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Introduction The use of polymeric materials hasgrown widely in
various sectors suchas packaging, building, electronic,
au-tomotive, and aerospace industries.Particularly, Nylon 6 has
wide engi-neering applications and is used inlarge quantities in
automotive oilpans, gears, slides, cams, bearings, flu-id
reservoirs, and the sports industry(Ref. 1). Polymeric materials
offermany advantages over metal and its al-loys owing to certain
distinct proper-ties: light weight, high specificstrength, high
specific modulus, de-sign flexibility, low production costs,
good corrosion and environmental re-sistance, thermal and
electrical insula-tion, and durability (Ref. 2). Increase in use of
a particular materi-al, on the other hand, increases the
im-portance of the joining process. In engi-neering, the production
of a single piecefrom molding is an ideal situation be-cause it
eliminates many steps of as-sembling. However, due to the
complex-ity of parts and dissimilarity in joiningcomponents in some
cases, efficientjoining processes are necessary. Friction stir
welding (FSW), amongmodern joining techniques, is nowwidely
considered as a joining process,owing to its low-cost production
and
eco-friendly process. Moreover, by us-ing this technique, the
weld joint canbe accomplished by controlling fewerparameters, such
as rotational speed,feed rate, plunge depth, and tool di-mension
(Ref. 3). Since its inception, avariety of metal alloys has been
suc-cessfully joined by this process. Inves-tigations regarding
their mechanicaland microstructural properties arewidely reported
in literature. However,in the case of polymers, application ofFSW
to produce joints is a relativelynew approach and requires further
in-vestigation. The nonconductor natureof polymers makes it
challenging toweld them, especially in the case of athick
workpiece. However, some poly-meric materials have been
successfullyfriction stir welded up to the maxi-mum workpiece
thickness of 10 mm.The results, in order to achieve themaximum
strength, are characterizedthrough various means and reportedin
literature. In order to avoid the root defectfracture and to
enhance the weldstrength, different approaches havebeen adopted to
eliminate this partic-ular defect. For this purpose, Arici etal.
(Ref. 4) used double passes of thetool on 5-mm-thick polyethylene
(PE)sheets. Pirizadeh et. al. (Ref. 5) used abobbin tool on
5-mm-thick acryloni-trile butadiene styrene (ABS) sheets.However,
in the case of polymers withlow melt viscosity or low melting
tem-peratures, such as Nylon 6, which hasa melt viscosity of 300
Pa-s at 250C(low shear rate) (Ref. 6), double passes
WELDING RESEARCH
Investigating Friction Stir Welding on Thick Nylon 6 Plates
Exploring the effects of rotational speed on micromechanical
properties, flow behavior, and thermal variations
BY A. ZAFAR, M. AWANG, S. R. KHAN, AND S. EMAMIAN
ABSTRACT Polymeric materials, despite being thermal insulators,
are now being welded usingdifferent welding techniques. In the
current work, the feasibility of the friction stir welding (FSW)
process on 16mmthick Nylon 6 plates was studied. The effects of
rotationalspeed on the weld quality were investigated by the
temperature development, micromechanical properties,
crystallization growth, and fracture analysis of the joints.
Resultsshowed the dependence of temperature and tensile values on
rotation rates was insignificant. However, appearance of
considerable defects at higher rotation rates, observed invisual
and microscopic analysis, indicated that Nylon 6 is weldable only
at lower rotationrates due to its low melt viscosity. Moreover,
identical fracture locations during tensiletests revealed that the
interface of weld zone on the retreating side was the weakestpart
of the joint. It can be attributed to the lack of bonding at the
interface of the weldzone on retreating side and relatively low
crystallinity in the retreating side region. Dueto different
rheological and physical properties of polymers than metals, the
flowphenomenon in Nylon 6 was found to be different from that of
metals, resulting in a distinct isolated pin plunged zone.
A. ZAFAR ([email protected]), M. AWANG
([email protected]), S. R. KHAN, and S. EMAMIAN are
with the departmentof mechanical engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Petronas, Perak, Malaysia.
