IS

6©

wooden clapper to summon to prayer, Muhammad (pbuh) ordered his

followers to mount the highest roof in the neighborhood and

thence called the faithful to the devotions. It was to provide

for this that there eventually evolved the minaret from which

the ca11 -to-prayer ( adban} cou1d be given by the muadzin, 11

was the need for the height from which to broad cast the that

led to the development of the minaret. Thus, it needs some kind

of vertical circulation to climb up to the topmost of the

minaret.

IMAM'S STUDY AREA

This is the space for the imam (prayer leader) to get

himself organized before giving the sermon of Friday noons. The

space should have a desk, cha irs, file cabinet, shelves,

clock, telephone and electrical outlets. The floor should be

carpeted to deadens noise. 30 footcandles of illuminations

should be enough for reading and writing in this room.

CHILDREN'S AREA

This is the child care area for the Musiims' children

ages 1/2 to 5 years old- Working and studying parents can send

their children here - Besides tak ing care of the children; it

provides early teachings in Islamic ethics to the children such

as the right way of eat ing according to Muslim's tradition, how

to behave to older people and friends so as to develop

acceptable social attitude.

6^

The room needs to have chiIdrens' toilet for both boys

and girls; compartments/cabinets for children personal items;

smal1 kitchen to prepare food for chiIdren; nap area with

rolled mats, pillows and blankets and first aid box. This room

is to be used by 8 to 10 children who are under the care of

three volunteers Musiim women.

The area needs to be carpeted and has sound absorbing

walls and ceiling to control the noise from the children. It

should have bright color such as pink, red or blue since

children 1 ike those colors- 30 to 40 footcandles should be

enough for the i1lumination.

CLASSROOMS

Classrooms comprise a wide-ranging categories that

covers teaching-learning activities that requires some specific

features. While the foundat ion of teach ing is the ability to

motivate people to want to learn, there must be an effective

interchange between teacher and pupi1s before this can happen.

Classroom design must therefore focus on providing the proper

5 setting for effective and accurate communication.

Lighting will permit learners to see clearly and

distinguish details in whatever sources of information is being

used. In the very common classroom situation where students and

teachers interact, this means that the faces of both teachers

and students must be illuminated so that expressions and

gestures are clearly seen and understood. The classrooms

lo

therefore need to have at least 30 footcandles of illumination.

Appropriate acoustic conditions will help the spoken

communications and the manners of voice and inflect ion, clearly

understood. Since part of the benifit of classroom learning is

the opportunity it affords to noise questions and ask for

clarification, the acoustic design should ensure that students

as wel1 as teachers are clearly heard. Carpet ing on the floor

contributes both to attractiveness and queitness of the rooms

and should be wel1-anchored to prevent accidents. Carpeting

also prov ide comfortable seat ing for the students since the

manner of learning in these classrooms is by sitting on the

carpet with a long row of table 18" in height and 18" in width.

Thus, the students need to leave theirs shoes outside the

classrooms and shoe racks should be provided. A desk and a

chair are needed for the teacher to put his/her stuffs and to

work on. Chalkbord and bookshelves are also needed in these

classrooms.

There are four classrooms that should be located in the

mosque. One for men, one for women, one for boys and one for

girls. 15 to 20 attendances are to be expected for both men and

women; and 10 to 12 for both boys and girls ages 6 to 14 years

old. Each students require approximately 16 sq.ft. per person.

These classrooms are for learning, studying, reading,

writing and 1 istening about the Kor'an * s teaching and

recitation and the Islamic teachings and principles. It is to

educate the youth with the principles, ethics, history, etc of

Islam and to

II

add knowledge to the adults from any learning perta ining to

I slam-

These classrooms should have access without having to

pass through the main prayer hal1.

EATING/DINING

RESTAURANTS / FOODSERVICE FACILITIES

These food areas/restaurants are to include restaurants

from several differents Muslim's countries such as from

Malaysia (southeast Asia), Saudi Arabia and Morrocco (middle

East), Pak istan (middle Asia) and Turkey (Mediterranean). The

foodservice would also have an open air coffee shop.

The function of these foodservice facilities is to

represent di fferent k inds of dishes to meet the physical needs

of those Muslims who are away from their countries; in addition

they act as the interface with the non-Musiims to come by and

use the facility. The food is prepared in an Islamic way

according to each country's cultures and recipes.

Accurate determination of the space requirements for a

food facility is a difficult problem. Some factors should be

considered such as the number of meals to be prepared; the

funct ions and tasks to be performed; the equipment

requirements; the number of employees and corresponding

workplaces required; storage for materials; and suitable space

7 for traffic and movements.

77.

DINING AREAS

Est imating the space required for dining area is based

on the number of persons to be seated at one time and the

square feet of space allowed per seat. The amount of space

allowed in the dining areas is governed by the amount comfort 9

desired.

TABLE 10.3 ESTIMATED DINING AREA SPACE FOR FOODSERVICE FACILITIES

Type of facility

Table service Counter service Booth service Cafeteria service Banquet

Dining space pe r seat (ft^)

12-18 16^20 12-16 12-16 10-12

(m^)

1.11-1.67 1.4^-1.86 1.11-1.49 1.11-1.49 0.93-1.11

TABLE 10.4 ESTIMATED PRODUCTION SPACE FOR FOOD FACILITIES

Type of facility Space per seat

(ft^) (m^)

Table service Counter service Booth service Cafeteria service

8-12 4-6 6-10 8-12

0.74-1.11 0.37-0.56 0.56-0.93 0.74-1.11

The estimating din ing areas include space for tables, chairs,

aisles and service stations. The size and arrangement of

tables, chairs, booths and counters selected for the dining are

importantto the efficient use of the space allowed and also

do much to affect the initial impression of the customers.

Distance between tables are sized to enable waiter or waitress

to move through area while serving and allow diners to eat and

73

converse without being disturbed. Selection of chairs is

critical since the greatest body contact is made with them.

Chairs must have suitable shape, angle of seat and back, size,

relationship to table and tactile qualities to be comfortable.

Table space of at least 26" should be allowed for chairs

without arms to provide elbow room. Armchairs require a minimum

table space of 28" for comfort. The preferred height of chair

seats is 17 to 18 in., for adults. A minimum of 12" of space is

needed between the top of the chair and the bottom of the

table.

TABLE 10.6. TYPICAL SIZES AND SHAPES OF DINING TABLES

Type

Tables for I's or 2's

Tables for 3'H or 4's

Tables for 5's or 6's

Drop leaf tables

Shape

Square R<.'clanKle KounH Stûare Kt'ctan^le Round Keetannle Round 3 0 ^ 3 0 in :J6 - AH in.

Min imum size (in.)

24 X 2 4 -24 ' :u)

:i() 30 ^ 30 3 0 - 12

36 30 y 60

48 f>pfiiiiiK lo 42 in r(»iind i)|N'iiiM^ to ri2 ill. roiuul

Sp;iciniis Mn.)

:u) ^ 30 :j()' :m

36 12 ^ 4 2 ;«; y '1H

4H 42 72

60

FIG. 10.6. Module for a square table to be arranged in a rectangular pattern.

FIG. 7.10. Basic dimensions for comfortable seating.

h"i U- IM" - lU- IM -k r

7f

Lighting and colors in dining room help to contribute in

desirsble and comfort atmosphere. In the Me and Me Restaurant

in Berkeley, California, the interior of the restaurant has an

airy and uncluttered atmosphere- The ordering and serv ing area

is smal1; its components are colored an unobtrusive grey. There

are two eating sections beyond the counter - one for tables,

one with booths - both modest in size. The pallete of pinks,

coupled with 1ight finishes for the furniture, allows the

people carrying trays and eating quietly at their tables to

stand out attract ively. Pale green donkey-tail sedum hangs in

pots from the walls, and three blown up color photos of

appropriate Mediterranean foods complete the decor-

In dining areas, it is best to concentrate illumination

on the seats and tables and "perhaps on the special design

features. The cei1ings and waiIs should not be so brightly

1ight that they detract attent ion from the room. Foodservice

levels typically will range between 5 and 50 footcandles. with

30 to 50 footcandles usually used for breakfast and lunch. A

level of 5 to 30 footcandles depending on the atmosphere

decided, is used for serving meals.

