Introduction to information technology

IT-101Section 001

Lecture #11

Introduction to Information Technology

Overview Finish chapter 13

Generations of cellular systems Satellite telephones

Chapter 16 Radio-Frequency and Satellite Systems

-Satellite systems-GPS

Generations of Cellular Systems

Generations of cellular systems include: AMPS 1st generation GSM 2nd generation W-CDMA 3rd generation

Cellular systems operate based on various protocols, and use RF (radio frequency) waves that propagate through the air for transmission of information. These systems typically use the 800-900 MHz or 1800-1900 MHz frequency band of the radio spectrum.

But what is the radio spectrum?

The Radio Spectrum

The Radio spectrum is composed of many frequency bands

Communication systems have the liberty to transmit signals at various frequencies, and the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulates which frequencies to use

Source:http://howstuffworks.lycoszone.com/radio-spectrum1.htm

Radio Spectrum Bands

MF•AM Radio•Maritime

HF•Maritime•Amateur Radio

VHF•Television•FM radio•Aviation

UHF/SHF•Satellite•Television•Cell Phones•Microwave

EHF•Astronomy

Low Frequency=large period High Frequency=small period

~400-2400 MHz frequency range

FM radio stations between: 88-108 MHz

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System The only system available in the United States until

about 1997 The first system used for cellular telephony- is analog Uses the 800 MHz frequency band of the spectrum Is still being used widely - The number of subscribers

began to decrease in 1999 due to migration to digital Utilizes FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) to

separate users In FDMA, users are separated in frequency. i.e.

mobile phones communicate at different frequencies than the others within each cell. The radio spectrum is shared among users

1st generation

GSM: Originally: “Group Special Mobile”, now: “Global System for Mobile Communications”

Is the most popular system worldwide Originally developed in Europe Was later introduced into the United States Is a digital system for both voice and data

transmission Uses the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands Utilizes TDMA (Time division multiple access) In TDMA, users are separated in time. i.e. mobile

phones communicate in a different time slot than the others within each cell. Time is shared among the users

2nd generation

W-CDMA Wideband code division multiple access: Provides much higher data rates Supports a larger number of users Enables features such as video, internet access, web

browsing and complete worldwide operability Widespread introduction expected to begin by 2005 Utilizes CDMA (Code division multiple access) In CDMA, users are separated by a unique code

assigned to them. i.e. each mobile phone can utilize the entire chunk of spectrum, and the unique code of each user is used to encode and decode the information during transmission

3rd generation

Satellite Telephones Satellite telephones are utilized in circumstances

where there is no access to a telephone or cellular network

Examples include ships at sea Previously, these remote users would

communicate via High frequency (HF) systems. A licensed radio operator would need to be present on board to operate these systems, and would need to know morse code

Using radio waves in the HF range of the spectrum, communication could be realized between any two points on the earth

This was possible due to the unique property of HF waves to travel all the way around the world

Under appropriate conditions, HF waves can travel around the world by reflection between the earths surface and the ionosphere (the ionospheric reflection is analogous to the internal reflection that occurs in optical fibers-we will learn about fibers in chapter 15 )

This method of communication however is unreliable, and currently satellites are utilized for communication in remote places

Using satellites, a ship at sea is easily reachable as any point on land

INMARSAT is one of the main providers of satellite radio communications for remote users

A Satellite based system called the Iridium system, conceived by Motorola corp. was proposed as an alternative to the conventional cellular systems

In the Iridium system, 66 low earth orbiting satellites are used for relaying information, analogous to a switching center in conventional cellular and telephone systems

The call does not pass through land lines, increasing the efficiency over other cellular systems

The cell sites in the Iridium system are overhead and are in constant motion

Let us see how iridium works: http://www2.sis.pitt.edu/~jkabara/tele-2100/iridium/iridium_final.html

The Iridium system began operations in 1999, and presented the first generally available global system

However, the relatively high cost of service (around $3 per minute) and the relatively large size of the handsets drove the system to bankruptcy

Iridium failed to attract a sufficient amount of customers in competition with the rapidly spreading cellular systems across the globe

Shortly after this failure, a group of investors bought the system for $25 million, which had actually cost Motorola more than $ 5 billion to build

The system is expected to be profitable within a couple of years

Satellite Systems Communication satellites provided the first long-

distance, wide-bandwidth communication service Testar 1 was the first commercial communications

satellite to be launched into orbit Satellites can be distinguished into 3 primary

categories, depending on the type of orbit they reside on:

LEO MEO GEO

LEO: Low Earth Orbit satellites have a small area of coverage. They are positioned in an orbit approximately 3000km from the surface of the earth

They complete one orbit every 90 minutes The large majority of satellites are in low earth orbit The Iridium system utilizes LEO satellites The satellite in LEO orbit is visible to a point on the

earth for a very short time MEO: Medium Earth Orbit satellites have orbital

altitudes between 3,000 and 30,000 km. They are commonly used used in navigation systems

such as GPS

GEO: Geosynchronous (Geostationary) Earth Orbit satellites are positioned over the equator. The orbital altitude is around 30,000-40,000 km

They complete one orbit every 24 hours. This causes the satellite to appear stationary with respect to a point on the earth, allowing one satellite to provide continual coverage to a given area on the earth's surface

One GEO satellite can cover approximately 1/3 of the world’s surface

They are commonly used in communication systems Let’s look at a GEO animation: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf5-1.htm

The Global Positioning System

GPS is funded and controlled by the Department of Defense (DOD).

Although there are many thousands of civil users of GPS worldwide, the system was originally designed for the U. S. military

GPS provides special satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position and velocity

Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver

For around $100, you can get a hand held gadget that will tell you exactly what point you are on the earth

Source:http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html

The orbital period of the GPS satellites is around 12 hours The satellites move with respect to the receivers on the earth,

but at a slower speed compared to LEO’s Typical civilian accuracy is around 100 ft, with occasional

errors of up to 300 ft For applications requiring higher accuracy such as aircraft

landing etc., enhancements in the systems are made that can reduce the error to around 1 cm

Some applications of GPS include: Aircraft navigation Marine navigation Driving Surveying Farming