Introduction to Petroleum Engineering - Lecture 2

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BEng (Hons) Petroleum Engineering

Course:

Introduction To Petroleum Engineering

Instructor

Dr. Tarek Darwich

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Course Outlines: What is Petroleum Engineering?

The Life Cycle of Oil and Gas projects,

Origin, formation and accumulation of Petroleum,

Oil & Gas Exploration,

Appraisal of Oil & Gas Discoveries,

Development of Oil & Gas Discoveries,

Producing Oil & Gas Fields, Transportation of Oil & Gas,

The Petroleum Industry & the Environment,

Petroleum Economics.

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What is the Petroleum System? The essential elements of a petroleum system are:

Source Rock

Reservoir Rock

Seal Rock

Overburden Rock

Petroleum System have two processes:

Trap formation

Genersation, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons.

These processes are very inefficient. It was estimated in some basins thatration between hydrocarbon accumulations in reservoirs and the amount ofpetroleum generated is usually less than 15%.

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The Petroleum System

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The Petroleum System

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What is the Petroleum System? A Petroleum System can be identified at three levels of certainty:

known

hypothetical

Speculative

To identify a petroleum system, the explorationist must find some petroleum.Any quantity of petroleum(no matter how small) is a proof of a petroleumsystem.

An oil or gas seep

A show of oil or gas in a well

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Hydrocarbon Seepage

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Natural Gas Seep in Chimaera,

TurkeyNatural Oil Seeps in Kurdistan,

Northern Iraq

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Hydrocarbon Seepage

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Oil Seepages

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The Source Rock A rock containing Sufficient organic matter of suitable chemical composition

to biogenically or thermally generate and expel Petroleum.

The relative ability of a source rock to generate oil and gas is dictated by:

The quantity of organic matter (total organic carbon or TOC)

The quality or type of the organic matter (the hydrogen content)

Thermal maturity of the organic matter

TOC is reported in wt% carbon (e.g. 1 wt% carbon means in 100 gm of rockthere is one gram of carbon)

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The Source Rock

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The Green Point Shale (Newfoundland) has a TOC of 8 to 10%

And up to 50 m in thickness

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The Reservoir Rock A subsurface volume of rock that has sufficient porosity and permeability

to permit the migration and accumulation of petroleum under adequate trapconditions.

Porosity: is a measure of how much of a rock is an open space. The spacecan be between grains or within cracks or cavities

Permeability: is a measure of the ease with which a fluid can move through aporous rock.

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Reservoir Rocks

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Reservoir Rocks

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The Seal Rock

A shale or other impervious rock that acts as a barrier to the passage ofpetroleum migrating in the sub-surface.

Also known as a cap rock or roof rock.

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The Overburden Rock

Overlies the source rock and contributes to its thermal maturation because ofhigher temperature at greater depth.

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Hydrocarbon Traps

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Hydrocarbon Traps

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Hydrocarbon Traps

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Hydrocarbon Traps

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The Hydrocarbon Accumulations

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The Migration Process

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The Petroleum System

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