TABLE 7.3. GUIDE TO COLOR USAGE IN FOODSERVICE FACILITIES

(1) The use of warm reds, browns, yellows, golds and oranges enhances the appearance of foods. , . . . I

(2) Where emphasis is to be placed on fast service and high turnover, warm colors should dominate the major areas. , ^ , i_ ^ j . i

(3) Use colors in dining areas that are flattering to people. Colors that tend to maJte people look pale (green and grey) should be avoided.

(4) Use light colors in small areas to create the impression of size. (5) Use warm colors in rooms that are wjndowle.ss. (6) High ceilings can be made to appear lower by using dark co ors. (7) Emphasizing horizontal lines by dark colors will make a ceiling appear lower. (8) l>ow ceilings can be overcome by emphasizing vertical linos with dark calnr^ (9) The end walls of long narrow rooms should be a warmer or deeper hue than the

other walls to make them approach and makt- the room seem s<|uarcr (10) Undesirable features ofa room can be painted the same color as their background

so as not to emphasize them. (11) Each room or area should have a mixture of warm and cool colors. (12) Adjoining rooms or areas are best painted in harmonious colors.

15

Other physical components of atmosphere are the level of

noise and type of noise present- The acoustical environment for

the facility should be planned so that the individual is not

aware of noise- For dining rooms, a satisfactory acoustical

environment has a reveberant sound level that is high enough to

be heard, but not so high that individuals at nearby tables can

distinguish what is being said-

In some instances, the source of the sounds can be

isolated by coverings or baffles. Kitchen areas arG^ very

difficult to sound-proof because of the materials used in the

construction of the room and the large amount of metal1ic

equipment present. In these areas, it is desirable to increase

the amount of sound absorbing materials as much as possible to

overcome the severe noise problem. Service doors leading to the

kitchen can be vestibuled to reduce the noise level from

reaching the dining room. Additional things that can be done to

minimize noise from the kitchen include the following:

1- Selecting mechanical equipment such as fans and compressors

for quiet operation.

2. Using installation techniques that minimize duct noises,

the sound of water flow, and water hammer.

3. Using silent closing devices on doors and drawers.

4- Providing rubber bumpers for mobile equipment.

5. Sound proof ing walis between k i tchen and d in ing areas,

6. Placing a service stat ion between the entrance to the

kitchen and the dining room.

7^

tl

7. Creating a quiet work environment to reduce employee noise-

Climate is another facet of atmosphere planning that

merits careful consideration. It is one of the important

factors affecting the comfort of people. The ideal climate for

dining consists of temperatures between 70 and 75° F with a

relative humid ity of 50%. Heating and air conditioning should

have sufficient capacity to maintain the desired temperature

and relat ive humidity. Air inlets and outlets should be placed

to avoid drafts. Climate control also includes the control of

odors. Odors have to be control led or they will blend and can

become quite offensive. Exhaust systems designed to rid tiie

interiors of smoke, fumes, and odors should be positioned to

avoid affect ing the immedlate exterior environment. This is

especially important for exterior waiIs and entrances into the

public areas.

KITCHEN / WORKPLACE DESIGN

One of the steps in planning a foodservice facility for

maximum efficiency and productivity is the design of

workplaces.

The functional planning for the various areas of

foodservice facilities may be accomplished in different ways.

The concept of flow helps to minimize the amount of movement

required for efficient operation. The flow diagram aids to

planner in physically locat ing the area where the functions

will ult imately be performed.

RECEIVING

GARBAGE STORAGE

DRY STORAGE

— 7 ^

BAKE SHOP

/\^\i

^-G—^^-^ POT WASHING

^:;^\^\..;:^\

T " W

MEAT PREPARATION

X ^

11 W w

MAIN COOKING

n n

LLi SANDWICH

PREPARATION

REFRIGERATED STORAGE

VEGETABLE PREPARATION

4

SALAD PREPARATION

SERVING FACILrnES

DINING AREA DISHWASHING

-e- -e- - © — e - -e- J • Food

• • » Food & Dishes

• • » Dishes

a a utensils

O O » Trash & Garbage

Figure 9-3 Kitchen flow chart.

Source: Conunerdai Kitchens, The American Gas Association, 1962 Edition, page 134.

76

Schematic layout based on relat ionship chart closeness ratings.

EMPLOYEE FACILITIES

FREEZER

UTILITY and

MISCELL

REFRIG. STORAGE

VEG and

SALAD PREP

REC DRY STORAGE

OFFICE

MEAT PREP BAKING

COOKING

SERVICE AND PICK UP

POT WASH.

DISHWASHING

DINING ROOM

The areas and sizes of each department used to develop the

layout are given in the following listing. /3

Department

Receiving Dry storage Refrigerated storage Freezer Meat preparation Vegetable and salad prep Baking

Cooking Serving and pick-up Dining Dishhfash ing Po t iâsh ing Office Employee facili ties Utility room and misc. TOTAL

Fe

so 200

84 56 40

93

160 WO

1800 130

56 50

160 104

3200

Dimensions

5 X 10 20 X ID 12 X 7

8 x 7 8 x 5 9 X 13

15 X 5 6 x 3

20 X 8 20 X 5 50 X 36 13 X 10

7x8 5 X 10

20 X 8 8 X 13

n^

The floor space required for a worker to accomplish

mannual tasks is frequently referred to as work aisle. The

amount of space required for a single person work aisle vareis

from 24 to 36". For situat ion where two workers will be

working back-to-back, the recommended minimum work aisle space

is 42" with 6 to 12" allowance for equipment projections.

General recommendations for work surface height tasks are 37 to

39" for women and 39 to 41" for men. Adjustable work-surface

heights to fit both workers and task are the ideal design. In

consideration of the normal and maximum work areas, the work

surface for most tasks performed in food fac ilit ies can be done

within a space 2 ft. deep and 4 ft. in wide. Chairs are

desirable in workplaces where the tasks require only hand and

arm movements and are repet it ive in nature. Seat heights

between 24 and 30" will be su i table for most variations of

workers and tasks. A minimum of 25" of clearance under the

table is recommended.

Light ing recommendat ions for workplaces are determined

by the amount of visual effort needed to accomplish a

particular task. The recommended 1ighting level for general

areas of a k itchen that are non work areas is 15 to 20

footcandles. Working surfaces require 30 to 40 footcandles for

most tasks. Tasks that involve reading and working with figures

should have a minimum of 50 footcandles. A wel1-planned

1ighting system for work places should provide enough

brightness for the worker to see everything he must see to

20

perform his task efficiently. This includes light for seeing

into drawers, shelves, cab inets and equipment. Light sources

are arranged in a manner that will illuminate the workplace

'5 uniformly, without shadows or dark spot.

Colors are used to enhance the worker's feeling of

well-being and consequently their work performance- Blue and

green colors avG. much easier on the eyes than warm colors. Red

can be used to identify moving parts of equipment or other

dangerous components. Green is generally used for first aid

equipment. Steps, landing and platforms coded with yellow paint

can reduce tripping and fal1ing.

Noise level of 50 decibels or less are recommended for

work areas. Most sources of noise can be prevented or

control led at acceptable levels by proper design. Effeeti ves

noise control is ach ived by reducing the transmission of

air-borne and structurally transmitted noise. Adequate

vent ilat ion of work areas is necesarry to remove smoke, odors,

moisture, and grease-laden vapor and to bring in fresh air- A

general recommendation for ventilation of foodservice work

areas is to apply 5 cfm of fresh air per square foot of floor

space This recommendat ion assumes the present of heat - and

n

moisture - producing equipment in the area.

Air-conditioning of work areas is needed to maintain to

the desired environmental conditions. In a sense, the work area

being heated and cooled at the same t ime. The air- condit ioning

system has to be designed wi th sensit ive controls to ma intain

the desired environmental conditions without causing and

overload for cooking equipment.

The floor which receive considerable abuse from carts

and trucks, spillage, crates, foot traffic and heat must remain

smooth and non-siip. Drains for cleaning and spillage should be

installed near reach-in and in walk-in refrigerators, by

ice-machine under fixed coolers, in all works and storage

sections, and located away from main traffic and work areas.

Any cement floors used in store rooms or receiving rooms should

be sealed and painted for easy cleaning and imperviousness to

moisture- Since any durable non-siip floor such as ceramic or

quarry tile or terrazo is apt to be hard on the feet of

workers, rubber, plastic or cork mats may be used in front of

work tables and at similarly often used stations. The mats

should be easily handled for clean ing.

