Invasion of land • Stomata: opening: allows CO2 into the leaf • Cuticle: Protects from water loss • Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem • Roots: absorb nutrients and water vs. rhizoids of moss and holdfasts of algae that don’t. • Seeds: dormancy • Fruit: seed dispersal • Flowers: pollination/reproduction
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Invasion of land Stomata: opening: allows CO2 into the leaf Cuticle: Protects from water loss Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem Roots: absorb nutrients.
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Invasion of land• Stomata: opening: allows CO2
into the leaf• Cuticle: Protects from water loss• Vascular tissue: xylem and
phloem• Roots: absorb nutrients and water
vs. rhizoids of moss and holdfasts of algae that don’t.
Cuticle– A waxy cuticle covers parts exposed to air to prevent
dessication. Openings in the cuticle (stomata) allow for gas exchange and are controlled by the guard cells.
Guard cells
Vascular tissue
– xylem (water and minerals) and phloem (nutrients).
– Picture shows vascular tissue in a leaf in a bundle known as a vein. These are the lines you can see in the leaf.
Carbon dioxide
• Plants lowered the levels of carbon dioxide from 25X current levels to current levels over a period of 100 million years as they adapted to and spread on land.
Cuticle, Dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue
Flagellated sperm vs. pollen• The more primitive plants have flagellated sperm
that allow them to swim to the egg. This means that the mosses, ferns, and other primitive plants require water to have fertilization.
Flower structure: reproduction organ of some plants
Flower parts• Pistil/Carpel: synonym for female part
– Ovary-makes the eggs within the ovule– Style-extends from the ovary away from plant– Stigma-on the end of the style it collect pollen
with its stickiness
• Stamen: male part of flower– Anther makes pollen– Filament – holds anther away from plant
• Sepals: protect flower before blooming• Petals: attract pollinators
Parts: functions
• Female (carpel/pistil)– Stigma is sticky “top” that collects pollen– Style is connection between stigma and ovary.– Ovary is where eggs are made in the ovules
• Male (stamen)– Anther makes the pollen– Filament holds anther away from female part to allow for
wind/insect to carry pollen away
• Petals (collectively called corona): attracts pollinators
• Sepals (collectively called calyx); protects the bud before blooming
Double Fertilization• Generative nucleus becomes two “sperm” through
mitosis. First sperm fertilizes egg in the ovule and second sperm fertilizes polar nuclei to become triploid endosperm. Endosperm will become “food” for seed.
Seed and Fruit
• Seed: covering (seed coat), food (endosperm) and embryo.
• Dormancy vs. Germination
• The ripened ovary becomes the fruit after the fertilization of the egg and formation of the seed. (Contains the seed)