WELDING JOURNAL / JUNE 2016, VOL. 95210-s
KEYWORDS Friction Stir Welding Nylon 6 Polymer Material Flow
Threaded Pin
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of the tool or bobbin tool may result inexcess heat due to the
dual friction onupper and lower surfaces of the work-pieces,
eventually increasing the flash.The preweld heating, performed
byAydin (Ref. 7) on 4-mm-thick ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW)
poly-ethylene sheets, may not be suitablefor polymers with low melt
viscosityand can intensify the flash formationdue to increasing
heat. The influence of pin shape, studiedon PE sheets by Bilici et
al. (Ref. 8) andAhmadi et al. (Ref. 9) made them con-clude that the
truncated cone pin hasthe highest tensile strength as com-pared to
other pin shapes. However,due to large rheological and
propertydifferences among polymers, one pinprofile cannot be
assumed as optimumfor all polymers. Another tool consist-ing of the
hot shoe was investigatedby Bagheri et al. (Ref. 10) on ABSsheets.
The main reason to use thisshoe was to heat the polymer throughthe
shoulder during the weldingprocess. Their results were
comparablewith the work carried out by Mendeset al. (Ref. 11), who
used a stationaryshoulder tool on the same materialwithout external
heating. However,squeezing out of the plasticized mate-rial below
the shoulder, particularly inlow melt viscosity polymers still
re-mained a problem. Inaniwa et al. (Ref. 12) and Pan-neerselvam et
al. (Ref. 13) joined Ny-lon 6 sheets with thicknesses of 5 and10
mm, respectively. In their studies,they eliminated the primary
heatsource by keeping a small opening be-tween the shoulder and
workpiece topsurface. Comparing their approaches,it was found that
Panneerselvam et al.(Ref. 13) joined Nylon 6 at a quitehigher
revolution pitch (ratio between
welding speedand rotation rate)compared toInaniwa et al.(Ref.
12) work.However, considering the Nylon 6properties especially low
melt viscosi-ty behavior, it is believed that higherrevolution
pitch will produce enor-mous flash. Flash formation has
beenreported by Panneerselvam et al. (Ref.13) as well. On the other
hand, the gapbetween shoulder and workpiece willcertainly lead to
the formation of acrown above the weld zone. Material flow, due to
its direct rela-tion with weld quality, has been thor-oughly
investigated on metals by vari-ous means. Lorrain et al. (Ref. 14)
andLi et al. (Ref. 15) used foil insert tech-nique, Edwards and
Ramulu (Ref. 16)used powder as a tracer material, Sei-del and
Reynolds (Ref. 17) utilized themarker material insert
technique,whereas Colligan (Ref. 18) insertedsmall steel balls in
aluminum to studymaterial flow. Colligan (Ref. 18) con-cluded that
material moved behind thepin and deposited on the retreatingside.
In another study on aluminum6061, Guerra et al. (Ref. 19)
reporteddifferent flow on advancing side (AS)and retreating side
(RS). Seidel andReynolds (Ref. 17) observed that themajority of the
material in the weldnugget simply moved around the pinand displaced
behind the pin. The material flow in polymeric ma-terials has been
studied on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bySimoes et al. (Ref.
20). They comparedtheir flow study with the Arbegast(Ref. 21) flow
model and observedthat the pin-affected zone remainedisolated and
straight along the pin.Their results showed no cross flow
from the weld zone to the base materi-al. Similarly, a clear
distinction be-tween the shoulder-affected zone andpin-affected
zone could be seen. Current work involved studying theprocess on
16-mm-thick Nylon 6plates by investigating the tempera-ture
development, micromechanical,and thermal properties of the
joint.With the aim to reduce the flash for-mation, a small-diameter
shoulder toolwith right-hand threaded pin wasused. Moreover, marker
material in-sert technique was utilized to examinethe flow
phenomenon and stirringuniformity in the weld.
Materials and Method In the present investigation, 180-mm-long
weld passes were made on16-mm-thick Nylon 6 (Polyamide-6)plates in
butt joint configuration atroom temperature. Bridgeport VMC2216 CNC
machine was utilized forFSW of specimens welded at a 0-degtilt
angle and FSW-TS-F16 FSW ma-chine was used to prepare welds at a
3-deg tilt angle. The FSW tool used in this studywas machined from
H13 tool steel rod Fig. 1. The pin of the tool was maderight-hand
threaded for uniform stir-ring, while rotating in a clockwise
di-rection (Ref. 13). The tool was heattreated before being used
for weldingand, therefore, its hardness was in-creased to 56 HRC
from 24 HRC. Rotational speed, due to its maincontribution in the
FSW process, hasbeen studied (Ref. 22). It was there-
WELDING RESEARCH
JUNE 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 211-s
Fig. 1 Friction stir welding tool with a schematic of
dimensions.