In Howard Johnson's Restaurant, the kitchen layout uses

modern reconstituting equipment including convection ovens and

microwave ovens for heating frozen foods. All cooking equipment

is located so that a cook can reach it by pivoting or walking a

short distance. The range, charbroiler, fryers, and griddle are

so conveniently located adjacent to pick-up area. When orders

are prepared, they are placed on a pass shelf directly in front

of the cook's station.

The kitchen is supported by a pantry located directly

off the dining room and adjacent to the kitchen. A pass-through

shelf is placed between the kitchen and the pantry thus

n

providing more pick-up area for the waiteresses. The pantry

contains all the necessary equipment for coffee, rolls, pastry,

cocktails, and the like, eliminating the need for the

waitresses to enter the kitchen directly.

This design reflects the minimum space and equipment

required for a foodservice facility using primarily convenience

foods.

FOOD AREA COMPONENTS

The flow process is basically the same for every other

food operat ions, which include receiving, storage, meat

cutting, vegetable preparat ion, cooking, baking, serving, pot

and pan washing, dish washing, waste-disposal, employees'

facilities, restrooms, and coat rooms.

RECEIVING

The receiving of the incoming foods, beverages and

supplies is planned according to the types and volumes of

different materials handled- The use of carts, trucks and

conveyors will solve most materials-hand1ing problems. Mobile

carts and trucks can be used for handling good items and

conveyors can be used to handle dishes and other nonfood items.

STORAGE

Planning for the storage function in food facilities

includes dry storage, refrigerated storage, freezer storage and

33

storage for non food supplies.

The dry storage funct ion is necessary for the

on-the-site storage of frequently used materials- Dry storage

areas for food items are planned to maintain temperature

between 50 tO 70° F- The desired relative humidity is

approximately 50%-

Refigerated storage area maintaining temperatures of 35

to 40° F are required for fresh meats, vegetables and fruits,

dairy products, beverages and carry-over foods- Smaller but

numerous reach-in refrigerators strategically located

throughout the facility is preferable rather than one large

walk-in storage. The reach-ins are usually located adjacent to

preparation and product ion equipment or may be built-in under

tables or counters.

Temperatures of 10 to 20° F are needed to safely store

frozen foods. Freezers may be walk-in or and reach-in.

The design of storage areas for non-food iterns 1 ike

dishes, glasses, flatware, utensils, paper goods, 1inen,

cleaning supplies, and furniture can take many different forms.

They may be stored in rooms, on shelves, in cabinets, or on

specially designed racks. All chemicals, soaps, sanitizing

compounds, and other cleaning supplies should be stored

separately because of their danger to foods. Separate areas are

also desirable for cleaning equ ipment such as brooms, mops,

pails, scrubbers and polishes.

PREPARATION

The preparation functions for the food facility are meat

preparation, vegetable preparation, salad preparation and

sandwich preparation and may differ from any specialty

restaurants-

The meat preparation function consists of cutting,

chopping, grinding and portioning of meats and meat products to

ready them for further processing-

Typical tasks associated with fresh vegetable

preparation are trimming, peeling, washing, cutting and

chopping. The use of fresh vegetables will require the use of

cutters, choppers, siicers, peelers, and similar equipment.

Type and capacity will be designed to handle the volume of

vegetables to be prepared. Waste disposal is another aspect in

planning for the vegetable preparation function. Mechanical

waste d isposa1 un its are frequent1y used.

COOKING

The heart of all foodservice facilities is the main

cooking function, and special care in planning for it is

required. In addition to cooking all meat and vegetable items

the cook ing arâ serves as the hub between the product ion and

service funct ions. In many table-service operations, the

pick-up of food for serving is directly adjacent to the main

cooking area.

BAKING

The advent of high quali ty preprepared unbaked goods

that require only thawing and baking has an impact on the

design of bak ing areas. Many of the preprepared items can be

processed in the main cooking area, eliminating the need for a

separate bak ing area complete.

SERVING

The different ways of performing the serving function

result in a variety of serv ing facilit ies that may be planned.

Basic table-service operations require pick-up area immediately

adjacent to the cooking battery - Separate pick-up areas are

used for salads, beverages and desserts. Several configurations

of serving lines can be used, depending on the total number of

people to be served and the t ime allowed for serving- Straight

line configurat ions are the most basic and are characterized by

easy access and wel1-defined traffic flow. The major problem

with the straight-1ine configuration is its limited serving

capacity per 1ine- Variations of the straight 1ine include the

U-shaped counter and the herringbone designs. These

configurations give more 1inear space and increase serving 1ine

•25 capacity.

DISHWASHING

The dishwashing function is usually performed in a

separate room or area that has to be well ventilated and

9fe

illuminated. Acoust ical tile and noise absorbing materials are

used to aid in lowering the high noise levels associated with

this function. Modern dishwashing machines can be obtained to

handle any volume of dinnerware-

The design of the dishwashing area is dependent upon the

total volume of dinnerware to be washed and the time required

to accomplish the washing.

POT AND PAN WASHING

The pot and pan washing funct ion is preferably done in a

separate area instead of combining it withother areas- The

basic pot and pan washing can be handled with a

three-compartment sink and sufficient space for storing soiled

utensils-

JANITOR CLOSETS

The food service area needs janitor closets which should

be similar to others in the buiIding. It needs mops and brooms

for the occasional cleaning which follows spi1lage and

breakage. Smal1 wel1-ventilated closet near slope sinks or

troughs, equ ipped with the necessary hooks or racks for hang ing

and a shelf or two storage, should suffice for these. Each work

area should contain such a un i t to encourage workers to keep

their areas clean.

EMPLOYEES' FACILITIES

Some facilities are needed for the food employees. Since

07

it is not desirable that they work around food in their street

clothes, 1ocker rooms with 1ockers large enough for the uniform

changes are needed. To i1et and wash bow1 shouId be prov ided,

and showers may appear desirablee in some situations- Separate

rooms are needed for both men and women. Such rooms should be

near to the employees' entrance and each should have a lounge

area for rest periods.

OFFICES

The offices of the food director and his staffs should

be similar to other offices in the faci1ity except that

supervisory personnel occupying offices in the food areas are

able to funct ion if they can look through glass walls into as

many diferrent areas as possible. A complete intercommunication

system connect ing all food areas is a necessity- Files of the

proper size for rec ipe fi1ing desreve consideration. Time

clock, racks and cards probably are loceted in the office or

near the employees' entrance.

SHOPPING

SHOPS AND STORES

The shopping area includes stores/shops such as food

shop; gift shop; bookstore and drugstore-

The layout and design of a store have an important role

to play in mot ivating the customers- First of all its location

ss

of the entrance must be clear and obvious. This means that the

entrance to the parking lot, and the fact the fact that parking

spaces are available, must be emphasized or that the parking

lot be placed in front of the structure and clearly visible to

passerby.

CIRCULATION AREAS

Circulation path in stores are usually defined very

simply with front-to-back or loop aisle. Circulation path

should be simple. Merchandise should be displayed in orderly,

efficient patterns that dictate simple circulation geometry.

Circulation must be simple and clear enough the shoppers

focuses on the displays, not the aisle. Designing adequately

size aisle space and adding ramps, rather than steps, will

permit the shoppers become buyers.

6S. (bmlowt o. b. *. 7hm$m drawings illuttratm mmlhod of dmtfmining

aiil9 width for evwtomfs and dorks.

I ' " I ••'? 1

secoHOJkav C U S T O M E R A i 3 t - &

AveR>^ce cu^TOAAet^ A I S U &

e U S T O M S R AlSUe-A M A I N " T R A ^ ^ I C .

SERVICE AREA

Service areas are cash counters, wrapping counters.

3i

offices, storage areas, sh ippi ng and receiving areas, washrooms

and etc. Service areas should be designed for maximum

efficiency. accessibility, and optimum equipment placement and

they are generally located at the back of the store. Delivering

area is at the rear of the store. It is best to segregate

service areas to the rear of the store for storeowners do not

want customer entering private areas. Location of cash counter

depends on the size of the store, the number of employees, and

whether the store is self-service.

If it can be accomodated, a wrapping counter that is a part of,

adjacent to, or behind cash counter is desirable- Offices can

be located in a back storage room and 1imited to a short

counter, space for file cab inet, and some she1ves-

u B

2-7. A cash counter may be located In one of three general store areas.

