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7/23/2019 Dictatorship and Democracy 1920 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dictatorship-and-democracy-1920 1/30 DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY 1920-1945 CHAPTER 1 THE GROWTH OF FACIST REGIMES 1.1 Origins ! F"s#is$ W%& $"n& I'"(i"ns )*r* +is",,in'*+ )i'% +*$#r"#& Rich north and poor south Few had a strong national identity (not long united) Tensions between church and state 600,000 dead soldiers in WW1 At the Paris Peace on!erence, "rlando !ailed to get so#e lands they e$pected to get (%orth Tyrol, &al#atia and Fiu#e)' %or did they get any er#an colonies' talians *ery disappointed with their go*ern#ent' + #illion une#ployed tri-es and loc-outs Peasant unrest Mss(inis E"r(& /i!* (is'*+ .lac-s#ith/s son ocialist !a#ily uit teaching and beca#e editor o! socialist newspaper $pelled !ro# socialist #o*e#ent !or !a*ouring WW1 n2ured in grenade practice'  %ew newspaper 3l Popolo d/talia/ called !or a dictatorship to sol*e the proble#s' ir'% ! F"s#is$ 1414 5 set up the !irst co#bat group 3Fascio di o#batti#ento/ Fascio, Ro#an salute, blac-shirts'  %oisy #arches against socialis# and co##unis#' Popular with une#ployed' C%"r"#'*ris'i#s ! F"s#is$ ltra7nationalis# Totalitarianis# (strong go*ern#ent) ult o! the leader Racis# Anti7 co##unis# (biggest single reason !or popularity) *#$ing ,,("r Won no seats in 1414 as the Fascist Party had so#e e$tre#e socialist *iews so 5 dropped these (opportunist)' Wealthy capitalists ga*e #oney (Fiat, Pirelli and ban-s)' 38uadristi/ were *iolent para#ilitaries who inti#idated opponents' 14++ socialists called a general stri-e to protest against the go*ern#ent'
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Dictatorship and Democracy 1920

Feb 18, 2018

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Kristijan Peev
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Page 1: Dictatorship and Democracy 1920

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DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY 1920-1945

CHAPTER 1

THE GROWTH OF FACIST REGIMES

1.1 Origins ! F"s#is$

W%& $"n& I'"(i"ns )*r* +is",,in'*+ )i'% +*$#r"#&

• Rich north and poor south

• Few had a strong national identity (not long united)

• Tensions between church and state

• 600,000 dead soldiers in WW1

• At the Paris Peace on!erence, "rlando !ailed to get so#e lands they e$pected to get

(%orth Tyrol, &al#atia and Fiu#e)' %or did they get any er#an colonies' talians

*ery disappointed with their go*ern#ent'• + #illion une#ployed

• tri-es and loc-outs

• Peasant unrest

Mss(inis E"r(& /i!* (is'*+

.lac-s#ith/s son

ocialist !a#ily

uit teaching and beca#e editor o! socialist newspaper

$pelled !ro# socialist #o*e#ent !or !a*ouring WW1

n2ured in grenade practice'

 %ew newspaper 3l Popolo d/talia/ called !or a dictatorship to sol*e the proble#s'

ir'% ! F"s#is$

1414 5 set up the !irst co#bat group 3Fascio di o#batti#ento/

Fascio, Ro#an salute, blac-shirts'

 %oisy #arches against socialis# and co##unis#'

Popular with une#ployed'

C%"r"#'*ris'i#s ! F"s#is$

• ltra7nationalis#

• Totalitarianis# (strong go*ern#ent)• ult o! the leader 

• Racis#

• Anti7 co##unis# (biggest single reason !or popularity)

*#$ing ,,("r

Won no seats in 1414 as the Fascist Party had so#e e$tre#e socialist *iews so 5 dropped

these (opportunist)'

Wealthy capitalists ga*e #oney (Fiat, Pirelli and ban-s)'

38uadristi/ were *iolent para#ilitaries who inti#idated opponents'

14++ socialists called a general stri-e to protest against the go*ern#ent'

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M"r#% n R$*.

Pri#e 5inister Facta as-ed 9ing :ictor ##anuel to call out the ar#y'

nstead he as-ed 5 to beco#e P5

;e had only <= seats out o! =<=

The 5arch on Ro#e beca#e a *ictory parade'

1.2 *#$ing " Di#'"'r

With only <= seats 5 #ade no dra#atic changes' This reassured the other parties and they ga*e

hi# a huge *ote o! con!idence'

The -ing allowed 5 to rule by decree !or one year'

The 3A#*r /") was passed which ga*e +>< o! the seats to the biggest party

n 14+? the Fascists beca#e the biggest party

Fascist *iolence beca#e ende#ic'

5atteotti, a leading socialist strongly denounced Fascis#'

;e was -illed and the scandal #ade 5/s position di!!icult'ocialists withdrew !ro# parlia#ent as a protest' %ow there was no e!!ecti*e opposition

14+6 parlia#ent ga*e hi# the power to rule by decree'

I( D#*

uper#an : la@y, arrogant

Propaganda

":RA secret police dealt with opponents but only 10 -illed'

"nly ?000 sent to concentration ca#ps'

"nly passed the Race aw under pressure !ro# ;itler in 14<B' This banned Cews !ro# the ar#y,

go*ern#ent 2obs and owning large businesses'

.alilla

1. C%r#%-S'"'* R*("'ins

5' an atheist be!ore 14++'

5uch to gain by healing ri!t between hurch and tate'

.rought in laws restricting contraception and abortion'

Allowed religious displays in schools and public buildings'

Financial rescue !or the atholic .an- o! Ro#e'

14+= church wedding 10 years later and baptised children'

T%* /"'*r"n Tr*"'& 1929• :atican independence

• atholicis# #ade the state religion

• hurch gi*en control o! religious education

• Pius D recognised the talian state

• hurch no longer clai#ed state lands

5' at his #ost popular 

Pope saw hi# as a cha#pion against o##unis#'

14<B church re2ected Race aw

&uring WW+ hurch 8uietly criticised Fascist e$cesses''

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1. T%* E#n$&

D* S'*!"ni

5inister !or Finance 14++7+=

Ta$ concessions to attract !oreign industryReduced go*ern#ent e$penditure'

ne#ploy#ent !ell dra#atically'

A'"r6&

5 wanted sel!7su!!iciency'

;e belie*ed that a large population and an e#pire were needed !or this'

cono#ic battlesE

• .attle !or rain' $pensi*e bread and reduced production o! other !oods'

• .attle !or land' Pontine #arshes and others

.attle !or ira' ac-ed &e te!ani and re*alued lira in14+6' 5ade e$ports dearer andhad to de*alue in 14<6

• .attle !or births' To pro*ide soldiers' Ta$ incenti*es and #edals' Failed'

T%* Cr,r"'* S'"'*.

