Introduction to Immunology Mr. Faisal Minshawi Bachelor of Science degree in Laboratory Medicine Teaching assistant in Immunology 2009
Dec 20, 2015
Introduction to Immunology
Mr. Faisal MinshawiBachelor of Science degree in Laboratory Medicine
Teaching assistant in Immunology
2009
An introduction to immunology
• Aim: A very general introduction to immunology. Explain how molecular interactions are essential for the immune system.
• Why: Several articles in this seminar deals with interaction between molecules in the immune system.
• Some extra motivation why studies of biomolecular interactions are important.
Outline of the talk
• Definition of Immunology• Innate and adaptive immunity• Humoral and cellular responses – B
and T cells (specific interactions)• Cancer• HIV/AIDS• Serology test
Immunology
• Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them.
• Host – e.g. me!!!!• Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g.
virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in my body)
The immune system
Immune system
•Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes)
•Physological barriers (temperature, pH)
•Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders)
•Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain)
•Antigen specificity
•Diversity
•Immunological memory
•Self/nonself recognition
Innate (non-specific) immunityAdaptive (specific) immunity
Humoral and cellular immunity (antibody mediated or cellular)
B cells
B-cell
Antigen
Antibody secreting B cell
Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body
Surface bound antibody
B-cell
Antibody secreting B cell
Virus killed
T cells
• Two types:– Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells– Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells
• T cells can only recognize antigens associated with certain molecules (MHC)
Cells of the Immune system
• Many cells of the immune system derived from the bone marrow
• Hematopoetic stem cell differentiation
Cancer
• The second ranking cause of death after heart disease in the Western world.
• most organs and tissues in an organism are in balance (death and renewal)
• cancer cells have no control in growth mechanisms, can expand to a large size producing a tumor
HIV and AIDS
• HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus• AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome• HIV virus binds to Th cells and causes
the number of Th cells to decrease.• When the number of Th cells is too
low, you have AIDS.
Laboratory test in Immunology
• Immunology is also called serology in the lab. • Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. In practice, the term
usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease).
• ELISA • Immunodiffusion• Agglutination• Flowcytometry• Immunoflorence
ELISA
• HIV
• HBV
• HCV
• HAV
• Toxoplasma
• TB and so,
Components of blood
Serum vs. Plasma
• Serum: cell-free liquid, minus the clotting factors
• Plasma: cell-free liquid with clotting factors in solution (must use an anticoagulant)
Composition ofComposition of bloodbloodThe composition of blood is actually quite complex, it
consists of aqueous plasma and formed elements (cells).
PlasmaPlasma
BlooBloodd
Formed Elements
(corpuscles)
What isWhat is blood bankblood bank??In medicinemedicine, institution in which bloodblood
products are prepared, tested, and stored prior to transfusion into patients is called
Blood BankBlood Bank. Blood is prepared by appropriate collection and separation into
different component. BloodBlood is screened for infections such as hepatitis and HIV and
sorted by blood group. WholeWhole bloodblood may be stored for three weeks when refrigerated. It
can also be used to obtain blood products, such as platelets and bloodblood cells.
1. Preparation Of BloodBlood
Donor Registration.
Donor Physical Examination.
Donation of whole BloodBlood Unite or Single BloodBlood Unite (Aphaeresis; one Type of blood component)
Donation Center:Donation Center:
1. Preparation Of BloodBlood
Refrigerated Centrifuged, to separate the bloodblood Components.
Manual and Automated Components extractors.
Components Processing LabComponents Processing Lab
Screening and Test of BloodBlood Unite
• ABO and Rh grouping, Abs screning.
• HBs Ag• Anti-HCV• Anit- HIV I/II• Anti HTLV I/II• Syphilis• Sickle Cell Screen• Malaria• G6PD screen
• Blood Bank do many several test on blood unite to be ensure that the unite is safe to transfusion.
PlasmaRBCPlatelets
Did We Finish Up To Did We Finish Up To Here?Here?
Sure Not
Pre-Transfusion TestPre-Transfusion Test
1. Accurate ABO & Rh Typing of the patients and donor too.
2. Screening tests for antibodies in donors and patients serum.
3. In the presence of patient antinbodies, selection of appropriate unite for each patient.
4. Compatibility Testing.5. Accurate Comletion of paperwork
and labels.
Is to provide safe, compatible blood fot transfusion to each individual patients. The steps necessary for safe transfusion are
TransfusionTransfusion• After ensure of the unite and its compatability
with patients. We sould be monitering patient during transfuion to be sure is no problem and there no any trasfusion reaction.
Trip in Blood Bank CourseTrip in Blood Bank Course• What you will learn in blood bank course?
1. Blood Goups and antibodies.
2. Types of Donation.
3. Blood Components and storge (types of blood bags and antigoagulants).
4. Types of Transfusion Reaction.
5. Disease coused by transfusion.
6. Prophesional of blood banking
Thanks for being with me in these trip