Fig. 2 A schematic of the thermocouple locations.
Fig. 3 Configuration of the tensile test specimen.
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fore varied between 300 and 1000rev/min. The other parameters,
suchas feed rate or welding speed, dwelltime, and tilt angle, were
kept con-stant and were selected based on pre-vious studies and
preliminary tests(Refs. 12, 13). Feed rate in polymerswas usually
kept low so that the mate-rial in front of the pin could get
suffi-cient time to plasticize. Parametersused in this study are
shown in Table1. A tilt angle of 3 deg, reported as an
optimum FSW angle for HDPE byBozkurt (Ref. 22), was also used at
theoptimum rotation speed. The opti-mum rotation speed, used in the
pres-ent work, was obtained from per-formed tests. Furthermore, a
K-type thermocou-ple was also placed at 1 mm below thepin tip to
estimate the weld zone (WZ)temperature at each rotation speed Fig.
2. In all experiments, a clockwiserotating tool was plunged into
theworkpiece with a 10-mm/min plungerate to the depth equal to the
pinlength. All the welding operationswere performed at room
temperature. Cross sections of weld specimens,perpendicular to
welding direction,
were made and were observed visually.The mechanical strength of
the jointswas analyzed by tensile testing onspecimens that were
obtained perpen-dicular to the welding direction. Thetensile tests
were performed in accor-dance to ASTM Standard D638-10 us-ing a
Zwick-Roell UTM machine at thecrosshead speed of 1 mm/min.
Aschematic of the D638-10 specimen isshown in Fig. 3. Weld zone and
frac-tured surfaces during tensile testswere analyzed by scanning
electronmicroscope (SEM). In order to deter-mine the crystalline
content in theWZ, a differential scanning calorime-ter (DSC) test
was carried out using aPerkin-Elmer differential
scanningcalorimeter at a heating rate of10C/min. Furthermore,
material flowduring the welding process was stud-ied by marker
material insert tech-nique at achieved optimum parame-ters.
Subsequently, due to the markermaterials difference in color from
thebase material, its movement was visu-ally analyzed by different
sectioning ofthe specimens.
Results and Discussion
Morphological andMicrographic Analysis
In order to observe any visual de-fects, friction stir welded
specimenswere cross-sectioned perpendicular tothe welding
direction. Figure 4A Eshows the different morphologies oftop
surfaces of the welded specimens. Although the flash formation can
beobserved in all specimens, Fig. 4A, Bspecimens show comparatively
lessflash formation. It is also noted that theflash in Fig. 4B is
on retreating side(RS). For this reason, it is believed thatthe
temperature on the RS is alwayshigher than the advancing side
(AS),which leads to the formation of flash onthe RS (Ref. 23).
Further increase in ro-tation speed to 500 rev/min resulted in
WELDING RESEARCH
WELDING JOURNAL / JUNE 2016, VOL. 95212-s
Fig. 4 Cross sections of specimenswelded at the following: A
300rev/min with 0deg angle; B 400rev/min with 0deg angle; C
500rev/min with 0deg angle; D 1000rev/min with 0deg angle; E
300rev/min with 3deg angle.