5 belie*ed that all sides should wor- !or the co##on good'

oc-outs and stri-es and T s banned

*ery pro!ession and industry had its own corporation with < !ascist #e#bers'

orporations !a*oured the e#ployers and wages !ell by 10'

tandard o! li*ing one o! the lowest in urope'

.etter social insurance !or wor-ers'

O'%*r r*!r$s

• Trains and autostrada

• 5ore schools' .etter standards o! education' ndoctrination'

• 8uadrisri dro*e #any 5a!ia gangsters to A

The wea-ness o! taly/s econo#y was shown up when WW+ began'

1.4 Fr*ign P(i#&

Wanted to #a-e the 5editerranean 3an talian la-e/aw hi#sel! as an e#peror'

14+< occupied or!u until reece paid co#pensation !or ? #urdered talians

14+? occupied Fiu#e

"therwise in the early years was accepted as a #oderate by other uropean powers'

A((i"n#* )i'% Hi'(*r

14<= taly !or#ed the S'r*ss" Frn' with .ritain and France (to oppose er#an rear#a#ent

and e$pansion) as 5 was concerned that ;itler #ight in*ade taly'

14<= too- Abyssinia in spite o! eague o! %ations/ sanctions'

Also in 14<= eague o! %ations/ sanctions were put on er#any !or Rhineland'This put ;itler and 5 in the sa#e boat and in 14<6 they signed the R$*-*r(in A7is'

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14<G Capan 2oined in the Anti7o#intern Pact

14<B taly not ready !or war and 5 was peace#a-er at 5unich on!erence'

14<4 Pact o! teel a !ull #ilitary alliance'

S,"nis% Ci8i( W"r

Coined Franco to show #ilitary #ight'.etween pain and Abyssinia, taly was e$hausted #ilitarily and econo#ically by 14<4'

Wr(+ W"r 2

;e did not 2oin the war until Cune 14?0 when ;itler loo-ed certain to win'

talian ar#y in reece and %orth A!rica were a 2o-e'

.y 14?< the Allies were in icily despite er#an help'

5 was also #inister !or War and was bla#ed' ;e was deposed and 2ailed'

5arshal .adoglio surrendered to the Allies and declared war on er#any'

er#an co##andos !reed 5'

;e was #ade head o! a puppet go*ern#ent (the alo republic)'

As the Allies #o*ed north 5 tried to !lee5 and lara Petacci shot and displayed in 5ilan'

1.5 O'%*r F"s#is' R*gi$*s

S,"in

tring o! wea- go*ern#ents and a *ery poor econo#y 141B to 14+<'

eneral Pri#o de Ri*era ruled without parlia#ent until14<1 when the 9ing !orced hi# to

resign during the reat &epression'

14<1 a Republican le!t wing go*ern#ent tried to curb the power o! the church, the rich and

the ar#y'

The ar#y under Franco re*olted

14<6 to 14<4 i*il War'

Franco won with help !ro# taly and er#any

pain neutral during WW+'

Franco/s Falange Party was the only one allowed until 14G='

Pr'g"(

Wea- go*ern#ents and econo#y a!ter WW1

&r' Antonio de "li*eria ala@ar with the ar#y/s help ruled !ro# 14<+ to 146B'

enerally benign'

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THE ROAD TO DICTATORSHIP

GERMANY 19-199

2.1 T%* W*i$"r R*,(i# 1919-19

Canuary 1414 at Wei#ar' iberal and de#ocratic'

Reichstag and Reichrat (li-e senate)

rushed the partacist rebellion the sa#e #onth'

T%* Tr*"'& ! :*rs"i((*s

 %ot negotiated

Article +<1 3guilt clause/ and loss o! land angered er#ans

Wei#ar go*ern#ent bla#ed'

Wol!gang 9app led e$tre#e nationalists and soldiers (!rei-orps) in a #arch on .erlin'

A general stri-e supporting the go*ern#ent ended the Putsch'H6,600 #illion Reparations

14+< !ailure to pay French and .elgian troops occupied the Ruhr'

er#an wor-ers went on stri-e'

urrency collapsed'

T%* S'r*s*$"n Er"

Foreign 5inister 14+<7+4

.elie*ed they should try to !ul!il :ersailles to #a-e er#any 3acceptable/ again'

nded passi*e resistance and brought in a new currency (Renten#ar-)

14+? the A#erican &awes Plan eased repay#ent schedule and ga*e a loan'

14+4 the Ioung Plan reduced the a#ount to H+000 #illion'

igned ocarno Pact accepting er#any/s borders'

er#any accepted into the eague o! %ations'

The econo#y pic-ed up but he died in 14+4

T%* Gr*"' D*,r*ssin

loans stopped'

The go*ern#ent cut e$penditure'

ne#ploy#ent soared to o*er 6 #illion' Tenants e*icted' hops e#pty'

&e#ocracy was bla#ed' er#ans not used to it'

Wea- coalition go*ern#ents contrasted with .is#arc-/s days'President ;indenburg sac-ed the P5 ;einrich .runing and Fran@ :on Papen too- o*er'

n 14<< ;itler too- o*er' ;e pro#ised a lot'

2.2 Hi'(*r "n+ '%* N";i P"r'&

Hi'(*rs E"r(& Y*"rs (is'*+

.raunau in Austria

Failed to get into :ienna art college

ron cross !or the corporal

War ended while he reco*ered !ro# gas attac-' ;e !elt betrayed'

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N";i P"r'&

ent to in*estigate Anton &re$ler/s er#an Wor-ers Par '& and 2oined it'

;is !anatical right wing *iews and #es#erising speeches gathered support'

;e beca#e leader and rena#ed it the N"'in"( S#i"(is' G*r$"n Wr6*rs P"r'&.

T%* r)ns%ir's

A or tor#troopers were gangsters who protected ;itler/s rallies and bro-e up others'.y 14+< they nu#bered 1=,000 and were ar#ed'

The wasti-a was party o! the e!!ort to create a religious aura'

T%* **r H"(( P's#%

14+< econo#y bad' ;itler thought it a good ti#e !or rebellion'

;ad eneral udendor!!/s support'

Police -illed 16 and they ga*e up

/"n+s*rg Prisn

ot = years and ser*ed 4 #onths'

sed trial wellWrote M*in <"$,!

N";i I+*"s

• Aryan #aster race

• Cews to bla#e !or er#any/s ills

• ebensrau#

• o##unis# e*il

• Treaty o! :ersailles torn up

• Totalitarianis#

2. T%* N";is S*i;* P)*r

14+0s econo#y i#pro*ed and the %a@is were banned'

;itler see#ed to beco#e de#ocratic and the ban was li!ted'

;e reorganised the party'

ections !or wo#en and children were established'

;is tea#E

• oebbles' Propaganda

• oring' econd in co##and

•;ess' ;itler/s secretary

• ;i##ler aw and order 

• Al!red Rosenberg' Party philosopher'

T%* r*"6'%rg%

14+B got only 1+ seats'

The &epression struc-'

; pro#ised 2obs, land to tenants, go*ern#ent contracts to business and to build up the ar#y'

14<+ they had +<0 seats out o! 6=0'

;indenburg didn/t li-e ;itler but :on Papen and then :on chleicher did not ha*e the

support o! the Reichstag and e*entually had to #a-e ;itler chancellor in 14<<'

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19 E(*#'in

14<< ; called another election

oring turned =0,000 A into police and opposition disappeared'

Reichstag !ire bla#ed on a &utch socialist'

;indenburg issued an e#ergency decree and o##unists were banned and 2ailed'

&id not get an o*erall #a2ority5arch 14<< the nabling Act allowed ;itler to act without parlia#ent'