DISPLAY AREA

Display is the mechanism that presents the merchandise

io

to the shopper in its most favorable light that permits the

shoppers to evaluate and select products for purchase. It

requires sufficient space for shoppers to bypass browsers

standing in front of a display to give those people reviewing

products enough space.

LIGHTING

Good 1ight ing can enhance a product appearance,

accentuate a special display, balance the visual elements of a

store and create the proper mood. It attract shoppers to the

store.

FOOD STORE a6

Main categories of food shop and the produce are:

Greengrocer Fresh vegeubles, fruit, flowers, frozen vegetables. Fishmonger Fresh and frozen fish, cured fish, shell fish, poultry

and game. Butcher Fresh and fit>zcn meat, meat products, poultry

and game, fats. Grocer Bacon, eggs, cheese, fat, packaged frozen and

tinned foods, cereals, biscuits, beverages, dried fruits and preserves, sauces, spices, dry goods, soaps, detergents, cleaning materials, pet foods, paper products, chemists sundries, toilet and hygiene requisites.

Dairy Milk, eggs, cream, butter, cheeses. Baker Bread, cakes, biscuits, flour, pies. Confectioner Chocolates, sweets, cigarettes, cigars, tobacco,

newspapers.

Refuse 21600m

Servce entry 1 ^

2

3

4

7

a _2_ II

'—' 10

12

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Lower floor Uft mohx room

Customer entry — *

Service _ ^ entry

Moll Soles

MOrtirm Stock

Section

Tyfncal layout of supermarket: I. Grocery store room; 2, Frozen foods store; 3, Service provisions store; 4, Meat preparation; J. Fruit/vegetable preparation; 6. Security cage; 7. Toilet/cloakrooms; 8. Manager's office; 9. Kitchen; 10. Staff room; IL Wine store; 12. General office; 13. Cooked meats/dairy; 14. Frozen meat; 15. Poultry; 16. Fish; 17. Honu freezer; 18. Ice cream; 19. Serviced provisions; 20. Fruit/vegetables; 21. Self service wine/spirits; 22. Promotions; 23. Trolleys

• ^ Moll 23

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Out

Out

Out

48 600m

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CP CP CP CP

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a D 21

Office

Upper ftoor

4700

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f.'

However, for my facility the food store will only have:

fishmonger, butcher, bakery and confectioner. All the meat,

beef, chicken and lamb that sel1 in this store will be

slaughtered in an Islamic way. The meat department is usually

located at the rear of the store, near its own refrigerated

storage room and near the receiving and shipping entrance. Sea

food and poultry can be located adjacent to or part of the meat

department. All will require refrigerated sales cases, special

cutting blocks or tables, and weighing machines.

Ample wai1 shelving and floor counters will be needed to

provide an orderly, attractive display. The center of the sales

spaceis a good locat ion for island shelving units to hold

canned and packed groceries. Baked goods require specialized

sales fixtures and are sold on a serv ice bars-

Food store needs a high level of overall general

illumination in order to properly light both the sales space

and the open display merchandise about 100 ft - candles-

Flourescent 1ight is preferable to incandescent, as it

generates less heat. Refrigerator counters, wall fixtures, and

bakery showcases will all need special built-in lighting about

200 ft. candles-

Since food store merchandise is colorful in itself,

white is popular color as a background tone for walls and

ceilings- Building material finishes, fixtures and flooring

should be waterproof, greaseproof, easily cleaned and

maintained. To lessen noise in sales areas, it is best to use a

<J^

sound absorbing finish for ceilings and a resilient type of

flooring. Air condition is a valuable asset for customers

comfort and for perserving and protecting the goods on sale.'^^

BOOKSTORE

The function of the store is to sell books on Islamic

literatures, teachings and principles both for adults and

children. It also sells cassettes tapes on Islamic teachings

and Kor'anic recitation.

Paper Book Shop in Berne has concertina-like all-glass

facade that affords the public ready access to bookstands

stocked with recent publications, without blocking the people

right of way. The interior design consists of virtually the

books themselves, as their standard size determines the height

of the shelves. The walls of books are^ clearly arranged and can

easily be kept under surveillance. The store has an acoustic

ceiling panels extend into the arcade itself and make the shop

appear larger that it actually is.

Book Shop in Dusseldorf occupies a deep, narrow room

about 14 * high. The rectangular space is frammed on three sides

by shelves extending the ful1 height of the room. Three desks

were placed in the center of the shop, their free sides flanked

by book she1ves 3' high- The dark green color of the cei1ing

makes the room appear lower- The books are displayed on

adjustable prefabricated shelves in a self-supporting steel

framework; the effect is one of order and calm. Floors are

93

c o v e r e d w i t h g r e y s h e e t p . v . c . ; t h e i r o n w o r k p a i n t e d m a t t

b l a c k ; a n d a l l wooden s u r f a c e s p a n e l l e d w i t h wenge wood.

F l o u r e s c e n t l i g h t a n d b i g , s p h e r i c a l , o v e r h a n g i n g l a m p s a r e

b e i n g u s e d t o l i g h t t h e s h o p .

DRUG STORE

In a typical drug store, prescriptions account for 8 to

1636 of sales volumes, soda fountain and variety merchandise 50^

and drugs the remainder - These sales elements are

convent ionally arranged in departments and located as follows:

1. cigar, cigarrettes and cashier - often near the entrance,

but at the rear in many of new stores-

2- soda fountain - near the entrance

3. cosmetics - opposite the fountain and near the entrance

4. drugs, sundries, and household goods - after cosmet ies

5. book department - in the rear

6. prescription department - in the rear

7- telephones - in the rear

Interior counters, tables, stock cases and signs should be

organized into groups or into a pattern-

Drug store designed for The Kawneer Com- In turn, each sales unit has been given ideal dls- Customer traffic routes have been well organized pany by Ketchwn Gini & Sharp Architects. H re play. All share in the chance to catch the window- ,nside and out. On the street, the corner display .J that fine old American mstitution - the corner ihoppefs eye as he passes by the glass entrance lobby acts as an outdoor sales room that will pull dnji store - revitalized and ready for modern wall on Main Street or the glazed entrance on the customers inside. In the sales area, the cigars, merchandising. In size location, and type of sales, side street. The soda fountain, in particular, counts cigarettes, and cashier have been located at the this store is typical of the all-purpose drug store. at an outside display. rear counter to draw shoppers past the rest of the whether located In a large cty or a small town. General merchandise sales are also visible from sales departments. At the same time, this location Sales and senrke departments have been carefully Mam Street: in addition, they are given outiide g.ves the cashier visual control of the sales floor organized - the first fundamental in good store showcases in the lobby and on the side street and of the two entrances to the store. Planning The soda fountain is placed along a facade. The importance of the prescription depart- Light is the llfebtood of retail showmanship. Good mirrored wall; general merchandise, including cos- ment is emphasized by the large picture window general illumination pours down on the entrance metlcs. perfumes, household drugs, and sich room behind which can be seen the pharmacist com- tobby and sales interior from an over-all pattern supplies, i . located opposite: prescription, are pounding drugs. of ceMing fiKtures. Built-in Ighting raws at ^^^^^ made up and sold at the rear of the store. All these <» the merchandise on display. Light bnghtens the

y .Mu >w«j «t J ^ ^ I |gt|j|. By ây or night, this store departments v e read y accessible from either • . L, / . / ' .. ^ u d have mammum advertising value.

street entrance-, all are visible to sidewalk pedestrians.

^ r

READ ING/STUDY ING/LEARN ING

LIBRARY

THE AREAS OF THE LIBRARY

While designing any area, constant thought must be given

to the layout of furniture equipment if the area is to function

properly- The attempt to fit in the furnishings after the plan

has been crystallize will result unnecessary compromises-

%\

THE FLOW DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE BASIC AREA RELATIONSHIPS

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Emrath Branch at Lansdowne the branch library building in the

Lexington Library System building covers an area of 7,095

sq.ft. shows different areas in the library such as the adult's

1 ibrary. chiIdren's 1ibrary, meet ing room, lounge, control

3*2 room, restrooms, storage and workroom.

ENTRANCE

The entrance of the 1ibrary should be an attractive,

inviting and orienting experience. The entrance should be

located at or near the area of greatest street activity. The

entrance must be invit ing to al1 and should be especially

accessible to the aged and the handicapped, including those in

wheel chairs. For this reason, do not have steps leading to the

entrance- The entrance door should be protected from the wind

by its locat ion or by a wind baffle of some kind. Use a double

door vestibule to prevent drafts and heat loses. Entrance mats

to clean snow and moisture off people * s feet are very useful. A

Pedi-Mat, incorporating carpet strips mounted on aluminum and

separated by narrow openings for dirt to drop down through the

mat, is unusually effective and easy to clean and maintain.

