Introduction to Human Anatomy& Physiology
Dec 27, 2015
Introduction to Human Anatomy& Physiology
ANATOMYANATOMY - the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.
Hististologyology - the microscopic study of
tissues. CytoCytologylogy - the microscopic study of
cells.
PHYSIPHYSIOLOGYOLOGY - the study of the function of body parts.
Life Processes Distinguish Living from Non-Living Things.
• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration• Digestion• Absorption• Circulation• Assimilation• Excretion
Mental Mapping (use characteristics to categorize the
following)• I am walking to McDonalds • I stop at the traffic light • I am getting taller• I am breathing air • I get a hamburger and eat it• My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger • The nutrients I absorbed from
hamburger is turned into things my body needs
• Eventually I go to the restroom • Someday I may reproduce
MovementResponsiveness
Growth
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Excretion
Reproduction
Environmental Needs
Nutrients for energy Oxygen for cellular respiration Water for most metabolic
reactions, lubrication, etc… Heat to maintain 37C body
temperature, enzyme action Pressure for breathing and
filtering blood through kidneys
HOMEOSTASIS
The tendency of an organism to The tendency of an organism to maintain a maintain a stable internal stable internal environment.environment.All life processes and metabolic reactions
work to maintain homeostasis.
Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback (system acts to oppose changes)
Example - maintenance of body temperature at 98.6F/37C.
3 Componentsof homeostaticmechanism:
3 Componentsof homeostaticmechanism:
1. Thermoreceptors
2. Hypothalamus
3. Skin blood vessels,Sweat glands,Heart, Lungs.
Structural Levels of Organization
The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element.Atoms combine with one another to formAtoms combine with one another to form…
Molecules (i.e. CO2, H2O); Molecules combine with another to Molecules combine with another to
formform…
Macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);Macromolecules combine to formMacromolecules combine to form…
Organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome); small organs of a cell, each with a particular function;Organelles collectively compose…Organelles collectively compose…
Cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things! Similar cells are arranged into…Similar cells are arranged into…
Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);Two or more tissues combine to formTwo or more tissues combine to form…
Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain);Two or more organs combine to formTwo or more organs combine to form…
Organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular), The eleven organ systems The eleven organ systems
collectively form the…collectively form the…
The human organism; the most complex level of organization.
Divisions of the Human Body
• Axial Portion Appendicular Portion
Head Arms Neck Legs Trunk
Axial Portion is divided into 2 major Axial Portion is divided into 2 major cavities. (organs within these cavities cavities. (organs within these cavities are referred to as are referred to as visceraviscera.).)
• Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity• Subdivided into Subdivided
int0 2 parts 2 parts
2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the 2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the BodyBody
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdomino-pelvic Cavity
Separated by diaphragm
Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
Cranial CavityCranial Cavity
•Brain
Vertebral CavityVertebral Cavity
•Spinal Cord
Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity
•Lungs
•Mediasitum - separates thorax into right and left sides
•Heart
•Esophagus
•Trachea
•Thymus gland
Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity
• Stomach
• Liver
• Spleen
• Gall bladder
• Small and large intestines
• Rectum/Anus
• Urinary bladder
• Internal reproductive organs
Abdominal Region
Pelvic Region
1.
3.
2. Dorsalcavity
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ventralcavity
Vertebral cavity
1
2
3
4. Pleuralcavity
5.6.
7.
8.
9. 10. Ventralcavity
Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity
Membrane - a soft, thin pliable layer of tissue that either: Covers a vital (visceral organ) = Visceral
membrane. Lines a body cavity = Parietal
Membrane. There is a space between a visceral and
parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.
Serous Membranes of the Heart
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called the parietal pericardium.
The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Cardi = Heart
Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes of the Lungs
The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura.
The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Pleur = lung
Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs:
The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum.
The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
Comparable to parietal peritoneum
Comparable to visceral peritoneum
Serous Membranes
Anatomical Terminology
Definition - a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication.
• Anatomical positionAnatomical position - standing erect, face forward,
palms forward
• It is helpful in as much as they allow medical staff to speak to each other and view images (X-ray or MRI) without having to continuously clarify meanings.
Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position
1. Superior = above; Inferior = below; 2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back; 3. Medial = Center; Lateral = side; 4. Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail; 5. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back 6. Proximal = closer to trunk of body or
other point of reference; (Elbow proximal to wrist)
Distal = farther from trunk of the body orother point of reference (Fingers are distal to
the wrist); 7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Pop Quiz…
1. Label:
Heart
Lung11.
Diaphragm
12. Draw a picture to show the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
Give the correct terms:13. Membrane that covers the heart14. The study of the function of the body parts.15. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
Terms Referring to Body Sections (Cuts, Planes)
Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.
Midsagittal: equal right and left portions.
Frontal/Coronal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
1.2.
4.
2
3.
MidsaggitalTransverse Frontal/Coronal
Abdominal Subdivisions
Left hypochondriac region
Right hypocondriac region
Epigastric region
Right lumbarregion
Umbilical region
Left lumbarregion
Right iliacregion
Hypogastricregion
Left iliac region
Right Left
Regions in the abdominopelvic area
Right upper quadrant
RUQ
Left upper quadrantLUQ
Right lowerQuadrant
RLQ
Left lower quadrant
LLQ
Terms referring to surface anatomy (landmarks)
Anterior landmarksAnterior landmarks:a. cranial=skull b. facial=facec. cephalic=head d. cervical=necke. axillary= armpit f. brachial= upper
armg. antecubital=anterior elbowh. antebrachial= forearmi. carpal=wrist j. metacarpal= handk. digital=finger l. femoral= thighm. patellar= knee cap n. crural= lego. frontal= forehead p. orbital=eyeq. otic= ear r. buccal=cheeks. nasal= nose t. oral= mouthu. mental= chin v. mammary=breastw. umbilical=naval x. coxal= hipy. inguinal= groin aa. Pubic= pelvicbb. tarsal=ankle
Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks)
Posterior land marksPosterior land marksa. acromial = shoulder b. cubital = elbowc. gluteal = buttocks d. popliteal = back of kneee. pedal = foot f. plantar = soleg. dorsal = back h. lumbar = loini. calcaneal = heel
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29. Otic (Ear)
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Calcaneal