A
C
E
D
B
Table 1 Friction Stir Welding Parameters
Tilt Angle (Deg) Feed Rate (mm/min) Dwell Time (s) Rotation Rate
(rev/min)
0 25 15 1000 0 25 15 500, 400, 300 3 25 15 300
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higher heat input, leading to excessflash in the form of
bubbles, which ap-peared at some intervals Fig. 4C. 300rev/min with
a 3-deg-angle specimenalso showed bubble-like flash, which
in-dicates that tilting of the angle at 3 deggenerated high heat
during the process Fig. 4E. It may be due to the tiltedtool
trailing edge of the shoulder thatapplies higher compressive load
in thesurface of material increasing frictionand resulting in
higher heat generation. The formation of a crown-likeshape was also
observed in all speci-mens except the 1000-rev/min speci-men. Crown
peak was less in 300rev/min with 0-deg specimen anglecompared to
400, 500, and 300rev/min with 3-deg-angle specimens.A specimen
welded at 1000 rev/minshowed a different morphology Fig.4D. Excess
semimolten Nylon 6squeezed out of the WZ, and afterswirling around
the shoulder, ap-peared to have solidified on the shoul-der. As a
result, the WZ decreased inthickness, which would eventually
re-duce the tensile strength. It is believedthe appearance of weld
defects at high-er rotation rates is due to overheatgeneration,
which eases the plasticized
polymer to flow out. Low magnification SEM images ofweld zones,
taken on cross sections,are shown in Fig. 5. The specimenwelded at
1000 rev/min was excludedfrom further results and discussiondue to
its poor weld quality. The weldin Fig. 5A, which was made with
thelowest rotation speed of 300 rev/minwith 0-deg angle, presented
an excel-lent superficial appearance, unlikewelds produced at
higher rotationrates (Fig. 5BD), which showed dif-ferent defects,
likely caused by excessheat input. However, a minor defect inthe
form of improper bonding was ob-served at the bottom of the RS
inter-face. A specimen welded at 400rev/min rotation rate showed
varioussmall porosities with improper bond-ing on the RS border
line Fig. 5B. Likewise, increasing the rotationalspeed to 500
rev/min resulted in a ma-jor defect called tunnel defect with
poorbonding on the RS border line Fig.5C. Considering the good weld
appear-ance of 300 rev/min with a 0-deg-anglespecimen, and in order
to remove theminor weld defect at the bottom, it wasinvestigated
using a 3-deg tilt angle aswell. However, the micrograph result
showed a large cavity with a slight im-proper bond on the RS in
Fig. 5D. Moreover, weld zones were also ana-lyzed at higher
magnification. Micro-graphs shown in Fig. 6AD are the high-er
magnifications of Fig. 5AD, respec-tively. It is clear rotation
speed has a sig-nificant effect on the microstructure ofthe welds.
The 300 rev/min with 0-degangle specimen in Fig. 6A showed uni-form
and perfect surface quality, where-as the specimens at higher
rotationrates or a 3-deg tilt angle showed a rela-tively rough
surface Fig. 6BD. It isassumed that fracture is easy to occur
inrough surface compared to smooth sur-face, as it can provide
stress concentra-tion points. From the above detailed descrip-tion,
it can be deduced that, due to lowmelt viscosity compared to other
poly-mers, such as ABS (Ref. 11), PE (Ref.22), PP (Ref. 24), and
PMMA (Ref. 25),Nylon 6 is weldable only at lower rota-tion
speeds.
Tensile Test Results
Figure 7 exhibits the peak stressvalues of tensile specimens,
obtainedfrom stress strain curves. The trendindicates the increase
in tool rotation-al speed leads to a decrease in tensilestrength.
However, considering thevisible aforementioned defects, Fig. 7shows
the difference in strength val-ues is not that large. The
tensilestrength obtained at 500 rev/min isalso comparable to that
of the speci-men at 400 rev/min, even though itcomprises tunnel
defect in it. More-over, the strength of each specimen, interms of
value, was quite less thanthat of the base material. The
highesttensile strength, obtained at 300rev/min, 0-deg tilt angle,
was 27.21MPa, which corresponds only to about32% of base material.
At the same ro-tational rate when the angle is tilted to3 deg, the
strength decreased to itslowest value of 18.08 MPa. Compared with
Panneerselvam et al.(Ref. 13) and Inaniwa et al. (Ref. 12),who
studied 10- and 5-mm-thick Nylon6, respectively, almost similar
resultswere found. Although Nylon 6 FSW re-sults are lower in
tensile strength com-pared to other polymers, such as PE(Ref. 4),
ABS (Ref. 10), and polypropy-lene (PP) (Ref. 24), it is believed
thatthis process, due to its certain advan-
WELDING RESEARCH
JUNE 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 213-s
Fig. 5 Micrographs of welds at a rotational speed of the
following: A 300 rev/minwith 0deg angle; B 400 rev/min with 0deg
angle; C 500 rev/min with 0deg angle;D 300 rev/min with 3deg
angle.
A
C D
B
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tages over other techniques, can be suit-able for this
material.