Doors must be easy to open, for use by children and

bundle-laden shoppers-

MATERIAL RETURN LOCATION

Once inside the doors of the library, it is natural for

users entering the building to want to drop materials and

f7

equipment as soon as they enter, and it is also probably

natural for them to enter on the right of the exit and to look

to their right upon entering for a return area- It is

economical to place the check-out and return area between the

34 entrance and exit. "

THEFT DETECTION

Devices for theft detection have specific entry design

requirements- Entrance and exit doors should be separated with

some device to prevent the entry door from being used as an

exit. The device must incorporate a shear pin so that in panic

emergency situat ions the entrance door can be used as an exit.

The exit path must be narrow enough for the theft detector to

work.

ART EXIHIBITS AREA

Displays and exhibits arâ are best located in an area

through which everyone will have to pass, and therefore where

everyone will have to see them. Locate the exhibit area between

the entrance and the circulation desk. The displays can make

the entrance to the library one of the most inviting, cheerful

and colorful area of the building.

Displays can take the form of suspended pegboard planes.

builet in boards, pedestal, open shelves, closed cases,

floor-to-ceiling pipes with adjustable and interchangeable

surfaces- Ceilings and floors should be nuetral colors to avoid

qe

^6 competing with the art works.

READING AREA

The reading area should have an inviting but quiet

atmosphere with:

- Acoustical ceilings and wall treatment.

- Carpeting with thick, sound absorbent underlayment.

- Wood with non-glare surface.

- Coat hooks and trash basket for public convenience.

- Careful heat control, 2** variations and 20 to 30% relative

hum id i ty min imum.

- A variety of seating and group arrangements in small groups-

- Carrels with full sides but low backs and no shelves.

- Table for four.

- A high level of uniform lighting, 75 fc, but parawedge

37 louvers to prevent glare-

In selecting 1ibrary chairs, several characteristics

should be considered- Durability: it is important to select

fabric material that will last a long time. High grades of

vinyl will often last indefinitely, metal frame chairs, milnyes

and other artificial fabric will also durable. Comfort: chairs

should be extremely comfortable and conform to human body since

people spend a great deal of time in 1ibrary chairs.

The reading area in the library should be different or

separate for both men and women.

f^

INFORMAL READING AREA

The browsing or informal area is for leisure reading or

study as well as for readers who drop in for relaxation and a

brief interlude in a busy schedule. The location must be

convenient for coming and going without disturbing the main

reader's area. The browsing area can be defined by freestanding

bookshelves, light and low. Seating area for six to eight

persons should be adequate. The chairs should be comfortable

enough to lounge in for a relatively short time. A scatter rug

can help to define the area.

CIRCULATION AREA

The circulation area is divided into:

1. public: Counter where library users check-out books and

separate return counter, nonglare. Located for one person

staffing. Check-out station with electrical outlets for

charging machine and telephone, 30" high on staff side, 39" on

public side. Lockable cash drawer- Acessible storage for book

trucks to receive returns, coat and umbrella racks-

2. staff: Work area for overdue retrieval, addressing,

mailing, mending. This area should have counter space and a

sink; wall shelving; and a 30" high counter with lockable purse

drawer, swivel chair, and typewriter with electrical outlets-

loo

CATALOG

The catalog is used by everyone- It must be located in an

area acessible to the circulation desk, the books and the

reader's area. Allow space for ciculation around the catalog- A

horizontal rather than a vertical tray is preferable- It should

be no more than five drawers high, with the top drawer 50" from

the floor. Recommended drawer heights for card catalog would be

29 to 54 inches. The top surface and the sliding reference

drawers at the base of the catalog must be durable. '

CHILDREN'S SECTION

The children * s section in the 1ibrary must be inviting

and friendly. Included in children's services are: reading

services and a children's story-tel1ing area. The area must be

accessible from the main entrance, and children must pass the

desk and reach the i r sect ion w i thout cross ing adult's area. Use

low shelving for both easy access and visual control; and

locate shelves so that the spaces between them articulate

specific activities area. Carpet the entire area for it will

help to control noise and will encourage the children to sit on

the floor to examine their books.

MEETING ROOM

A meeting room is a desirable asset to any library

building no matter how small it is. Meeting room can be located

in the main floor, in the mezzanine or in the basement-

101

Provisions should be made for the showing of films and si ides.

These include storage for equipment, and ideally a screen

should be installed- An electrical outlet and light switch near

the projections will be convenience. The meeting will be

equipped with table between 6 to 7 ft. long and seating up to

eight persons. One person needs an area of 15 sq. ft. to be

comfortable. Draperies, upholstery and other materials should

be fireproof, waste basket should be empty and smoking is not

permitted. Floor should be non-slip.

Windows should permit proper ventilation without

inflicting drafts on those using the room. Since notes may be

taken in this room, 1ighting should cover al1 areas with a

minimum illumination level at desk height of 30 fc. Acoustic

ceiling assists in limiting the transfer of sound, as do wall

drapes, cork flooring and acoustic walls-

REFERENCE AREA

The reference area should be located and designed for

future expansion. It should include:

Seating for librarians and the public on opposite sides of a

counter and adjustable storage on the staff side underneath.

High intensity 100 fc. lighting with glare-free louvers because

of the need for continuous concentrated staff and public use.

Local acoustical separation for several adjacent conversation

to take place.

Design should concentrate staff services and develop small

10^

reader groupings while maintaining good supervision.

The reference area should be emphasized by lighting and

graphics, while the circulation area is less prominent.

Materials requiring staff assistance, such as reference books

and indexes, must be grouped close to the information center.

BOOKSTACKS

Easy access to books requires compact, orderly shelving

in a well-1ighted, unified area. Lights should be hung from the

stacks and brightness shielded with parawedge louvers. Graphics

on end-panels and shelves must be flexible, well-1ighted, and

easily visible. Temperature is not critical in this area. A 5**

variation is acceptable. Acoustical treatment is not critical

but carpeting and acoustical ceilings would control noise

usefully.

In order to simplify public access to books, it is

useful for this space to be single unit with stacks running in

the same direction and graphic signs on both shelves and

end-panels. This is the largest public service area in the

library, and it will be essential to design the building

arround this area.

Bookstack design should include these considerations:

1. Each section of books is 3 ft- long and 90" high.

2. A double-faced section holds 300 volumes if seven shelves

on each side are utilized.

3. Stacks must be braced across the top and secured to the

103

walls.

4. A range of shelving should be a minimum of six sections

long to make it possible for readers to move easily from one

aisle to the next. Ranges should be 5 ft. on centers. This will

leave and aisle 44" wide if 8" shelving is utilized, or 40"

wide if 10" shelving is installed. Each range will hold 1,800

books.

5. Studies have shown that flourescent lighting (mounted about

3" above the top of stacks), shielded by angled egg-crate

parawedge louvers, will provide optimum 1ighting with minimum

glare.

6. Seating should not be combined with stacks because this 4-5

would require a wider aisle and a larger area.

LIBRARIAN OFFICE

This is the only room in the building where the

1ibrarian can find privacy to work, to interview and to discuss

problems with patrons and staffs. The room should be easily

accessible from the reading room and conveniently located to

the ciculation desk.

The room should be large enough to contain a large

pedestal desk, 1ibrarian's swivel chair, 2 or 3 chairs for

visitors or staff, a 4-drawer vertical file, a waste basket,

bookshelves, an electric clock, a telephone extension, a buzzer

and a desk lamp. The room should be carpeted and well-1ighted.

!Cf4-

STAFF ROOM

The room should be near the circulation/reference area

and visible to and from that area. The room should have a wall

cabinet and drawer base, a small lounge 15'x 15', coke machine,

trash barrel, table and 4 chairs, sofa, under-the counter

refrigerator, sink, stove, coffee maker, coat hooks and

electrical wall clock.