All other parties banned'

tate go*ern#ents dis#issed and replaced with Reich go*erners'

The %a@i run abour Front replaced the trade union #o*e#ent'

14<? ;indenburg died and ; beca#e Fuhrer'

T%* Nig%' ! '%* /ng <ni8*s

Roh# in charge o! + #illion A and criticised ; !or ta-ing e#ployers side'

<0th Cune +00 -illed by the led by ;i##ler'

T%* N";i E#n$&5inister !or Finance ;2al#ar chacht' ;is ai# was "'"r6& (sel!7su!!iciency)

• Public wor-s such as Autobahn created 2obs

• Rear#a#ent created 2obs and iron industry boo#ed'

• onscription

• ndustry encouraged (:ol-swagen)

• #prison#ent o! Cews, co##unists and other opponents created 2obs'

2.4 Hi'(*rs Fr*ign P(i#&

5ain ai#s were to get rid o! the Treaty o! :ersailles and ebensrau#'

R*"r$"$*n'

.egan by as-ing that other countries disar# as er#any could not de!end itsel!'

When they re!used he le!t the &isar#a#ent on!erence and the eague o! %ations in 14<<'

14<= oring was !or#ing the u!twa!!e and onscription was introduced'

14<= %a*al Agree#ent with .ritain allowed er#any to ha*e <= o! .ritains ships and the

sa#e nu#ber o! sub#arines' :ersailles was at an end'

14<= taly in*aded Abyssinia and the tresa Front was at an end'

In8"sin ! '%* R%in*("n+

14<6 < battalions sent in with orders to retreat i! they #et resistance' They did not'

 %ow ;itler would continue to ga#ble

R$*-*r(in A7is

14<= a!ter Abyssinia ;itler ignored the eague/s sanctions'

;itler pro#ised not to clai# er#an7spea-ing Tyrol

.oth helped Franco'

14<6 Ro#e7.erlin a$is signed' :ague support o! each other'

14<G Anti o#intern pact with Capan'

14<4 Pact o! teel a #ilitary alliance'

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An#%(ss

"nce part o! er#any and er#an spea-ing'

Anchluss !orbidden by :ersailles'

14<B the %a@i, eyss7n8uart, replaced chuschnigg as P5'

;e 3appealed/ to ;itler to send in troops to pre*ent ci*il war'

France and . protested but did nothing'

T%* S+*'*n("n+

+ #illion er#ans

;itler told udeten leaders to #a-e co#plaints about discri#ination'

ha#berlain belie*ed that i! all er#ans were in er#any, ;itler would stop

(",,*"s*$*n')'

Mni#% Cn!*r*n#* 19=

5 agreed to try to persuade ;itler'

5, ha#berlain, &aladier and ;itler #et'

 %either @echoslo*a-ia nor R in*ited'1st "ctober 14<B er#any too- udetenland

ha#berlain clai#ed 3peace with honour/

5arch 14<4 ;itler too- the rest o! @echoslo*a-ia'

P(is% G"r"n'**

.ritain and France ar#ed and introduced conscription'

.oth countries ga*e Poland a guarantee that they would help i! Poland were attac-ed'

T%* N";i-S8i*' P"#'

;itler belie*ed a deal with talin would !righten .ritain and France !ro# helping Poland'

Also he did not want war on + !ronts'

talin !elt that he would be le!t alone against the ger#ans'

talin also wanted ti#e'

5oloto*7Ribbentrop Pact'

To outsiders it was a10 year non7aggression pact' There were secret clauses di*iding Poland

 between the# and gi*ing R the .al-an tates'

W"r

<1 August 14<4 er#any clai#ed a radio station had been attac-ed by Poles'

1st epte#ber er#any in*aded Poland

<rd

 .ritain and France declared war'

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CHAPTER

NA>I PROPAGANDA

.1 S'"'* Cn'r( ! '%* M"ss M*+i"

M*ss"g*s ' * #n8*&*+

• 3"ne people, one e#pire and one leader/ #ore i#portant than the indi*idual, !a#ily,

religion, class or region'

• ult o! the leader 

Anti7e#itis#•  %ationalis#

• Anti7co##unis#

• Appeal to groups (wor-ers, wo#en, youth)

G*(*s (is'*+

Wor-ing class, li#ped !ro# birth, *ery cle*er'

&octor o! iterature

tarted as a socialist but won o*er by ;'

14+6 auleiter o! .erlin (party leader)

Founded &er Angri!! (the attac-), na@i newspaper'

5inister !or Propagandaontrolled all #ass #edia

$ploited the Reichstag !ire, the burning o! the boo-s and the "ly#pics'

:ery anti7e#itic' .ig part in the %ure#berg aws and rystal %ight'

Poisoned !a#ily and shot hi#sel!'

T%* M*+i"

Ps'*rs

Posters and paintings showed the peasant and the !actory wor-er as the bac-bone o!

er#any

R"+i

&irect contact with people'

oebbles only allowed one radio co#pany the Reich Radio o#pany'

Radios produced cheaply so that e*ery !a#ily had one'

Played e*erything er#an'

Pr*ss

14<< The Reich Press aw banned all opposition papers and all Cews and le!t wing

 2ournalists sac-ed'

oebbles held a news con!erence e*ery day to #a-e sure guidelines were !ollowed'

3The Attac-/ and 3Peoples "bser*er/ were widely readForeign papers could only be got through the er#an Press Agency'

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Cin*$"

oebbles really interested and did not use it too #uch'

;e banned all Cews

5arlene &ietrich le!t !or the

/*ni Ri*!*ns'"%( (is'*+ #ade technically brilliant !il#s o! 14<? %ure#berg Rally and the"ly#pics'

3The ternal Cew/ was al#ost a horror !il#'

Fil#s #ade to boost #orale during the war were shown when they were losing'

/i'*r"'r*

Thousands o! writers blac-listed'

14<< liberaries ransac-ed and boo-s burned'

+=00 writers le!t er#any and criticised %a@is# (.ertolt .recht and Tho#as 5ann)

Msi#

.eetho*en and Wagner re*ered'The wor-s o! Cewish co#posers li-e 5endelssohn were banned'

Ca@@ considered %egro #usic and banned'

"thers considered too #odern'

5any gi!ted people e#igrated'

Ar' "n+ Ar#%i'*#'r*

;itler considered hi#sel! an e$pert

All #odern art seen as degenerate and le!t7wing'

Picasso, auguin, e@anne and :an ogh all re#o*ed !ro# galleries'

5any le!t er#any'

14<< Albert peer appointed Reich Architect'

;e designed the arenas !or the %ure#berg Rally and the "ly#pics'

;itler li-ed grandiose and classical style'

peer put in charge o! ar#a#ent production during the war' la*e labour was used and he

ser*ed +0 years'

.2 T%* Nr*$*rg R"((i*s C"s* S'+&

;itler adopted great #edie*al city o! %ure#berg as the city o! %a@is#'

;e hoped it would play the sa#e part as ancient Ro#e had'

14+G the !irst rally was held in the town s8uare'14+4 special trains brought o*er <0,000 A, and ;itler Iouth

19 3T%* R"((& ! :i#'r&

;eld in the Jeppelin Air!ield outside the town'