Fracture Analysis
The fractured area in any place of thewelded joint is a direct
indication of theweakest part of that joint. In the pres-ent
investigation it was noted that allspecimens of each set of
parameters ex-hibited identical fracture location,which is at the
interface of the WZ onthe retreating side (IW-RS).
However,interface of the WZ on the advancingside (IW-AS) remained
intact. One frac-tured specimen for each rotation rate isshown in
Fig. 8. It is also important tonote here the specimen welded at
500rev/min (Fig. 8C) also showed fractureat the IW-RS, despite the
fact it con-tains a tunnel defect. It indicates thatthe IW-RS is
weaker than the tunneldefect. Inaniwa et al. (Ref. 12) and N.Mendes
et al. (Ref. 11) also observedthe same fracture locations in
theirstudy on FSW of different polymers.This prefered fracture
location in thesespecimens can be related to the forma-tion of
flash preferrentially on the re-treating side. In general, flash
forma-
tion causes the lack of material, whichultimately results in
cavities and blow-holes. In addition to it, other phenome-na in the
WZ make the RS weaker thanthe AS include higher temperature onthe
RS (Ref. 23), low shear velocity onthe RS (Ref. 12), and difference
in flowon both sides (Ref. 10). Scanning elec-tron microscopy
results of fracturedspecimens observed toward the WZ,shown in Fig.
9, exhibit the same frac-ture phenomenon in all specimens.
Temperature Analysis
Temperatures measured at 1 mm be-low the pin tip are shown
graphically inFig. 10. An increase in temperaturewith the increase
of rotation speed isobvious and can be observed in thegraph.
Although the temperature dif-ferences at low rotation rates are
notsignificant, noticeable differences inweld quality were
observed. Cavities,tunnel defect, and smoke during theprocess were
seen above 400 rev/minrotation speeds. A maximum tempera-ture of
167C at 1000 rev/min showedlarge amounts of flash formation withthe
emission of smoke. Smoke is a com-bination of different volatiles,
majorly
carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), andammonia (NH3), evolved due
to en-dothermic reaction during the FSWprocess. Evolution of
volatiles is direct-ly linked to the weight, suggesting a de-crease
in polymer weight (Ref. 26).Therefore, it is believed that at
relative-ly higher rotation rates, a small de-crease in weight also
occurred. Considering the melting point ofNylon 6 is 220C, it can
be assumed allrotation rates used in the presentstudy are
applicable for Nylon 6, asthermal degradation of polymer oc-curs at
350C (Ref. 27). It was ob-served that temperature for optimumweld
parameter 300 rev/min with 0-deg angle is 119C. There was lowflash
formation and no visible defectthat could be attributed to the
weldingin plasticized condition due to lowheat input avoiding low
melt viscosity.Low heat input results in avoiding thedeterioration
in the properties of basematerial. Increase in temperatureabove
this point may cause the forma-tion of excess flash due to lower
meltviscosity, which eventually results inlower weld quality.
Analysis of Crystallinity
In order to analyze the postweldthermal conditions of the joint
and toinvestigate the reason of identical frac-ture locations, the
degree of crys-tallinity of different sections of theWZ was
analyzed using DSC curves.The specimens, for this purpose,
weretaken from the base material (BM),weld center (WC), AS, and RS.
The de-gree of crystallinity of any polymerhas a direct relation to
its mechanicaland physical properties. Increase inthe degree of
crystallinity has shownincrease in tensile strength, stiffness,
WELDING RESEARCH
WELDING JOURNAL / JUNE 2016, VOL. 95214-s
Fig. 6 SEM microstructures of welds, observed in weld nugget, at
rotational speedof A 300 rev/min with 0deg angle; B 400 rev/min
with 0deg angle; C 500rev/min with 0deg angle; D 300 rev/min with
3deg angle.
Fig. 7 Effect of rotational speed on tensilestrength of Nylon 6
FSW specimens.
A
C
B
D
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yield point, and hardness, but a reduc-tion in impact strength
(Refs. 2830).
Figure 11 shows the DSC curves of aspecially chosen 300 rev/min
with 0-
deg-angle specimen, due to its compar-atively good
micro-mechanical results.The peak value of the curve gives
themelting enthalpy (Hm) of the poly-mer, which is directly
proportional tothe crystallinity according to this for-mula (Ref.