JANITOR S SPACE

Locate this important room as centrally as possible. It

must be large enough to allow for the following activities and

equipment: slop sink, floor-to-ceiling shelving; 12" deep and

with 12" between shelves for cleaning supplies; a janitor's

clothes closet, adequate shelving 24" deep and 12" between

shelves for light bulbs, paper towels, soaps, and other

building supplies; a mop, broom, and brush rack; space for

vacuum cleaner, buffing machine, janitor's cart, mop bucket on

casters, and 6' and 14' stepladders; and a desk or work table

and tool storage area for minor repairs. Doors should be 4 ft.

wide for ease of moving equipment in and out the space.

Provide floor drain and slope the floor so that the

water will drain to it. Floor must be painted cement or quarry

tile- Ceiling light providing a minimum of 40 fc. From

Architectural Graphic Standard, the optimum janitor closet

should be 6' x 9' and the minimum janitor closet 41/2' x 8.The

requirement of the janitor's space will be the same throughout

the facility.

lo5

MISCELLANEOUS

Coat racks; distributed the building, simple pegs on

boards.

Drinking fountain near toilets at entry-

Public telephone; open shelf with acoustical privacy

screens.

Copying machine; coin-operated, 15 amp. circuit-

Toilets; cantilevered bowls for easy cleaning, no legs

to touch the floor; rails and doors for the handicapped. 120

fc. of 1ight; stainless, unbreakable mirrors; rough texture

walls; built-in fixtures-soap, towels, trash; tiles and

built-in drain for easy cleaning; and dark booth walls.

CRANE LIBRARY, NEW ENGLAND

BUILDING PROGRAM SUMMARY 47

entry/display reading reference adult bookstacks children staff multipurpose nonassignable

Totals

area sq.ft

300 280 600 150

1200 400 250 750 300

4180

books

1300

1500 600

18000 5250

26650

public seats

9 6

6 8

29

occupy (public)

3 9-20 12 6 10 25 1/2 50

staff

1

1

1 1/2

(OG

ADMINISTRATING - ADMINISTRATION AREA

ENTRANCE/RECEPTION

The area must at once welcome and guard for it is the

one area that al1 visitors will see, be they bank presidents,

messengers or intruders. Since the area must be relatively

large to receive diverse traffic, it can also be the one

monumental or formal space in the facility. Its plan must be

obvious and signage should be visible and distinctive.

The space should have a desk or counter or 75 to 85 ^% {+

working station with a single chair. It should also have

telephone outlet. This area should be located adjacent to the

lobby area for the visitors to wait and to sit.

Gensler and Associates Architect modified an old San

Francisco warehouse for Young and Rubican, leaving most

surfaces pure white and adding bright color for vitality- Here

the reception area is a distinct first stop for visitors.

LOBBY

The flexibility of the lobby is governed by its size. It

is a little more than a large vestibule into which corridors,

coat room and display area can be located. In the first

instance, lounge furn iture, carpet ing, side tables and other

equipment should be as flexible as possible to permit of

multiplicity of use.

The lobby should be well lighted in view of the fact that

those entering from bright sunlight encounter some difficulty

{tr

in adjusting to interior lighting. Good lighting assists in

creating a welcoming atmosphere and enhances the attractiveness

of the decor. Acoustic ceilings absord some of the sounds of a

normally noisy area. The area should provide 6 to 8 seating

spaces, tables or end tables. The foor should be non-slip and

durable.

The lobby's function is that of receiving arrivals and

aiding in distribution throughout the building. Building and

activity directories should be prominent and explicit to permit

for most of those to enter to find their own way. The area

should be wide enough to prevent the conservation groupings

which inevitably gather here from obstructing others using the

area. Drinking fountains and restrooms should be located

nearby.

CONFERENCE ROOM

The table determines the shape of this room and the tone

of the meeting. Full participation work meetings are most

effective with seven or fewer members seated at a 60" diameter

round table. The space between the participants at large table

tables insures formality and uneven participation. The height

of the table should be 28" and given 2 1/2 to 3 ft, of space at

table for each participants. Chairs can be swivel. Floors

should bw non-slip. Waste basket and slide presentations

equipment should be provided in the room. The area should have

good ventilation and acoustical treatment. Diamond Shamrosk's

log^

Industrial Chemical Group in Dallas has a glass wall to

maintain acoustical privacy and carpeting floor, A minimum of

35 to 40 footcandles illumination level should be provided to

meet the tasks in this room, mostly reading and writing.

Effective conference configurations.

OFFICES

Private offices' requirements will be for the Amir (the

leader for the Muslim community), an accountant, assistants and

working stations with partition walls.

For routine clerical areas such as accounting and

stenograph, 75 to 85 sq.ft per working station are recommended,

a working station being a single clerical chair and a desk.

Each working station is allowed not more than 1 1/2 lineal feet

of file and storage. Modular office furniture which consists of

variuos standard size tops designed to be assembled with any of

a variety of bases offers almost unlimited combinations for

office growth and change. Folding and movable partitions

separating this section from the offices would assure less

M

confusion.

Office lighting planned to fit into a flexible scheme

provides an even level of light throughout the area rather than

focusing spots of light on previously planned locations, the

later course prebuilding a rigidity into the structure which

can be eliminated only by future electrical changes. With long

flourescent 1ighting elements and overall difussing ceiling now

available, wel1 spread illumination can be provided in all

corners of the office. Most intensive office work requires

about 50 fc. of illum inat ion at the work ing 1evel, but some

private offices and conference rooms may get by with only 30

fc. An office staff should be housed in an area well

ventilated, free from drafts and relatively noise-free. The

appearance of the areas is as important as that of the public

spaces. Rooms 1ighted by north or east 1ight are recept ive to

warm colors, while cool colors are best suited for rooms

1ighted from south or west. The 1ighter, more nuetral waiIs

should face workers; the more deeply colors can be located

behind them.

OTHER SERVICES WITHIN THE FACILITY

TOILET ROOMS

The number of fixtures in a toilet would be different in

each building according to the number of people using the

building. Thus, one water closet for each 150 women and 300 men

may be required in the mosque area with a urinal for each 300

fio

men and one lavatory for each 150 women and 300 men. Library

restrooms should allow at least 6 water closet for every 150

men and women and 5 lavatory for every 125 men and women with

one fixture for additional 45 persons. Urinals in men's room

may be provided in lieu of water closets but for not more than

1/3 of the required number of water closets. Drinking fountain

in the 1ibrary should be provided at least one for each 75

persons. Office areas should allot a water closet for each 15

to 20 persons, with a lavatory for each 2 water closets and a

urinal in addition for each 2 water closets in men's rooms.

All urinals and toilets should be of vitreous china with no

sharp corners. Urinal outlets should be properly screened to

catch such debris as cigarettes and matches, unless they have

large outlets and power flushing- Toilet seats should be sturdy

and imperviuos with open front seats on top of the elongated

toilet bowls - Hose outlets for cleaning should supply hot and

cold water and all piping should be non-corrosive to permit

longevity. Pressure within the building should be great enough

to prevent drops in faucet pressures when toilets are flushed.

The floors of the restrooms should be non-slip. The

amount of water used will cause wet, slippery floors and the

chemical action of urine on cement not only cause deterioration

but also unpleasant odors. Non-slip terrazo, quarry or ceramic

tile are sastifactory floor materials. Floor drains and hose

outlets make cleaning easier as do wall and ceiling hung

/ / /

fixtures such as basins, urinals, toilets and toilet

partitions. Forced ventilation with separate ducts is necessary

for toilet rooms to permit the proper exhaust of odors from the

area and the building.

Sunlight is desirable, with the window area equal to

about one-eight of the floor area. Artificial light should be

available in sufficient quantity with 120 fc. illumination

level. Placement of the mirrors away from the wash basins

assists in eliminating some of the drain clogging problem which

result from hairs in the traps. Sanitary napkin vendors should

be installed in the women's rooms with sanitary receptacles in

each booth.

PLAYLOT

The playlot is a small area set aside for the play

activity of the young people age up to 6 years old under

immeadiate adult supervision. The playlot will to serve some 30

children with some selection of equipment in a play space about

1400 sq.ft.; this area, plus additional space circulation and

play space divider. Some of the facilities are:

Equipment Number of pieces Play space requirements

slide seesaw sandboxes climber swings (4 swings)

10' X 25' 10' X 25' 10' X 15' 10' X 25' 16' X 32'

The playlot should be surrounded by a low enclosure with

m

supplemental planting, and provided with one entrance-exit.