=00,000 enthralled by ;itler and oebbles'

oebbles speech was about the e*ils o! Cudais#

194 R"((&

The best re#e#bered as <1year old eni Rie!enstahl #ade a !il# o! it called 3Triu#ph o! the

Wills/' Regarded as a #asterpiece'

he also #ade 3"ly#pia/he always clai#ed the !il#s were docu#entaries'

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he was blac-listed a!ter the war and only died in +00<'

t was religious in tone and ;itler was a god7li-e !igure'

ee page =4 !or an analysis o! the !il#'

195 T%* R*i#% P"r'& R"((& ! Fr**+$

The Reichstag was brought to the city and the %ure#berg aws proclai#ed'Cews lost citi@enship'

e$ual relations with Cews !orbidden'

19? R"((& ! Hnr

;itler ca#e to belie*e he was the new 5essiah

1 #illion attended'

peer built the arena'

ee page 6< !or an account

;itler announced a ? year plan o! rear#a#ent e#phasising autar-y'

19@ R"((&

;itler attac-ed 3Cewish .olshe*is#/ %ight

19@ "n+ 19= R"((i*s

&esigned to show the glory o! %a@is#'

At night ;itler consecrated the %a@i colours with a 3blood banner/ supposed to be soa-ed

with the blood o! the 3#arytys/ o! the 14+< putsch'

All done under a lights that shot B00 #etres into the s-y (peer)'

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CHAPTER 4

NA>I CONTRO/ OF CHRCH AND STATE

4.1 C%r#% S'"'* R*("'ins

 %a@is# !a*ours *iolence, strength, hatred and blind obedience to ;itler'

C"'%(i# C%r#%

Though born a atholic ;itler was irreligious but did not want to alienate support

14<< ;itler #ade a oncordat with atholic hurchE• hurch would not inter!ere in politics

• tate would not inter!ere in the hurch

This won support at ho#e and abroad and then ;itler reneged on his side o! the bargain'

The 3hurch ecession a#paign/ tried to get people to lea*e'

Accusations o! e#be@@le#ent and se$ual #isconduct were le*elled against the clergy'

Parents discouraged !ro# sending children to atholic schools' 5any closed'

Pius D conde#ned %a@is#'

&uring WW+, #any priests were conde#ned !or being opponents o! %a@is#' o#e went to

oncentration a#ps and one was e$ecuted in er#any'

/'%*r"n C%r#%

At !irst ;itler see#ed no threat until support was established'

 %a@is# was seen by #any as a protection against 3godless o##unis#/'

The Reich hurch was set up as an u#brella organisation' Then an atte#pt was #ade to

introduce Racis# and anti7e#itis# into utheranis#'

5ost le!t the Reich hurch and set up the on!essional hurch'

A leader o! the on!essional hurch was Pastor %ie#oller who was !reed !ro# &achau in

14?='

3T%* G*r$"n F"i'% M8*$*n'

14<? set up by the %a@is to pro#ote 3positi*e hristianity/'This had nothing to do with hristianity' t was called that to attract #e#bers'

t pro#oted the Aryan race and %ordic paganis#'

*en though #e#bership was a good career #o*e, only = 2oined'

;itler did not suppress the hurches in er#any !or political reasons but in Poland #any

 priests were e$ecuted and the hurch was suppressed'

The %a@i religious policy !ailed'

4.2 An'i-S*$i'is$ "n+ '%* H(#"s'

A long tradition o! anti7e#itis# in urope (-illed Cesus)'

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The 3superior/ Aryan race descended !ro# %ordic tribes were to sur*i*e at the e$pense o!

Cews, ho#ose$uals, handicapped, gypsies and others'

;itler bla#ed Cews !or er#any/s econo#ic troubles and de!eat in WW1'

5ar$ was a Cew'

n 35ein 9a#p!/ he threatened to -ill the#'

/i$i'*+ P*rs*#'in

ntil he had established his rule ;itler was restrained'

14<< a one day boycott o! Cewish shops' Cews banned !ro# the i*il er*ice'

14<? Cews banned !ro# the pro!essions

195 Nr*$*rg /")s

• 5i$ed #arriages banned

• e$ual relations outside #arriage with Cews banned

• Cews could not ha*e er#an !e#ale ser*ants under ?='

19? O(&$,i# G"$*s

Persecution eased o!! as ;itler tried to show a good i#age'

When the ga#es were o*er Cews were !orced out o! the pro!essions and !orced to wear the

tar o! &a*id'

Researchers were appointed to identi!y Cews and #edical chec-s were so#eti#es gi*en'

19= <ris'"((n"#%'

An e$cuse was pro*ided when a er#an e#bassy o!!icial had been shot in Paris by a Cew'

Cewish ho#es and businesses were attac-ed'

oebbles bla#ed the Cews' 100 were -illed and +0,000 arrested'

5any Cews, including instein, e#igrated'14?0 ;itler/s 5adagascar Plan was dropped because .ritain had control o! the sea there'

Eins'"';gr,,*n

tea#s who !ollowed er#an ar#ies into Poland to round up Cews into ghettos and

#urder national leaders'

When they went into R they had orders to e$ter#inate Cews and political leaders'

About G=0,000 Cews in R were 3resettled/ in pits'

Cn#*n'r"'in C"$,s

14<< &achau was the !irst' t was described as a 3re7education/ ca#p !or 3 undesirables/

T%* Fin"( S('in

14?1 ;itler and other leaders had decided on e$ter#ination'

A high le*el #eeting at Wansee outside .erlin decided that 11 #illion would be transported

to death ca#ps in Poland where it would be easier to -eep it 8uiet'

Adol! ich#ann was put in charge'

Auchwit@, .elsen, Treblin-a were in Poland'

Those unable to wor- were gassed i##ediately' The rest wor-ed on poor rations until they

too were gassed'

Jy-lon .'

 %o written e*idence that ;itler was responsible but plenty that he ad*ocated e$ter#ination'

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C((*#'i8* Gi('

5ost er#ans were unaware o! the Final olution'

Anti7e#itis# was strong and there was no opposition to anti7e#itic laws, but silence does

not #ean co#plicity' nti#idation was se*ere'

The %a@is did atte#pt to -eep it 8uiet'

5any soldiers were obeying orders'

4. R*sis'"n#* "n+ C(("r"'in

C$$nis' "n+ S#i"(is' R*sis'"n#* in G*r$"n&.