31)
Wc = Hm/Hm 100% (1)
where Hm is the enthalpy of fusionand Hm is the enthalpy of
fusion of100% crystalline Nylon 6, of which thevalue is 230 J/g
(Ref. 32). Keeping in view Equation 1 and Fig.11, it can be
concluded the crystallini-ty of the specimen is reduced in theWZ
compared to the base material. Itreduced further in the RS and
becamelowest in the WC by making the AS thecomparatively highest
crystalline re-gion in the WZ. However, low crys-tallinity along
with some defects onthe borderline of the RS made the RSthe
preferred fracture location. It isalso important to mention here
the re-duction in crystallinity is basicallylinked to the rapid
cooling of the ma-terial (Ref. 32). In this case, the cool-ing rate
for the whole joint was thesame, as postweld specimens wereplaced
in an open environment atroom temperature. Therefore, it is
be-lieved that it is mainly the tempera-ture differences at
different regions ofthe WZ that lead to the cooling differ-ence
and, therefore, the difference incrystallinity.
Material Flow duringFriction Stir Welding Material flow during
the weldingprocess was studied by employing a1.5-mm-thin ABS sheet
as a markermaterial. For this purpose, specimenswere friction stir
welded at optimumparameters of 300 rev/min rotationspeed, 0-deg
tilt angle, and 25-mm/min feed rate, selected based onprevious
results. The set of parametersis shown in Table 1. Postweld
speci-mens were cut in different sections,such as
longitudinal-section (parallelto welding direction), vertical
crosssection (perpendicular to welding di-rection), and horizontal
cross section,to visually analyze the displacement ofmarker
material in x, y, and z direc-tions. The sectioning scheme is
alsoshown in Fig. 12.
WELDING RESEARCH
JUNE 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 215-s
Fig. 8 Fractured specimens during tensile tests welded at the
following: A 300 rev/minwith 0deg angle; B 400 rev/min with 0deg
angle; C 500 rev/min with 0deg angle; D 300 rev/min with 3deg
angle.
A
C D
B
Fig. 9 SEM micrographs of fractured surfaces, observed at the
interface of the RS towardthe weld zone, welded at the following: A
300 rev/min with 0deg angle; B 400 rev/minwith 0deg angle; C 500
rev/min with 0deg angle; D 300 rev/min with 3deg angle.
A
C D
B
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Figure 13A shows the specimen be-fore welding with marker
material inthe longitudinal direction (parallel towelding
direction). After welding, ver-tical cross sections of the
specimenwere made to observe the flow inx-direction, which is
perpendicular to
the welding direction (WD). It can beclearly seen in Fig. 13B
that thin mark-er material, when placed on the RS (I),spread all
over the welding zone,equivalent to pin diameter. Similarly,in Fig.
13C, marker material placed onAS (II) stirred and spread in
completewelding zone. This spreading indicatesa uniform stirring,
either marker ma-terial is on the AS or the RS. However,in both
cross sections it can be ob-served that marker material at the
topof the specimen is not well stirred andpositioned toward the AS.
It is be-lieved this unstirred area is due to asmall, unthreaded
part of pin near theshoulder. Furthermore, it is also ob-served the
depth of the WZ is equiva-lent to the pin plunged length. Itshows
there was no cross flow fromthe plunged area to the unplungedzone
at the bottom of the pin. A simi-
lar phe-nomenonwas ob-served onthe adja-cent rightand leftsides
of theplungedarea. Thisrestrictionof WZ with-
in the plunged area is also mentionedby Simoes and Rodrigues
(Ref. 20) intheir study of PMMA.