Traffic flow should be planned to encourage movement throughout

the playlot in a safe, orderly manner. This traffic flow may be

facilitate with walls, plantings, low walls and benches-

Durable trash containers should be provided and conveniently

located to maintain a neat, orderly appearance- Non-movable

benches should be conveniently located to assure good

visibility and protection of the children at play. Trees and

plantings will be helpful for shaded area and quiet activities.

tl3

ENDNOTES

' Michell, G. ed. Architecture of the Islamic World- London:

Thames and Hudson. 1978. pl6

^ Davies, J. Temples, Churches and Mosques- New York: Pilgrim

Press. 1982. pl20

Ibid, pll9

Ibid, pl20

' Deasy, C. Designing Places for People. New York: Billboard

Pub. Inc- 1985- pl04

^ Ibid, pl05

^ Kazarian, E. Foodservice Facilities Planning- Conn.: AVI

Pub. Inc. 1983. pl82

^ Ibid, pl83

Ibid, pl25

Ibid, pll7

Ibid, pl23

Ibid, pl24

Ibid, p210

Ibid, P137

Ibid, pl45

Ibid, pl46

Ibid, pl46

Ibid, pl47

Ibid, p218

Ibid, p90

Ibid, p91

/ /f

Ibid, p92

Ibid, p94

Ibid, p99

Beddington, N. Design for Shopping Centers. London:

Butterworth Scientific. 1982. p50

Ketchum, M. Shops and Stores. New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp.

1957. pl70

Nicholson, E. Contemporary Shops in the United States. New

York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. Inc. 1945- p46

Ibid, p48

Ketchum, M. pl73

MyHer, R. The Design of the Small Public Library. New York

and London: R.R. Bowker Co. 1966. p44

Nyren, K- New Public Library. New York: Library Joutnal,

RR- Bowker Co. 1945. pl4

Myller, R. p44

Lushington, N. Libraries Design for Users. New York:

Gaylord Prof- Pub. 1979. p88

Ibid, p89

Myller, R. p45

Lush ington, N- p245

Ibid, pl44

Myller, R. p50

Lushington, N- p244

Myller, R- p52

Ibid, p54

//5

Ibid, p57

Lushington, N. p246

Ibid, p245

Myller, R. p67

Lushington, N. p251

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AWINI3TRATIQN AREA

//6

naK of total # of I of h e i ^ eauioKnt lignt. vent soace

soace sq.ft . root users ^t, fc. c f i enciasure

t inforMtion/ t50 t - -3

recepticr

3 conference

roQi

<jesk, chair, 30 teleohone) olants

2 icdby 250 t 1-S '0 olants, Loi/»ge 35

seating,

recessed ruOoer

lutt ing

150 t 7-9 conference tabie^ 70 a swivel chairsT chalk Dd., slide screen, naste casket

30 caroeting on *laor

^0 carpeting fleer sound absorbing Malls i ceiling

25-50 as «2

4 offices 200 •-3 3 i^hositered chairs 70 tO-30

desk, île cabinets,

teleohone, t«aste Casket

ash-tray

as *2

COmSCIAl FACILITIES

^ drug store tOOO t 10 5-3 sneives, ca- '00 j-t? shier, coirters, snoM cases

tile floor, sound aosor-bing walls % ceiiinq

2 gift shop 1500 t 10 i0-'2 shelves, desks 200 5-^5 cashier, shou cases

carpeting *'lcor, sound aosortiing «aiis & ceiiLng

3 dookstore 1200 1 10 10-^5 shelves, book- 200 stands, desk,cash counter

5-15 saw as *2

* foodstore 1250 1 12 20-24 storage, recei- 100- 5-t5 ving, shipping, 200 refrigerated sale cases, tables, shelves, Meighing lachine, daker^ snow cases, cashio*

resilient ^ype flooring, sound aosor-oing Mails I ceiling

/ / • /

naw of total « of heig^ • of space so ft rooa ft users

equioaent

stc

lighting vent fc cfii

space enclosure

5 restaurants 1500 12 50-30 Chairs, tables, 30 snvice counters, cashier aachines, plants

10-15 asohait tile floor,cork lat, sound absorbing Malls and ceiling

6 kitchens 1400 5 10 10-15 receiving area, storage, dishwashing, eiplo-'^'s soace, preoaration area. gamage and trash, office

40 10-15 zjBont -loor, cork mats, souno aosorbing wails and ceiling

LIBRARY

1 entrance '50 1 10 ^-3 entrance lats plants

10-30 ti le flooring

2 inforiai SOO t reading area

10 3-5 plants, sofa, table, sneives pjg

40 '0-iO carpeting floor, sound aosortiing walls i ' ceiling

3 reading 280 1 area

4 staf* 250 1

12 9-20 tables, cnairs, 35 10-3C studio carrels

2-4 2 taoies,4 chairs, 50 cabinets, teleohone, sofa, trasn, coke nacnine, coffee iiaker, under-counter refrigerator

10-10

rarpeting 'loor, souno aosorbing wails and ceiling

=aae as #3

:/3

naae of total # of neignt # of space sq ft rooa ft users

equioaent iigntmg if*

ênt soace cf» enclcsure

5 catalog 150 l area

6 stacks 1200 i area

7 children's 400 ' section

8 leeting 150 l rooi

9 exhibit 300 i area

10 refefetite 600 1 area

11 copy 80 1 •achine area

12 librarian 150 1 office

13 janitor '00 1 closet

14 circu- 150 1 lation area

12

12

10

9

15

10

9

9

8

to

10-15

10-'5

25-30

7-g

8-12

5-5

2-3

1-2

•-2

3-4

sraiiers, cnairs sliding reference drawers

shelves, books

sneives, pilioHS, sofa, DOQks, sneives

table,a cnairs, trasn, asntray, cnaikboard, slide screen, waste oasket

bulletin coards, olantings, closed cases, Goen shelves, pedestal

cnairs, tables

cooy lacnines, oesk, cutter

desk, 2 cnairs file cabinets, shelves, waste basket

shelves, sink, vacuiB cleaner, steoladder, waxes cleaners

sneives, count«^ drawers, telephone wail clock, chairs cooy aacnine, typewriters

70

30

T^

35

:o

'•:o

30

50

40

^

10-30

10-30

'0-30

25-50

15

tO-30

30

10-30

00

10-30

saw as #3

carpeting floor,

acoustical ceiling ft wall treatment

saw as #6

cork flooring acoustical walls ft ceiling

saw as *3

saw as 46

cewnt floor, sound absor-cing walls ft ceiling

saw as #3

ceraaic walls sainted snawl ceiling, cera-(lic floor

saw as ^

II ^

naw of total # of height space soft rooa ft

• of MuiDwnt lighting vent user fc cfd

soace enclosure

15 ptiiiic 8 3 phone

1-2 directory, shelf, 70 teleohone

50 cnalkbd. wall sound absor-aing ceiling, cewnt 'loor

16 restrooK 190 2 8 5-8 water closets, 20 urinals, lavatories

00 tile walls, cera»ic tile

floor, ceiling Doard, oartition

NtmJE

1 sen's 4000 1 2^ 450 prayer rugs, 35 prayer shelves, stands hail ^ the duran.

5- 5 :aroeting floor, souno absorbing walls and ceiling

2 wown's ora- 1800

yer hall

12 200 as #1 5-15 as #1

3 entrance '50 i

4 iuB's stuly *20 t area

12 3-5 snoe racks, 30 to-30 entrance lats

1-2 desk, chair, 35

sneives, île

caoinets

10-30

t i le *loor

saw as #1

5 children's 130 i section

9 8-10 sneives, aats, 30 '0-30

oiankets, p i l

lows, cabinets,

f i rst -a id oox

6 classrooBS 600 2 Cwn and wown)

9 30-40 cnalkboard,

bookshelves,

tackboard, rows

of taoles 18"

neight

150 10-30

7 ciassrooK 300 2

(boys and gir ls)

saw as #1

as #'

8 :6-20 saw as 46 i5C '0-30 saw as »'

8 ten's wash 140 2 8 15-20 rows of taps 25 40 tile walls, ceraiic tile •loor

•?f:

fîp jf total • of Height • of equiownt lighting v^nt ô^ce jpjce sdft rooi f t 'êr c cfm enclosure

MOMTT'S »ash 0 1 8 5-*0 raws of taos 25 40 saw as *8

pestrooB 130 2 9 5-9 *aten:losets, 20 ^0 u i e walls, cera-ur inais, lava- l ic : i l e floors, tones :ei l ing, board,

oartition

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ADJACENCY MATRIX

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d r u g s t o r e g i f t s h o p b o o k s t o r e food s t o r e r e s t a u r a n t s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n mosque l i b r a r y