3The Red "rchestra/ was a group dedicated to ha*ing Russian style o##unis#'

t ga*e *ital in!or#ation to 5oscow until 14?+ until its leaders were e$ecuted'

S'+*n's

3The White Rose/ lea!lets criticising %a@is'eaders ;ans and ophie choll (brother and sister) e$ecuted a!ter organising the !irst anti7

 %a@i de#onstration in 14?<'

T%* C%r#%*s

argely co#pro#ised with %a@is to protect their institutions'

They also argued that they did not inter!ere in politics'

14<B Pius D conde#ned the %a@is and did secretly gi*e aid to Cewish organisations but how

#uch did they -nowK &id they do enoughK

t was le!t to indi*iduals li-e Pastors 5artin %ie#oller and &ietrich .onhoe!!er (e$ecuted)

Cns*r8"'i8*s

3The 9reisau ircle/ a group o! ar#y o!!icers, acade#ics, aristocrats and church#en wanted

to stop %a@i -illing but #any were e$ecuted in 14??, including ;el#ut :on 5ol-te who

owned the estate at 9reisau'

T%* Ar$&

;igh co##and regarded ;itler as an upstart'

hie! o! ta!!, udwig .ec- resigned in 14<B as a protest against ;itler/s #arch to war'

The Culy Plot o! 14?? organised by eneral laus *on tau!!enberg' ;itler sa*ed by the leg

o! a table'

$ecuted along with .ec- and Ro##el

T%* M"Bis

A#bushed the ene#y, ga*e intelligence and used sabotage'

:ery bra*e' Around =0,000 #ainly in the outh o! France'

Ygs("8i"

Royalist hetni-s and co##unist Partisans both resisted'

They also !ought a#ongst the#sel*es'

Partisans won out with their leader beco#ing 5arshal Tito

D*n$"r6 "n+ N*'%*r("n+s&id the sa#e as the 5a8uis and also sa*ed thousands o! Cews

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E"s'*rn Er,*

:ery e!!ecti*e at slowing the er#ans until Winter'

e*ere er#an reprisals against ci*ilians who sheltered resistance !ighters'

C(("r"'intate collaboration :ichy France under 5arshal Petain' o#e belie*ed in %a@is#, others

wanted to sa*e their countries !ro# destruction'

uisling in %orway

CHAPTER 5

COMMNISM IN RSSIA

5.1 C$$nis' R*8('in

<"r( M"r7

.ourgeoisie : Proletariat3o##unist 5ani!esto/ with ngels

3the Proletariat ha*e nothing to lose but their chains/

3Wor-ers o! the world, uniteL/

3&as 9apital/

Re#o*al o! pro!it

Factors o! production in state hands'

Worldwide re*olution in industrialised countries'

/*nin *"r(& &*"rs

Ale$ander e$ecuted a!!ected :ladi#ir lyich lyano*'

.eca#e a lawyer but e$iled to iberia !or political acti*ities'

5o*ed to wit@erland and beca#e editor o! 3s-ra/

ngineered split between .olshe*i-s (elitist) and 5enshe*i-s (populist)'

ood spea-er'

5.2 /*nins Rssi"

141G led the "ctober Re*olution and beca#e ruler o! o*iet Russia

141G .rest7ito*s- lost 1>< o! land and M o! industry

141B shot' %e*er !ully reco*ered'

141B7+1 led the Reds against the Whites in the i*il War'14+1 dropped War o##unis# in !a*our o! the %ew cono#ic Policy'

This #eantE

• topped ta-ing all !ood !ro# peasants' Too- 10 and allowed the# to sell the rest'

• #all !actories returned to their owners'

The %P i#pro*ed things but !ood was still scarce and e$pensi*e'

5any regarded as a betrayal o! co##unist ideals'

14++ a stro-e #ay e$plain !ailure to appoint a successor'

14+? died o! a brain hae#orrhage

Ass*ss$*n'

5illions died in war and star*ation'andlords gone

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ess e$ploitation by industrialists'

Realistic in transitional approach'

howed the e!!ecti*eness o! terror against opponents'

reation o! elite #ade it possible !or talin to co#e to power'

n his 3Political Will/ he warned o! the danger o! gi*ing talin power'

5. S'"(in S*i;*s P)*r

talin, Trots-y, 9a#ene* and Jino*ie* in a power struggle'

"ther < turned against Trots-y who still !a*oured world re*olution'

talin proposed 3ocialis# in one country/

14+G Trots-y e$pelled !ro# the Party, later banished !ro# R and assassinated in 14?0'

14+G talin turned on the other two, clai#ing they were too liberal and they were e$pelled

!ro# the Party and e$ecuted in the 14<6 purge'

talin was now addressed as 3:o@hd/ (leader)

5.4 S'"(ins E#n$i# P(i#i*stalin/s #ain ai# was to turn R into an industrial and #ilitary power 8uic-ly'

The state planning body, osplan, ca#e up with = year plans'

n order !or these to succeed, rural wor-ers had to be #o*ed to the cities'

Firs' 5 Y*"r P("n 192=-2

tate too- control o! all aspects o! the econo#y'

t was a law setting targets rather than a plan'

+=0 increase in industrial production' 1=0 in agriculture'

n!rastructure (power stations, #ines, railways, canals and roads), industrial and agricultural

#achinery were gi*en priority'

S*#n+ P("n 19-=

Focus on hea*y industry and agricultural e8uip#ent continued'

ta-hano* (1= ti#es his 8uota) beca#e a national hero

$tra pay, holidays and pri@es !or great wor-ers'

;uge hours, accidents co##on, dread!ul conditions' ne#ploy#ent not tolerated'

cale o! pro2ects (5agnitogors-) was enor#ous

The third Plan started to produce radios, bicycles and other household goods but war put an

end to that'

Ass*ss$*n'

reat success econo#ically'

;u#an cost huge'

Full e#ploy#ent did #ean a better standard o! li*ing'

Figures were o!ten e$aggerated'

uality o! goods o!ten poor'

.ig e#phasis on education'

C((*#'i8is"'in

talin belie*ed peasants were hoarding grain and reducing production to push prices up'

;e also wanted += #illion wor-ers !or industryollecti*e !ar#s (-ol-ho@)

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9ula-s pre!erred to destroy their !ar#s than gi*e the# up'

"*er = #illion were e$ecuted or deported'

Agricultural production dropped as !ar#ers did little on the collecti*es'

14<+7<< about 10 #illion died o! !a#ine as a result o! this and bad har*ests'

*entually things i#pro*ed but ne*er reached targets

CHAPTER ?

THE RED TERROR 192=-40

?.1 R*,r*ssin n+*r S'"(in

S'"(ins P"r"ni"

3lass ne#ies/ or 3wrec-ers/' ngineers and industrial planners su!!ered'

talin called !or the 3li8uidation o! the 9ula-s as a class/' 1 #illion -illed or deported';al! o! the <=,000 o!!icer class e$ecuted o! 2ailed'

n!or#ers e*erywhere

T%* G("g

This was a prison syste# that was really a sla*e labour ca#p'

5illions died

Ale$ander ol@henitsyn/s 3ulag Archipelago/

?.2 T%* Ms#) S%) Tri"(s C"s* S'+&

T%* R&'in P("'!r$

5any were against !orced collecti*isation'

5arte#yan Ryutin was the #ost *ocal'

talin wanted hi# -illed but it was 14<+ and he was out*oted (14<+)'

ergei 9iro* did #ost to sa*e Ryutin (got 10 years and died in 2ail)'

T%* 3<ir8 F(+

9iro* was *ery popular in the Party was #urdered, probably on talin/s orders'

talin used the #urder as an e$cuse !or the secret police (%9:&) to arrest all possible

opponents, their !a#ilies and !riends'

This included 9a#ene* and Jino*ie*'A #assi*e 3cult o! the leader/ propaganda ca#paign was in progress with an e#phasis on the

3ene#ies o! the people/'

Thousands were sentenced to death'

19? T%* Firs' S%) Tri"(

These trials were big #edia e*ents in !ront o! care!ully chosen audience and !oreign

correspondents'

