Introduction to the Spanish & Basque Culture 3: "From dictatorship to democracy" & "Are we so informal as we seem to be?"

Introduction to Spanish & Basque Culture. Unit 3

Guillermo Gó[email protected]

http://profesorenapuros.es/culture

This presentation is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution

What will we talk about?

From dictatorship to democracy

Are we so informal as we seem to be?

Where do we come from?

Turbulent 19th century

➔ 6 Constitutions➔ Division of Spain into

progressives & traditionalists➔ 1 republic➔ 1 change of royal house➔ Restoration: bipartidism

Where do we come from?

2nd Republic (1931-1936): reforms & radicalization

➔ 3 governments: center-left, far right, far left.

➔ Important reforms: regional, religious, militar, agricultural & social.

➔ Division & radicalization of society.

Video

Where do we come from?

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

➔ The Coup d’etat that transforms in a Civil War.

➔ Revolution and counter-revolution

➔ International allies: Germany, Italy & Soviet Union.

Video

War evolution

Video

The Dictatorship: Franquism (1939-1977)

Nationalcatholicism: Church, Army & Single Party

Video

The Dictatorship: Franquism (1939-1977)

Main points of its ideology

➔ Antiliberalism, anticapitalism.➔ Anticomunism➔ Spanish patriot: centralist➔ Extreme catholic➔ Traditionalist Vs Republican

progresist reforms➔ Antiparliamentarism

The Dictatorship: Franquism (1939-1977)

The 40’s: the post-war period.

➔ Autarchy➔ Isolation➔ Hunger➔ Opposition➔ Repression

The Dictatorship: Franquism (1939-1977)

The 50’s: End of isolation

➔ Cold War:

The American friend➔ Nationalcatholicism

Video

The Dictatorship: Franquism (1939-1977)

The 60’s: the economic miracle

➔ Technocrats arrive to the government.

➔ Baby boom.➔ Women enter the labour market

& the university.➔ International tourism arrives to

Spain.➔ The economic miracle lasts till

middle 70’s (oil crisis).

The Dictatorship: Franquism (1939-1977)

The 70’s: the end of the dictatorship

➔ Active opposition: inside Spain and in exile.

➔ Increasing social unrest.➔ Active terrorist groups: ETA,

GRAPO, FRAP, AAA, BVE…➔ “Proceso de Burgos”:

International opposition.➔ Carrero Blanco’s assassination➔ Juan Carlos: successor.

Video

The Spanish Transition to Democracy

Arias Navarro’s government (1974-1976)

Video

➔ Government with Franco alive.➔ He announces Franco’s death.➔ Government with the king as head of

the state.➔ Resigns on July 1st, 1976.

The Spanish Transition to Democracy

“Exemplary” transition to democracy?

➔ Transition from inside the regime.➔ Transition based in agreement.➔ “Peaceful” transition?➔ Amnesty law = law to forget the past?

1973 (Carrero Blanco) - 1982 (PSOE)

1975 (Franco) - 1978 (Constitution)Video

The Spanish Transition to Democracy

The proclamation of Juan Carlos I

➔ July 22nd, 1969: Prince of Spain➔ November 22nd, 1975: proclamation.

Swears the “Principios del Movimiento Nacional”

➔ Promotes the Law for Political Reform (1976)

Video

The Spanish Transition to Democracy

Adolfo Suárez (1976-1981): UCD

➔ Three governments:◆ 1976-1977◆ 1977-1979◆ 1979-1981

➔ Law for Political Reform, Spain of Autonomies, Communist Party legalization

The Spanish Constitution (1978)

➔ Referendum: December 6th, 1978. (87% agree)

➔ Into effect: December 29th, 1978.

The Spanish Transition to Democracy

23-F: a coup d’état in the Parliament

Video 1

Video 2

Video 3

➔ “Operación Galaxia”.➔ Teniente Coronel Antonio Tejero:

occupies the Parliament.➔ General Captain Milans del Bosch

occupies Valencia.➔ The King appears in TV: February

24th, 1:14 a.m.➔ February 24th, 12 a.m: Tejero leaves

the Parliament.

The Spanish Transition to Democracy

Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo’s government (1981-1982): UCD

➔ Divorce Law.➔ NATo.➔ Changes Spanish flag.➔ Stops coup d’état

attempt. (1982)

The opposition to Franco governs

Felipe González (1982-1996): PSOE

Video

1982-1986: absolute majority.1986-1989: absolute majority.1989-1993: simple majority.1993-1996: simple majority.

➔ Social opposition against NATO (referendum, 1986)

➔ Industrial modernization: social conflicts.➔ EEC (1986).➔ GAL (state terrorism) & political

corruption.

The center-right again in the government

José María Aznar (1996-2004): PP

➔ Labour reform (1997)➔ Land law (1998)➔ Economic “miracle” based in real state

market.➔ EURO (1999, 2002)➔ Social opposition against War in Iraq.➔ March 11th, 2004: Madrid’s bombs.

1996-2000: simple majority.2000-2004: absolute majority.

The start of the economic crisis

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004-2011): PSOE

Video

2004-2008: simple majority.2008-2011: simple majority.

➔ Civilizations Alliance (2004)➔ Referendum for European Constitution (2005)➔ Gay marriage & adoption (2005)➔ LOE (2006)➔ Peace process with ETA (2006)➔ Dependent Care Law (2006)➔ Real state bubble explodes (2007)➔ Unemployement increases (21,52%, 2011)➔ Financial crisis (2009)➔ Labour reform (2010)

The society takes public squares

15-M: “los indignados” (May 15th, 2011)

Mariano Rajoy (2011-...): PP

2011-...: absolute majority.

➔ Reduction of public deficit.➔ The risk premium arrives historical maximums:

642 points. (2012)➔ Unemployment: 5 965 400 (26%, 2012).➔ Political corruption cases: Gürtel, Púnica, EREs,

Pujol…➔ Conflict with Catalunya.➔ GDP starts growing (0,1%-0,3%, 2013)

Juan Carlos I abdicates

The proclamation of Felipe VI

Video

➔ June 19th, 2014: Juan Carlos I abdicates and Felipe VI is proclaimed King of Spain.

Are we so informal as we seem to be?

Photographies’ source

All the photos in this presentation are licensed under Creative Commons terms of use.

➔ Franco➔ Business men➔ 1869 government➔ Republican flag➔ Gernika➔ Spanish Civil War: map➔ Franquist flag➔ Falange➔ Franco➔ Franco➔ Eisenhower➔ Franco’s death➔ Referendum Reforma Política➔ Prince of Spain➔ Arias Navarro➔ Adolfo Suárez➔ Constitution

➔ 23F➔ Calvo Sotelo➔ Felipe González➔ José María Aznar➔ José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero➔ 15-M➔ Mariano Rajoy➔ Felipe VI➔ Creative Commons