I s o l i d - h i g h i n t e r a c t i o n

A o p e n - medium i n t e r a c t i on

v a c a n t - no i n t e r a c t i o n

MOSQUE

n^

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entrance men's prayer hal 1 women's prayer hal 1 children's sect ion imam's study area c1assroom - men classroom - women classroom - boys classroom - girls men's ablut ion women's ablut ion men's coat room women's coat room storage restrooms

I sol id - high interaction

^ open - medium interact ion

vacant - no interaction

V 3

LIBRARY

tlO ^ -M -H U c cn 4J tM c •^ OJ CJ (0 tM ft XJ "D OJ OJ 0

t r O f O i n B U fliQj O J O J O J c 0 ( 0 cn c c u u L o c n o - B - H o ro(o -H - ^ { u c o i c r cn

aJ - f - p c u f t j o u a s UP&OfOftJ&OOJQOC -HUtO C O c*H c B - ^ o u c o J c n u B u o o rC-Q-rHL3-HX3-HL.^(0«w - H p t , L-M-o 0 U r O ^ P O ) U U<M > ^ . H 4 J *J-C(U**-»L,4J-p-(aj(H(0â3Q.^CCn cxo) c-H(oi:ajQj4J'H+j osm oj oJOJU-'HouuBt-cn-Hcnua'-jL.

entrance • ^ exhibit area • ^ ^ reading area il, informal reading c irculat ion desk catalog children's section meeting room

J AA

1 '*2 \ ^ A r e f e r e n c e a r e a jk ^^\Ji(A ^ ^ J K i ^ ^

s t a c k s 1 i b r a r i a n ' s o f f i c e s t a f f room copy m a c h i n e a r e a p u b l i c phone j a n i t o r r e s t r o o m s

a wk A A.

AAA A AA

• solid - high interaction

A open - medium interaction

vacant - no interaction

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BUILDING COST

Space I Cost/sq ft I Total sq ft I Total Cost

Restaurants I $79.95 1 14,500 I $1,159,275.00

Retail Stores I $39.05 I 4,950 I $193,297.50

19,450 $1,352,572.50

Mosque 1

Library & 1 Adroinistratio

$61.00

$71.00

1 7,860

1 6,094

14,954

1 $479.460

1 $432,674

$912,134

TOTAL PROJECT AREA 34,404 sq.ft

TOTAL BUILDINGS COST $2,264,706.50

PROJECT COST

Mosque, library & administration

Building cost $912,134.00 Land value (18%) 164,184.12 Site Work (18%) ^^'^'^î'io Fees ft Permits (7%) 63,849.38 Carrying cost (8%) ^^'^Â n? Start-up a contingency 27,364.02 Total $1,404,686.36

n^

PROJECT COST.

Restaurants and Retai1 Stores

Building cost $ 1,352,572.50 Land Value (18%) 243,463.05 Site work (1856) 243,463.05 Fees & Permit (7%) 94,680.08 Carrying Cost (8%) 108,205.80 Start-up & Contingency (3%) 40,577.18

Total $ 1,596,035-55

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Restaurants and Retai1 Stores

(1) Market rent / sq ft / yr $20.00 Gross building area 19,450 sqft Building efficiency ratio 9096

(2) Gross leasable area 17,505 sqft Potential gross income $350,100

(3) Gross income multiplier 4.56yrs Total project value *1,596,035.55

(4) Project building ratio 1.18

Building budget $1,352,572.50

(5) Gross building area 19,450 sqft

(6) Building area cost/sqft $69.50

TOTAL PROJECT COST $3,000,721.91

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ardalan, Nader. "On Mosque Architecture." Architecture and

Community Building in the Lslamic World Today. Islamic

Pub. Ltd. 1983.

Beddington, Nadine. Design for Shopping Centers. London :

Butterworth Scientific 1982.

Brawne, Michael. Libraries : Architecture and Equipment.

New York. Washington. London : Praeger Pub. 1970.

Davies, J. G. Temples, Churches and Mosques. New York :

Pilgrim Press, 1982.

Deasy, C M . Designing Places for People. New York : Billboard

Pub. Inc. 1985.

Doshi, Balkrishna V. "Towards an Appropriate Living

Environment: Question on Islamic Development." Places of

Public Gathering in Islam. 1980

Green, William R. The Retail Store Design and Construction. New

York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1986

Hoag, Joan D. Islamic Architecture. New York: Harry N. Abrams,

Inc., Pub. 1977

Kaspar, Karl. Shops and Showrooms: An International Survey. New

York. Washington: Frederick A. Praeger, Pub. 1967

Kazarian, Edward A. Foodservice Facilities Planning.

Connecticut: AVI Pub. Inc. 1983

Ketchum, Morris. Shoos and Stores. New York: Reinhold Pub.

Corp. 1957

Khan, Fazhur R. "The Islamic Environment: Can the Future Learn

i^l

from the Past." Towards an Architecture in the Spirit of

Islam. 1978

Lari, Suhail and Yasmee. "Architecture and Community." Building

in the Islamic World. 1978

Lushington, N. and Mills, W. Libraries Designed for Users. New

York: Gaylord Professional Pub. 1979

Mazria, Edward. The Passive Solar Energy Book. Pa: Rodale Press

1977

McGuinness, Stein and Reynolds. Mechanical and Electrical

Equipment for Buildings 6th ed. New York: John Wiley

Sons. 1980

^ Means Bui Iding Construct ion Cost. 1987

Michell, George ed. Architecture of the Islamic World. London:

Thames and Hudson. 1978

Myller, Rolf. The Design of the Small Public Library. New York

and London: R.R. Bowker Co. 1966

Nicholson, Enr ich. Contemporary Shops in the United States. New

York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. Inc. 1945

Nyren, Karl ed. Mew Public Library Buildings. New York: Library

Journal, R.R. Bowker Co. 1979

Parnes, Dr Louis. Planning Stores That Pay. F.W. Dodge Corp.

1948

Redstone, Louis G. New Dimensions in Shopping Centers and

Stores. Mc Graw-Hill Book, Co. 1973

"Ismail i Jamatkhana and Center Burnaby." Architectural

Record. Aug. 1986. pp90-95

"Report from Rome: Mosque Planned for Rome."

1^12

Architectural Record. June 1985. pp50-51

Thiem, Walter R. "On the Road to Jedda" Progressive

Architecture- Dec. 1974. pp79-83

Thompson, Godfrey. Planning and Design of Library Buildings.

New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp. 1958

Williams, Wayne R. Recreation Places. New York: Princeton

University Press. 1973

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DOCUMENTATION

PROGRAM MODIFICATIONS

Spaces added to program

1 Arabic section area in the library - for arable speaking people and

those who might interested in learning arable language.

2 Multipurpose room both for men and women in the mosgue - spaces for

any gathering or activities to take place.

PROGRAM SOLUTION

Since the purpose of this project is to create an Islamic environment

to for the Muslim community in Arlington, Texas, 1 eame out with the idea of

Arab village that plays with the sequence of spaces i.e. one space leads to

another space and long narrow passage leads to an open large area. There

are also two main axes in organizing the buildings to make them harmonize as

a whole. Firstly, the mosgue has to be oriented towards 43 21 North of

East which is the direction of Mecca and the second axis is the access to

the area from the street. At the intersection of the axes stands the

minaret to form as a focal point of the center.

The most important building at the center is the mosque, thus, it is

placed on the highest level of the site. Next important buildings are the

library and the administration area, and lastly, the restaurant and the

retail areas. The mosque having to be the main building at the center has

its own concept. All religous activities to be held within the mosgue will

segregate men and women by layers - 1st. level is for men and 2nd. level is

for the women. The mosque also stretches two arms to invite people to come

in and pray.

/30

The entrance to the center has two rows of covered walkway to invite and

welcome people to the center. It is even reinforced by the series of arches

stand infront of the entrance,

I chose concrete as the material of the buildings because of its

massiveness that reminds to the characteristics of arab village. In addition

I chose white and the touch of blue as the buildings' color because they

symbolize the color of purity.

Finally, I really enjoy designing this project. 1 think it is the best

project I have ever designed so far and I satisfied with the result.

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ISLAMIC CENTER AT ARLINGTON, TEXAS Submitted to the ...

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