9a#ene*, Jino*ie* and 1? others accused o! -illing 9iro*, o! plotting to -ill talin/ o! being

wrec-ers and o! being Trots-yites'

All pleaded guilty and all e$ecuted within +? hours'

Their !a#ilies and !riends 3disappeared/'

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T%* 19@ S%) Tri"(

1G pro Trots-y supporters 3ad#itted/ that Trots-y had organised wrec-ing'

+ were spared because they i#plicated .u-harin, Ry-o* and 9retins-y who had been

#e#bers o! enin/s Politburo' They died in 2ail anyway'

T%* 19= S%) Tri"(.u-harin had wanted to continue with the %P'

Torture, interrogation and !inally threatening his !a#ily !orced hi# and the others to con!ess

to sabotage and spying' They also i#plicated others'

They were e$ecuted'

T%* Fin"( Figr*s

At least G #illion e$ecuted or died in the ulag'

10 #illion !ro# !a#ine'

.etween 14 and ++ #illion in all e$cluding war *icti#s'

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CHAPTER @

RITAIN ETWEEN THE WARS

 @.1 E#n$i# "n+ S#i"( Pr(*$s

 

n*$,(&$*n'

A big proble# throughout but pea-ed 14+17++ (+ #illion) and 14+47<+ (< #illion)o*ern#ents could not decide whether to balance the budget or spend out o! depression'

ocial insurance sche#es were brought in and contributions and bene!its increased'

A dole was brought in also'

T%* G*n*r"( S'ri6* 192?

#ployers had not #odernised'

oal industry not e!!icient and prices collapsed when the French occupied the Ruhr'

5ines reduced wages and wor-ers called a stri-e and were loc-ed out'

The T called a general stri-e in 5ay'

The go*ern#ent organised e#ergency supplies'

5any saw the stri-ers as co##unists and beca#e scabs'

A!ter a wee- the T called o!! the stri-e'

The #iners saw this as a sell7out and stayed out !or another 6 #onths' They ga*e in on worse

ter#s than they had been o!!ered be!ore'

14+G Trade nion and Trade &isputes Act banned general and sy#pathetic stri-es'

Mi+("n+s "n+ S'%-E"s'

Radio, #otor *ehicles and electrical goods brought prosperity'

;o#es got electricity and standard o! li*ing increased'

:ery di!!erent to the depressed %orth ast and cotland'

Hsing

A!ter WW1 loyd eorge pro#ised 3ho#es !or heroes/

< di!!erent housing acts led to slu# clearance and one #illion good council houses'

The pri*ate sector built < #illion houses'

The *ery poor still li*ed in bad conditions'

H*"('%

enerally things i#pro*ed e$cept !or the une#ployed'

n!ant and #aternal #ortality was high a#ong the poor'

T. was ri!e until 14=0s'

5easles and whooping cough -illed children until *accinations were introduced in the 14=0s'

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C$$nis$

Thing ne*er got as bad in .ritain as in er#any, taly and R'

The abour Party was a de#ocratic outlet !or socialists'

o##unis# was discredited in the 14<0s as news o! talin spread'

o*ern#ents used the 3red scare/'

F"s#is$

"swald 5osley started as a onser*ati*e, then 2oined abour'

;is ideas were not being accepted, so in 14<+ he !ounded the .ritish nion o! Fascists'

:iolence with co##unists was unacceptable to the public and he ne*er won a seat'

14<6 the go*ern#ent banned political uni!or#s and the Fascists !aded away'

T%* A+i#"'in Crisis 19?

dward : and 5rs Wallace i#pson (A#erican, co##oner and di*orcee)'

.aldwin/s go*ern#ent and the hurch o! ngland opposed'

9ing abdicated and his brother beca#e eorge :

They #o*ed to Paris'

@.2 %n M"&n"r+ <*&n*s Pr!i(*

a#bridge educated'

Part o! delegation to Paris Peace on!erence and opposed the *indicti*e nature o! it'

.elie*ed that slu#ps were short7ter# caused by lac- o! de#and and proposed go*ern#ent

spending as a solution' ;e beca#e a #a2or in!luence on go*ern#ent policies'

A #e#ber o! the .loo#sbury roup o! intellectuals (:irginia Wool!, '5' Forster and

.ertrand Russel)

An e$pert on saac %ewton'

A collector o! boo-s and art'

ed the .ritish delegation to the .retton Woods on!erence that resulted in the 5F and the

World .an-'

@. T%* "rr) M"r#%

reat &epression hit shipbuilding, steel and coal industries as trade declined'

Pal#er/s Iard was closed in the 14<0s

.y 14<? G0 o! Carrow was une#ployed'

The &ole was costing the go*ern#ent a !ortune, so in 14<1 they brought in a #eans test'

This #eant !a#ilies had to brea- up as pensions counted' The alternati*e was the Poor awwhere #en had to wor- !or his -eep and ta-e ho#e *ery little'

3;unger #arches/ had been organised by the %ational ne#ployed Wor-ers/ 5o*e#ent in

the 14<0s'

Carrow decided to do the sa#e but stayed clear o! the %5W as it was seen as co##unist'

+00 #en #arched <00 #iles

They got great support'

They had a ci*ilised de#onstration in ;yde Par- and went ho#e'

 %o i##ediate gain but a ship7brea-ing yard, an engineering wor-s and a steel wor-s were set

up there by 14<4

W%& +*$#r"#& sr8i8*+ in ri'"in.1' %ot de*astated a!ter WW1

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+' %o currency collapse and standard o! li*ing i#pro*ed'

<' ong tradition o! parlia#ent'

?' R ga*e co##unis# a bad na#e

=' Fascist *iolence did li-ewise

6' ocial insurance and ;ousing lessened the i#pact o! depression'

CHAPTER =

FRANCE 1920-1945

=.1 T%* T%ir+ R*,(i# 1920-1940

191=-2?

truggled i##ediately a!ter the warE

• 1 #illion #en dead

• &estruction

• R reneged on it/s debts

• &i*ided between right and le!t

• o #any parties #ade stable go*ern#ent di!!icult'

• arge go*ern#ent debts and ra#pant in!lation

14+< occupied the Ruhr 

192?-2

Things i#pro*ed'

trong centre7based coalition under PoincarNcono#y boo#ed (clothing, per!u#e, #anu!acturing and che#ical industries)

.ut PoincarN retired and the Wall treet rash was to change things'

190s

France not hit as badly as other countries as 4 #illion were e#ployed in agriculture'

;owe*er une#ploy#ent soared'

Rapid changes o! go*ern#ents'

T%* S'"8ins6& A!!"ir

ta*ins-y was a Cewish swindler, who stayed out o! prison #any ti#es because o! his

connections with politicians'

;e died in #ysterious circu#stances in 14<? and the right bla#ed the le!t wing go*ern#ent

!or -illing hi# in order to -eep hi# 8uiet'

The rioting, which !ollowed, could ha*e toppled the go*ern#ent and threatened de#ocracy'

The go*ern#ent held !ir# and sur*i*ed'

T%* P,("r Frn'

A coalition o! le!t wing parties !or#ed a go*ern#ent under eon .lu# in 14<6'

t collapsed in 14<B but so#e thin- it sa*ed France !ro# Facis#'