In order to observe the y-directionflow (parallel to WD) of the
specimen,marker materials were placed trans-versely (perpendicular
to WD) on theAS (I), weld interface (II), and RS (III),as shown in
Fig. 14A. After welding,horizontal sections were prepared. It
isclear from Fig. 14BD marker materialafter stirring was displaced
behind thepin. The maximum displacementmeasured in Fig. 14C, D was
remark-ably very long, 11 mm, whereas the di-ameter of the pin is
7.5 mm. However,distribution of marker material(shown in Fig. 14C,
D) was uniform,but narrowing of marker material atthe end was
observed. It is believedthe farthest narrow part is squeezedand
extruded by the pin. This extru-sion phenomenon is similar to
Colli-gans (Ref. 18) material flow study onFSW of aluminum alloy,
in which heconsidered the welding process due tostirring and
extrusion. As the materialof the AS in Fig. 14B is prone to
flow
on sides, it can be said the vacant sidesat the end in Fig. 14C,
D can be filledby material from the AS. Thereby, itcovers a
complete welding zone andleaves no defects. In order to understand
the completeflow during welding, flow in the z-direction was also
observed. For thispurpose, marker materials were placedat bottom,
middle, and top of the ASand RS. It is shown in Fig. 15A, B,
re-spectively. After welding, longitudinalsections of welded
specimens weremade to observe vertical movement.These are shown in
Fig. 15C, D. It isclear from the sections that material atthe
bottom expanded up to the surfacesof both specimens. A similar case
wasobserved for middle marker materials.Marker material at the top
expelled outfrom the specimen and resulted in for-mation of flash.
No difference in thisupward movement of marker materialswas found
either on the AS or RS ofspecimens. A large, vertical movementof
material during welding was also ob-served by Guerra et al. (Ref.
19), Li et al.(Ref. 15), and Seidel and Reynolds (Ref.17) in their
study on aluminum.
Conclusions
Systematic work was carried out onthe friction stir welding of
16-mm-thick Nylon 6 plates using a threadedpin tool with a
small-diameter shoul-der. Based on the aforementioned re-sults and
discussion, the followingconclusions can be made:
WELDING RESEARCH
WELDING JOURNAL / JUNE 2016, VOL. 95216-s
Fig. 10 Effect of the rotational speed on temperature; measured
1 mmbelow the pin tip.
Fig. 12 Sectioning scheme of material flow specimens.
Fig. 11 DSC curves of 300 rev/min with a 0deg angleNylon 6
sample of different locations.
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Nylon 6, due to its low melt vis-cosity, is weldable only at
lower rota-tion rates. Therefore, a 300 rev/minrotation speed and
25-mm/min feedrate has given comparatively goodweld results at
0-deg tool angle. At higher rotation rates, squeez-ing out of
excess plasticized materialand defects formation in the weldzone
were observed. A small-diameter shoulder, on theother hand, reduced
the amount offlash by reducing the primary heat. The processing
temperatures,measured 1 mm below the pin plungedzone, were quite
below the thermaldegradation temperature of Nylon 6(350C). Thus, it
is assumed the Nylon6 in the stirring zone did not undergoextreme
thermal degradation, al-though minor reduction in molecular
weight due to smoke evolution is be-lieved to have occurred. The
tensile strength of all jointswas quite lower than that of the
basematerial. As the result of microstructureobservation in the
weld zone regions,relatively smooth and uniform mi-crostructure was
observed at the opti-mum set of parameters. DSC results showed the
crys-tallinity of the weld zone decreasedcompared to base material.
Moreover,the retreating side compared to the ad-vancing side was
found to have lowcrystallinity. During tensile tests, all
specimensfractured at the interface of the weldzone on the
retreating side. It can beattributed to the lack of bonding atthe
interface of the weld zone on the
retreating side, and low crystallinecontent in the retreating
side region. Material flow examination re-vealed large (more than
pin diameter)backward displacement of plasticizedmaterial. However,
overall a uniformlymixed distinct isolated pin plungedzone was
found.
The authors would like to thankUniversiti Teknologi PETRONAS
forthe research facilities and financialsupport.
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WELDING RESEARCH
JUNE 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 217-s
Fig. 13 A Specimen before welding with a marker material
parallel to the WD; B vertical cross section of postweldspecimens
when marker material is on the RS; C the AS.
Fig. 15 Specimens before welding with marker material at the
bottom, middle, and top ofthe following: A AS; B RS; C longitudinal
section of postweld specimen AS; D RS.
Fig. 14 A Specimen before welding with marker material
perpendicular to the WD; B horizontal cross section of postweld
specimenswhen marker material is on the AS; C weld interface; D
RS.
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Acknowledgments
A
CB
A
C D
B
A
C DB
Zafar Supplement June_Layout 1 5/13/16 2:51 PM Page 217
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/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped
/False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing
true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>>
setdistillerparams> setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]
/SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams>
setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None
] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped
/False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe)
(Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks
false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing
true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling
/UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>>
setdistillerparams> setpagedevice
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict >
/GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict >
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXO