Irrigation 121019092651-phpapp01

Presented by: Uzzal Kumar Halder Std. No.: 0716028

Outline of presentation

• DEFINITION

• HISTORY OF IRRIGATION

• PRESENT EXTENT OF IRRIGATION

• PERCENTAGE OF IRRIGATION

• TYPES OF IRRIGATION

• IRRIGATION IN CONTEXT OF

BANGLADESH.

1. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil 2. It is usually used to assist in growing crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall

Additionally, irrigation also has a

few other uses in crop production,

which include :

1.protecting plants against frost,

2.suppressing weed growing in

grain fields

3.helping in preventing soil

consolation

HISTORY OF IRRIGATION

• In the Zana Valley of Peru, archaeologists found remains of three irrigation canals radiocarbon dated from the 4th millennium BCE, the 3rd millennium BCE and the 9th century CE.

• These canals are the earliest record of irrigation in the New World.

Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca.1840

Irrigation systems were developed in

Indian Sub-continent by :

• The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan

and North India.

• The reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BCE.

• An early canal irrigation system from

circa 2600 BCE.

An example of irrigation system common in Indian subcontinent

PRESENT EXTENT OF

IRRIGATION

#2,788,000 km² of agricultural land was

equipped with irrigation infrastructure.

#The largest contiguous areas of high

irrigation density are found in North India

and Pakistan along the rivers Ganges.

PERCENTAGE OF IRRIGATION

ASIA 68%

AMERICA 17%

EUROPE 9%

AFRICA

5%

OCENIA

1%

IN THE WORLD

TYPES OF IRRIGATION

• Surface irrigation

• Center pivot irrigation

• Lateral move irrigation

• Localized irrigation

TYPES OF IRRIGATION:

• Water moves over and across the land by

gravity flow in order to wet it and to infiltrate

into the soil.

• Often called flood irrigation.

• Historically, this has been the most common

method of irrigating agricultural land.

• This method of irrigating is covered above

70% land in our country.

SURFACE IRRIGATION

Surface irrigation can be subdivided

into two types. • Border Strips or Basin Flood:

– Strips of land with dikes on the sides

– Usually graded but with no cross slope

– Downstream end may be diked

• Furrow:

– Small channels carry the water (entire surface is

not wet)

– Commonly used on row crops

– Lateral as well as vertical infiltration

– Furrows are usually graded

Basin flood irrigation of rice

Basin flood irrigation of wheat

Irrigation of the land in Punjab, Pakistan

Furrow irrigation before Water is Added

Furrow irrigation after Water is Added

Furrow irrigation of Crops

WATER SUPPLY

• Methods of water supply

–Head ditch with siphon tubes or side-

opening gates

–Gated pipe (aluminum or plastic pipe with

small gates that can be opened and closed)

–Buried pipeline with periodically spaced

valves at the surface

CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION

• Is a form of sprinkler irrigation.

• Consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses.

• Mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers.

• System moves in a circular pattern.

• These systems are common in parts of the United States where terrain is flat.

CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION:

Center pivot with drop sprinklers in USA

The hub of a center-pivot irrigation system.

LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION

LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION: • A series of pipes, each with a wheel is affixed

to its midpoint and sprinklers along its length.

• Water is supplied at one end using a large

hose.

• After sufficient water has been applied, the

hose is removed.

• The hose is reconnected.

• The process is repeated until the opposite edge

of the field is reached.

LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION:

• This system is less expensive to install.

• Much more labor intensive to operate.

• It is limited in the amount of water it can

carry.

• They are most often used for small or

oddly-shaped fields, such as those found in

hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions

where labor is inexpensive.

A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, United Kingdom.

LOCALIZED IRRIGATION

LOCALIZED IRRIGATION:

• Water is distributed under low pressure

through a piped network.

• Applied as a small discharge to each plant or

adjacent to it.

IT MAY BE DIFFERENT KINDS: 1.Drip irrigation

2.Sprinkler irrigation

3.bubbler irrigation

DRIP IRRIGATION

1.Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation,

functions as its name suggests.

2.Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants,

drop by drop.

3.This method can be the most water-efficient method

of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation

and runoff are minimized.

4.In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often

combined with plastic mulch, further reducing

evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of

fertilizer.

Drip Irrigation - A dripper in action

Drip Irrigation Layout and its parts

Advantages of Drip Irrigation

• Delivers water slowly.

• Minimizes water loss due to runoff.

• Useful in windy areas.

• Less evaporation.

• Less splash that may spread fungal.

• spores, bacteria to other plants.

IRRIGATION IN CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH

• The most common system of Irrigation in our

country is Surface Irrigation.

• About 70% water source is Groundwater.

• It is two types by its mechanism.

1.Traditional Irrigation.

2.Manual Pump Irrigation.

3.Power Pump Irrigation

Location map

Irrigation scene using Doon (traditional irrigation facilities)

Traditional Irrigation.

Manual Pump Irrigation

Power Pump Irrigation

Power Pump Irrigation

Power Pump Irrigation

Problems Generated by Irrigation

1.The maximum irrigation is occuring in

the North-west zone of Bangladesh & the

groundwater level is decreasing day by

day in this zone.

Areas which use maximum Groundwater

2.Excess irrigation causes Arsenic

contamination which may cause

great disaster in future.

3.Excess irrigation can influence

Earthquake.

Occurrence of arsenic in groundwater (BGS, 1999)

WHAT SHOULD WE DO ?

• We have to use effective Irrigation system.

• We have to reduce Water wastage.

• In this context bucket drip Irrigation is so

Effective.

Bucket Drip Irrigation Kits: •Filter screen •Water Supply Line •Drip Line

Bucket

Water Supply Lines

Filter

Stand

Drip Lines

Need to add: •Bucket •Stand •Plants

•Look for wet spots •Mark them •Place plants where there is a drip

Can also flush the lines

This is done by opening the ends of the drip lines and pouring clean water through it.

Such kind of structures that can reduce wastage of Water.

So we use……

Thank You