Fr*ign P(i#&&uring the trese#an era (14+<7+4) a policy o! reconciliation was !ollowed'

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14+= France signed the ocarno Pact that con!ir#ed her borders with er#any'

14+B 9ellog7.riand Pact that outlawed war as a way o! settling disputes'

&epended on collecti*e security with .ritain but !ailed to ta-e action against ;itler on

se*eral occasions'

&eladier signed the 5unich agree#ent'

France was slow to declare war in 14<4'

=.2 A D*!*"'*+ N"'in

T%* M"gin' M*n'"(i'&

 %ot to de!eat the ene#y, only to pre*ent an in*asion'

ine only went to .elgiu#'

enerals belie*ed that tan-s and aircra!t could not brea- the line

"nly eneral &e aulle and the Pri#e 5inister Reynaud ob2ected'When er#any attac-ed through .elgiu#, the French too- #en !ro# the 5aginot line

lea*ing the Ardennes *ulnerable'

n B days the er#ans had reached the Atlantic'

The .F had to withdraw !ro# &un-ir-'

5arshal Petain surrendered'

Ar$is'i#*

igned in the sa#e railway carriage in 141BE

• <>=ths o! France to be under er#an occupation

The outh7ast to be run !ro# :ichy• ;ea*y reparations

• 1'= #illion #en to re#ain prisoners o! war'

=. T%* :i#%& S'"'*

Petain was to be head o! state and Pierre a*al was deputy pri#e #inister'

Petain wanted a conser*ati*e, atholic, rural state, with :ichy the seat o! go*ern#ent'

a*al was a %a@i sy#pathiser'

Petain #(("r"'*+ becauseE

• ;e belie*ed er#any would rule urope and there!ore it was in France/s interest'

• 1'= #illion #en were hostages'

• er#an occupation'

The :ichy go*ern#ent had its own police !orce and dealt with opposition harshly

(concentration ca#ps)'

"rdinary people collaborated by identi!ying Cews and resistance !ighters'

.usinesses !elt they had no choice

Fr** Fr"n#*

This was a ondon7based resistance #o*e#ent !ounded by &e aulle in 14?0'

.ritain and the did not recognise hi# until 14?? as they saw hi# as a potential dictator'

;e was not told o! &7&ay' %or was he in*ited to Ialta or Potsda#'

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;e would ne*er !orgi*e the#'

T%* R*sis'"n#*

n the early days there were #any di!!erent groups'

They spread propaganda, organised escape networ-s and gathered intelligence'

&e aulle sent Cean 5oulin in to uni!y the#' ;e did a good 2ob be!ore he was tortured and-illed'

The 5a8uis assassinated er#ans and collaborators' They sabotaged !actories, in!rastructure

and gathered intelligence'

The er#ans responded with brutality'

A!ter the &7day landings, the resistance sabotaged the er#an de!ences'

Fr"n#* "n+ '%* Fin"( S('in

Richard ;eydrich and Adol! ich#ann were in*ol*ed in organising deportations to

concentration ca#ps'

O o! all French Cews were e$ter#inated'

Petain was not anti7e#itic but a*al was':ichy had no proble# with deportations as long as the Cews were not French citi@ens'

T%* A!'*r$"'%

10,000 collaborators su##arily e$ecuted'

100,000 put on trial later' G6G were e$ecuted, including a*al'

Petain got li!e'

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CHAPTER 9

THE SECOND WOR/D WAR 199-45

9.1 W"r'i$* A((i"n#*s

5ay 14<4 Pact o! teel re8uired both countries to help each other in war'

.ritain would not ally with the R becauseE

• Feared o##unis#

• 9new about #ass #urder 

• .elie*ed that the Red ar#y was useless because o! purges

talin belie*ed he was on his own and signed a 107year %on7aggression Pact with ;itler'

Also called %a@i7o*iet Pact or 5oloto*7Ribbentrop Pact, it had secret clauses that allowed

er#any to ta-e M o! Poland and the R to ha*e the rest and the .altic tates'

A!ter .arbarossa the alliance with .ritain and France happened'

The sided with .ritain and France becauseE

• oncern about %a@is#

• thnic ties

• .ig business would lose i! ;itler too- o*er urope

14?0 Roose*elt started the 3end7lease Progra##e/ that would loan ar#s to .ritain while the

war lasted'

&ece#ber 14?1 Pearl ;arbour the declared war'

The Allies .ritain, France, A and R 

The A$is er#any, taly and Capan'

9.2 A Rn ! G*r$"n :i#'ri*s

1st epte#ber 14<4 in*asion o! Poland'

.lit@-rieg destroyed Poland in + wee-s'

.y the end o! "ctober Poland was di*ided'

T%* P%n*& W"r

Winter 14<47?0' %o !ighting

France !elt sa!e behind the 5aginot line'er#any stayed behind the ieg!ried ine'

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.ritain sent the .F'

n April ;itler too- control o! %orway, weden and &en#ar-'

uisling beca#e head o! a puppet go*ern#ent in %orway'

n 5ay the %etherlands, u$e#bourg and .elgiu# surrendered

T%* F"(( ! Fr"n#*

n Cune hurchill, who had 2ust beco#e P5, had to e*acuate the .F !ro# &un-ir-'

Petain beca#e leader o! the :ichy go*ern#ent'

5ussolini, who sensed a er#an *ictory, declared war'

ri'"in A(n*

"peration ea ion'

oring/s u!twa!!e : Air 5arshall ;ugh &owding/s RAF

The .attle o! .ritain Culy 14?0 to Cune 14?1

The .lit@'

9. T%* S8i*' S'"'* "' W"r

 %o*e#ber 14<4 the R in*aded Finland' They #ade such hard wor- out o! it that ;itler

was con*inced an in*asion o! R would be easy'

O,*r"'in "r"rss"

Cune 14?1 < #illion #en in a < pronged attac- on eningrad, 5oscow and the aucasian

oil!ields'

=00,000 died in a400 day siege o! eningrad' till the Russians held out until help ca#e'

eneral Jhu-o* and 3eneral Winter/ pushed the er#ans bac- in 5oscow'

eneral :on Paulus 6th ar#y sent to talingrad'

Jhu-o* de!ended at all costs' ;itler wouldn/t let :on Paulus surrender' ;e had to in the end'

The er#an ar#y started to retreat'

Russian *ictory in tan- battle at 9urs-'

R*"sns !r S8i*' :i#'r&

• ;itler delayed .arbarossa !or + #onths in order to help 5ussolini in reece'

• eneral Winter 

• Russians dis#antled !actories and #o*ed the# east'

•  %a@i brutality gal*anised Russians

• o*iet scorched7earth policy

9.4 A((i*+ :i#'r&

A#erican build7up

5ontgo#ery/s *ictory o*er Ro##el at l Ala#ein and isenhower/s trapping o! the ene#y

at Tunis #eant the way was clear to attac- er#any through taly'

5ussolini deposed but set up as a puppet ruler'

er#ans de!ended taly !iercely'

O,*r"'in O8*r(r+er#an 3Atlantic Wall/

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isenhower in charge o! &7day, 6th Cune 14??'

"#aha, tah, old, Cuno and word

eneral Patton landed in the outh o! France and lin-ed with the %or#andy troops'

isenhower and 5ontgo#ery 8uarrelled but isenhower/s #ore cautious approach pre*ailed'

eneral :on Runstedt lost the .attle o! the .ulge' ast chance o*er'

April 14?= ;itler co##itted suicide on the sa#e day the Russians entered .erlin'Bth 5ay : day

","n Srr*n+*rs

A!ter Pearl ;arbour, Capan continued its con8uest o! Asia'

14?+ the .attle o! the oral ea san- the 3e$ington/(aircra!t carrier)

.attle o! 5idway de!eated the Capanese Fleet (-a#a-a@i)

Capan/s re!usal to surrender in the battles !or islands led to the use o! ato#ic bo#bs'

;iroshi#a and %agasa-i

T%* Gr"n+ A((i"n#*

This re!ers to the !act that the allied leaders were prepared to sin- their di!!erences until

;itler was de!eated'They #et at warti#e con!erencesE

1' 14?< Tehran on!erence' talin, hurchill and Roose*elt agreed that a second !ront

 be opened in France' A replace#ent !or the eague o! %ations should be set up'

+' February 14?= Ialta' They ad*anced a charter !or the % but !ailed to agree on the

!uture o! Poland'

<' 14?= (a!ter the war) Potsda# decided on di*ision o! er#any but already crac-s

were appearing

9.5 T%* T*#%n(g& ! W"r 

In!"n'r&

ighter, !aster7!iring ri!les de*eloped' .ritish ee n!ield' er#an 9arabiner'

The #ortar beca#e the soldiers/ own light artillery'

T"n6s

:ery pro#inent role'

her#an : Pan@er 

l Ala#ein and 9urs- 

R#6*'s:1 and :+ de!eated when the launching sites were bo#bed'

P("n*s

5ost i#portant'

.ritish ;urricanes and pit!ires (pilot/s !a*ourite) : 5essersch#idt

tu-a di*e bo#ber used in .lit@-rieg

er#an big bo#bers ;ein-el and Cun-er 

.ritish ancaster and Wellington

Flying Fortress

se o! radar i#portant

C+*

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Thousands e#ployed at .letchley Par- to crac- nig#a'

uccess led directly to the de!eat o! Ro##el in %orth A!rica'

A((i*+ $ing

u!twa!!e no real threat a!ter the .attle o! .ritain'

ir Arthur ;arris (bo#ber) started with 3surgical stri-es/ but RAF losses were high'Then adopted 3carpet bo#bing/ o! er#an cities (&resden, ologne, .erlin)

nded the war 8uic-er' 5oralityK

T%* A'$i# $

14?+ a tea# o! .ritish and scientists e#bar-ed on the 35anhattan Pro2ect/

;arry Tru#an appro*ed the nola ay'

 %agasa-i and ;iroshi#a' ed to 8uic- surrender'

T%* S*"

er#any relied on s#all battleships and 7.oats'

The chnor-el tube #ade 7.oats *ery e!!ecti*e until escorted con*oys, the centri#etricradar, and the ;edgehog depth charge were introduced'

The and the Capanese #ade great use o! aircra!t carriers but established do#inence at

the .attle o! 5idway'

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CHAPTER 10

SOCIETY DRING THE SECOND WOR/D WAR 

10.1 T%* H$* Frn' ri'"in

The 5inistry o! n!or#ation issued rele*ant posters and #ade radio broadcasts throughout'

The /#"( D*!*n#* :(n'**rs H$* G"r+ guarded -ey installations, watched the coast,

#anned roadbloc-s and protected !actories'

They released younger #en !or #ore urgent tas-s'

The Air R"i+ Pr*#"'in wor-ers and the A7i(i"r& Fir* S*r8i#* #ade up the i*il

&e!ence and o*er +000 lost their li*es'

The n+*rgrn+ was used and An+*rsn s%*('*rs were built'

W$*n

ingle wo#en aged +0 to <0 were conscripted !or clerical 2obs'

A high proportion o! !actory wor-ers were wo#en'

o#e wor-er on !ar#s and were called 3and irls/'

10.2 R"'ining

14<4 a 5inistry !or Food was set up

Rationing introduced'

ontrols put on the price o! #any !oods'

Fa#ilies encouraged to grow their own'

Fuel rationed'A .lac- #ar-et de*eloped in spite o! increased sentences'

There was so#e robbery o! warehouses and peoples ho#es'

10. E8"#**s

The Anderson o##ittee reco##ended the setting up o! 600 schools in rural areas'

hildren were e*acuated to these areas'

5ost had a good e$perience o! country li!e and re!erred to their 3aunties/

o#e were used as a source o! cheap or !ree labour and others were badly treated'

A lot o! ho#esic-ness'

o#e co#panies #o*ed out o! ondon'

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10.4 R*!g**s

?0 #illion died in WW+ and +0 #illion were displaced

;itler tried to repatriate ethnic er#ans into his new larger er#any' This displaced #any'

;undreds o! thousands o! astern uropeans were sent to labour ca#ps'

Cews !led'The atrocities during the attac- and retreat !ro# Russia scattered people'

The bo#bing o! er#an cities added to the proble#'

Poland and @echoslo*a-ia e$pelled er#ans a!ter the war'

uch 3ethnic cleansing/ happened in #any countries'

ollaborators who sur*i*ed the end o! the war !led'

A!ter the war =00,000 went to A#erica' This is called 3the great sea change/

.y 14=1 there was still + #illion re!ugees in urope'

This led to The "!!ice o! the nited %ations o##ission !or Re!ugees (%;R)'

10.5 Wins'n C%r#%i(( "n+ WW2 

E"r(& #"r**r

on o! ord Randolph'At +0 !ought in the udan'

Wor-ed as a newspaper reporter during the .oer War' .eca#e a war hero !or an escape'

.eca#e a onser*ati*e 5P in 1400'

witched to the iberals in 140? and changed bac- in 14+?'

1411 beca#e First ord o! the Ad#iralty but has to resign a!ter allipoli'

Run out o! .el!ast during ;o#e Rule crisis'

npopular !or his aggression during the eneral tri-e'

a#basted ha#berlain !or appease#ent and by 14<4 was popular again'

Wr(+ W"r 2

14?0 he beca#e P5 and 5inister !or &e!ence'

hose a War abinet o! !i*e people including two abour #inisters'

;is oratory turned &un-ir- into a psychological *ictory'

;e was *isible during the .attle o! .ritain and the .lit@'

3%e*er in the !ield o! hu#an con!lict was so #uch owed by so #any to so !ew/'

;e signed the Atlantic harter with Roose*elt

;e attended Tehran and Ialta

A!'*r '%* W"r

abour got into o!!ice in 14?='

3ron urtain/ speech';e beca#e P5 again in 14=1 but retired due to bad health in 14=='

&ied in 146=

An ideal warti#e leader but too arrogant and opinionated !or peaceti#e

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CHAPTER 11

ANG/O-AMERICAN POP/AR C/TRE

11.1 R"+i

o##ercial Radio began a!ter WW1

The .. !ounded in 14++ and Cohn Reith was its director general until 14<B'

t was !unded by licence !ees and Reith belie*ed in independence !ro# politicians and

 business'